Modelo de negocio de una inmoibliaria bancaria : Servihabitat

D@FSB[@K KC [SQGVEH W DGJ@J\@V IQ@KH CJ DGJ@J\@V W FHJ[@AGBGK@K

Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh kc uj` Gjehagb`rg` A`jf`rg`< Vcrvgoàgt`t

[rà`lh Dgj kc Ir`kh prcscjt`kh phr Lhsç Bugs F`rrcðh E`rtåj, sgcjkh cb tuthr kcb egseh cb prhdcshr Kr. K. Lu`j Khegjih I`j`z` T`ri`s.

T¼. A¼. kcb [uthr<

Kr. K. Lu`j Khegjih I`j`z` T`ri`s

@buejh<

K. Lhsç Bugs F`rrcðh E`rtåj

Vcvgbb`. E`yh kc 1=03

IQ@KH CJ DGJ@J\@V W FHJ[@AGBGK@K D@FSB[@K KC [SQGVEH W DGJ@J\@V [Q@A@LH DGJ KC IQ@KH FSQVH @F@KÇEGFH ^1=0;-1=03U

[Å[SBH<

EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH KC SJ@ GJEHAGBG@QG@ A@JF@QG@< VCQTGO@AG[@[ @S[HQ<

LHVÇ BSGV F@QQCÐH E@Q[ÅJ [S[HQ<

KQ. K. LS@J KHEGJIH I@J@\@ T@QI@V KC]@Q[@ECJ[H<

@KEGJGV[Q@FGÖJ KC CE]QCV@V W FHECQFG@BG\@FGÖJ C GJTCV[GI@FGÖJ KC ECQF@KHV (E@QNC[GJI) ÀQC@ KC FHJHFGEGCJ[H< FHJHFGE GCJ[H<

HQI@JG\@FGÖJ HQI@JG\@FGÖJ KC CE]QCV@V QCVSECJ< Cb prcscjtc trà`lh fhjsgstc cj b` `pbgf`fgöj kc b` ocrrègcjt` bgcjzh kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs, prhpucst` phr bhs prhdcshrcs Hstcbw`bkcr y ]gijcur, ` uj` gjehagbg`rg` a`jf`rg`. Ocehs scbcffghj`kh p`r` cbbh ` b` fhep`ðå` Vcrvgoàgt`t phr scr uj fb`rh rcdcrcjtc cj cb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh `så fheh phr tr`t`rsc kc uj tgph uj hpcr`khr rcb`tgvècjtc jhvckhsh cj jucstrh p`gs, surigkh prgjfgp`becjtc ` r`åz kc b` ir`vc frgsgs cfhjöegf` quc cstèhs vgvgcjkh kcskc cb `ðh 1==3 y quc o` kcsceahf`kh cj b` `klukgf`fgöj kc uj ir`j jüecrh kc vgvgcjk`s y htrhs gjeucabcs phr p`rtc kc b`s cjtgk`kcs dgj`jfgcr`s. Cstc jucvh csfcj`rgh o` hf`sghj`kh quc b`s cjtgk`kcs a`jf`rg`s sc fhjvgcrt`j cj b`s e`yhrcs gjehagbg`rg`s kc cstc p`ås, kcspb`z`jkh ` b`s gjehagbg`rg`s tr`kgfghj`bcs. tr`kgfghj`bcs. Fhecjz`rcehs fhj uj` cxpbgf`fgöj icjcr`b kcb ehkcbh p`r` ` fhjtgju`fgöj `pbgf`r kgfohs fhjfcpths ` Vcrvgoàgt`t, bh quc jhs o`rà bbci`r `b dgj`b kcb `jàbgsgs ` uj` scrgc kc fhjfbusghjcs sharc cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh `pbgf`kh phr b` fhep`ðå`, pukgcjkh rcsuegr b`s egse`s `dgre`jkh quc tgcjc uj euy aucj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, fhj phfhs pujths kçagbcs y quc kcagkh ` cbbh e`jtgcjc uj` phsgfgöj kc bgkcr`zih cj cb scfthr. ]@B@AQ@V FB@TC< Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh> Gjjhv`fgöj> Gjehagbg`rg` A`jf`rg`> Bgcjzh kcb Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh> Hri`jgz`fgöj.

[DI-DGFH. Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh kc uj` ]rhehthr` Gjehagbg`rg`

ÅJKGFC 0. @V]CF[HV ]QCBGEGJ@QCV ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... .......... 0 0.0. GJ[QHKSFFGHJ ........................ ..................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ................ 0... 0.1. LSV[GDGF@FGHJ KCB [CE@ ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .............. 0. 0.6. HALC[GTHV ........................ ..................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .................... ....... 1 0.;. EC[HKHBHIÅ@ VCISGK@ ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .................. ..... 1 1. B@ HQI@JG\@FGÖJ W VS EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .................... ....... 6 1.0. KCDGJGFGHJ KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .................. ..... 6 1.1. ]QHFCVH KC KGVCÐH KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH .......................... ....................................... ......................... ...................... ..........; 1.1.0. Cb trà`lh kc kgscðh kcskc b` pcrspcftgv` kc b` ceprcs` ..............................4 1.6. [CFJGF@V KC KGVCÐH C GJJHT@FGHJ ......................... ...................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .................... ....... 9 ...................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .............. 1.6.0. @phrt`fghjcs kc fbgcjtcs ......................... 9. ...................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ........................ ............ 1.6.1. Icjcr`fgöj kc gkc`s kc jcihfgh ......................... ? ...................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ..............7 . 1.;. ]@[QHJCV CJ EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH ......................... ...................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ..............7 . 1.;.0. Kcsìrci`fgöj Kcsìrci`fgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh ......................... 1.;.1. B` b`ri` fhb` .......................... ....................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 0= 1.;.6. ]b`t`dhre`s eubtgb`tcr`bcs ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .................. ...... 0= 1.;.;. Ir`tgs fheh ehkcbh kc jcihfgh ......................... ..................................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... 0= ...................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .................... ........ 1.;.3. Ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh àgcrths ......................... 0=

6. CB BGCJ\H KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH .......................... ....................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ 00 ... 6.0. CB KGVCÐH KCB BGCJ\H FHEH EHKCBH ......................... ..................................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... .................... ........ 00 6.0.0. Vciecjths kc ecrf`kh h Fbgcjtcs ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .............. 01 . 6.0.1. ]rhpucst`s kc v`bhr ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .............. 01 . ...................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ ... 6.0.6. F`j`bcs ......................... 06 6.0.;. Qcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs ........................ ..................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .............. 0; . 6.0.3. Ducjtcs kc gjircshs ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 03 6.0.4. Qcfurshs fb`vc ......................... ...................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ 09 ... 6.0.9. @ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc ......................... ..................................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... 09 ...................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ................ ... 6.0.?. @shfg`fghjcs fb`vc ......................... 0? 6.0.7. Cstruftur` kc fhstcs ........................ ..................................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 07 6.1. FHJVGKCQ@FGHJCV KC B@ @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H

1= 1=

........................ ..................................... ....................... ..........

