Chemical Tests in Pharmacognosy

PASS GPA GPAT T EXAM IN 10 DAY …… Chemical tests in pharmacognos Name o! test

PMG

"r#gs

Baljets test Cardiac glycosides Born-tragers test Anthracene Anthrace ne glycosides Borex test Aloes Boudouins test Detection of sesame oil as adulterant in other oils Boardfoeds test Carbohydrates  biuret test Proteins Cupraloin test Aloes Carr-price test Vitamin A Fiehes test Detection of artificial invert sugar as adulteranrt in honey Foam test aponins !rignard reaction Cyanogenetic glycoside !old beater s"in test tannin #al-phens test Detection of cotton seed oil as adulterant #aemolysis test aponins $lungs test Aloes $eller "illiani test Presence of deoxy sugar  $eris test %ancidity of fats and oil &egal test Cardiac glycoside &ibermann- burchards test teroids 'urexide test Caffeine (xanthine al"aloids) Van Va n ur"s test *rgot al"aloids 'olish test Carbohydrates  +itrous acid test Aloes ,halleouin test Cinchona al"aloids ,annins test Al"aloids Vitali-morins test Atropine and cocaine -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Em#lsi!iers $ith %&' (al#es %&' )al#es sorte" * %&' !rom lo$est to highest+ !lycol Distearate #&B . / orbitan ,rioleate #&B . /01 Propylene !lycol 2sostearate #&B . 304 !lycol tearate #&B . 305 orbitan esuioleate #&B . 607 !lyceryl tearate #&B . 601 &ecithin #&B . 8 orbitan 9leate #&B . 806 orbitan 'onostearate +F #&B . 807 orbitan tearate #&B . 807 orbitan 2sostearate #&B . 807 teareth-3 #&B . 805 9leth-3 #&B . 805 !lyceryl &aurate #&B . 403 Ceteth-3 #&B . 406 P*!-6: Dipolyhydroxystearate Dipolyhydroxystearate #&B . 404 !lyceryl tearate * #&B . 401 orbitan tearate (and) ucrose Cocoate #&B . ; P*!-8 Dilaurate #&B . ; 'ethyl !lucose esuistearate #&B . ;0; &ecithin #&B (variable) P*!-1 Dioleate #&B . 1

orbitan &aurate #&B . 10; P*!-8: orbitan Peroleate #&B . 5 &aureth-8 #&B . 507 P*!-7 !lyceryl Cocoate #&B./: P*!-3: Almond !lycerides #&B . /: P*!-34 #ydrogenated Castor 9il #&B . /:01 tearamide '*A #&B . // !lyceryl tearate (and) P*!-/:: tearate #&B . // Polysorbate 14 #&B . // P*!-7 9livate #&B . // Cetearyl !lucoside #&B . // P*!-1 9leate #&B . //0; Polyglyceryl-6 'ethyglucose Distearate Distearate . /3 9leth-/: #&B . /308 9leth-/: < Polyoxyl /: 9leyl *ther +F #&B . /308 Ceteth-/: #&B . /305 P*!-1 &aurate #&B . /6 Cocamide '*A #&B . /604 Polysorbate ;: +F #&B . /805 Polysorbate ;: #&B . /805 Polysorbate 1: #&B . /4 2sosteareth-3: #&B . /4 P*!-;: Almond !lycerides #&B . /4 Polysorbate 1: +F=#&B . /4 P*!-3: 'ethyl !lucose esuistearate #&B . /4 Ceteareth-3: #&B . /403 9leth-3: #&B . /406 teareth-3: #&B . /406 teareth-3/ #&B . /404 Ceteth-3: #&B . /407 soceteth-3: #&B . /407 Polysorbate 3: #&B . /;07 Polysorbate 3: +F #&B . /;07 &aureth-36 #&B . /;05 P*!-/:: tearate #&B . /101 teareth-/:: #&B . /101 P*!-1: orbitan &aurate #&B . /50/ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ta*lets 'inimum area reuired for tablet preparation> 6:s0m 'inimum area reuired for hard gelatin capsules> 3: s0m 'inimum area reuired for parenteral preparations> ;:s0m 'inimum area reuired for ?holesale drug store> 3:: s0m 'inimum area reuired for retail drug store> /4: s0m Dr#gs $hich are not #se" in ta*let preparation 20 Drugs ?hich have lo? density0 220 Drugs ?hich have poor ?etting property property00 Metho"s !or preparation o! ta*lets+ 20 @et granulatio granulation n 220 Dry granulation 2220 Direct granulation

2n ?et screening /3  3: microns mesh sie is used0 &AC,9*> not used as diluent in spironolactone preparation because it increases bioavailability0 &AC,9*> bioavailability0 'A++2,9&> 'A++2,9 &> used as diluent and binding agent in preparation of che?able tablet0 Enteric coating ca#ses 1 ,-. increase in $eight o! ta*let/ ilm coating ca#ses  ,2. increase in $ eight o! ta*let/ S#gar coating ca#ses 30 . increase in $eight o! ta*let/ Mi4ing in ta*let preparation *+ 20 'ixer0 220 Double cone mixer> speed 6:  /:: rpm0 2220 Planetary motion mixer> used to mix binding agent to drug0 'in"in g agents+ 'in"ing 20 @ater > for hydraab hydraable le materials 220 Alcohol  methanol 2220 Acacia mucilage > /:  3: is used 2V0 ,ragacanth mucilage > /:  3:  is used V0 tarch mucilage> 4  /: is used0 2t improves intragranu intragranular lar adhesion0 V20 imple syrup > ;;0; ? 3::  6:: times s?eeter than sucrose0 220 Cyclamate> 6: times s?eeter than sucrose0 causes cancer  2220 Aspartate> 3:: times s?eeter than sucrose0 2V00 2V !lycerol> it is glycogenic in nature hence not used for diabetic patients0 V0 Eylitol> used in diabetic patients0 -. P(P in isopropl alcohol #se" as *in"ing agent in non 6 a7#eo#s gran#lation/ Tpes o! ta*lets+  20 Compressed tablets 220 'ultiple compressed tablets0 2220 %epeat action tablets> core tablet is coated ?ith enteric polymer< shellac0 the second Dose of drug is added in sugar coating coating either in solution or syrup syrup Form or as dusting dusting po?der0 po?der0 2V0 Delayed and enteric coated tablets >  All enteric coate" ta*lets are "elae" action ta*lets8 not all "elae" action ta*lets are enteric/ V0 Film coated tablet V20 ,ablets used in oral cavity > Buccal and sublingual tablet0   &oenges0 Dental cones0 V220 9ther routes> implantation tablets vaginal tablets0 1/

Ta*lets #se" to prepare sol#tion

*ffervescent tablets *ffervescent Dispensing tablet #ypodermic tablets ,ablet triturates0

Di!!erent "il#ents #se" in ta*lets+ I/ Starch + For example> sta  %x /4::> contain /:  moisture0 ,?o hydrolyed starches *'D*E and C*&G,AB basically 5:  53  dextrose and 6  4 maltose0 ,hese materials are used in place of mannitol in che?able tablets because of their s?eetness and smooth feeling in mouth0

 

220

2V0

De4trose > trade name C*%*&9 C*%*&9* * 2220 ucrose > For example> sugartab> 5:  56 sucrose H 7  /: invert sugar0 Dipac > 57 sucrose H 6 modified dextrins +utab > 54 sucrose H 8 invert sugar 

'icrocrystalline 'icrocryst alline cellulose > trade name > AV2C*&

DISINTEG9ANTS+ tarch 4 -3:  concentration0 > P9IM:GE& AND EXP&:TA'0 2nternally cross  lin"ed polymer of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose> AC 6 Di 6 S:& G&IDANTS+ ,alc> 4 concentration Corn starch> 4  /:  concentration0 Colloidal silica> cab  o  sil syloid aerosil> :034  6 concentration0 &A(:;9S+ ,he maximum amount of oil that can be added to granulation ?ithout influencing its tableting characteristics> :04  :074

/0

E(A&;ATI:N : TA'&ETS+ i0 Flo? property >

Angle of repose> tan I . h J 34 34 -6: 6: -8: 'ore than 8:

