EXAME DE PROFICIÊNCIA EM INGLÊS UNESP - JABOTICABAL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS E VETERINÁRIAS
O L E D O M Biológicas/Saúde
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Descrição do Exame
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Este exame é composto de dois textos. Cada texto é seguido de duas partes, cada uma com tipos específicos de questões. As questões procuram simular situações comumente encontradas em ambiente acadêmico e devem ser respondidas em português. A Parte 1 é composta de três questões dissertativas que visam avaliar a habilidade de compreensão e de localização de informação. Nessa parte é importante incluir nas respostas informações extraídas do texto que efetivamente demonstrem a existência de compreensão. Evite respostas baseadas em conhecimento prévio sobre o assunto. A Parte 2 é composta de três questões. Essas questões visam a avaliação da compreensão detalhada de trechos extraídos do texto. Para tanto, é solicitado que o trecho selecionado seja reescrito em português. A decodificação palavra-por-palavra deve ser evitada, pois tal estratégia frequentemente resulta em textos sem sentido quando lidos em português. Recomenda-se que sejam feitas as adaptações necessárias para que a resposta seja coerente e demonstre que houve compreensão do texto original em inglês.
Text 1 02 Fighting Hunger and Obesity 1- Galloping economic growth in China over the past 20 years has led to dramatic improvements in the nation's nutrition and health status. Parallel with rising consumption of meat, poultry, eggs and other animal products, China has achieved a sharp decline in all indicators of undernutrition and a similar drop in deaths from infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, diarrhoea and malaria. But a new report by Food and Agriculture Organization's Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division (AGN) finds that the Chinese have a new public health problem: overnutrition is increasing to the point where 23% of the adult population is overweight or obese, and dietrelated chronic diseases have become the leading cause of death. 2- AGN's report, Assessment of malnutrition in six case study countries, was commissioned from researchers in China, Egypt, India, Mexico, the Philippines and South Africa. While it found a marked shift over the past 20 years to diets high in saturated fat, sugar and refined foods, trends in the countries' nutritional and disease status differ from the classic nutrition and health transitions occurred in Europe and North America during the 1900’s. "What we are seeing in developing countries undergoing rapid economic transition is undernutrition, overnutrition and infectious and chronic diseases coexisting over long periods of time", says AGN' s Gina Kennedy. 3- The report says this "situation" is the result of various factors. Progress in improving water and sanitation systems and development of sound public health systems has been slow, thwarting efforts to reduce undernutrition. Changing dietary patterns and lifestyles spurred by urbanization, the liberalization of markets, demographic shifts and declining levels of physical activity have contributed to overweight and chronic diseases. In all of the countries studied, per capita energy supply has increased since 1970 and most have experienced a rapid movement away from plant-based diets. While the share of cereals, legumes, pulses and nuts in people's diets has remained stable or declined, the consumption of sugar, oils, fats and animal products has generally increased. One consistent trend is the increased "energy density" of diets: the percentage of energy derived from fat. 4- Urban populations are typically the first to begin incorporating more fats, animal source foods and processed products into their diet. But the report says the dietary changes observed are not limited to urban areas, or to wealthier strata of the population.
Research in China has found increasing intakes of animal foods and oils in large rural centres, while in Brazil processed bakery and meat products, sweets and soft drinks were among the most commonly consumed foods in low-income areas. Falling prices are another stimulus for dietary changes. The effects of these changes are not necessarily negative. "Transition from a predominantly cereal-based diet to one that includes more meat and dairy products should have a positive impact on the intakes of high-quality protein and several micronutrients," AGN says. In fact, the report sees "some progress" in reducing child undernutrition in all of these countries. Nevertheless, stunting and underweight remain high in India and the Philippines, and nationally aggregated data hide disparities within regions and among different ethnic and socio-economic groups. Even so, overweight in children is an emerging concern. "Increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children signal a very alarming trend," AGN says, "since early onset of obesity means higher risk of developing obesityrelated chronic diseases." 5- The report finds the nutrition status of adults in the countries studied is "strikinglydifferent" to that of children: adult underweight is declining and overweight is now more prevalent than underweight in China, Egypt, Mexico and the Philippines. There are also "striking discrepancies" in anthropometric outcomes between children and adults. "It seems that there are environmental and biological factors leading to such extreme outcomes," AGN says. "There is also evidence of increased risk of adult obesity when undernutrition occurs during childhood. While poverty is a main driver of stunting, the inverse is not necessarily true: in many countries, the urban poor and undereducated have high rates of overweight." 6- The report concludes that, given current economic and social trends, observed changes in dietary patterns are likely to continue and combined with changes in lifestyle, particularly the decrease in physical activity will exacerbate emerging problems of overnutrition and diet-related chronic disease. The report cautions, however, that the need to address diseases among adults should not overshadow national and regional efforts to improve child growth and alleviate micronutrient deficiencies.
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Glossary Greenhouse: estufa Buildup: crescimento; desenvolvimento Ice cap: calota de gelo, glacial Trend: tendência Crop: plantação
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
To exert: exercer Sheet: camada To shrink: encolher; diminuir
Exame Proficiência Inglês - Mestrado
Text 1 03 Parte 1 - Responda as perguntas a seguir, de acordo com o texto.
1) Quais fatores levaram a coexistência de doenças infecciosas, desnutrição e obesidade nos países estudados?
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2) Mudanças na dieta alimentar em áreas urbanizadas têm sido maior do que em áreas rurais? Explique.
3) Qual é a relação entre a alimentação de crianças e adultos nos países estudados?
Exame Proficiência Inglês - Mestrado
04 Text 1 Parte 2 - Reescreva em português os trechos selecionados abaixo. (Lembre-se de que não se trata de uma tradução literal: você pode reproduzir o conteúdo integral do trecho com outras palavras, desde que mantenha o sentido original.)
4) Galloping economic growth in China over the past 20 years has led to dramatic improvements in the nation's nutrition and health status. Parallel with rising consumption of meat, poultry, eggs and other animal products, China has achieved a sharp decline in all indicators of undernutrition and a similar drop in deaths from infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, diarrhoea and malaria.
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5) AGN's report, Assessment of malnutrition in six case study countries, was commissioned from researchers in China, Egypt, India, Mexico, the Philippines and South Africa. While it found a marked shift over the past 20 years to diets high in saturated fat, sugar and refined foods, trends in the countries' nutritional and disease status differ from the classic nutrition and health transitions occurred in Europe and North America during the 1900’s
6)“While poverty is a main driver of stunting, the inverse is not necessarily true : in many countries, the urban poor and undereducated have high rates of overweight." The report concludes that, given current economic and social trends, observed changes in dietary patterns are likely to continue and combined with changes in lifestyle, particularly the decrease in physical activity will exacerbate emerging problems of overnutrition and diet-related chronic disease.
Exame Proficiência Inglês - Mestrado
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