;. QCVSB[@KHV AÜVPSCK@ CJ GJ[CQJC[………………………………………………………………………………………………...11 3. @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H BGCJ\H @ SJ@ GJEHAGBG@QG@ A@JF@QG@< A@JF@QG@< VCQTGO@AG[@[ ... 17 ....................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ..............17 . 3.0. FHJFC][S@BG\@FGHJ KC VCQTGO@AG[@[ ..........................

3.1. @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H KCB EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH @ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ VCQTGO@AG[@[........................ 60

--

[DI-DGFH. Ehkcbh kc Jcihfghs kc uj` ]rhehthr` Gjehagbg`rg`

4. FHJVGKCQ@FGHJCV DGJ@BCV ......................... ...................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... ;3 4.0. FHJFBSVGHJCV ........................ ..................................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... .......... ;3 AGABGHIQ@DG@ ......................... ...................................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ ;4

-GG-

[DI-DGFH. Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh kc uj` Gjehagbg`rg` A`jf`rg`

F@]Å[SBH 0 @V]CF[HV ]QCBGEGJ@QCV 0.0. GJ[QHKSFFGHJ Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s, b` sgtu`fgöj quc cstèhs vgvgcjkh, cstà fhjkgfghj`jkh b` dhre` kc `ftu`r cj b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs. Cs phr cst` r`zöj, quc ohy kå` cb fhjt`r fhj uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cstàbc y cdgf`z cs b` prghrgk`k kc fu`bqugcr hri`jgz`fgöj ( Ihrkglj , Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1==3> Hstcrw`bkcr, ]gijcur y [uffg, 1==3). Kgfoh ehkcbh sc pb`jtc` fheh uj` pgcz` geprcsfgjkgabc p`r` phkcr frc`r y prhphrfghj`r v`bhr ` bhs fbgcjtcs. Csths ehkcbhs puckcj prcscjt`rsc kc dhre` tr`kgfghj`b, cs kcfgr, ` tr`vçs kc uj` cxpbgf`fgöj cj tcxth> khjkc sc kcsfrga`j bhs ecrf`khs halctgvhs y b` cstr`tcig` ` sciugr. Vgj cea`rih, rcsubt` eàs ütgb sg sc prcscjt`j kc dhre` iràdgf`> gkcjtgdgf`jkh sus fhephjcjtcs fb`vcs y` quc kc cst` dhre` sc d`fgbgt`rà cb `jàbgsgs y b` the` kc kcfgsghjcs. Sj` fucstgöj quc jh kcac scr p`s`k` phr `bth cj jgjiuj` ceprcs` cs quc bhs ehkcbhs `jtc thkh kcacj scr cdgf`fcs y cdgfgcjtcs. @ vcfcs bhs ceprcs`rghs jh v`bhr`j h jh cstukg`j `kcfu`kècjtc sus ehkcbhs y sc cea`rf`j cj `ftgvgk`kcs phfh rcjtàbcs. B` gjfcrtgkuearc kc hpcr`r cj cjthrjhs fhepctgtgvhs bbcv` ` uj` ceprcs` ` rcpb`jtc`rsc sg vcrk`kcrècjtc cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh gepb`jt`kh cs vàbgkh cj cb cjthrjh khjkc sc kcscjvucbvc. Eufo`s hri`jgz`fghjcs jh shj fhjsfgcjtcs, kc quc bhs ehkcbhs kcacj cvhbufghj`r sciüj bhs p`shs phr bhs quc tr`jsgtc cb ecrf`kh. Sj aucj ehkcbh kc jcihfghs cs cscjfg`b p`r` `bf`jz`r uj` hri`jgz`fgöj cxgths`, y` sc` uj jucvh jcihfgh h uj` ceprcs` fhjshbgk`k`. Csths ehkcbhs kcacj pcregtgr kcsfrgagr h rcdbcxghj`r sharc cb dujfghjègcjth `ftu`b kc b` ceprcs` `så fheh sharc b`s phsgabcs `btcrj`tgv`s `btcrj`tgv`s kc eclhr`. Cb rcth cstà cj sàcr gkcjtgdgf`r y csahz`r uj aucj ehkcbh. ]`r` cbbh sc pb`jtc` uj` ütgb ocrrègcjt` quc cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs sc cstà fhjsgkcr`jkh fheh uj ecf`jgseh jhvckhsh. Cst` ocrrègcjt` cstà a`s`k` cj bhs jucvcs eökubhs kcb bgcjzh kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh prhpucsth phr Hstcrw`kcr y ]yijcur (1=01). Kc cst` e`jcr`, sc cjtgcjkc quc uj ehkcbh puckc scr kcsfrgth ` tr`vçs kc jucvc abhqucs cstàbcs cj bhs quc sc kcsfrgacj b` böigf` kc föeh uj` ceprcs` prctcjkc hpcr`r cj cb ecrf`kh. Bhs jucvc eökubhs fuarcj b`s fu`trh àrc`s fb`vc kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj fheh shj bhs fbgcjtcs, b` hdcrt`, b` gjdr`cstruftur` y b` dgj`jfg`fgöj. Bhs prhkufths y scrvgfghs kc b`s gjehagbg`rg`s a`jf`rg`s a`s`j su ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj b` prhxgegk`k, cj b` f`bgk`k kcb prhkufth y cj b` prhdcsghj`bgk`k kc sus cepbc`khs. Cj cb cstukgh kc cstc trà`lh, Vcrvgoàgt`t cs b` a`sc kc cxpbgf`fgöj kcb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh.