!lo$ propert excellent flo? property good flo? property fair to possible0 very poor0

Also see the Carrs index table and hessners ratio 0 ii0 iii0

#ardness test > the hardness must not be less than 8$g

the friability limit must not be more than 30

The $or5ing o! 9oche !raili*ilator is )er imp an" its "imensions/

 

iv0

Disintegration + )er imp Gncoated tablets > should disintegrate ?ithin /4 min0 by using ?ater as medium0 Film coated tablets> disintegrate ?ithin 6: min by using ?ater adding disc to *ach tube0 (67 K 3LC) 9ther coated tablets> tablets should disintegrate ?ithin ;: min by using ?ater As medium0 *nteric coated tablets> /3: minutes in acidic medium0 ;: minutes in mixed phosphate buffer medium0 Dispensablee and soluble tablets > ?ithin 6 min0 ?ater as medium0 ,e Dispensabl ,emp mp 38 -3;LC0 *ffervescent tablets > ?ithin 4 min as ?ater0 ( 3: - 6:LC)

For uniformity of dispersion 7/: M mesh is used0

The "imensions an" "etails o! instr#ments #se" in e)al#ation o! ta*lets an" caps#les are )er imp/ or GPAT rea" them/ Accor"ing to ;SP $eight )ariation test is r#n * $eighing 0 ta*lets/ Content #ni!ormit test is per!orme" * ta5ing -0 ta*lets ran"oml/

Interaction o! amine "r#gs $ith commonl #se" "il#ent lactose8 in presence o! metal stearate l#*ricant the res#ltant ta*lets gra"#all "ecolori
Classi!iacation o! anti,cancer agents  1/ A&=Y&ATING AGENTS+ /0 +2,%9!*+ 'G,A%D >      

30*,#N&*+*2'2+* A+D '*,#N&'*&A+2+* >  

/0

mechlorethanine mechloreth anine Cyclophosphamide 2fosphamide 'ephalan Chlorambucil altretamine ,hiotepa

60'*,#N& #NF%AO2+* D*%2VA D*%2VA,2V* ,2V* >

procarbaine procarba ine

80 A&$N& G&F9+A, G&F9+A,*> *>

busulfan

40 +2,%99G%*A >    

carmustin e carmustine &omustine treptoocin

;0,%2AO*+*>  

dacarbaine dacarbai ne > (D,2C) ,emoolomide0

70 P&A, P&A,2+G' 2+G' C9-9%D2+A,2 C9-9%D2+A,29+ 9+ C9'P&*E*>     / NAT;9A& P9:D;CTS+ V2+CA A&$A&92D >

cis platin Carboplatin 9xalipaltin vinblastine

   

Vincristine Vinorelbine

30  

,AEA EA+* +* >

-/EDIP:D:P%Y&&:T:XINS+   

80CA'P9,#*C2+ >

paclit pacl itax axel el Docetaxel etoposide ,eniposide topotecan

 

2rinotecan

 60ANTI'I:TICS+

dactinomycin (actinomycin D) Daunorubicin (daunomycin) Doxorubicin

   80 ANT%9ACENEDI:NE DE9I(ATI(ES>      40EN>YMES+  ;0 M:N:C&:NA& ANTI':DIES>       ?/ ANTI 6 META META':&ITES+ ':&ITES+ /0 F9& F9&2C 2C AC AC2D 2D  A+ A+A& A&9! 9! >

mitoxantrone Bleomycin 'itomycin &- asparaginase0 bevaciumab Cetuximab %ituximab ,ranstuumab metho me thotr trexa exate te

  30PN%2'2D2+* A+A&9!>       60 PG%2+* A+A&9! A+D %*&A, %*&A,*D *D 2+#2B2,9%>       @/

%:9M:NES AND ANTA ANTAG:NISTS G:NISTS + AD%*+9C9%,2CA& GPP%*A+A, GPP%*A+A, >

  AD%*+9 C9%,2C9,*%92D > P%9!*,2+> P%9!*, 2+>

mitotane Aminoglutethimide prednisonee prednison hydroxyl progesterone caproate 'edroxy progesterone acetate 'egestral acetate0

*,%9!*+>

diethyl stilbesterol *thinyl estradiol

A+,2  *,%9!*+>

tamoxifen ,oremifene

  A%9'A,A* 2+#2B2,9% >    

 

Pemetrexed0 4  fluroura flurouracil cil Capecitabine Cytarabine !emcitabine ;  mercaptop mercaptopurine urine Pentostatin Cladribine #udarobine0

anastrao le anastraole &etroole *xemestane0

A+D%9!*+ >

testosteronee propionat testosteron propionatee Fluoxymes Fluoxymesterone0 terone0

A+,2  A+D%9!*+ >

flutamide Cyprotrone

!9+AD9,%9P2+!9+AD9, %9P2+- releasing hormone analog > leuprolide0

/

MISCE&&ANE:;S AGENTS+ GB2,G2,*D G%*A >

D2FF*%*+C2A& A!*+, >    

   

hydroxyl urea tretinoin Arsenic ,rioxide

P%9,*2+ ,N%92+* $2+A* 2+#2B2,9%> imatinib !efitnib *rlotinib0

P%9,*A9'* 2+#2B2,9% > borteomib borteomi b ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Some important "r#gs an" their mechanism o! action Dr#g Allopurinol

Antipsychotics> Antipsychotics> Aspirin Acetaolamide Aminoglycosidess Aminoglycoside Acyclovir Amantadine Benodiaepines Cimetidine Chloramphenicol ,etracycline ,e tracyclines s erythromycin !riseofulvin 2soniaid  +alidixic acid acid @arfarin Primethaminee Primethamin Penicillin ulfinpyraole and probenecid odium valproate pironolactone Vinca Vi nca al"aloids Oidovudine Dapsone Polyene classR ,erbinafine ,e rbinafine 'etronidaole 'ebendaloe anthracycline'ethotraxate,etracycline,e tracycline*rythromycinChlorouineDiaepamalbutamol,olnaftate,o lnaftate-

mechanism o! action inhibits the enyme xanthine oxidase involved in the synthesis of Gric acid acts by bloc"ing dopamine receptors0 inhibits enyme cyclooxygenase and prevents synthesis of  prostaglandins inhibits carbonic anhydrase used as diuretics binds to 6:  ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis0 incorporated in to viral D+A and inhibits viral replication0 inhibits viral attachment and uncoating act on benodiaepines receptors and facilitate the effect of !ABA0 bloc"s #3 receptors0

bind to 4:  and inhibit protein synthesis0 acts as anti- fungal interferes ?ith mitotic spindle structure inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid imp0 Part of cell ?all of mycobacterium prevents D+A synthesis antagoniee the action of vitamin $  antagoni bloc" folic acid production by acting on dihydrofolate reductase acts on cell ?all bloc" uric acid reabsorbtion at PC, inhibits the enyme !ABA transaminaseQ transaminaseQthus thus increase the action of !ABA inhibits the action of aldosterone bind to tubulin fibers and inhibit mitosis inhibits the enyme reverse transcriptase and inhibits the synthesis of viral D+A inhibition of PA PABA BA incorpo incorporation ration into folic acid0 acts as anti-fungal and attach to ergosterol n fungal cell ?all competitive inhibitor of sualene epoxidase acts as anti-fungal cytotoxic in nature and cause damage to D+A acts on S- tubulin of parasite similar mechanisms for class aoles0 2ntercalation of D+A Folic acid reductase inhibitor inhibitor00 2nhibits Protein synthesis by acting on 6:  unit of ribosome 2nhibits Protein synthesis by acting on 4:  unit of ribosome Binds and alters properties of microbial and fungal D+A !ABA facilitator Fluconalole- P84: enyme /8T-demethylas /8T-demethylasee 2nhibitor  Beta 3 receptor agonist 2nhibit sualene epoxidase ?hich is necessary for ergosteral syns of fungal

!riesofulvin/50 Chloramphenic Chloramphenicolol3:0 &evodopa-

cell ?all inhibits fungal cell ?all activity 2nhibition of Protein syntheses %eplenish Brain deleted dopamine

