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No Kode : DAR2/IPA/006/4/2018 DAR2/IPA/006/4/2018
PENDALAMAN MATERI IPA 6 PARTIKEL MATERI, LARUTAN DAN SIFATNYA, SENYAWA ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK, ZAT ADITIF DAN ZAT ADIKTIF
Penulis: Dr. Eka Cahya Prima, S.Pd; M.T. Eliyawati, S.Pd; M.Pd. Heli Siti Halimatul M, M.Si, Ph.D. Ikmanda Nugraha, S.Pd; M.Pd. Lilit Rusyati, S.Pd; M.Pd.
PPG DALAM JABATAN
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Daftar Isi Daftar Isi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 2 Daftar Istilah ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 5 Pendahuluan ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 8 Rasional dan Deskripsi Singkat.......................................... Singkat................................................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 8 Relevansi .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ ......................................... ................... 9 Petunjuk belajar ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ .............................. ........9 Kegiatan Belajar 1: Partikel Materi .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 11 Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... 11 Sub Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ...................................... ............................................................ .................................... .............. 11 Pokok-Pokok Materi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 11 Uraian Materi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 11 1.
Materi dan keadaannya..................... keadaannya............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 13
2.
Partikel materi: Atom, molekul, dan ion ........................ .............................................. ........................................... ..................... 18
3.
Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Materi ............................................ ................................................................... ....................................... ................ 24
4.
Perubahan Materi dan Energi .................................. ........................................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 26
5.
Penggolongan Materi Berdasarkan Sifat Kimia .......................................... ........................................................ .............. 28
6.
Unsur, senyawa, dan campuran ....................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................... ............. 29
Rangkuman............................... Rangkuman...................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 35 Tugas ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 35 Tes Formatif ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 37 Daftar Pustaka ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 40 Kegiatan Belajar 2: Larutan dan sifatnya .......................................... ................................................................. ....................................... ................ 41 Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... 41
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Uraian Materi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 41 1.
Sistem koloid dan sifat-sifatnya ................................................ ....................................................................... ................................ ......... 42
2.
Aplikasi sifat koloid pada proses hemodialisis darah pada penderita gagal ga gal ginjal ... 48
3.
Asam, Basa, dan Garam ..................................................... ........................................................................... ....................................... ................. 49
4.
Larutan Elektrolit dan Non Elektrolit......................... Elektrolit............................................... ............................................. ......................... .. 53
Rangkuman............................... Rangkuman...................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 54 Tugas ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 55 Tes Formatif ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 55 Daftar Pustaka ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 58 Kegiatan Belajar Belaja r 3: Senyawa Organik dan Senyawa Sen yawa Anorganik............................................. Anorganik............................................. 59 Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... 59 Sub Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ...................................... ............................................................ .................................... .............. 59 Pokok-Pokok Materi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 59 Uraian Materi ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 59 1.
Keberadaan sen yawa organik dan anorganik dalam tubuh manusia. ........................ ........................ 59
2.
Senyawa organik dan senyawa anorganik. ........................................... ................................................................ ..................... 60
3.
Tata nama senyawa organik dan anorganik. ............................................... ............................................................. .............. 63
4.
Aplikasi homeostatis senyawa organik atau anorganik dalam tubuh manusia. ........ 65
Rangkuman............................... Rangkuman...................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 70 Tugas ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 71 Tes Formatif ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 72 Daftar Pustaka ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 74 Kegiatan Belajar 4: Zat Aditif Aditi f dan Zat Adiktif ............................................ ................................................................... ............................ ..... 75 Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ............................................................ ................................................................................. ..................... 75 Sub Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan ...................................... ............................................................ .................................... .............. 75
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1.
Zat Aditif .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................ .....76
2.
Zat Adiktif dan Psikotropika ...................................... ............................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 86
Rangkuman............................... Rangkuman...................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 93 Tugas ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ..................... 94 Tes Formatif ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 96 Daftar Pustaka ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 99 Tugas akhir........................................... akhir................................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 100 Tes Akhir ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 101
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Daftar Istilah Adsorpsi Amfetamin Anion Asam Basa Buffer karbonat
Cair
Cairan Ekstaselular Cairan Intraselular Campuran Difusi Efek Tyndall Elektrolit kuat Elektrolit lemah Energi Fase terdispersi Ganja Garam Gas
Gerak Brown Halusinasi Homeostatis Kation Larutan Larutan elektrolit
: Penempelan zat asing pada permukaan partikel koloid. : Salah satu contoh psikotropika yang sering digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan ekstasi, shabu, dan lainnya. : Ion yang bermuatan negatif. : Zat yang dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi ion H+ dalam air. : Zat yang dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi ion OH- dalam air. : Larutan yang dapat mempertahankan pH darah dengan menggunakan pasangan asam basa konjugasi asam karbonat dan ion bikarbonat. : keadaan materi yang dirikan dengan volume tetap namun bentuk beragam menyesuaikan wadah yang ditempatinya karena susuna partikelnya sedikit berjauhan jika dibandingkan dengan susunan partikel pada zat padat. : Cairan tubuh yang berada pada kompartemen ekstraselular yang berkumlah 1/3% dari total cairan tubuh : Cairan tubuh yang berada pada kompartemen intraselular yang berkumlah 2/3% dari total cairan tubuh : Materi Mater i yang tersusun atas dua atau lebih zat dengan komposisi tidak tetap dan masih memiliki sifa-sifat zat awalnya. : Proses pergerakan molekul dari konsentrasi yang tinggi ke konsentrasi yang rendah melalui membran permeabel : Sifat hamburan cahaya oleh sistem koloid. : Zat elektrolit yang terurai sempurna membentuk ion-ionnya di dalam air. : Zat elektrolit yang terurai sebagian membentuk ion-ionnya di dalam air. : Kemampuan yang dimiliki suatu materi untuk melakukan kerja : Fase terlarut dalam sistem koloid. : Salah satu contoh zat adiktif dengan nama lain mariyuana yang mengandung zat aktif THC (tetrahydrocanna). (tetrah ydrocanna). : Zat yang dihasilkan dari reaksi asam dengan basa. : Keadaan materi; materi yang menyerupai udara dan memiliki susunan partikel yang sangat renggang, sehingga sangat mudah menyebar dan mengisi seluruh ruangan dan dapat dikompresi : Gerak acak partikel koloid : Persepsi semu mengenai suatu benda yang sebenarnya tidak ada : Suatu keadaan dimana komposisi kimia dan fisiokimia suatu organisme bernilai konstan atau setimbang : Ion yang bermuatan positif : Campuran homogen dua zat atau lebih yang membentuk satu fase. : Larutan yang dihasilkan dari zat-zat yang di dalam air
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LSD Materi Medium pendispersi Mineral Esensial
Mineral Nonesensial
Padat
Partikel materi Perubahan fisika Perubahan kimia
Psikotropika
Senyawa Senyawa Anorganik Senyawa Organik
Sistem koloid Unsur
: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Diethylamide yang merupakan zat psikotropika dari golongan psikodelik yang dapat menimbulkan halusinasi. : Segala sesuatu yang memiliki massa dan menempati ruang : Medium untuk mendispersikan partikel-partikel koloid. : Mineral yang sangat diperlukan dalam proses fisiologis makhluk hidup untuk membantu kerja enzim atau pembentukan organ. : Mineral yang peranannya dalam tubuh makhluk hidup belum diketahui dan kandungannya dalam jaringan sangat kecil serta bila kandungannya tinggi dapat mengakibatkan keracunan dan merusak organ tubuh makhluk hidup yang bersangkutan : Keadaan materi yang dicirikan dengan bentuk dan volumenya yang tetap, susunan partikel yang rapat, teratur, dan kaku sehingga tidak dapat dikompresi. : Bagiain terkecil dari materi yang tidak dapat dilihat dan dapat berupa atom, molekul, atau ion. : Pperubahan yang tidak melibatkan perubahan pada komposisi zat yang ditandai dengan dihasilkannya zat yang sama. : Perubahan yang menghasilkan zat kimia baru dengan sifat yang berbeda dengan zat-zat asalnya. Pada perubahan kimia terjadi perubahan komposisi pada zat asal dan zat baru yang terbentuk ter bentuk setelah perubahan. : Zat atau obat, baik alamiah maupun sintetis bukan narkotika yang berkhasiat psikoaktif melalui pengaruh selektif pada susunan syaraf pusat yang menyebabkan perubahan khas pada aktivitas mental dan perilaku : Gabungan dua unsur atau lebih yang terdapat dalam suatu materi yang dihasilkan melalui reaksi kimia biasa. : Senyawa-senyawa diluar senyawa organik yang mengandung unsur yang berbeda contohnya air dan mineral. : Senyawa molekular dengan kandungan utama berupa atom karbon dan hidrogen contohnya glukosa, asam amino, dan lemak. : Campuran zat yang ukuran partikel terlarutnya berada diantara ukuran partikel larutan dan suspensi. : Zat murni yang tidak dapat dipisahkan kembali menjadi zat-zat lain yang lebih sederhana menggunakan reaksi kimia biasa.