0.1. LSV[GDGF@FGÖJ KCB [CE@ Cj b` `ftu`bgk`k cstc tce` cs rcb`tgvècjtc jucvh, pcrh cstà tcjgcjkh uj gep`fth ceprcs`rg`b ducrtc, pucsth quc b`s [chrå`s Hri`jgz`fghj`bcs cvhbufghj`j cvhbufghj`j y k`j bui`r ` jucv`s cstr`tcig`s y ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh. Cstc trà`lh puckc scr giu`becjtc ütgb cj jucstrh àeagth `f`kçegfh, y` quc csths bgcjzhs kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh jh o`j sgkh halcth kc cstukgh kur`jtc cstc ir`kh y puckcj `phrt`rjhs uj cjdhquc kgstgjth cj rcb`fgöj ` b` icjcr`fgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh tr`kgfghj`bcs. Cb kcsfhjhfgegcjth kc cstc tce` o`st` o`fc euy phfh o` thrj`kh cj uj` gjicjtc f`jtgk`k kc gjdhre`fgöj, sharc thkh cj gjtcrjct, fheh phkrcehs fheprha`r cj b` ir`j f`jtgk`k kc rcdcrcjfg`s quc scð`b`rcehs e`s `kcb`jtc druth kc uj` gjtcjs` aüsquck`

- -

F`rrcðh E`rtåj, Lhsç Bugs

y quc sc o`rà ecfgöj cspcfådgf` cj ujh kc bhs f`påtubhs kcb prcscjtc trà`lh. Cb ocfoh kc quc `ftu`becjtc sc o`y` fhjvcrtgkh cj uj` ocrrègcjt` èpbgècjtc utgbgz`k` cj eufo`s fhep`ðå`s o` fhjtrgaugkh, `kceàs kc b`s r`zhjcs `jtcrghrecjtc cxpucst`s, cj scbcffghj`r cb `jàbgsgs y `pbgf`fgöj kc cstc eçthkh fheh jucstrh tce` kc cstukgh.

0.6. HALC[GTHV ]hkcehs kgdcrcjfg`r bhs halctgvhs kcskc khs jgvcbcs< 0) Halctgvhs prgjfgp`bcs< prgjfgp`bcs< •

Cstukgh y `jàbgsgs kc cst` jucv` ocrrègcjt`. ocrrègcj t`.

•

@pbgf`fgöj kc cst` jucv` ocrrègcjt` sharc uj f`sh rc`b.

•

Gkcjtgdgf`r b`s `phrt`fghjcs cj b` wca, cj csp`ðhb, sharc cst` ocrrègcjt`.

1) Halctgvhs scfujk`rghs< fhjsgstgrå`j cj b` prhdujkgz`fgöj y phrecjhrgz`fgöj phrecjhrgz `fgöj kcrgv`k` kc bhs halctgvhs prgjfgp`bcs ecjfghj`khs cj cb pujth `jtcrghr.

0.;. EC[HKHBHIÅ@ VCISGK@ B` ecthkhbhiå` sciugk` p`r` b` cbàhr`fgöj kc cstc prhycfth o` fhjst`kh aàsgfècjtc< 0) @jàbgsgs kc b` Gjdhre`fgöj cxgstcjtc< prgjfgp`becjtc `phy`k` cj cb bgarh ‒Icjcr`fgöj kc Ehkcbhs kc Jcihfgh― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01) y cj b` tcsgs khfthr`b rc`bgz`k` phr Hstcrw`bkcr. [èagçj ocehs kc ecjfghj`r b` gjfbusgöj kc uj` prhdujk` aüsquck` cj gjtcrjct sharc thkh bh puabgf`kh cj rcb`fgöj ` cstc ehkcbh, scbcffghj`jkh b`s 3= rcdcrcjfg`s kc `rtåfubhs, abhis y htr`s puabgf`fghjcs e`s rcbcv`jtcs kc b`s egbcs quc phkcehs cjfhjtr`r y quc gjfbugehs cj cstc trà`lh rcfhpgb`k`s cj uj f`påtubh gjkcpcjkgcjtc. 1) Qcpb`jtcègcjth Qcpb`jtcè gcjth kcb trà`lh< uj` vcz `j`bgz`k` thk` b` gjdhre`fgöj sc prhfckc kc dhre` csquceàtgf` ` pb`jgdgf`r cb trà`lh. 6) [r`s cb rcpb`jtcègcjth rcpb`jtcègcjth kcb trà`lh, sc bbcv` bbcv` ` fàh b` cxpbgf`fgöj kcb ehkcbh ehkcbh kc bgcjzh kc jcihfgh kc @bcx`jkcr Hstcrw`bkcr kcs`rrhbb`kh ` bh b`rih kc bhs jucvc eökubhs kcb `jàbgsgs kcb ehkcbh `så fheh su ecthkhbhiå` cspcfådgf`. cspcfådgf`. ;) @pbgf`fgöj kcb eçthkh ` uj` ceprcs` rc`b, cj jucstrh f`sh b` gjehagbg`rg` gjehagbg`r g` a`jf`rg` Vcrvgoàgt`t. Sj` vcz `pbgf`kh, bbci`rcehs ` b`s fhjfbusghjcs dgj`bcs ` fcrf` kc b` gkhjcgk`k kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh sciugkh phr b` dgre` cj b` `ftu`bgk`k.

-1-


F@]Å[SBH 1 B@ HQI@JG\@FGÖJ W VS EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH

Cj cstc f`påtubh sc cxphjc cb fhjfcpth tcörgfh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj. hri`jgz`fgöj. Fhjfcpth quc cj b`s übtge`s übtge`s kçf`k`s sc cstà phjgcjkh phjgcjkh kc ehk` fhj b` bbci`k` kc b` gjjhv`fgöj cj cb scjh kc b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs. @kceàs, sc àhrk`rà cb prhfcsh quc sgiucj b`s ceprcs`s cj cb kgscðh, `så fheh b`s tçfjgf`s, eçthkhs y p`trhjcs kc kgfohs ehkcbhs.