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%E9'A& D9;GS that are #se" in "i!!/ pathological con"itions+ /0 &iuorice anti-ulcer  30 2pecac emetic 60 #yoscine Cannabinoids anti-emetic 80 enna Cascara Castor oil - treatment of constipation 40 !um guggul anti-rheumatic ;0 Colchicum Anti-gout 70 !uggul lipids !arlic 9ats - Anti-at Anti-atherosclerotic herosclerotic 10 *phedra !ing"oside B ,heophylline Anti -asthmatic 50 Vinca ,a ,axanes xanes Podophyllo Podophyllotoxins toxins Anti-cancer  /:0 Artemesinin derivativ derivatives es Anti-malarial ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;ses o! Magnesi#m S#lphate in "i!!/ ro#tes o! a"ministration + 9ral - Cathertic 2V - edative U #ypnotic ,opical - @ound healing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Par5insonism+ Due to destruction of "openergic ne#rons/ ,his loss can be visualied by positron emission tomography anf dopamine analog flurodopa0 Par"insonism is due to the imbalance bet?een dopamine and acetylcholine0 acetylcholine0dopamine dopamine level decreases and acetylcholine level increases0 Par"insonism follo?s lo? viral encephalitis or viral lesions0 Treatment + I/ &e)o"opa an" car*i"opa + it is most preferred combination because levodopa converts in to dopamine and carbidopa causes dopa decarboxylase inhibition0( ?hich degrades levodopa if levodopa is ta"en alone)0 II/ Selegiline an" rasagiline + elegiline is selective inhibitor of 'A9-B %asagiline is irreversib irreversible le selective 'A9-B inhibitor0 III/ Catechol 6:, methl trans!erase inhi*itors+ BC:MT   *ntacopone   ,olcapone I(/ Dopamine Dopami ne receptor agoni agonists+ sts+ Bromocriptine  ergot al"alod0 Apomorphine Apomorphi ne pramiperole ropisirole rotigotine0   Cimetidine Amantadine > anti viral drug0 (/ Anti 6 m#sc#ranic agents+ the are #se" as a"#ants   Benotropine   ,rihexyphenidyl   Procyclidine   Biperiden -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Speci!ic anti"otes !or certain "r#gs+ D9;G

ANTID:TE

 

/0 Paracetamol -- +-acetyl cysteine 30 Atropine -- Physostigmin Physostigmine e +eostigmine 60 9rganophosphat 9rganophosphates es -- Atropine Prolidoxime 80 Barbiturates -- odium bicarbonate 40 Benodiaipines -- Flumagenil ;0 Amphetamine -- Ammonium chloride 70 9pioids -- +aloxone 10 Digoxin -- Digibind 50 #eparin -- Protamine sulphate /:0 @arfarin -- Vit0 $  //0 Beta bloc"ers -- !lucagon /30 Carbon monoxide -- /:: oxygen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Some important Dr#gs an" its si"e e!!ects+ !rey Baby yndromeChloramphenicol Pin Point Pupil'orphine %eyes yndromeAspirin Grine Coloration%ifampicin Frontal #eadache2ndomethacin CaptoprilPersistent dry cough BleomycinPulmonary fibrosis VancomycinVa ncomycin%ed man syndrome  +icotinic acidacidFlush teven ohnsons syndrome Allopurinoll Allopurino sulphonamides"ernicterus aminoglycosides ototoxicity discoloration of teethtetracycline doxorubicin U duanorubucincardiomyopathy00 cardiomyopathy chlorouinecardiotixicity cardiotixici ty doxycyclineesophageal ulceration vincristine U vinblastineneuropathy cyclophosphamidealopecia cimetidine U spironolactonegynaecomastia -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

E!!ects o! "r#gs "#ring pregnanc on !et#s + Antiepileptics- neuraltube defect Antiepileptics@arfarincleft palate thalidomide- phocomalia alcoholcranial bone formation impairment -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Anti"otes  benodiaepine- flumaenil flumaenil  paracetamol- +-acetyl cysteine  'orphine- naloxone  nitrites- methylene blue  organophosphorus compd0- DA' PA' Atropine Atropine- Physostigmine lead- BA& cyanide- edetateHamyl nitrite -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name" reactions Acetoacetic *ster ynthesis

Acyloin Condensation Aldol Addition H Aldol Condensation Appel %eaction Arbuov %eaction . 'ichaelis-Arb 'ichaelis-Arbuov uov %eaction Arndt-*istert ynthesis Ao Coupling Baeyer-Villiger 9xidation Bal-chiemann Bal-chiem ann %eaction . chiemann %eaction Bamford-tevens Bamford-te vens %eaction Barton Decarboxylation Barton-'cCombie Barton-'cComb ie %eaction (Barton Desoxygenation) Baylis-#illman Baylis-#ill man %eaction Bec"mann %earrangement Benilic Acid %earrangement Benoin Condensation Bergman Cycliation Birch %eduction Bouveault-Blanc Bouveault-Bla nc %eduction Buch?ald-#art?ig Buch?ald-#art ?ig Cross Coupling %eaction Cadiot-Chod"ie?ic Cadiot-Chod"ie ?ic Coupling Canniaro %eaction Chugaev %eaction Claisen Condensation Claisen %earrangement Clemmensen %eduction Cope *limination Cope %earrangement Corey-eebach %eaction Criegee %eaction Curtius %earrangement DelWpine %eaction De 'ayo %eaction Dess-'artin 9xidation Diaotisation Diaotisati on and Ao Coupling Diec"mann Condensation Diels-Alder %eaction Di-X-'ethane %earrangement DYt %eaction *glinton %eaction *ne %eaction . AlderAlder-*ne *ne %eaction acobsen *poxidation *ster Pyrolysis Favors"ii %eaction Fin"elstein %eaction Friedel-Crafts Acylation Friedel-Crafts Al"ylation !abriel ynthesis !attermann-$och !attermann-$ och %eaction !laser Coupling and #ay Coupling !rignard %eaction !rob Fragmentatio Fragmentation n !rubbs 9lefin 'etathesis #aloform %eaction #ec" %eaction #ell-Volhard-Oelins"y %eaction #enry %ea"tion

#ofmann *limination #ofmanns %ule #orner-@ads?orth-*mmons %eaction #unsdiec"er %eaction #ydroboration 2reland-Claisen 2reland-Clai sen %earrangement $noevenagel Condensation $olbe %eaction $olbe-chmitt %eaction $umada+egishi Coupling &euc"art@allach (&euc"art) %eaction 'alonic *ster ynthesis 'annich %eaction 'ar"ovni"ovs %ule 'c'urry %eaction 'eer?ein-Ponndorf-Verley %eduction 'ichael Addition 'itsunobu %eaction 'u"aiyama Aldol Addition  +egishi Coupling Coupling  +orrish-,ype  +orrish-, ype 2 and 22  +oa"i-#iyama Coupling  +ucleophilic ubstitution ubstitution (+/ (+/ < +3) 9ppenauer 9xidation 9xy-Cope %earrangement Paterno-BZchi %eaction Pauson-$hand %eaction Per"in %eaction Peterson 9lefination Pinacol Coupling %eaction Pinacol %earrangement Prilehaev *poxidation %eformats"y %eaction %itter %eaction %obinson Annulati Annulation on %osenmund %eduction a"urai %eaction (#osomi a"urai) andmeyer %eaction angers %eagent ayteffs %ule chiemann %eaction chmidt %eaction chotten-Baumann chotten-Bau mann %eaction harpless *poxidation and Dihydroxylation immons-mith %eaction onogashira Coupling taudinger %eaction tille Coupling trec"er ynthesis uu"i Coupling ?ern 9xidation ,ebbe 9lefination ,horpe %eaction ,ishhen"o %eaction Gllmann %eaction Vilsmeier %eaction