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Zat penyedap rasa
Zat pewarna
: Zat yang dapat meningkatkan cita rasa makanan, menambah rasa nikmat dan menekan rasa yang tidak diinginkan dari suatu bahan makanan. : Zat yang ditambahkan ke dalam makanan agar makanan terlihat segar dan lebih menarik sehingga orang yang melihatnya akan tertarik untuk memakannya.
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Pendahuluan Rasional dan Deskripsi Singkat IPA merupakan salah satu ilmu yang memegang peranan penting dalam kemajuan peradaban manusia. IPA memiliki tiga aspek, yakni fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Tanpa kita sadari semua aspek kehidupan kita selalu bersentuhan dengan aspek kimia. Jika kita cermati pakaian yang kita kenakan, maka bahan penyusunnya adalah bahan kimia berupa serat alami poliester yang diantaranya dapat berupa katun. Begitu pula makanan dan minuman yang kita konsumsi sehari-hari yang materi penyusunnya adalah bahan-bahan kimia yang biasa kita kenal dengan karbohidrat, protein, lemak, dan air. Materi lain yang ditemukan oleh para ahli kimia pada jamannya adalah alumunium, salah satu material yang saat itu digunakan pada proses pembuatan bus, kereta atau kendaraan-kendaraan yang biasa Anda gunakan saat Anda bepergian ke suatu tempat. Pada jamannya, bahkan alumunium diketahui lebih bernilai dibanding logam emas, tetapi saat ini sebaliknya alumunium bisa dengan mudah kita temukan menjadi bahan penyusun kaleng-kaleng minuman. Bahan bakar kendaraan, plastik, serta temuan bahwa tumbuhan memerlukan 22 elemen kimia yang berbeda dari tanah untuk bisa tumbuh dengan baik adalah beberapa contoh lain keterlibatan kimia dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan kita. Peran penting sains kimia dalam dengan mudah dapat kita lihat hampir di seluruh aspek kehidupan yang tidak hanya meliputi sediaan pangan dan transportasi seperti yang dicontohkan di atas, namun meliputi hampir seluruh aspek kehidupan baik kesehatan, konservasi sumber daya alam, energi, dan lingkungan. Melalui ilmu kimia telah ditemukan pula berbagai bahan-bahan kimia farmaseutikal yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatan. Peningkatan produksi pangan berhasil dilakukan dengan ditemukannya pupuk dan pestisida serta berbagai produk lainnya adalah beberapa contoh produk yang dihasilkan melalui
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Relevansi Konsep kimia pada hakikatnya bertumpu pada dua asas dasar: kekekalan materi dan kekekalan energi. Jumlah materi yang terlibat dalam perubahan kimia (lebih dikenal dengan reaksi kimia) selalu kekal, artinya materi tidak dapat diciptakan atau dimusnahkan dalam suatu reaksi kimia, materi hanya tersusun ulang dari materi lainnya. Penyusunan-ulang materi lain tersebut tentu disertai dengan perubahan energi. Pada modul ini Anda akan mempelajari mengenai kajian ilmu kimia sebagai bagian yang terintegrasi pada ilmu IPA yang meliputi materi dan perubahan-perubahan yang dialami materi baik melalui proses-proses alamiah maupun dalam ekperimen yang direncanakan. Melalui modul ini Anda akan mengenal susunan (komposisi) zat dan pengunaan bahan-bahan tak bernyawa, baik alamiah maupun buatan, dan mengenal proses-proses penting dalam benda hidup termasuk kita. Dalam modul ini juga Anda akan dikenalkan bagaimana interaksi partikel-partikel penyusun materi dari senyawa organik maupun anorganik berperan penting dalam menjaga homesotasis proses biologis makhluk hidup serta pengaruh penggunaan zat aditif dan adiktif bagi kesehatan manusia. Untuk memfasilitasi Anda dalam pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran secara optimal, maka dalam modul ini diberikan uraian materi yang diperlukan untuk pengembangan kemampuan berpikir Anda
yang dirangkai dengan pemberian tugas terstruktur serta penialaian
ketercapaian penguasaan materi Anda melalui pemberian tes formatif dan tes sumatif pada bagian akhir modul.
Petunjuk belajar Agar Anda dapat dengan mudah mempelajarinya, maka pada modul ini pembahasan dibagi menjadi empat kegiatan belajar, yakni:
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berhasil menjawab seluruh pertanyaan dengan benar, maka Anda telah cukup menguasai bahan ini. Jika masih ada beberapa jawaban yang salah, maka pelajari kembali kegiatan belajar yang diberikan pada modul ini. Ketekunan dalam mempelajari dan mengerjakan semua tugas, latihan, dan tes formatif yang diberikan akan sangat membantu Anda dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran secara optimal. Secara rinci kajian dalam modul ini memuat: 1.
Capaian dan sub capaian pembelajaran agar Anda mengetahui target yang harus dicapai setelah mempelajari modul ini.
2.
Pokok-pokok materi yang mendespripsikan materi yang akan dipelajari pada modul ini.
3.
Uraian materi yang mendeskripsikan pokok-pokok materi minimal yang harus dikuasai oleh Anda.
4.
Rangkuman yang disajikan agar Anda mampu memahami garis besar materi yang dipelajari.
5.
Tugas agar Anda memahami seluruh konsep-konsep yang dipelajari melalui tugas-tugas terstruktur di luar jam pelajaran serta mampu membuat keterkaitan konsep dengan aplikasinya dalam berbagai fenomena yang Anda amati dalam berbagai proses yang berlangsung dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. sehari-hari.