1.0. KCDGJGFGHJ KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH @ujquc thkhs tcjièhs cj c j ecjtc b` gkc` g kc` kc ehkcbh ehkcb h kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj, hri `jgz`fgöj, b` kcdgjgfgöj cx`ft` kc cstc fhjfcpth cs fhepbcl` kc rc`bgz`r. Csth cs kcagkh ` quc ohy kå` cxgstcj eufo`s kcdgjgfghjcs sharc cstc fhjfcpth cj bgarhs, rcvgst`s, `rtåfubhs, ctf. Fheh sc o` gjkgf`kh `jtcrghrecjtc shj eübtgpbcs b`s kcdgjgfghjcs, pcrh qugzàs b`s eàs `fcrt`k`s y utgbgz`k`s cj cb fèph ceprcs`rg`b shj b`s khs sgiugcjtcs< sgiugcjtcs< ‒Kcdgjgehs ehkcbh kc jcihfgh fheh b` böigf` quc suay`fc cj cb sustcjth cfhjöegfh kc b`s fhrphr`fghjcs, cs kcfgr, b` böigf` quc sgiuc uj` ceprcs` p`r` hatcjcr acjcdgfghs ― (Fb`rn ct `b., 1=01, p. 14)

‒Sj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kcsfrgac b`s a`scs sharc b`s quc uj` ceprcs` frc`, prhphrfghj` prhphrfghj ` y f`pt` v`bhr― v`bhr ― (Hstcrw`bkcr (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. 0;). @ujquc `p`rcjtcecjtc shj kcdgjgfghjcs kgstgjt`s, bh quc jhs vgcjcj ` kcfgr cs pràftgfècjtc bh egseh. ]hr t`jth bhs ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs shj pb`jhs h iuå`s sharc bhs quc sc kcsfrgacj fheh kcac hpcr`r uj` ceprcs` p`r` fhjsciugr sus halctgvhs. [hk`s b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs tgcjcj ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh, quc kcacj scr vgàbcs, t`jth sg oàbèhs kc hri`jgz`fghjcs bufr`tgv`s, jh bufr`tgv`s, iuacrjècjt`bcs, ctf.... Csth cs `så phrquc thk`s b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs jcfcsgt`j rcfurshs cfhjöegfhs p`r` dujfghj`r, sharcvgvgr y frcfcr. Cb çxgth kc uj jcihfgh cstà cj tr`jsdhre`r b` gkc` cj uj` hphrtujgk`k, quc sc kcs`rrhbbc ` tr`vçs kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, quc icjcrc v`bhr ` sus iruphs kc gjtcrçs (st`ncohbkcrs, cj b` tcregjhbhiå` `jibhs`lhj` fheüjecjtc `fcpt`k` cj b` fheujgk`k fgcjtådgf` y prhdcsghj`b ceprcs`rg`b). Csths ehkcbhs vgsu`bgz`j y tgcjcj cj fucjt` b` rc`bgk`k kc thkhs `qucbbhs d`fthrcs quc `dcft`j ` b` ceprcs` cj su `ftgvgk`k (Ocke`j ( Ocke`j y N`bbgji, 1==6> Vo`dcr ct. `b, 1==3) . Cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs `biujhs ehkcbhs kc çxgth o`j sgkh, phr clcepbh, bhs bbcv`khs ` fàh phr Qy`j`gr tr`jsdhre`jkh b` gjkustrg` `çrc` fhj uj ehkcbhs kc a`lh fhstc, cb ehkcbh kc bhs pcrgökgfhs ir`tugths Puç h Ectrh, `så fheh cb kc b`s dèhs`s rckcs shfg`bcs fheh D`fcahhn h [ucjtg> `kceàs kc htr`s eufo`s `ftgvgk`kcs ceprcs`rg`bcs y fhecrfg`bcs cj cb cjthrjh kc gjtcrjct ( Eò`kcv`j, 1===> Kuahsshj ![hra`y ct `b., 1==1> Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1==1 ) B` cdcftgvgk`k kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kcpcjkc kcb kgscðh kc tu gkc` kc jcihfgh y kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kc bhs fhepctgkhrcs. ]hr cst` r`zöj p`r` quc uj ehkcbh dujfghjc kcac tcjcr cj fucjt`, `qucbbhs rcfurshs quc shj jcfcs`rghs h ütgbcs p`r` b` `ftgvgk`k, `så fheh cbgegj`r `qucbbhs quc jh prhphrfghjcj cb v`bhr kcsc`kh. Sj kgscðh cstruftur`kh o`fc dujfghj`r ` b` hri`jgz`fgöj kc dhre` cdgfgcjtc.

- -


1.1. ]QHFCVH KC KGVCÐH KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH @ujquc cxgstcj cxgs tcj eufohs ehkcbhs kc k c jcihfgh cj cb eujkh ceprcs`rg`b, ceprcs`rg` b, cb kgscðh kgscð h kc uj ehkcbh `kcfu`kh ` b`s fgrfujst`jfg`s kc f`k` ceprcs` cs geprcsfgjkgabc. Cb kgscðh cs üjgfh kur`jtc uj fgcrth tgceph p`r` f`k` hri`jgz`fgöj, phr t`jth uj` vcz quc b` hri`jgz`fgöj sc pb`jtc` frc`r ujh jh cs t`rc` dàfgb. Cb kgscðh kc f`k` ceprcs` kcac frc`rsc fhj cb dgj kc scr eàs fhepctgtgv` `jtc cb scfthr. Cs çst` b` r`zöj phr b` quc eufohs prhdcsghj`bcs sc pb`jtccj ` bh b`rih kc su vgk` ceprcs`rg`b b` t`rc` kc gjjhv`r h frc`r ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs fhepctgtgvhs fhepctgtgvhs y `tr`ftgvhs. B` gjjhv`fgöj h frc`fgöj kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh jucvh puckc tcjcr fu`trh halctgvhs kgdcrcjfg`khs, sciüj Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01> p. 1;;)< `) V`tgsd`fcr jcfcsgk`kcs gjs`tgsdcfo`s kcb e crf`kh. a) Fhecrfg`bgz`r jucv`s tcfjhbhiå`s, tcfjhbhiå`s, prhkufths h scrvgfghs. f) Eclhr`r, kcsa`r`t`r h tr`jsdhre`r uj ecrf`kh cxgstcjtc fhj uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh eclhr, h frc`r uj ecrf`kh tht`becjtc jucvh. Cj fèagh cj ceprcs`s fhjshbgk`k`s, cb `dàj phr gjjhv`r cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh, sciüj Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01> p. 1;;), puckc prhvcjgr phr< `) Frgsgs kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cxgstcjtc. a) Cb `lustc, b` eclhr` h b` kcdcjs` kcb ehkcbh cxgstcjtc fhj cb dgj kc `k`pt`rbh ` uj cjthrjh fèag`jtc. f) B` fhecrfg`bgz`fgöj fhecrfg`bgz`fgöj kc jucv`s jucv`s tcfjhbhiå`s, tcfjhbhiå`s, prhkufths prhkufths h scrvgfghs scrvgfghs k) B` prcp`r`fgöj p`r` cb duturh eckg`jtc b` aüsquck` y b` fheprha`fgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh fhepbctècjtc jucvhs quc phkrå`j rccepb`z`r ` bhs cxgstcjtcs. Gjjhv`fgöj y kgscðh cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh Jucvhs