@ac"er-,suji 9xidation @illgerodt-$indler %eaction @illiamson ynthesis @ittig 9lefination @ittig %earrangement @ittig-#orner %eaction @ohl-Oiegler %eaction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name o! "r#g an" its acti)e isomers Name o! "r#g Stereospeci!ic isomer *thambutol Dextro isomer is /; times more active than meso cyclophosphamide &evo form has t?ice activity than D form Chloprothixene O isomer is more active Doxepin #C& O isomer is more active &ysergic &y sergic acid diethyl amide Dextro is active epinephrine &evo form is active Pseudoephedrine (H) threo isomer   propanaol 9nly levo isomer isomer is a potent beta antagonist #yoscyamine &evo isomer  Atropine %acemic mixture Captopril  isomer is active sulindac O isomer  ibuprofen (s)  (H) isomer  ephedrine (-) erythro is active -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pharmacognos prec#rsors Compo#n" Prec#rsor [- amyrinualene Diosgenin Na Namogenin mogenin sarasapo sarasapogeningeninCholesterol Digitoxigenin !itoxigenin DigoxigeninDigitoxigenin Pregnelone Prunasin Coumarin Cinnamic Acid *phedrine 'escaline CNanidine \uercitin-PhenylalanineHornithine ,ropane al"aloids al"aloids-9rnithine Cocaine9rnithine HphenylalanineHac HphenylalanineHacetate etate Aspartic acid+icotinic acid Papaverine thebaine morphine codeine,yrosine ,y rosine 2ndole al"aloids ergot al"aloids unine,ryptophanHtryptamine ,ry ptophanHtryptamine &upinine  anabasine coneine lobelline isopelletriene&ysine &ys ine *metine  cepahalinemesca cepahalinemescalinelineDopamine Colchicines papaverine berberine narcotine morphinePhenylalanineHtyrosine PhenylalanineHty rosine Piloacarpine-#istidine AlaninePyruvate 9AA erine-6phosphoric acid Cysteine'ethionine Proline9rnithine

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E1  E 9EACTI:N :9DE9  C9ITE9IA ,E1 , E S#*strate-6]3]/(*/)-/]3]6(*3) 9ATE : 9EACTI:N-Depends only on the substrate(*/)-Depends both on substrate and base(*3) Car*ocation-'ore stable carbocation(*/)-&ess stable carbo caton(*3)

-%earrangementss are common(*/)-+o rearrangements(*3) rearrangements(*3) 9earrangement-%earrangement Geometr-+o special geometry is reuired(*/)-Anti-coplanarity reuired(*/)-Anti-coplanarity is reuired(*3) &ea)ing gro#p-!ood leaving group(*/)-Poor leaving group(*3) 'ase strength -@ea" base(*/)-trong and more concentrated base(*3) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Diagnostic Tests ^ 'r#cellosis+ ^ Sphilis+

Coombs ,e ,est st (Anti !lobulin ,e ,est-A!, st-A!, Agglutination< 9psonia 9psoniation tion reaction) VD%& (Venereal Disease %esearch &ab ,est- lide test) $ahn ,est (test-tub (test-tubee test) ,repenoma 2mmobiliat 2mmobiliation ion ,e ,est st Fluorescentt Antibody Absorbed erum ,e Fluorescen ,est st @asserman ,e ,est st (Complement Fixation ,e ,est) st) ^ Diphtheria+ *lec" ,est ( 2mmuno-Diffusion ,echniue) chic" ,e ,est st (+eutraliat (+eutraliation ion ,e ,est) st) ^ Scarlet e)er+ Dic" ,e ,est st (+eutrali (+eutraliation ation ,e ,est) st) chult Charlton ,est ^ AIDS+ *&2A ,est @estern Blot ,e ,est st ^ Tphoi" BS/ Tphii An" Enteric e)er+ @idal ,est (Agglutinat (Agglutination) ion) ^ %epatitis+ Australian Antigen ,e ,est st ^ T#*erc#losis+ 'antoux ,est ,ine ,est #eaf ,est ,uberculin ,est (#yper-sens (#yper-sensitivity itivity ,est) ,he Dose of ,uberculin in 'antoux ,e ,est st for an adult> 0/1 ml ^ Monon#cleosis+ Paun Bunnell ,est (%ed Cells as Antigen) ^ Tph#s e)er+ @eil Felix ,est ^ In!l#en %2A as a test for Pregnancy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

p% Blood> 708 "in> 708 ecretion of "in> 404 !astric juice> 2nfants> 4 Adults> 3 aliva> ;06-;07 Grine> 808-1 tool> aprox0 ; Bile uice> 1-10; emen> 703-1 Vagina> 601-804 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

&ist o! Pharma Instr#ments

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absorptiometer-instrument absorptiometer -instrument for measuring solubility of gases in liuids

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actinometer-instrument actinometerinstrument for measuring incident radiation

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aerometer-instrument aerometerinstrument for measuring ?eight or density of gas

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Florentine %eceiver-Gsed %eceiver-Gsed to separate liuids based on density

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orptometer-Gsed orptometer -Gsed to measure total surface area

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\uantasorb-urface \uantasorb-ur face area

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areometer-instrument areometerinstrument used for measuring specific gravity

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#g PycnometerPycnometer-!ranule !ranule Density

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#e Pycnometer-,rue Density

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#ygrometer-'oisture #ygrometer'oisture content

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cytometer-instrument cytometer-i nstrument for counting cells

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hygrometer-instrument hygrometer-in strument for measuring air moisture

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leptometer-instrument leptometerinstrument for measuring oil viscosity

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nephelometer-instrument nephelometerinstrument for measuring cloudiness

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 planimeter-instrument  planimeterinstrument for measuring area

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 platometer-instrument  platometerinstrument for measuring areaR areaR planimeter 

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 psychrometer-#umidity  psychrometer#umidity measurement measurement

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 pycnometer-instrument  pycnometer-ins trument for measuring measuring specific specific gravity or density density

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ualimeter-apparatus ualimeterapparatus for measuring penetrating po?er of E-ray beams

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stereometer-instrument stereometerinstrument for measuring specific gravity

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tensiometer-instrument tensiometerinstrument for measuring tension

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ymometer-instrument ymometer-i nstrument for measuring fermentation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'eta 'loc5ers Comparati)e in!ormation Pharmacological "i!!erences 

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Agents ?ith intrinsic s ympathomim ympathomimetic etic action (2A) Acebutolol carteolol celiprolol mepindolol oxprenolol pindolol Agents ?ith greater aueous solubility (hydrophilic beta bloc"ers) Atenolol celiprolol nadolol sotalol Agents ?ith membrane stabiliing effect Acebutolol betaxolol pindolol propranolol

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Agents ?ith antioxidant effect

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Carvedilol nebivolol In"ication "i!!erences

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Agents specifically indicated for cardiac arrhythmia *smolol sotalol landiolol Agents specifically indicated for congestive heart failure Bisoprolol carvedilol sustained-release metoprolol nebivolol Agents specifically indicated for glaucoma

Betaxolol carteolol levobunolol metipranolol timolol

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Agents specifically indicated for myocardial infarction

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Atenolol metoprolol propranolol

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Agents specifically indicated for migraine prophylaxis

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,imolol propranolol ,imolol

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Propranolol is the only agent indicated for control of tremor portal hypertension and esophageal variceal bleeding and used in conjunction ?ith T-bloc"er therapy in phaeochromocytom phaeochromocytoma0 a0 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TA'&ETS ^ ^ ^ ^

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5: of drugs are in oral dosage form0 form0 ,ablet ,a blet is unit dosage form0 &iuid dosage forms r given given in dose of medication 4-6:0 4-6:0 ,ablet ,a blet should have 3-8 of moisture0

E)al#ation ^ General appearance Si
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^ %ar"ness an" ria*ilit %ar"ness o! ta*let "irectl e!!ects "issol#tion *eha)io#r/

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It is the !orce re7/ to *rea5 the ta*let in "iametric compression test/

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%ar"ness also calle" cr#shing c r#shing strength/

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De)ices #se" _ Monsento tester Bstoc5es tester,eas to han"le/Man#all operate"8gi)es strength in 5gs/ _ Strong,co** tester,!orce tester,!orce applie" * h"ra#lic press#re an" later air press#re not man#all/ It gi)es )al#e 1/2 times higher than the original strength/ it gi)es strength in 5gs/ _ P!i
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At constant compression !orce8 har"ness increase $ith increasing "ie !ill/

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At constant "ie !ill8 har"ness increase an" thic5ness "ecrease $hen compression !orce is applie"/

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9oche !ria*ilator machine is #se" !or meas#ring !ria*ilit o! ta*let/