6.
Tes formatif yang diberikan sebagai sarana latihan untuk mengukur penguasaan konsep Anda setelah mempelajari materi pada setiap set iap kegiatan yang diberikan.
7.
Tes sumatif yang diberikan untuk mengetahui penguasaan akhir terhadap seluruh konsep yang telah dipelajari pada modul ini.
8.
Kunci jawaban sebagai sarana untuk mengetahui tingkat penguasaan Anda terhadap konsep-konsep yang telah dipelajari pada masing-masing kegiatan belaja r maupun modul secara kesuluruhan.
Selamat belajar, semoga Anda memahami keseluruah materi yang disajikan pada modul 6
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Kegiatan Belajar 1: Partikel Materi Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan Menganalisis hubungan antara konsep partikel materi dan penerapannya pada deskripsi sifat bahan
Sub Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan Setelah mempelajari Kegiatan Belajar 1 pada modul 6 ini, Anda diharapkan mampu: 1.
Menganalisis susunan partikel pada materi berbentuk padat, cair, dan gas melalui ilustrasi gambar mikroskopik keadaan materi.
2.
Menerapkan konsep partikel materi pada deskripsi sifat bahan dalam bidang teknologi
3.
Menganalisis perbedaan perubahan fisika dan perubahan kimia berdasarkan perbedaan sifat materi yang diamati sebelum dan sesudah terjadi perubahan melalui contoh-contoh peristiwa kimia dan fisika yang diberikan.
4.
Menjelaskan alasan perlunya mengenali simbol-simbol keamanan bahan-bahan kimia ketika berinteraksi dengan bahan-bahan kimia.
5.
Menganalisis dan menggolongkan materi secara kimia yang meliputi zat tunggal dan campuran.
6.
Menganalisis manfaat perubahan materi melalui beberapa contoh proses penerapan
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dan hingga saat ini kedua landasan tersebut pun menjadi landasan dalam pengembangan ilmu kimia. Perbedaan ilmu kimia dengan dua ilmu sains lainnya, yaitu biologi dan fisika adalah kajian kimia yang memfokuskan transformasi dari suatu materi yang mengkhususkan pada aspek proses, sifat, dan energi yang terlibat dalam transformasi (perubahan) materi tersebut menjadi materi lainnya. Untuk mengetahui bahwa suatu materi telah mengalami perubahan atau tidak maka kita harus memahami sifat-sifat dari suatu materi. Untuk mengetahui sifat dari materi maka kita harus mempelajari struktur penyusun materi yang dikenal dengan partikel. Sekarang mari kita lihat bersama materi terdekat dari kita, yakni tubuh kita. Terbuat dari apakah tubuh kita? Jawaban ini tentu akan berbeda tergantung dari tingkat pengetahuan dan sudut pandang keilmuan yang Anda gunakan. Hal pertama yang akan muncul dalam benak Anda tubuh tersusun atas organ yang berbeda-beda, seperti jantung, hati, paru-paru, dan perut yang kesemuanya bekerja secara sinergis untuk kelangsungan fungsi tubuh. Atau Anda dapat juga menyatakan pemikiran pada level tubuh terdiri atas berbagai jenis sel yang berbeda-beda. Pada tingkat yang lebih mendasar lagi Anda akan menyatakan bahwa semua makhluk hidup maupun benda mati tersusun atas partikel partikel materi. Pada Gambar 1.1 diperlihatkan organisasi materi tubuh kita.
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Untuk mempelajari hal-hal tersebut, maka pada Kegiatan Belajar 1 (KB1), Anda akan diajak untuk mengkaji mengenai susunan partikel dalam suatu materi padat, cair, dan gas, sifat materi, penggolongan materi berdasarkan sifat kimianya, perubahan yang dapat terjadi pada materi, serta simbol-simbol keamanan bahan kimia. Oleh karena itu setelah menyelesaikan KB 1 ini Anda diharapkan mampu memahami karakteristik materi sehingga mampu
menggolongkan
materi
berdasarkan
karakteristik
yang
dimilikinya
serta
memanfaatkan perubahan pada sifat-sifat materi yang terjadi secara alami maupun sintetis untuk kemanfaatan dan kesejahteraan manusia. Berkaitan dengan tujuan tersebut, bacalah uraian materi berikut dengan cermat, kerjakan latihan dengan membaca terlebih dahulu rambu-rambu pengerjaan latihan dengan seksama dan kerjakan tugas maupun tes formatif setelah membaca rangkuman. 1.
Materi dan keadaannya
Pada modul sebelumnya tentu Anda sudah mempelajari mengenai massa sebagai salah satu besaran yang nilainya ditunjukkan oleh berat dan volume yang menunjukkan besaran ruang. Jika Anda diminta untuk menyebutkan berbagai benda hidup ataupun mati yang ada di sekitar Anda, maka Anda akan mampu dengan mudah menyebutkan semua benda tersebut. Udara, air, tanah, pakaian, perhiasan, makanan dan minuman, serta bahan bakar bensin
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memiliki bentuk dan volume yang tetap, tidak dapat mengalir dan tidak dapat dimampatkan. Cairan memiliki karakteristik mudah mengalir, bentuk materinya relatif tidak dapat dimampatkan dengan volume tetap tapi bentuk tidak tetap karena mengikuti wadah yang ditempatinya. Gas merupakan materi yang dapat dimampatkan, memiliki bentuk dan volume yang tidak tetap, dan dapat mengalir. Suatu gas yang ditempatkan dalam sebuah kontainer, maka bentuk dan volumenya akan mengikuti wadah yang ditempatinya. Pada Gambar 1.2 ditunjukkan tiga keadaan air.
Gambar 1.2. Tiga keadaan air: padat, cair, dan gas. Sumber modifikasi gambar: www.google.co.id www.google.co.id..
Apakah yang menyebabkan suatu materi terdapat dalam keadaan padat, cair atau gas? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, silahkan Anda bandingkan keadaan materi dalam bentuk padat, cair, dan gas pada Gambar 1.3. 1.3.
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Jika Anda bandingkan keadaan materi pada Gambar 1.3., ditunjukkan bahwa setiap materi tersusun atas bagian kecil materi yang keberadaannya tidak dapat kita lihat dengan menggunakan mata langsung dan bahkan dengan menggunakan mikroskop biasa. Bagian penyusun materi yang kecil tersebut dikenal sebagai partikel. Lakukan analisis terhadap susunan partikel pada materi padat, cair, dan gas untuk menemukan keterkaitan antara wujud zat dan keadaan pertikel. Dengan membandingkan struktur partikelnya, ditunjukkan bahwa padatan bersifat bersif at keras, memiliki m emiliki bentuk dan volume tetap karena susunan s usunan partikelnya sangat berdekatan, kaku, kompak, dan teratur. Berbeda dengan padatan, cairan memiliki kemampuan mengalir karena susunan partikel materinya relatif berjauhan jika dibandingkan dengan padatan. Mengapa gas tidak memiliki volume yang tetap? Karena pada materi berwujud gas, letak partikel sangat berjauhan sehingga zat tersebut mudah menyebar ke seluruh wadah yang ditempatinya. Bagaimana menyelidiki bahwa materi terdiri atas partikel materi? Keberadaan partikel dalam suatu materi dapat diamati secara tidak langsung dengan melakukan proses difusi. Pada proses ini, partikel dari suatu materi dapat berpindah dari bagian yang berkonsentrasi tinggi ke bagian yang berkonsentrasi rendah. Difusi secara khusus diamati pada zat-zat berbentuk padat atau gas. Difusi akan terus berlangsung sampai seluruh partikel tercebar secara luar atau mencapai kesetimbangan. Rasa teh tawar yang berubah manis setelah ditambahkan gula menunjukkan terdapat
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cairannya, jarak partikel sedikit berjauhan dan tidak kaku, sehingga posisinya dapat sedikit berubah. Dalam keadaan gas, jarak partikel sangat berjauhan dan lebih tidak beraturan. beraturan.