Gjjhv`fgöj cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh Fhjshbgk`khs

V`tgsd`ffgöj kcb ecrf`kh

Qc`ftgvh `jtc cb ecrf`kh

Fhecrfg`bgz`fgöj

F`ràftcr `k`pt`tgvh

Eclhr` kcb ecrf`kh

F`ràftcr cxp`jsghjgst`

Frc`fgöj kc uj ecrf`kh

F`ràftcr prh`ftgvh

[àb` 1.0. Gjjhv`fgöj cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 1;3)

Cb kgscðh kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh tgcjc fgjfh d`scs kgdåfgbcs kc kcbgegt`r, pucsth quc cjtrc cbb`s cstàj fhjtgjuècjtc shb`pàjkhsc. B` prgecr` d`sc cs b` fhjhfgk` fheh Ehvgbgz`fgöj. Cj çst` b` cbàhr`fgöj h frc`fgöj kc uj` gkc` kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh quc v`y` ` tcjcr çxgth cj cb ecrf`kh cs bh prgehrkg`b. B` prgecr` d`sc cs khjkc sc pb`jtc`j quç halctgvhs qucrcehs fhjsciugr fhj b` frc`fgöj kcb ehkcbh, prhycft`r b`s d`scs quc sc v`j ` kcs`rrhbb`r, `så fheh pb`jtc`rsc quç dhre`fgöj v` ` scr jcfcs`rg` p`r` cb cqugph quc bbcv`rà ` fàh cb prhycfth. Vàcr kcs`rrhbb`r uj` aucj` gkc` kc jcihfgh bbcv`rà ` b` ceprcs` `b çxgth gjeckg`th. Cst` gkc` puckc prhvcjgr kc kgvcrs`s ducjtcs, fheh shj phr clcepbh, uj` jcfcsgk`k gjs`tgsdcfo` quc o` sgkh kctcft`k`, gkc`s prhvcjgcjtcs kc b` `ftgvgk`k kc threcjt` kc gkc`s (ar`gjsthregji), ctf…Cst`s gkc`s kcacj kc csahz`rsc

-;-


phstcrghrecjtc cj uj bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh quc `yukc ` vgsu`bgz`r kc uj` dhre` eàs sgepbc b`s gkc`s quc o`j surigkh. Cs drcfucjtc quc eufohs ceprcs`rghs sc gjvhbufrcj fhj b`s prgecr`s gkc`s y jh vc`j eàs `bbà quc cs` prgecr` pcrfcpfgöj kc jcihfgh. ]hr cst` r`zöj cs rcfhecjkàbc fhjt`r fhj b` `yuk` kc uj prhdcsghj`b cxtcrjh ` b` ohr` kc v`bhr`r cs` prgecr` gkc`. B` sciujk` d`sc cs b` Fheprcjsgöj. Cj çst` sc rc`bgz` cb `jàbgsgs kc `qucbbhs d`fthrcs h rcfurshs quc v`j ` scr jcfcs`rghs p`r` cb kgscðh kcb ehkcbh. Cj b` d`sc kc fheprcjsgöj sc kgscð` y `j`bgz` cb cjthrjh khjkc sc bbcv`rà ` fàh b` `ftgvgk`k. ]`r` csth shj geprcsfgjkgabcs bhs cstukghs kc ecrf`kh, b`s cjfucst`s ` fbgcjtcs, ctf…y` quc pcregtgràj fhjhfcr b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kcb ecrf`kh kc dhre` cx`ft`. Cstc `jàbgsgs jh kcac scr euy cxoùstgvh jg pcs`kh p`r` cb `j`bgst`, y` quc su cxfcsh puckc fhjvcrtgrsc cj uj gjfhjvcjgcjtc. Sj àrc` quc kcac scr `j`bgz`k` fhj kct`bbc cs cb àrc` kc fbgcjtcs, pucsth quc cj eufo`s hf`sghjcs p`s` kcs`pcrfgagk`, sgcjkh, sgj cea`rih, uj` pgcz` euy gephrt`jtc kcb puzbc ceprcs`rg`b. Cj b` tcrfcr` d`sc, quc cs b` fhjhfgk` fheh b` d`sc kc Kgscðh, sc cstukg` b` `k`pt`fgöj kcb ehkcbh ` b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kcb ecrf`kh. Cj cst` d`sc cs prgehrkg`b pb`jtc`rsc ehkcbhs jucvhs y `tr`ftgvhs, pucsth quc puckcj suphjcr b` fb`vc kcb çxgth cj eufo`s hri`jgz`fghjcs. Bh gkc`b scrå` quc bhs `j`bgst`s sc thecj su tgceph kc cstukgh p`r` bbci`r ` b` gkc` eàs gköjc`. @j`bgz`r y fhep`r`r gkc`s fhj kctcjgegcjth bbcv`rà ` cbcigr b` gkc` eàs `fcrt`k`. Sj` `ftgvgk`k quc sc cstà bbcv`jkh ` fàh cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs cs b` fhjhfgk` fheh cb eçthkh kc j`rr`fgöj kc ogsthrg`s. Cstc eçthkh fhjsgstc cj j`rr`r, cj dhre` kc fucjth, cb ehkcbh `jtcs kc phjcrbh cj pràftgf`, kc dhre` quc sc pcrfga`j b`s vcjt`l`s y kcsvcjt`l`s quc bbcv`rå` su `pbgf`fgöj cj b` vgk` rc`b. B` pcjübtge` d`sc, kc @pbgf`fgöj, fhjsgstc cj cs `pbgf`r cb ehkcbh scbcffghj`kh cj cb ecrf`kh cbcigkh. [`j gephrt`jtc cs icjcr`r uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh jucvh c gjjhv`khr, fheh `pbgf`r jucvhs ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs ` ceprcs`s `dg`jz`k`s. Vc` fu`b sc` b` sgtu`fgöj kc p`rtgk` cs prgehrkg`b sàcr `pbgf`rbh cj cb cjthrjh khjkc sc fhepctgrà. @jtcs kc `pbgf`rbh, kcacehs tcjcr cj fucjt` bhs halctgvhs quc pcrsciugehs, pcrsciugeh s, b` cstruftur` bci`b y luråkgf`, bhs prcsupucsths, ctf…kc t`b e`jcr` quc quckc rcdbcl`kh kc dhre` cxprcs`, thkh `qucbbh quc rhkc` `b ehkcbh. Fhj csth egjgegzèhs cb rgcsih kc jh `fcpt`fgöj kcb ehkcbh phr p`rtc kcb ecrf`kh. ]hr übtgeh sc bbci` ` b` d`sc kc Icstgöj. Jh thk`s b`s ceprcs`s b` bbcv`j ` fàh. Cst` ct`p` rcqugcrc quc cstç prcp`r`k` p`r` ehkgdgf`r cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj f`sh kc quc çstc sc` rcfo`z`kh phr cb cjthrjh. Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s, b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs fhj çxgth jh shj `qucbb`s quc o`j sàgkh cbàhr`r uj aucj ehkcbh> sgjh `qucbb`s quc cstàj fhjtgjuècjtc rcvgs`jkh y eclhr`jkh `qucbbhs d`fthrcs hashbcths kc su ehkcbh kc jcihfgh. Bh gkc`b scrå` quc thk` b` hri`jgz`fgöj cj fhjlujth sc gjvhbufr`r` fhj cst` t`rc` kc eclhr` kc su ehkcbh, sgcjkh csth phsgabc fhj b` `yuk` kc b`s kgdcrcjtcs àrc`s. Icjcr`becjtc bhs aucjhs ehkcbhs sucbcj prcv`bcfcr cj cb ecrf`kh uj tgceph euy bgegt`kh, `b giu`b quc hfurrc fhj bhs prhkufths cxgthshs. ]hr cst` r`zöj b` `fcpt`fgöj y cb fheprhegsh kc fèagh phr p`rtc kc b`s àrc`s kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj bbcv`rå`j ` su ceprcs` ` fhjstrugr uj ehkcbh vcrk`kcrècjtc fhepctgtgvh y `dg`jz`kh.