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Ta*lets !all !rom,2 inch "istance Ta*lets Total 9pms,3 Total re)ol#tions,100 Time,H min#tes &imits,0/3,1/0. B;SP8not more than 1. BIP/ E!!er)escent ta*lets an" che$a*le ta*lets sho$ higher !ria*ilit )al#e than a*o)e so stac5 pac5aging !or them/ (ic5ers test is #se" to meas#re the s#r!ace har"ness/ Fhis5eringJ phenomenon phenomenon is relate" $ith $ ith ta*lets $ith "eepl conca)e s#r!aces or p#nches #se" $ere in poor con"ition an" s#ch ta*lets ha)e higher than normal !ria*ilit )al#es/ %A9DNESS &IMITS S:T S;STAINED S;STAI NED 9E&EASE 9E &EASE GENE9A& %A9D EE9(ESCENT

 =G @ =G H =G 2 =G 1/- =G

STANDA9D %A9DNESS S%:;&D 'E MIN/ H =G

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^ Fe*ster Fe*ster an" (an A**e tester,in"icate tester,in"icate e"ge "amage " amage "#ring han"ling/ han"l ing/ ^ Feight )ariation Total ta*lets ta5en,10/ &imits,Ta*lets meet ;SP i! not more than  ta*lets are o#tsi"e the limit an" no ta*let sho#l" "i!!er * &imits,Ta*lets more than  times the original limit/ This test is #se" i! the ta*let contains 0,3. API/ It is not appropriate !or lo$ "ose containing ta*lets/API sho#l" *e more than 30mg/ Bi/e,potenc/ or these content #ni!ormit test is #se"/ C:NTENT ;NI:9MITY TEST+ It sho#l" *e *et$een 3,103./

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Ta*let Ta *let potenc !or this test sho#l" *e less than 30mg/

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or "igito4in it is 0,110./

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I! larger $t/ (ariation (ariation 8no goo" content #ni!ormit/ #ni!ormit/ Test+ Total ta*lets,-0 Total assae",at least 10  o! the ta*lets sho#l" contain @3,113. API/10th ta*let ma contain ?3,13. API/ Test passe" I! a*o)e con"itions not met other 0 ta*lets sho#l" *e assae"8 an" no one sho#l" !all o#tsi"e @3,113. range/ ^ Disintegration

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Apparat#s+, ,2 test t#*es ,mesh si
^ Dissol#tion ;SP

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Apparat#s 1,'as5et tpe Mesh screen,10 meshB;SP

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,temperat#re+ -?0/3 "egree Celsi#s/

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00 ml !las5/

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Apparat#s ,pa""le tpe 00 ml/ las5/ Contains $ire heli4 to pre)ent ta*let !rom !loating/ &imitsB;SP Z Not less than ?3. sho#l" *e "issol)e" in H3 min/ Z 0. o! the "r#g sho#l" *e "issol)e" in -0 min/Bthis is not ;SP limit8 it is in"#strial limit Z A*o)e *oth )al#es are K )al#es/ Z Dissol#tion acceptance criteriaBIP stage No/ :! "osage #nits teste" Acceptance criteria S1 2 No "osage #nit is less than KL3./ S 2 A)erage A)e rage o! 1 "osage #nits is e7#al to or not more than K. an" no #nit is less than K,13./ S1 A)erage A)e rage o! H "osage #nits is e7#al to greater than K. an" not more than  "osage #nits are less than K,13. an" no "osage #nit is less l ess than K,3./

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^ Ta Ta*let *let compression apparat#s Dies "e!ine shape an" si
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Cam trac5s g#i"e the mo)ement o! p#nches/

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M#lti,station presses are calle" rotar presses/

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T#rrets,the T# rrets,the portion o! the hea" that hol" the #pper an" lo$er p#nches/

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ette machines,the chill the compression components to allo$ compression o! lo$ mel ting soli"s s#ch as $a4es #se Bin case o! s#ppositories0/ T::&ING '' tooling,most commonl #se"/length,3/3 inch8nominal *arrel "iameter,0/?3 inch81 inch hea" "iameter/

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' tooling,3/3 inch8 nominal *arrel "iameter,- 12 inch81 inch hea" "iameter/

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D tooling,#se" !or larger ta*lets/ 3/3 inch8 nominal *arrel "iameter,1 inch81/3 inch hea" "iameter/

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D$ell time,time !or $hich ta*let remains #n"er compression/

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9emem*er,De)ices $hich meas#re compression !orce at each compression station/ ,Pharma5ontroll8 =illiani Control Sstem8 Thomas Ta*let Ta*let Sentine

^ P9:CESSING P9:'&EMS IN TA'&ET 1 Capping an" lamination,capping is partial partial or complete separation o! top or *ottom parts o! ta*let !rom main *o" o! ta*let/&amination is separation o! ta*let into  0r more "istinct laers/ It is "#e to+, , "e!ormational properties o! !orm#lation ie plastic "e!ormation ,"eep conca)e p#nches/

, a*sence o! a"e7#ate moist#re/ moi st#re/ ,ta*let tooling ,incorrect setting o! press/   pic5ing an" stic5ing,pic5ing occ#rs occ#rs "#e to engra)ing an" em*ossing/In em*ossing/In stic5ing ta*let material stic5s to to "ie $all/  - Mottling,#ne)en "istri*#tion o! color on ta*let/ H $t/ (ariation 3 poor !lo$,talc or colloi"al silica helps i n impro)ing the !lo$/poor !lo$ can res#lt in *ri"ging8arching an" rat holling/ 2 poor mi4ing ?p#nch )ariation @har"ness )ariation "o#*le impression

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^ TA'&ET G9AN;&ATI:N It impro)es !lo$ properties o! ta*let/ Shape !actor o! gran#le sho#l" *e 2 #st li5e sphere !or goo" !lo$/

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The metho" #se" !or meas#rement o! s#r!ace area soli" gran#les or particles are air permea*ilit metho" an" gas,a"sorption metho"B%e gas is #se"/ Dense gran#les re7#ire higher compression !orce to !orm cohesi)e compact an" the are less !ria*le/

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or "etermining gran#le "ensit,Merc#r "ensit,Merc#r  "isplacement metho" is #se"/ : metho" #ses *en
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or meas#ring gran#le strength an" !ria*ilit ASTMBAmerican Societ or Testing Testing Materials speci!ication is ta5en into acco#nt an" compression strength are ta5en into acco#nt/

^ TYPES : G9AN;&AT G9AN;& ATI:N I:N Dr gran#lation _ _ _ _ _

Also calle" compression gran#lation/ ;se" $hen "r#g is sensiti)e to moist#re/ Sl#gs are !orme" in this/so process also calle" sl#gging/ 9oller compactor instr#ment is #se"/Can pro"#ce 300 5g o! sl#gs/ Main a")antage is that no nee" to #se e4cess l#*ricants/ Fet gran#lation

_ _ _

Gran#les !orme" * a"hesi)e !orces/ S#r!ace tension !orces an" capillar press#re are initiall responsi*le !or $et gran#lation/ Sol)ents are #se" consi"ering EPABEn)ironmental EPABEn)ironmental Protection Agenc reg#lations/

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EK;IPMENTS :9 FET G9AN;&ATI:N G9AN;& ATI:N 1/ &ittle!or" &o"ige mi4er, capa*le o! *oth $et massing an" *len"ing/ _ Time ta5en,-0,20 sec/ _ %ori
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E+g Nacl8=Cl can *e "irectl compresse"/ ;ses "irectl compressi*le "il#ents li5e spra "rie" lactose/

ther

_ _

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The ha)e goo" !lo$ an" compressi*ilit/ Ma4im#m o! -0. o! API is #se" in "irect "i rect compression ta*let/