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2.
Partikel materi: Atom, molekul, dan ion
Sejak zaman Yunani kuno para pakar filsafat telah memikirkan tentang struktur materi. Pemikiran mereka bertolak dari pembelahan materi. Jika suatu materi dipecah-pecah menjadi butiran itu dipecah lagi sampai halus, maka apabila pembelahan materi itu dilanjutkan menimbulkan dua pendapat yang berbeda. Menurut aristoteles, pembelahan materi sifatnya sinambung, artinya dapat dibelah sampai tak terhingga. Menurut Democritus, pembelahan materi sifatnya tidak sinambung, artinya pada suatu ketika pembelahan akan sampai kepada suatu partikel terkecil yang tidak dapat dibelah lagi. Parti kel itu dinamakan atom. Bagian terkecil dari suatu materi dinamakan partikel. Partikel dapat berupa atom, molekul dan ion. Contohnya besi, tersusun atas atom-atom besi. Atom-atom besi adalah partikel, sebab merupakan bagian terkecil te rkecil dari materi besi. Contoh lain adalah garam dapur,
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massa dari Lavoisier (massa zat-zat sebelum dan sesudah terjadi reaksi kimia tidak berubah). Oleh sebab itu tidak ada atom yang hilang atau tercipta dalam suatu reaksi kimia. Dengan kata lain, materi tidak dapat diciptakan ataupun dimusnahkan. Postulat keempat adalah konsep senyawa, yaitu atom-atom dapat bergabung dengan atom unsur sejenis maupun dengan atom unsur lain membentuk suatu molekul. Setiap unsur mempunyai jenis atom yan berbeda dengan atom unsur lain. Sampai saat ini baru ditemukan 118 macam unsur, maka dapat dipastikan di pastikan bahwa jenis atom yang ada sampai samp ai saat ini sebanyak 118 macam. Beberapa materi yang tersusun atas atom-atom sejenis diataranya emas, besi, perak, tembaga, raksa, krom, intan belerang, dan grafit. Pada umumnya, logam-logam yang terdapat bebas di alam tersusun atas atom-atomnya. Namun demikian, sedikit sekali unsur-unsur terdapat dalam keadaan unsur bebas di alam, mereka cenderung bergabung dengan unsur-unsur lain membentuk suatu molekul unsur atau molekul senyawa. Keberadaan mereka di alam terdapat dalam wujud gas, cair atau padatan.
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Thomson menyimpulkan bahwa bahwa partikel sinar katode tidak bergantung bergantung pada bahan bahan katode. Semua bahan katoda hanya menghasilkan satu jenis partikel sinar katode yang bermuatan listrik negatif yang kemudian disebut disebut elektron . Proton. Proton merupakan partikel dasar penyusun atom yang bermuatan bermuatan positif. Proton
ditemukan oleh fisikawan Jerman yang bernama Eugene Goldstein pada tahun 1886. Proton ditemukan berdasarkan eksperimen dengan tabung sinar katode yang telah dimodifikasi. Dari hasil eksperimennya, ternyata ditemukan seberkas sinar yang berbeda dengan sinar katode yang melewati lubang katode dan bergerak dari arah anode. Sinar itu disebut sinar terusan atau
sinar saluran atau sinar anoda atau sinar positif yang kemudian dinamakan proton. Neutron. Neutron merupakan partikel dasar penyusun atom yang tidak bermuatan.
Netron ditemukan oleh fisikawan Inggris yang bernama James Chadwick pada tahun 1932. Penemuan proton didasarkan pada eksperimen James Chadwick dengan cara menembaki atom berilium dengan sinar alfa (α ( α). Dari hasil penembakan itu terdeteksi adanya partikel
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Partikel Senyawa : Molekul dan Ion Ion
Telah diungkapkan di atas bahwa atom-atom dapat bergabung dengan atom unsur sejenis maupun dengan atom unsur lain membentuk suatu molekul dalam komposisi yang sederhana. Dengan kata lain, molekul adalah gabungan dua atau lebih atom-atom yang berasal dari unsur yang sama atau dengan atom unsur yang berbeda jenis. Unsur-unsur yang berada di alam dalam keadaan bebas umumnya berbentuk molekul, seperti gas hidrogen, oksigen, belerang, dan phosfor. Dilain pihak diungkapkan bahwa senyawa dapat diuraikan menjadi zat yang
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secara kuat membentuk susunan teratur dalam ruang tiga dimensi. Pada NaCl misalnya, setiap ion Na+ dikelilingi oleh enam ion Cl - dan setiap ion Cl - dikelilingi oleh enam ion Na +. Susunan teratur dari ion-ion itu dalam segala arah menjadikan ion NaCl sebagai suatu kristal, yaitu suatu jenis zat padat yang memiliki bentuk geometri tertentu akibat keteraturan susunan atom-atom, molekul atau ion yang membangun zat itu. Ukuran kristal beraneka ragam bergantung jumlah ion-ion didalamnya. didalamnya. Beberapa ion terdiri dari dua atau lebih atom yang terikat secara kimia tetapi memiliki
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Gambar 1.6. Proses Pembentukan Bakelit Sumber : sites.google.com
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Gambar 1.8. Selang oksigen dan struktur polivinil klorida
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dan kelompokkan sifat fisika dan sifat kimia yang dimiliki oleh gula dan garam sebelum dan setelah dibakar. Berdasarkan
sifat-sifat
yang
dimilikinya
tersebut,
maka
bahan
kimia
dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi bahan kimia berbahaya dan bahan kimia yang tidak berbahaya. Untuk memastikan penanganan yang aman untuk setiap bahan tersebut ketika disimpan, dibuang, disimpan, dan diinteraksikan dengan bahan lain, maka para ahli sains kembali bersepakat untuk membuat simbol-simbol keamanan bahan berdasarkan sifat kimia yang
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Mengapa simbol tersebut penting untuk dicantumkan? Simbol-simbol yang tertera pada
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Air (s)
Air (l)
(1)
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Gambar 1.9. Perubahan materi pada reaksi pembentukan glukosa melalui fotosintesis.
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Gambar 3.1 Struktur Senyawa Glukosa, Asam Amino, dan Gliserol Tristearat Sumber : file.upi.edu
Beberapa contoh senyawa organik lain yang sering ditemui dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah hidrokarbon alifatik (bensin, parafin, gas metana, gas asetilena dan sebagainya), senyawa aromatik (benzena, piridin, fenol, anilin, dan tiofen dan sebagainya), alkohol, aldehid, keton, asam karboksilat, dan ester. Pada saat ini ada sekitar 16 juta senyawa organik yang dikenal. Senyawa organik yang paling dikenal adalah gula dan bensin. Gula berbentuk kristal putih sedangkan bensin merupakan campuran hidrokarbon tak berwarna, mudah menguap, dan mudah terbakar. Pada bensin ada yang disebut dengan bilangan oktan. Bilangan oktan suatu senyawa bensin ditentukan oleh banyaknya kadar isooktana dalam bensin.