- -


Ehvgbgz`fgöj

Fheprcjsgöj

Kgscðh

@pbgf`fgöj

Icstgöj

]rcp`r`fgöj kcb csfcj`rgh

Gjecrsgöj

@jàbgsgs

Clcfufgöj

Cvhbufgöj

[àb` 1.1. Cjdhquc kc b`s fgjfhs d`scs kcb kgscðh Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 1;7)

1.1.0. Cb trà`lh kc kgscðh kcskc kcskc b` pcrspcftgv` pcrspcftgv` kc b` b` ceprcs` Fheh sc o` kcsfrgth `jtcrghrecjtc, p`r` quc uj` gkc` kc jcihfgh tcji` çxgth, b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs sucbcj kcs`rrhbb`r kgstgjt`s d`scs. Cst`s d`scs shj kgdåfgbcs kc kcbgegt`r, pcrh thk`s tgcjcj su gephrt`jfg`, pucsth quc f`k` uj` kc cbb`s kcs`rrhbb` phr scp`r`kh uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh `fcrt`kh. Kcskc cb pujth kc vgst` kc b` ceprcs` cb kgscðh, bbcv` ` pb`jtc`rsc b`s sgiugcjtcs pujtu`bgz`fghjcs. Cj b` d`sc kc ehvgbgz`fgöj sc tgcjc cj fucjt`< B` bcigtgegk`k kcb ehkcbh, quc luci` uj p`pcb cscjfg`b y` quc suphjc uj d`fthr kctcregj`jtc. ]hr cst` r`zöj sc jcfcsgt` cb `phyh kc b` lujt` kgrcftgv` p`r` quc sc eucstrcj kc `fucrkh fhj b` gjvhbufr`fgöj kc b`s kgstgjt`s ujgk`kcs. Vg sc fucjt` fhj csc `phyh, b` gjvhbufr`fgöj kcb pcrshj`b cj cb ehkcbh scrà gjeckg`t`. •

]hr htrh b`kh tèagçj cs gjtcrcs`jtc icstghj`r bhs gjtcrcscs frc`khs. Csth cs `så fheh fhjscfucjfg` kc quc jh thkh cb pcrshj`b kc b` ceprcs` cstà kgspucsth ` rcgjvcjt`r cb ehkcbh cxgstcjtc. •

Cj cst` ct`p` tèagçj cs gephrt`jtc fhjt`r fhj uj cqugph gjtcrkgsfgpbgj`r gjtcrkgsfgpb gj`r quc cstç kgspucsth ` gjvhbufr`rsc `jtc bhs phsgabcs prhabce`s quc puck`j surigr. ]`r` cb çxgth kcb ehkcbh cs jcfcs`rgh fhjt`r fhj cb `phyh kc thk` b` hri`jgz`fgöj, kc t`b dhre` quc `phrtc jucv`s gkc`s `b prhycfth. B`s eclhrcs gkc`j j`fcj kc b`s pcrshj`s ecjhs cspcr`k`s. •

Cj b` d`sc kc fheprcjsgöj< Cj cst` ct`p` b` cv`bu`fgöj kc bhs ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs quc y` cstàj cj cb ecrf`kh puckc suphjcr uj` vcjt`l`. Cjtcjkcr y kcdgjgr bhs pujths ducrtcs y kçagbcs o`rà icjcr`r jucv`s gkc`s, quc puckcj bbcv`r ` pcrfgagr b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kc rcgjvcjfgöj. Bh fhepbgf`kh cs egr`r eàs `bbà kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, y` quc ` vcfcs cxgstc uj` fubtur` hri`jgz`tgv` euy `rr`gi`k`. •

Vc kcac tcjcr cj fucjt` cj cst` ct`p` quc jh söbh b` cv`bu`fgöj kcb ehkcbh `yuk` ` b` supcr`fgöj. [èagçj sc puckc y kcac fhjsgkcr`r b` bhf`bgz`fgöj y `tr`ffgöj kc uj jucvh iruph kc fbgcjtcs. •