^ TA'&ET ING9EDIENTS Dil#ents+ _ ;se" to increase *#l5 o! ta*let/ _ 3,@0. can *e #se"/ _ All the s#gar containing "il#ents ha)e ten"enc to # n"ergo reaction $ith "r#gs containing 6N% gro#p/ This is calle" Maillar" reaction $hich onl changes color not content/ STA9C% Z 11,1H. moist#re present Z Drie" starch has ,H. moist#re/ Their moist#re l e)el increase to 2,@. !ollo$ing moist#re e4pos#re/ Z T$o tpes+ Directl compressi*le starch BSta,94 1300,#se" as "il#ents8 *in"er an" "isintegrant/ Contains 10. o! moist#re/ %"rolse" starch BEm"e48 Cell#ta*+ contain 0,."e4trose an" -,3. maltose,"irectl compressi*le/ ;se" in che$ing ta*lets an" ha)e @,10. o! moist#re/ &ACT:SE ^ Three tpes o! lactose/ 1/ Al!a,lactose monoh"rate,crstalline nat#re8 has 3. moist#re8 poor !lo$ an" compressi*ilit an" #se" in $et gran#lation/ It gi)es Maillar" Maill ar" reaction/ / Spra "rie" lactose,O-. moist#re/goo" !lo$ an" compressi*ilit/ ;se" in "irect compression/it gi)es Maillar" reaction/Bin Maillar" reaction !#r!#ral"eh"e is !orme"/ -/ ',lactoseBanh"ro#s,hgroscopic/ ',lactoseBanh"ro#s,hgr oscopic/ #se" in "irect compression an" "oes not gi)es Maillar" reaction/

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DEXT9:SE Also calle" cerelose/ Can *e #se" instea" o! lactose/ MANNIT:& ;se" in che$a*le ta*let "#e to negati)e heat o! sol#tion/

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Non,hgroscopic/

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Non,cariogenic/

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;se" in )itamin !orm#lations/

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S:9'IT:& :ptical isomer o! mannitol/ %groscopic/ S;C9:SE A)aila*le as co,processe" !orm s#ch as S;GA9TA'B0,3.s#crose S;GA9TA'B0,3.s#crose L ?,10. in)ert s#gar8 DIPACB?.s#crose DIPA CB?.s#crose L -. mo"i!ie" "e4trins an" N;TA'B3.s#croseLH.in)ert N;TA'B3.s#croseLH.in)ert s#garLMg/stearateLcorn starch/

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;se" in "irect compression/

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%gsroscopic

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Important point,=aolin an" *entonite8"il#ents8 is not #se" $i th car"iac glcosi"e8snthetic estrogens an" al5aloi"s MIC9:C9YSTA&&INE MIC9:C9YSTA &&INE CE&&;&:SE Tra"e name,A(ICE&

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DI9ECT&Y C:MP9ESSI'&E

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T$o gra"es+,P%101Bpo$"er an" P%10Bgran#les

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Also act as "isintegrating agent/

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%groscopic

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Ma "ela the release o! "r#g/

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DICA&CI;M P%:SP%AT P% :SP%ATE E Non,hgroscopicB#st li5e mannitol

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Moist#re sensiti)e "r#gs can *e #se" $ith it

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Not #se" $ith tetraccline "#e to comple4 !ormation/ Classi!ication in other $a Fet gran#lating "il#ents,al!a lactose85aolin8*entonite8 "icalci#m s#lphate Direct compression,spra "rie" lactose8colloi"al silica8NaCl an" Na%C:- !or "ental cones8 "i rect com/ starch/

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'in"ers an" a"hesi)es ;se" to pro)i"e cohesi)e 7#alities/ More the *in"er8 har"er is the ta*let/

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NAT;9A& G;M 

Acacia an" tragacanth are e4amples

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;se" in 10,3.

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GE&ATIN Nat#ral protein

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10,0. in sol#tion !orm/

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;pon storage "isintegration time $ill increase i ncrease $ith the #se o! s#ch *in"ers Starch

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10,0.sol#tion/

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Gi)e transl#cent paste/

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It #n"ergoes h"rolsis to "e4trin an" gl#cose/

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&i7#i" gl#cose is 30.sol#tion in $ater/

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Mo"i!ie" nat#ral polmers  Methlcell#loseBalcohol sol#*le8 more sol#*le in col" $ater than hot $ater

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%"ro4 proplcell#loseBalcohol sol/

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%"ro4 propl methlcell#loseB$ater sol#*le

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Ethlcell#loseBalcohol sol#*le8retar" D/T

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P(PBpol)inl prroli"one #se" in ./#se" in a7#eo#s an" alcoholic sol#tion/

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IPABisopropl IPAB isopropl alcohol,$i"el #se" *in"er/

^ Another classi!ication Z sol#tion *in"ers,strach8s#crose8ge *in"ers,strach8s#crose8gelatine8acacia8tragacanth/ latine8acacia8tragacanth/ Z Dr *in"ers,%PMC/Cross lin5e" P(P/

^ &;'9ICANTS Z Decrease !riction *et$een "ie$all an" ta*let s#r!ace Z Can *e #se" intragran#larlBPEG8(egeta*le intragran#larlBPEG8(egeta*le oils an" e4tragran#larlBtalc8stearates/ Z The are h"ropho*ic in nat#re/ Z l#i" l#*ricant,li7/ Para!!in Z 'o#n"ar l#*ricant,stearic aci" Z ^ Fhat is *olting o! l#*ricant &#*ricant is passe" thro#gh 20,100 mesh nlon cloth in or"er to get !ine particles this is calle" *olting o! l#*ricant/

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



Z %"rocar*onmineral oil Applie" as !ine spra/ Mostl #se" !or aspirin ta*lets

Z Calci#m an" Mg/ Stearate #se" in 1. ma ca#se "ela release

Z Mg/stearate is #se" $ith S&S "#e to its h"ropho*ic propert/ propert/ Z It is not #se" $ith aci"ic "r#gs

^ Compritol @@@ Z It is glcerl monoester o! *ehenic aci"/ ^ Fater sol#*le l#*ricants Z So"i#m en


^ G&IDANTS 1 Talc ;se" in 3./



Can also *e #se" as anti,a"herent/



Contains traces o! iron so ma act as catalst !or the "r#gs $hi ch are "egra"e" * e/



Also contain calci#m so not #se" $ith tetraccline/  Colloi"al silica Z A) A)aila*le aila*le in - !orms Z Ca*,o,silBO1. Z AerosilB0/3,-. Z Sloi"/ Corn starch Z ;se in 3,10.

 DISINTEGRANTS 

^ acilitate *rea5ing #p o! ta*let Act * - mechanism 1/ ' s$elling Alginate8 starch "e8 P(P / ' $etting S&S8 Cla8 'entonite

-/ E!!er)escent Na%C:- an" citric aci" E4amples STA9C% Z 3,0. Z Mo"i!ie" starches are #se" $hich are+ Primogel an" E4plota*/ the are lo$ s#*stit#te" car*o4methl starches/B1,@. #se"8*#t H.is optim#m





^ Clas Z (e (eeg#m eg#m BMg/ Al#mini#m silicateB10. Z *entoniteB10. *oth are #se" onl !or colore" ta*lets the are most e!!ecti)e in s#l!athia
^ S#per "isintegrants Z The are #se" in lo$er concentration/ o!  . to 2 .8$hile tra"itional "isintegrants s#ch as starches o!ten re7#ire concentrations o! a*o#t 0 ./

So"i#m Starch Glcolate

So"i#m Car*o4methl Starch Croscarmellose So"i#m

So Polsacchari"es

^ Primojel` sodium starch starch glycolate and Primellose` croscarmellose croscarmellose sodium ?hich sho? outstanding disintegration characteristics characteristics for tablets prepared by direct compression ?et granulation and for capsule formulations0 COLORING AGENTS  Z &a5e are the "es that ha)e a*sor*e" on h"ro#s o4i"e Z As coloring concentration increases8 mottling increases/ Z To impro)e impro)e photosensiti)it o! "e #se o! ;( a*sor*ing chemical s#ch as *en
v DI,PA DI,PAC&INE C&INE is a commerciall a)aila*le "irectl compressi*le s#gar/  SWEETENERS  Z ;se" in B0/3,0/?3. Z Cclamates can *e #se"/the are ?0 times more s$eeter than s#gar/ '#t are carcinogenic carcinogenic Z AspartateBphenl ester o! methlacetic aci"/1@0,00 times s$eeter than s#gar an" non,carcinogenic/ Z Saccharin is carcinogenic an" 300 times more s$eeter than s#gar/ Z Mannitol is #se" in che$a*le ta*lets an" ? times more s$eeter than s#gar/ S:ME INST9;MENTS  MIXING  Z or large 7t/ :! po$"er,t$in,she po$"er,t$in,shell ll *len"er8 *len"er8"o#*le,cone "o#*le,cone *len"er8planetar *len"er8planetar mi4er/ Z or contin#o#s pro"#ction,ri**on *len"er8roto *len"er8roto ca*e,*len"er Z Mass mi4er,sigma *la"e mi4er Z %igh spee" gran#lators,Diosna mi4er8&ittle!or" mi4er8&ittle!or" MGT8Gral mi4er