Sukrosa Isooktana Gambar 3.2 Struktur senyawa gula dan isooktana Sumber : Clayden, Greeves, Warren, & Wothers, 2000 Senyawa organik lain yang mempunyai efek yang kuat dalam tubuh manusia contohnya alkohol dan kokain. Adanya senyawa ini dalam dal am tubuh menyebabkan orang mengkonsumsinya merasa gembira padahal efeknya sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Efek berbahaya bagi tubuh secara rinci dibahas pada bab zat aditif dan psikotropika
Alkohol Kokain Gambar 3.3 Struktur senyawa alkohol dan kokain Sumber : Clayden, Greeves, Warren, & Wothers, 2000
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senyawa anorganik contohnya senyawa CO, CO 2, CaCO3, HCN. Contoh senyawa organik yang ada dalam tubuh manusia adalah air dan mineral lainnya. Pada dasarnya mineral yang dimaksud merupakan senyawa ion sehingga jika senyawa ini dilarutkan di dalam air maka akan terurai menjadi ion positif (kation) dan ion negatif (anion). Contohnya garam natrium klorida kita dilarutkan dalam air maka akan terurai menjadi ion Na + dan Cl-. Kemudian Ca3(PO4)2 yang terdapat pada tulang dan gigi apabila terurai akan menjadi ion Ca 2+ dan PO43-. Senyawa anorganik dalam tubuh manusia yang akan dibahas selanjutnya adalah mengenai oksida karbon (CO) dan asam lambung. Karbon monoksida merupakan gas yang tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan bersifat racun. Gas ini akan terbentuk jika karbon atau hidrokarbon dibakar dengan oksigen yang terbatas dan menghasilkan pembakaran yang tidak sempurna. Sisa oksigen yang ada akan membakar CO untuk menjadi CO 2. Pada keadaan oksigen berlebih, CO dibakar untuk menghasilkna CO 2.
Gas CO dapat terikat kuat dengan atom besi (II) dalam hemoglobin, protein pembawa oksigen dalam sel darah merah. Karena hemoglobin memiliki afinitas yang lebih besar untuk CO dibandingkan dengan O 2, bahkan konsentrasi CO yang kecil dalam darah dapat mengubah sebagian besar ikatan hemoglobin-oksigen, yang disebut oksihemoglobin, menjadi ikatan-CO, yang disebut karboksihemoglobin, sehingga merusak kemampuan hemoglobin untuk membawa O 2 ke jaringan tubuh: Oksihemoglobin
Karboksihemoglobin
Konsentrasi CO di udara hanya 200 ppm dapat menghasilkan gejala seperti sakit kepala, pusing, dan mual, dan konsentrasi 1000 ppm dapat menyebabkan kematian dalam 4 jam. Adanya CO dapat mengurangi kemampuan darah untuk membawa O 2, jantung bekerja lebih keras untuk memasok O2 ke jaringan, sehingga meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung. Senyawa anorganik selanjutnya yang akan dibahas adalah asam lambung. Asam ini memiliki rumus kimia HCl. Pada dasarnya asam ini membuat suasana di dalam lambung menjadi asam dengan pH antara 1-3. Asam lambung ini berfungsi untuk mengaktifkan
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Setelah dipaparkan deskripsi senyawa organik dan anorganik di atas, apakah Anda mengetahui apa perbedaan antara senyawa organik dan anorgani. Perbedaan antara senyawa organik dan senyawa anorganik adalah sebagai berikut. Tabel 3.1 Perbedaan antara senyawa organik dan senyawa anorganik Aspek
Senyawa Organik
Senyawa Anorganik
Komposisi unsur penyusunnya
Unsur utama penyusun senyawa
Semua
adalah C dan H. Unsur lainnya
membentuk
adalah O, N, P, S, dan halogen
anorganik
Jenis ikatan kimia
Ikatan kovalen
Ikatan ionik
Titik didih/Titik Leleh
Rendah
Tinggi
Kelarutan dalam air
Tidak larut
Larut
Kelarutan dalam pelarut organik
Larut
Tidak larut
Daya hantar listrik
Tidak dapat menghantarkan arus
Menghantarkan arus listrik
unsur
dapat senyawa
listrik Kemudahan
bereaksi
dengan
Mudah terbakar
Tidak mudah terbakar
Mudah menguap
Tidak mudah menguap
oksigen Kemudahan menguap
Sumber : Dalal, V.J, 2011 3. Tata nama senyawa organik dan anorganik.
Setelah mempelajari berbagai macam contoh senyawa organik dan anorganik. Sekarang, mari kita pelajari bagaimana cara memberikan nama pada suatu senyawa organik dan anorganik. Aturan tata nama senyawa organik dan anorganik memiliki aturan yang berbeda. Untuk senyawa organik, penentuan nama biasanya ditentukan dari gugus fungsi yang diikat oleh senyawa tersebut dan jumlah ikatan C di dalamnya. Penanamaan seyawa organik ada yang secara trivial (nama lazim) dan ada yang berdasarkan nama IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Chemistry ). Anda dapat menggunakan kedua nama sebagai contoh senyawa yang memiliki struktur berikut.
Gambar 3.4 Struktur glukosa Sumber : file.upi.edu
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ada 6, gugus fungsi yang ada dalam struktur tersebut adalah -OH pada atom C no 2,3,4,5,6 dan -COH pada atom C no 1. Silakan Anda identifikasi nama-nama senyawa organik lainnya yang terdapat dalam tubuh manusia. Berbeda dengan senyawa organik, senyawa anorganik memiliki aturan baku untuk penamaan. Aturan tata nama pada senyawa anorganik dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut. A. Senyawa Biner adalah senyawa yang tersusun atas dua unsur dengan tata nama: Nama Indeks Unsur 1 + Nama Unsur 1 + Nama Nama Indeks Unsur 2 + Nama unsur 2 + Ida
Catatan : Indeks 1 (mono-) pada unsur nomor 1 tidak disebutkan. Contoh: HCl
= Hidrogen Klorida
CO
= Karbon Monoksida
CO2
= Karbon Dioksida
B. Senyawa Ion adalah senyawa yang terdiri atas kation (atom yang melepaskan elektron) dan anion (atom yang menangkap elektron) dengan tata nama: Kation + Anion Catatan : ü Untuk penamaan senyawa ion, kata ion tidak disebutkan. ü Nama-nama senyawa ion yang mempunyai lebih dari satu bilangan oksidasi dibedakan dengan menuliskan biloksnya. Contoh: NaCl Ca3(PO4)2
= natrium klorida = kalsium
fosfat
Bukan: Kalsium (II) fosfat karena biloks Ca hanya ada 1 saja yaitu (+2). Jadi, biloksnya bil oksnya tidak disebutkan. Tetapi pada FeCl 2 = Besi (II) Klorida. Karena biloksnya atau muatan ionnya ada dua yaitu +2 dan +3 jadi harus di tuliskan dalam angka romawi.