Cj b` d`sc kc kgscðh< @ b` ohr` ohr` kc kgscð`r, b`s ceprcs`s ceprcs`s cvgt`j b`s gkc`s `trcvgk`s h euy gjjhv`khr`s, p`r` `så havg`r phsgabcs prhabce`s quc puck`j surigr. B`s hri`jgz`fghjcs sucbcj cv`bu`r sg vcrk`kcrècjtc bcs fhepcjs` cea`rf`rsc cj prhycfths euy `trcvgkhs. Bh gkc`b scrå` quc sc pb`jtc`r`j bhs phsgabcs rgcsihs y acjcdgfghs p`r` phkcr kcf`jt`rsc h jh phr cb kgscðh. Jhre`becjtc cstc tgph kc ehkcbhs sucbcj susfgt`r gjfcrtgkuearc ` b` ohr` kc phjcrbhs cj e`rfo`. •

Drcfucjtcecjtc Drcfucjtcecjtc b`s b`s ceprcs`s ceprcs`s sucbcj sucbcj `fukgr ` gkc`s gkc`s fhjlujt`s. fhjlujt`s. Çst`s shj `qucbb`s quc ce`j`j kc b` fhbàhr`fgöj kc kgstgjths egcearhs h `ftgvgk`kcs. [cjcr uj` aucj` gkc` y scr f`p`z kc kcs`rrhbb`rb` cs uj pujth ` d`vhr rcspcfth `b kgscðh. •

Cb kgscðh tèagçj puckc ce`j`r kc b`s fhep`r`fghjcs kc ehkcbhs `jtgiuhs y jucvhs kc b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs. Vcr f`p`fcs kc kgscð`r ehkcbhs quc kcskc bhs prgecrhs `ðhs icjcr`scj gjircshs, scrå` cxfcbcjtc. ]crh jh thk`s b`s ceprcs`s bh fhjsgiucj, cs phr csh quc uj ceprcs`rgh sgceprc kcac tcjcr uj` pcrspcftgv` ` euy b`rih pb`zh. •

-4-


Cj b` d`sc kc `pbgf`fgöj< Cb çxgth çxgth cj cj `biuj`s `biuj`s hri`jgz`fghjcs hri`jgz`fghjcs sc sc fhjsgiuc fhjsgiuc ` vcfcs vcfcs eufoh eufoh `jtcs `jtcs kc kc scr `pbgf`kh uj ehkcbh. Csth hfurrc phrquc cj b`s d`scs kc ehvgbgz`fgöj, fheprcjsgöj y kgscðh p`rtgfgp`j sulcths kc htr`s àrc`s kc b` ceprcs`, ehstr`jkh `så su `phyh gjfhjkgfghj`b `jtc fu`bqugcr gjfgkcjtc. •

@ b` ohr` kc b` `pbgf`fgöj kcb ehkcbh, uj d`fthr kc çxgth tèagçj puckc scr cb fhjt`r fhj cb `phyh kcb p`trhfgj`khr kcb prhycfth, frc`r uj` cstruftur` hri`jgz`tgv` cstàbc y fhjt`r fhj uj` aucj` cstruftur` kc fheujgf`fgöj h puabgfgk`k t`jth ducr` fheh kcjtrh kc b` hri`jgz`fgöj. •

]hr übtgeh cj b` d`sc kc icstgöj< B`s ceprcs`s ceprcs`s sucbcj frc`r bh quc quc sc kcjhegj` fhj cb cb jhearc jhearc kc iruphs rcsphjsàbcs kc fhjtrhb. Csths iruphs `yuk`j ` bbcv`r cb fhjtrhb kc b` ceprcs` cj `r`s ` b` f`pt`fgöj kc fhbàhr`khrcs, cb `jàbgsgs kc ehkcbhs, ctf…Csths iruphs giu`becjtc `yuk`j ` gepubs`r cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, `så fheh ` cvgt`r phsgabcs prhabce`s duturhs. duturhs. •

Cj ceprcs`s quc cstàj y` fhjshbgk`k`s, fhjshbgk`k`s , sc kcac gjspcffghj`r gjspcffghj` r su ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kc dhre` prh`ftgv`, fhs` quc sucbc hfurrgr cj ceprcs`s tcfjhböigf`s. •

Bh cscjfg`b cj bhs ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs cs rcgjvcjt`rsc, rcgjvcjt`rs c, jh quck`rsc cj uj` ecjt`bgk`k rctröir`k` kc cst`jfègcjth. Sj çxgth p`s`kh jh i`r`jtgz` uj çxgth prcscjtc. Cs eàs, ` b`s ceprcs`s fhj ir`jkcs çxgths sc bcs sucbc cxgigr ehkcbhs eàs cxgicjtcs, y` quc bhs fbgcjtcs cspcr`j eufoh eàs kc cbb`s. •

1.6. [CFJGF@V KC KGVCÐH C GJJHT@FGHJ Cj cstc `p`rt`kh vcrcehs föeh cs phsgabc eclhr`r cb kgscðh kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh y frc`r ehkcbhs eàs gjjhv`khrcs. ]`r` csth cs geprcsfgjkgabc cb trà`lh kc rcfhigk` y `jàbgsgs kc gjdhre`fgöj phr p`rtc kc bhs kgscð`khrcs. Cs cscjfg`b quc sc`j fhjsfgcjtcs kc b` jcfcsgk`k kc gkc`s jucv`s y fhjst`jtcs quc puck`j bbcv`r ` b` ceprcs` ` uj kgscðh h eclhr` kc bh quc tcjå` o`st` csc ehecjth. Gjkukàbcecjtc cb `kcb`jt`rsc `b duturh y vcr quç cs bh quc cb fbgcjtc pcrfgagrà h kcsc`rà, cs `bih quc jh tgcjc prcfgh. ]hr cst` r`zöj, fhjhfcr quç ocrrègcjt`s puckcj utgbgz`rsc cj cb scjh kc b` hri`jgz`fgöj p`r` `kcb`jt`rsc ` kgfoh duturh cs prgehrkg`b. [`jth ceprcs`rghs fheh kgscð`khrcs cstàj fhjst`jtcecjtc frc`jkh ehkcbhs cj cjthrjhs fhepctgtgvhs y fhepbclhs, cs phr csth, quc b`s ocrrègcjt`s shj d`fthrcs fb`vcs p`r` uj aucj kgscðh. @ftu`becjtc cxgstcj v`rg`s tçfjgf`s kgdcrcjtcs.