Z or contin#o#s pro"#ction e4tr#"ers are #se" E+g 9eit< e4tr#"ers Z To Topo po gran#lators,to prepare gran#les #n"er high )acc#m/ Z Spheroni
'ASIC N;C&E;S , Me"icinal Chemistr D9;G

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, M:EITY

1/ Etomi"ate,

Imi"a
/ Propo!o Q

lB"ipri)an 82,"iiso*#tlphenolBgi)en in em#lsion !orm

-/ Alpha4alolne Q

pregneane

H/ =etamine Q

Cclohe4anone

3/ Thiopental Q

'ar*itoneBprimi"ine "ione

&:CA& ANAEST%ETICS 1/ '#pi)acaine8mepi)acaine Q

Piperi"ine

/ 9opi)acaine Q

Pri"ine

-/ Di*#caine Q

K#inoloneB*en
H/ Dimethiso7#ine Q

Iso7#inoline

3/ omocaine8pramo4ine Q

Morpholine

2/ E#procin Q

9#*ane

?/ Mrtecain Q

Nor*orane

:PI:IDS ANA&GESICS 1/ Pholco"ine Q

Morpholine

/ 9acemorami"e Q

Morpholine8prroli"ine

-/ Metha"one Q

DiphenlacetonitrileL1,"imeth

NSAIDS 1/ Saliclic aci" Q

Bacetlation

/ Piro4icam Q

Pri"ine818,*en
-/ Phenl*#ta
Pra
H/ S#l!inpra
Pra
3/ In"omethacine Q

In"ole

2/ S#lin"ac Q ?/ To Tolmetin lmetin Q

In"ene 8
SEDATI(E%YPN:TICS:P:9IICANXI:&YTICS 1/ l#ma
l 'D> !#se" $ith imi"a
/ Alpra
'D> !#se" $ith tria
-/ Mi"a
'D> !#se" $ith imi"a
H/ >olpi"em Q

Pri"ine !#se" $ith imi"a
3/ >aleplon Q

Primi"ine !#se" $ith pra
2/ Gl#tethimi"e Q

Piperi"ine "ione

?/ Paral"eh" e Q

Trio4ane Tr io4ane

ANTI,PSYC%:TICS 1/ Thiori"a
mesori"a
/ Prochlorpera
perphena
-/ &o4epine Q

Di*en
H/ Thiothi4ene Q

Thio4anthene L pipera
3/ Clo
Di*en
2/ Droperi"ole Q

In"olinone L pri"ineBpartiall sat#rate"

?/ 9isperi"one Q

'en
@/ Pimo
'en
/ Molin"one Q

Morpholine8prrole

10/ S#lpri"e Q

remo4ipri"e Prroli"ine

11/ :lan
Thiophene8*en
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,

Precursors---------] Al"aloids 2ncluded>

1/:rnithine8 p#trescine8 proline,,,,,R Prrole8 prroli
Pri"ine8 norl#pinane/

-/Trosine8 -/T rosine8 phenlalanine,,,,,R

Protoal5aloi"s8 iso7#inoline/

H/Trptophan8 H/Tr ptophan8 trptamine,,,,R

K#inoline8 in"ole/

3/%isti"ine8 threonine,,,,,R

Imi"a
2/A"enine8 p#rine8 4anthine8 hpo4anthine,,,,,,RP#rine/ ?/Acetate or me)alonic aci",,,,,,R

Steroi"al an" terpenoi" pse#"oal5aloi"s/

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

!9&D +G'B*% U P%9,*C,29+ 9F C9&&92D  &yophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic sols0  &yophobic sols can be easily coagulated by the addition of small uantity of an electrolyte0  @hen a lyophilic sol is added to any lyophobic sol it becomes less sensitive to?ards electrolytes0 ,hus ,hus lyophilic colloids can prevent the coagulation of any l yophobic sol0 ,he phenomenon of preventing the coagulation of a lyophobic sol due to the addition of some lyophilic colloid is called sol protection or protection of colloids0  ,he protecting po?er of different protective (lyophilic) colloids is different0 ,he efficiency efficiency of any protective colloid is expressed in terms of gold number0 !old number > Osigmondy introduced a term called gold number to describe the protective po?er of different colloids0 ,his is defined as ?eight of the dried protective agent in milligrams milligrams ?hich ?hen added to /: ml of a standard gold sol (:0::46 to :0::41) is just sufficient to prevent a colour change from red to blue on the addition of / ml of /:  sodium chloride solution is eual to the gold number of that protective colloid0 ,hus smaller is the gold number higher is the protective action of the protective agent0 Protective po?er ∝ / /808 !old numbers of some hydrophilic substances #ydrophilic substance #ydrophilic substance !old number  #ydrophilic substance !old number  !elatin :0::4 - :0:/ odium oleate :08  /0: odium caseinate :0:/

!um tragacanth 3 #amoglobin :0:6  :0:7 Potato starch 34 !um arabic :0/4  :034

Congo rubin number > 9st?ald introduced congo rubin number to account for protective nature of colloids0 2t is defined as the amount of protective colloid in milligrams ?hich prevents colour change in /:: ml of :0:/  congo rubin dye to ?hich :0/; g euivalent of $Cl is added0 'echanism of solution protection (i) ,he actual mechanism of sol protection is very complex0 #o?ever it may be due to the adsorption of the  protective colloid colloid on the lyophobic lyophobic sol particles particles follo?ed by its solvation0 ,hus it stabilises stabilises the sol sol via solvation solvation effects0 (ii) olvation effects contribute much to?ards the stability of lyophilic systems0 For example gelatin has a sufficiently strong affinity for ?ater0 2t is only because of the solvation effects that even the addition of electrolytes in small amounts does not cause any flocculation of hydrophilic sols0 #o?ever at higher concentration precipitation occurs0 ,his phenomenon is called salting out0 (iii) ,he salting out efficiency of an electrolyte depends upon the tendency of its constituents ions to get hydrated i0e the tendency to sueee out ?ater initially fied up ?ith the colloidal particle0 (iv) ,he cations and the anions can be arranged in the decreasing order of the salting out po?er such an arrangement is called lyotropic series0 Cations > 'g3H ] Ca3H ] r3H ] Ba3H ] &iH ] +aH ] $H ] +#8H ] %bH ] CsH Anions > Citrate6 ] 983 ] Cl ] +#6 ] 2 ] C+  Ammonium sulphate due to its very high solubility in ?ater is oftenly used for precipitating proteins proteins from aueous solutions0 (v) ,he precipitation of lyophilic colloids can also be affected by the addition of organic solvents of nonelectrolytes0 For example the addition of acetone or alcohol to aueous gelatin solution causes precipitation of gelatin0 Addition Addition of petroleum ether to a solution of rubber in benene causes the precipitation of rubber0

*mail Based #ome?or" Assignment Assignment #elp in !old +umber U Protection 9f Colloids ,ranstutors ,ranst utors is the best place to get ans?ersjfto all your doubts regarding the gold number protection protection of colloids  protective po?er po?er and mechanism of solution protection0 protection0 Nou Nou can submit your school school college or university university level home?or" or assignment to us and ?e ?ill ma"e sure that you get the ans?ers you need ?hich are timely and also cost effective0 9ur tutors are available round the cloc" to help you out in any an y ?ay ?ith chemistry0