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Tabel 3.2 Nama-Nama Kation dan Anion Nama Beberapa Kation Kation H+ : ion hidrogen Na+ : ion Natrium K + : ion Kalium Mg2+ : ion Magnesium Ca2+ : ion Kalsium Ba2+ : ion Barium Al3+ : ion Aluminium Sr 2+ : ion Stronsium Zn2+ : ion Seng Ni2+ : ion Nikel Ag+ : ion Perak Pt4+ : ion Platina (IV) NH4+ : ion Amonium Pb2+ : ion Timbal (II) Pb4+ : ion Timbal (IV) Fe2+ : ion Besi (II) Fe3+ : ion Besi (III) Hg+ : ion Raksa (I) Hg2+ : ion Raksa (II) (II) Au+ : ion Emas (I) Au3+ : ion Emas (III) Cu+ : ion Tembaga (I) Cu2+ : ion Tembaga (II) Sn2+ : ion Timah (II) Sn4+ : ion Timah (IV)
Nama Beberapa Anion OH: ion Hidroksida 2O : ion Oksida CO32: ion Karbonat SiO32: ion Silikat C2O42: ion Oksalat F: ion Fluorida Cl: ion Klorida Br : ion Bromida I: ion Iodida CN: ion Sianida SCN: ion tiosianat NCS: ion isotiosianat CH3COO: ion Asetat HCOO; ion format 2S : ion Sulfida SO32: ion Sulfit SO42: ion Sulfat S2O32: ion tiosulfat S2O62: ion ditionat S4O62: ion tetrationat S2O52: ion pirosulfit S2O72: ion pirosulfat NO3: ion Nitat NO2: ion Nitrit PO33: ion Fosfit PO43: ion Fosfat SbO33: ion Antimonit 3SbO4 : ion Antimonat ClO: ion Hipoklorit ClO2: ion Klorit ClO3: ion Klorat ClO4: ion Perklorat MnO4: ion Permanganat MnO42: ion Manganat AsO33: ion Arsenit AsO43: ion Arsenat SnO22: ion Stannit SnO32PbO22PbO32CrO42Cr 2O72-
: : : : :
ion ion ion ion ion
Stannat Plumbit Plumbat Kromat Dikromat
4. Aplikasi homeostatis senyawa organik atau anorganik dalam tubuh manusia.
Apakah Anda tahu bahwa setiap makhluk hidup berusaha untuk homeostatis? Lalu apakah Anda tahu apa itu homeostatis? Marilah kita pelajari hal itu dengan membaca bagian selanjutnya. Suatu keadaan dimana komposisi kimia dan fisiokimia suatu organisme bernilai konstan atau setimbang maka dinamakan dengan homeostatis. Keseimbangan ideal dalam tubuh akan terjadi jika semua sistem tubuh bekerja dan berinteraksi dalam cara yang yang tepat untuk memenuhi semua kebutuhan dari tubuh. Beberapa parameter biologis mempengaruhi homeostatis organisme misalnya temperatur tubuh, tekanan osmotik pada cairan, konsentrasi
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berhubungan dengan biologis dan sebagainya. Parameter-para Paramet er-parameter meter tersebut terseb ut harus dalam keadaan konstan sehingga untuk menjaganya diperlukan mineral dalam tubuh manusia. Zat anorganik dalam bentuk mineral merupakan zat yang diperlukan oleh makhluk hidup di samping karbohidrat, lemak, protein, dan vitamin. Mineral-mineral tersebut dikategorikan sebagai mineral esensial dan nonesensial. Mineral esensial adalah mineral yang sangat diperlukan dalam proses fisiologis makhluk hidup untuk membantu kerja enzim atau pembentukan organ sedangkan mineral nonesensial adalah mineral yang peranannya dalam tubuh makhluk hidup belum diketahui dan kandungannya dalam jaringan sangat kecil serta bila kandungannya tinggi dapat mengakibatkan keracunan dan merusak organ tubuh tubuh makhluk hidup yang bersangkutan. Garam mineral yang merupakan senyawa anorganik ketika berada dalam bentuk cairan sel, baik seluruhnya maupun sebagian sebagian berbentuk ion, yaitu kation dan anion. Kation yang dibentuk dapat berupa kation logam seperti Na +, K +, Ca2+, Mg2+, dll dan kation poliatomik seperti ion amonium (NH 4+) dan ion hidronium (H 3O+). sedangkan anion yang dibentuk merupakan residu asam contohnya Cl -, HCO3-, SO42-, H2PO4- dan sebagainya. Pada kondisi normal seluruh cairan di dalam organisme adalah elektrolit netral, dimana jumlah ion positif (kation) equivalen dengan jumlah ion negatif (anion). Cairan Intraselular Sel
Cairan Ekstraselular
Cairan Intraselular Cairan Ekstraselular Hati
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Rasio kuantitatif dan kualitatif komposisi elektrolit pada bagian
membran
selalu
dipertahankan dalam keadaan equilibrium baik untuk kompartemen ekstraseluler (plasma dan interstitial) maupun intraseluler. Cairan tubuh tubuh manusia sebanyak 60% 60% dari total berat badan orang dewasa terdiri dari 1/3% dari cairan tubuh berada dalam kompartemen ekstraselular dan 2/3% dari cairan tubuh berada dalam kompartemen intraselular. Contoh distribusi cairan tubuh dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3.5 di atas. Komposisi cairan tubuh pada manusia berbeda antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Pada perempuan jaringan lebih sedikit mengandung air dan lebih banyak mengandung lemak, sedangkan pada laki-laki sebaliknya. Selain perbedaan kelamin, perbedaan umur juga akan mempengaruhi perbedaan jumlah cairan. Rata-rata cairan tubuh akan semakin banyak dan kandungan lemak semakin sedikit jika umur semakin bertambah. Terdapat perbedaan komposisi ion di dalam cairan interseluler dan
intraseluler.
Komposisi
elektrolit
pada
cairan
tubuh
sangat
penting
untuk
keberlangsungan hidup. Komposisi ion-ion dalam cairan tubuh dapat dilihat pada gambar 3.6 di bawah ini.
Plasma darah Cairan Interstitial Cairan Intraselular
Cairan Ekstraselular
Anion Protein
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dalam keadaan setimbang. Ilustrasi proses difusi dalam sel bisa digambarkan seperti gambar 3.7 berikut ini.
Sebelum
Setimbang pada membran permeable solut (zat terlarut) Gambar 3.7 Pergerakan Setimbang Sumber :Nelson, D.L., dan Cox, M.M., 2008
Kesetimbangan ionik juga terjadi pada proses transpor zat aktif dalam sel tubuh manusia contohnya transport zat aktif ion kalium dan natrium dalam membran yang dikenal dengan nama pompa Na-K. Ion-ion ini sangat penting dalam mempertahankan muatan listrik membran. Pada dasarnya ion kalium dan ion natrium ini dapat melewati membran, namun karena ion kalium memiliki konsentrasi rendah jika berada di luar sel dan mempunyai konsentrasi tinggi jika berada di dalam sel, maka untuk menukar 2 ion kalium dengan 3 ion natrium dan memasukkan semua ion kalium ke dalam sel maka diperlukan sejumlah energi dalam bentuk ATP. Proses pompa kalium-natrium memiliki beberapa tahapan. Pertama berubahnya protein pembawa untuk membantu memasukkan 3 ion natrium ke dalam protein tersebut. Tahap kedua adalah pemecahan ATP dan fosfat yang akan menempel ke dalam protein oleh enzim. Tahap ketiga adalah proses pemecahan energi ATP untuk mengubah bentuk energi yang memungkinkan keluarnya ion natrium dan masuknya 2 ion kalium. Tahap selanjutnya adalah fosfat yang menempel pada protein akan dilepaskan oleh protein pembawa. Tahap terakhir bentuk protein pembawa akan berubah kembali untuk mengeluarkan ion kalium dari protein kemudian ion tersebut masuk ke dalam sel. Untuk memperjelas proses tersebut, maka Anda dapat
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Berubahnya protein pembawa untuk membantu memasukkan 3 ion natrium dari dalam sel
Pemecahan ATP dan fosfat yang akan menempel ke dalam protein oleh enzim
Proses pemecahan energi ATP untuk mengubah bentuk energi yang memungkinkan keluarnya ion natrium dan masuknya 2 ion kalium
Fosfat yang menempel pada protein akan dilepaskan oleh protein pembawa Protein pembawa +
mele mele askan askan 2 ion K ke
Luar sel
Dalam sel
+
+
Gambar 3.8 Mekanisme Transport Na-K oleh Enzim Na K ATPase Sumber :Nelson, D.L., dan Cox, M.M., 2008
Kesetimbangan ionik juga terjadi dalam darah manusia. Senyawa yang berperan dalam mengontrol pH adalah asam karbonat (H 2CO3). Asam karbonat ini dapat membentuk penyangga dengan basa konjugasinya ion bikarbonat (HCO 3-). Berikut reaksi kesetimbangan asam karbonat dengan basa konjugasinya dalam darah. H2CO3
H+ + HCO3-
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mengkonsumsi karbohidrat yang berlebihan atau akibat perubahan oksidasi glukosa, maka hormon dalam darah akan segera mengatur kembali supaya kadar glukosa tetap dalam konsentrasi yang normal. Hormon yang berperan dalam mengatur kadar glukosa dalm darah diantaranya hormon insulin, glukoagon, dan epinefrin.
Rangkuman Selamat Anda telah menyelesaikan kegiatan 3 pada modul IPA 6 tentang senyawa organik dan senyawa anorganik serta penerapnnya dalam menjaga keseimbangan mineral tubuh. Berikut beberapa hal penting yang terdapat dalam kegiatan pembelajaran ini adalah.
Tubuh manusia tersusun dari senyawa organik (dikenal dengan nama biomolekul) dan senyawa anorganik (air dan mineral).
Senyawa organik adalah senyawa molekular dengan kandungan utama berupa atom karbon dan hidrogen sedangkan senyawa anorganik adalah senyawa-senyawa diluar senyawa organik yang mengandung unsur yang berbeda.
Pada umumnya, senyawa anorganik dapat terurai menjadi kation dan anion jika dilarutkan dalam pelarut tertentu.
Keseimbangan ionik dalam tubuh manusia antara senyawa organik dan anorganik perlu dipertahankan. Suatu keadaan dimana komposisi kimia dan fisiokimia suatu organisme bernila bernilaii konstan atau setimbang maka dinamakan dengan dengan homeostatis.
Kesetimbangan ionik pada proses transpor zat aktif ion kalium dan natrium dalam membran yang dikenal dengan nama pompa Na-K. Pada proses transport Na-K terjadi penukaran 2 ion kalium dengan 3 ion natrium dengan bantuan sejumlah energi dalam bentuk ATP.
Buffer karbonat dan peranan hormon dalam menjaga konsentrasi glukosa dalam darah merupakan salah satu contoh respon tubuh untuk menjaga agar tetap homeostatis.
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Tugas Pada bagian ini, Anda akan diminta untuk menganalisis suatu kasus salah satu parameter yang mempengaruhi homeostatis tubuh yaitu tekanan osmotik. Tekanan osmotik dalam tubuh dihasilkan dari konsentrasi ion-ion dan kompartemen lain yang ada di dalam cairan tubuh. Tekanan osmotik ini berfungsi dalam menjaga kesetimbangan membran sel, mempengaruhi kondisi koloid jaringan, membantu dalam regulasi kesetimbangan asam-basa. Apakah kalian tahu, apa yang dimaksud tekanan osmotik? Tekanan osmotik ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pengeluaran substansi aktif osmotik (terutama NaCl) terjadi melalui ginjal dan kelenjar keringat, apa yang terjadi jika: a. Mengkonsumsi makanan yang mengandung sejumlah kelebihan garam. b. Mengkonsumsi makanan yang yang defisien kandungan garamnya c. Gambarkan proses yang terjadi pada bagian a dan b serta b erilah keterangan.
Rubrik Penilaian:
Supaya tugas yang Anda kerjakan menjadi terarah dan Anda dapat menyelesaikan tugas tersebut dengan baik, maka gunakanlah rubrik penilaian berikut untuk mengukur keberhasilan Anda dalam memahami materi. Aspek Pengaruh makanan yang mengandung sejumlah kelebihan garam.
Bobot 25%
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Tes Formatif 1. Manusia untuk bertahan hidup memerluknan nutrisi dalam bentuk biomolekul. Manakah dari zat berikut yang bukan termasuk biomolekul? a. Karbohidrat b. Protein c. Lemak d. Asam lambung e. Asam nukleat 2. Penamaan senyawa ionik sangat memperhitungkan bilangan oksidasi dari logamnya. Apa nama senyawa yang memiliki rumus molekul FeCl 3? a. Besi klorida b. Besi triklorida c. Besi (II) klorida d. Besi (III) klorida e. Monobesi triklorida 3. Berikut ini adalah rumus molekul dari beberapa senyawa 1. C2H10 2. C6H1206 3. CO2 4. Ca3(PO4)2 Manakah dari senyawa tersebut yang merupakan senyawa organik? a. 1 dan 2 b. 1 dan 3 c. 1 dan 4 d. 2 dan 3 2 dan 4
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6. Makhluk hidup berusaha untuk untuk menjaga komposisi komposisi kimia dan fisiokimia dalam tubuhnya menjadi konstan atau setimbang. Istilah apa yang tepat untuk pernyataan itu? a. Difusi b. Osmosis c. Homeostatis d. Transport aktif e. Equiblirium 7. Komposisi elektrolit pada cairan tubuh tubuh sangat penting untuk untuk keberlangsungan hidup. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh elektrolit yang ada pada cairan tubuh , tubuh , kecuali .... kecuali .... + a. Na b. K + c. Cld. Pb2+ e. Ca2+ 8. Mineral sangat diperlukan dalam proses fisiologis makhluk hidup untuk membantu kerja enzim atau pembentukan organ. Mineral tersebut disebut sebagai .... a. Mineral esensial b. Mineral tubuh c. Mineral Nonesensial d. Mineral organik e. Mineral anorganik 9. Perhatikan pernyataan-pernyataan berikut. 1. Protein pembawa untuk membantu memasukkan 3 ion natrium ke dalam protein tersebut.
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Cocokkanlah jawaban Anda dengan Kunci Jawaban Tes Formatif 3 yang terdapat di bagian akhir modul ini. Hitunglah jawaban yang benar. Kemudian, gunakan rumus berikut untuk mengetahui tingkat penguasaan Anda terhadap materi Kegiatan Belajar 3.