&ive 9nline ,utor #elp for !old +umber U Protection 9f Colloids ,ranstutors has a vast panel of experienced chemistry tutors ?ho specialie in the gold number and protection of ,ranstutors colloids and can explain the different concepts to you effectively0 Nou can also interact directly ?ith our chemistry

tutors for a one to one session and get ans?ers to all your problems in your school college or university level surface chemistry home?or"0 9ur tutors ?ill ma"e sure that you achieve the highest grades for your chemistry assignments0 @e ?ill ma"e sure that you get the best help possible for exams such as the AP A A level !C* 2!C* 2B %ound uare etc -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GE&ATIN CAPS;&ES ,here are t?o basic types of gelatin> ,ype ,y pe  A and ,ype ,ype  B0 ,he t?o types can be differentiat differentiated ed by their isoelectric points (70:  50: for type A and 801  40: for type B) and by their viscosity and film forming characteristi characteristics0 cs0 Shell man#!act#re + 20 Dipping  Dipping : ,he pins are at ambient temperatureR ?hereas the dipping solution is maintained at a temperature of about 4:C in a heated jac"eted dipping pan0 ,he length of time to cast the film has been reported to be about /3 sec0 2220 Drying  Drying : ,he rac"s of gelatin coated pins then pass into a series of four drying oven0 Drying is mainly done by D*#G'2D2F2CA,29+0  Storage : Finished capsules normally contain an euilibrium moisture content of 1-,12./ ,o maintain a relative humidity of H0,20. ?hen handling and storing capsules0 Filling of ar! gelatin "ap#$le#: *uipment used in capsule filling operations involves one often of t?o t ypes of filling systems0 >anasi or Martelli encaps#lator+ Forms slugs in a dosatar dosatar ?hich is a hollo? tube ?ith ?ith a plunger to eject capsule plug0 plug0 %o!liger,=arg machine+ Formation of compacts in a die plate using tamping pins to form a compact0  Man$fa"t$re of Soft Gelatin Cap#$le#: 20Compo#ition of te #ell: imilar to hard gelatin shells the basic component of soft gelatin shell is gelatinR ho?ever the shell has been  plasticied0 ,he ratio of dry plasticier to dry gelatin determines the hardness of the shell and can vary from 0/-,1/0 !or )er har" shell to 1/0,1/@ !or )er so!t shell/ Gp to 3. s#gar may be included to give a che?able uality to the shell0 ,he residual shell moisture content of finished capsules ?ill be in the range o! 2,10.0 220Form$lation : Formulation for soft gelatin capsules involves liuid rather than po?der technology0 'aterials are generally formulated to produce the smallest possible capsule consistent ?ith maximum stability therapeutic effectiveness and manufacture efficiency0 efficiency0 ,he liuids are limited to those that do not have an adverse effect on gelatin ?alls0 The p% o! the lipi" can *e *et$een /3 an" ?/3/ *mulsion can not be filled because ?ater ?ill be released that ?ill affect the shell0 ,he tpes o! )ehicles  used in soft gelatin capsules fall in to t?o main groups> /0@ater /0@a ter immiscible volatile or more li"ely more volatile liuids such as vegetable oils mineral oils medium-chain triglycerides and acetylated glycerides0 30@ater 30@a ter miscible nonvolatile nonvolatile liuids such as lo? molecular ?eight P*! have come in to use more recently because of their ability to mix ?ith ?ater readily and accelerate dissolution of dissolved or suspended drugs 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS .

--lipid insoluble and water insoluble drugs are not absorbed from gut. --most of the drugs are weal! a"idi" r weal! basi" b"# stronger forms has high abilit! to form "orresponding ions. --most $%&'( of drugs absorbed through passi)e diffusion$non ioni" diffusion( -- &' protein binding - lisinopril.. --%%' protein binding - o*!phenbuta#one $metabolite of phen!lbuta#one( --to show an effei"ient drug a"tion protien binding should be moderate +insuffi"ient protein binding shows less ,d  high protein binding lessens amount of druga at a"ti)e site . --e*tent of binding----- albumin  a"id gl!"oprotein  lipoprotein  globulins. --a drug ha)ing less ,d means its not bioa)ilable.$i.e de"resed rate  amount of drug ( --bioa)ailabilit! --bioa)ailabili t! of------- parenteral  oral  re"tal  topi"al. --short a"ting barbiturates are due its rapid rate of distribution from brain. --onl! unbounded drug$free form ( undergoes metabolism. --the unbound drug /st rea"hes li)er from where it goes to other parts lie idne!s --onl! lipid soluble and non ioni" drugs "an enters brain. --all orall! administerd drugs undergo first pass metabolism. --propanolol  0a11"hannel blo"ers ha)e e*tensi)e first pass metabolism. --mainl! metabolism o""urs to e*rete the drug. --a"idi" drugs are e*reted at basi" p2 )i"e-)ersa. --absorption +distribution +elimination +elimination follows /st order ineti"s. --drugs showing & order elimination ineti"s are asprin +ethanol+phen!toin+theoph!line+tolbutami +ethanol+phen!toin+t heoph!line+tolbutamide+phen!lbuta#one+wa de+phen!lbuta#one+wa rfarin+heparin+sali"!lates rfarin+heparin+sal i"!lates et".. --metabolism +protein binding+"arrier meiated transport at saturated "onditions +i.) infusion i.m implants +osmati" pumps undergo & order ineti"s i.e rate or pro"ess dire"tl! praportional to "on"entration or amount of rea"tants.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MICROSCOPY OF SUM IMP DRUGS 1-Liquorice- Ulignifed Septate fbre 2-Solanacoeus Plants- Anisocytic stomata 3-Rhubarb- Star spots -Squill- !a o"ide raphides #-!ardamom- !lothing o$ glandular trichome %-&uillaria- 'hin membrane arillus (-)igitalis- *landular 'richomes +-Atropa +-Atro pa ,elladona- Anisocytic Stomata -.erbascus 'hapsus- !lusters o$ !a /"alate 10-Artemisia- '-Shaped 'richomes 11-Stromanium- Phloem ibres 12-u"omica 4 Lignifed trichomes 13-ennel13-enn el- Reticulat Reticulate e lignifed l ignifed trichomes 1-!oriander- 5ay sclerenchyma 1#-6ndian )ill- Lateral ridges 7ith ascular bundle 1%-Anise- ,ranched 8 unbranched ittae 1(-!innamon- Absence o$ cor9 8 corte" 1+-*inger- on Lignifed essels 8 starch grains : ;ndodermis 7ith no starch 1-!ollapsed ;ndodermis 20-!ara7ay-!ollapsed Parenchyma 21-!henopodium-;pidermis 21-!henopodium-;p idermis 7ith no trichomes 22-!hirata- Stomata on lo7er sur$ace only 7ith no trichomes 23-!inchona - Large sclerenchymatous bast cells 7ith ron- 'richome o$ stigma 2+-'urmeric- Parenchyma 7ith pasty starch 2-)igitalis- *landular trichomes 30-;uclyptus- !rystal bearing fber

31-*entian- Large reticulate ducts 32-Liquorice- Parenchyma Parenchyma 7ith crystals and starch 33-?ycyamus- ;ndosperm tissue 7ith proteid granules and oil= 3-6pecac- Parenchyma Parenchyma 7i th raphides 3#-
chemical tests in pharmacognosy Name of test ,alCets test

drugs !ardiac glycosides

,orn-tragers test

Anthracene glycosides

,ore" test

Aloes

,oudouins test ,oard$oeds test

)etection o$ sesame oil as adulterant in other oils !arbohydrates

biuret test

Proteins

!upraloin test

Aloes

!arr-price test

.itamin A

iehes test

)etection o$ artifcial inert sugar as adulteranrt in honey

oam test

Saponins

*rignard reaction

!yanogenetic glycoside

*old beater s9in test ?al-phens test

tannin )etection o$ cotton seed oil as adulterant

?aemolysis test

Saponins

Dlungs test

Aloes

Deller 9illiani test

Presence o$ deo"y sugar

Deris test

Rancidity o$ $ats and oil

Legal test

!ardiac glycoside

Libermann- burchar burchards ds test

Steroids


!a>eine @"anthine al9aloidsB

.an ur9s test

;rgot al9aloids


!arbohydrates

itrous acid test

Aloes

 'halleoquin test

!inchona al9aloids al9aloids

 'annins  ' annins test

Al9aloids

.itali-morins test

Atropine and cocaine

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