=
ℎ ℎ
100%
Arti tingkat penguasaan: 90 - 100% = baik sekali 80 - 89% = baik 70 - 79% = cukup < 70% = kurang
Daftar Pustaka Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., & Wothers, P. (2000). Organic Chemistry, Chemistry, 1531. Hernawati. ( ). Mineral dan Homeostatis (Keseimbangan Ionik dan Tekanan Osmosis). Osmosis) . Bandung : Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi FPMIPA UPI. Nelson, D.L., dan Cox., M.M. 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th edition. edition . New York : WH Freeman and Company. Sunarya, Yayan. (2003). Kimia Dasar 1 berdasarkan Prinsip-Prinsip Kimia Terkini. Terkini . Bandung : Alkemi Grafisindo Press
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Kegiatan Belajar 4: Zat Aditif dan Zat Adiktif Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan Menganalisis penggunaan zat aditif atau adiktif se rta dampaknya terhadap kesehatan
Sub Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kegiatan Setelah mempelajari Kegiatan Belajar 4 pada modul 6 ini, Anda diharapkan mampu: 1.
Menganalisis zat aditif makanan.
2.
Menganalisis kelompok zat aditif makanan berdasarkan fungsinya
4.
Menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan zat aditif terhadap kesehatan
5.
Menganalisis zat adiktif dan psikotropika
6.
Menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan zat adiktif dan psikotropika terhadap kesehatan.
7.
Menganalisis upaya pencegahan penyalahgunaan zat aditif dan psikotropika.
8.
Menganalisis penggunaan zat adiktif dan psikotropika dalam bidang kesehatan.
Pokok-Pokok Materi 1. Pengertian dan fungsi zat aditif makanan 2. Pengelompokkan zat aditif makanan berdasarkan fungsinya d an sumbernya. a. Zat pewarna (zat pewarna alami dan zat pewarna sintetik)
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adiktif yang memang berguna di bidang kesehatan tetapi kebanyakan dari zat adiktif itu menyebabkan kecanduan. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman baik tentang zat aditif makanan maupun zat adiktif perlu anda pahami. Melalui Kegiatan Belajar 4 ini, akan diuraikan secara detail penjelasan tentang zat aditif dan zat adiktif serta pengaruhnya terhadap kesehatan. Silakan anda mempelajari uraian materi berikut.
1. Zat Aditif Pengertian dan Fungsi Fungsi Zat Aditif Makanan Makanan
Pada dasarnya, manusia memerlukan makanan dalam da lam melangsungkan hidupnya. Makanan tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi (karbohidrat dan lemak), bahan untuk pertumbuhan sel-sel yang baru atau mengganti sel-sel yang rusak (protein), serta se rta sumber zat untuk penunjang dan pengatur proses dalam tubuh (vitami n, mineral, dan air). Kandungan zat yang ada di dalam makanan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan kita, Oleh karena itu, pilihlah
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Tabel 4.1 Analisis Bahan Utama dan Bahan Tambahan dalam Makanan Bahan
Jenis
Makanan
Makanan
Daging
Daging
Rasa
Tampilan
Keawetan
Bumbu
Rendang Daging Opor Daging Dendeng Daging Panggang Daging Kornet
Berdasarkan tabel di atas jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut. 1)
Manakah yang disebut sebagai bahan makanan pokok?
2)
Manakah yang disebut zat tambahan makanan?
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yang digunakan dalam permainan kuartet. Isilah bagian yang kosong sesuai dengan pemahaman anda.
....................... .................. Tartrazine blue
Anato Brilliant
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Siklamat
Sorbitol
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Berdasarkan permainan kuartet tersebut, ada berapakah macam-macam zat aditif makanan? Ya, benar ada 5. Sekarang coba sebutkan macam-macam zat aditif makanan tersebut. Zat aditif makanan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi zat pewarna, pemanis, pengawet, penyedap rasa, dan pemberi aroma. Sebenarnya pengelompokkan macam-macam zat aditif ini tidak baku harus dikategorikan menjadi 5 kelompok, ada beberapa senyawa yang tidak bisa dimasukkan ke dalam lima kelompok tersebut seperti golongan antioksidan (BHA, BHT, asam askorbat, tokoferol, dan lesitin), pengemulsi, penstabil dan sebagainya. 1) Zat Pewarna
Apakah anda pernah membeli kue ulang tahun? Bagaimana dengan tampilan kue tersebut? Sebutkan warna-warna yang ada dalam kue yang anda beli? Apakah fungsi penambahan pada kue tersebut? Menurut anda, apakah zat pewarna dalam kue tersebut aman dikonsumsi? Tahukah anda bahwa tujuan pemberian warna pada makanan
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1) Sering terkesan memberikan rasa khas yang tidak diinginkan, misalnya kunyit. 2) Konsentrasi pigmen rendah, sehingga memerlukan bahan baku relatif banyak. 3) Stabilitas pigmen rendah (umumnya hanya stabil pada tingkat keasaman/pH tertentu). 4) Keseragaman warna kurang baik. b.
Zat pewarna sintetik
Zat pewarna sintetik dibuat dari bahan-bahan kimia. Kelebihan dari zat pewarna sintetik dibandingkan dengan zat pewarna alami adalah tersedianya warna pilihan yang lebih banyak, mudah disimpan, dan lebih tahan lama. Apakah semua zat warna yang dijual di pasaran boleh dipergunakan sebagai zat pewarna makanan? Apa efek dari penggunaan zat pewarna yang yang bukan untuk makanan atau minumam? Untuk memudahkan konsumen, pemerintah mengeluarkan peraturan untuk
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Tabel 4.3 Daftar zat pewarna yang diizinkan oleh pemerintah
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Sumber : Nafiun.com
3) Zat Pengawet
Zat pengawet adalah zat yang sengaja ditambahkan ke dalam makanan atau minuman agar makanan atau minuman minuman tersebut lebih awet atau tahan lama. Awet disini artinya makanan atau minuman tetap segar, bau dan rasanya tidak berubah, dan terlindungi
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26,8 Persen Makanan di DKI Mengandung Formalin dan Boraks Jakarta - Kepala Dinas Kesehatan (Dinkes) DKI Jakarta, Koesmedi Priharto, memperkirakan, masih banyak makanan yang beredar di tengah-tengah masyarakat mengandung formalin dan boraks. Diperkirakan, sebanyak 26,8 persen makanan di Ibu Kota mengandung kedua bahan tersebut. "Ya masih ada sekira 26,8 persen lah mengandung formalin dan boraks," kata Koesmedi dalam acara pemusnahan pangan dan kosmetik ilegal di kantor Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan, Cilangkap, Jakarta Timur, Kamis (25/8).
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a.
Zat penyedap rasa alami
Bahan-bahan yang termasuk dalam golongan ini ada yang diperoleh diperoleh dari alam berupa berupa rempah-rempah (misalnya: bawang putih, bawang bombay, pala, merica, ketumbar, serai, pandan, daun salam, dan daun pandan). b.
Zat penyedap rasa sintetik
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Zat Adiktif
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No
Zat Adiktif
Deskripsi
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hanya menjadi salah satu tempat peredaran ekstasi tetapi juga sekaligus menjadi ditemukan
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