1.6.0. @phrt`fghjcs @phrt`fghj cs kc fbgcjtcs Jhre`becjtc b`s ceprcs`s jh sucbcj tcjcr cj fucjt` b` pcrspcftgv` kcb fbgcjtc ` b` ohr` kc frc`r jucvhs prhkufths h scrvgfghs. Vc sucbcj a`s`r eufoh eàs cj uj cstukgh kc ecrf`kh quc cj bh quc prhpgècjtc pgcjs`j sus fhjsuegkhrcs. Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh quc jh tcji` fheh prgjfgp`b gjspgr`fgöj `b fbgcjtc, tcregj` sgcjkh uj ehkcbh crröjch h e`bh. e `bh. Vgj cea`rih, jh thkhs bhs fbgcjtcs shj gephrt`jtcs, phr cst` r`zöj, cb sàcr scbcffghj`r cj fuàbcs fcjtr`rjhs cs cscjfg`b. Pugzàs bh eàs fhjvcjgcjtc p`r` csth cs fhjt`r fhj uj cqugph prhdcsghj`b quc sc` f`p`z kc gjtugr köjkc cstà cb v`bhr. Bhs gjjhv`khrcs jh kcacj fcjtr`rsc üjgfècjtc cj sciecjths y` frc`khs, sgjh hascrv`r b` rc`ffgöj kc bhs fbgcjtcs y sàcr `prhvcfo`r cs` jucv` jcfcsgk`k. @ vcfcs, o`y sciecjths kcb ecrf`kh quc jh shj cxpbht`khs y quc p`s`j kcs`pcrfgagkhs phr `biuj`s ceprcs`s. ]`r` fcjtr`rjhs cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs kc fbgcjtcs kcacehs pb`jtc`rjhs b`s sgiugcjtcs prciujt`s<

- -


Ehkcbhs Fcjtr`khs cj Fbgcjtcs ¸Puç scrvgfghs jcfcsgt`j jucstrhs fbgcjtcs y föeh phkcehs `yuk`rbcs8 ¸Puç `spgr`fghjcs tgcjcj jucstrhs fbgcjtcs y föeh phkcehs `yuk`rbcs ` `bf`jz`rb`s8 ¸Puç tr`th prcdgcrcj bhs fbgcjtcs8 ¸Föeh phkcehs `k`pt`rjhs eclhr ` sus `ftgvgk`kcs fhtgkg`j`s8 ¸Puç rcb`fghjcs cspcr`j bhs fbgcjtcs quc cstàbczfèhs fhj cbbhs8 ¸]hr quç v`bhrcs cstàj kgspucsths ` pì`r jucstrhs fbgcjtcs8 [àb` 1.6. ]rciujt`s p`r` ehkcbhs fcjtr`khs cj fbgcjtcs Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 017)

1.6.1. Icjcr`fgöj kc gkc`s kc jcihfgh. Fheh sc o` kgfoh y` cj v`rg`s hf`sghjcs, söbh bhs eclhrcs shj f`p`fcs kc frc`r y scbcffghj`r gkc`s kc jcihfgh. Cstc prhfcsh cs cb fhjhfgkh fheh gkc`bgz`fgöj, su khegjgh cs geprcsfgjkgabc p`r` vgsu`bgz`r ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs cxgthshs. @jtcrghrecjtc @jtcrghre cjtc cj f`k` scfthr prckhegjà` prckhegjà ` uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, pcrh ohy kå` cst` gkc` o` fèag`kh> cs eàs, bhs ehkcbhs cstàj fhjst`jtcecjtc fhepgtgcjkh cj cb cjthrjh khjkc sc cjfucjtr`j. Gjjhv`r cj uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh jh cs gjtcjt`r fhpg`r bhs kceàs ehkcbhs cxgstcjtcs, sgjh quc sc e`jgdgcst` cj b` f`p`fgk`k p`r` frc`r jucvhs ehkcbhs quc prhphrfghjcj v`bhr. Gjjhv`r cs kgscð`r e hkcbhs kc jcihfghs hrgigj`bcs quc s`tgsdì`j b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kc bhs fbgcjtcs. ]`r` csth cs geprcsfgjkgabc frc`r jucv`s gkc`s y csfcj`rghs. Kc thkh bh `jtcrghr sc puckc cxtr`cr quc b` gkc`bgz`fgöj tgcjc khs d`scs< phr uj b`kh, scr f`p`fcs kc frc`r uj` gjdgjgk`k kc gkc`s y, phr htrh, scr f`p`fcs kc rckufgrb`s o`st` quck`rjhs fhj b`s e clhrcs. B`s gkc`s kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh gjjhv`khr`s puckcj surigr kc khs dhre`s euy kgstgjt`s< bhs cpgfcjtrhs y cb phkcr kc b`s prciujt`s. Cpgfcjtrhs kc b` gjjhv`fgöj cj ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs< b` gjjhv`fgöj puckc prhvcjgr kc uj` gkc` surigk` kcjtrh kc b` fb`sgdgf`fgöj kcb prhpgh ehkcbh. Csth cs `så pucsth quc b`s eclhrcs gkc`s sucbcj `f`rrc`r b` ehkgdgf`fgöj kc v`rghs sciecjths h pgcz`s kc uj egseh ehkcbh. Cs phsgabc quc bhs jucvhs ehkcbhs prhvcji`j kc v`rg`s p`rtcs h cpgfcjtrhs ` b` vcz. Cstc fèagh kcjtrh kcb ehkcbh sucbcj gkcjtgdgf`rsc ` tr`vçs kc uj `jàbgsgs K@DH (kcagbgk`kcs, ècj`z`s, dhrt`bcz`s y hphrtujgk`kcs). Cb cpgfcjtrh kc gjjhv`fgöj puckc gkcjtgdgf`rsc cj bhs rcfurshs, b` hdcrt`, bhs fbgcjtcs, b`s dgj`jz`s y v`rghs cpgfcjtrhs ` b` vcz. ]`r` prhdujkgz`r cj thkh cbbh rcfhecjkèhs b` har` kc Hstcrw`bkcr y ]yijcur (1=01, pp. 06?-067). •

Cb phkcr kc b`s prciujt`s ‒y sg…―< ` vcfcs jhs rctcjcehs ` b` ohr` kc fhjstrugr ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs gjjhv`khrcs. ]`r` shbufghj`r cstc prhabce`s bh eclhr cs pb`jtc`rsc csh kc ‒y sg…― quc cs bh quc vcrk`kcrècjtc kcs`då` cb pcjsègcjth jhre`b. Csth tc pcregtc vcr quc bh gephsgabc ` vcfcs cs phsgabc. •

Cb prhfcsh kc icjcr`fgöj kc gkc`s kc jcihfgh quc sc cstà kcsfrgagcjkh, tgcjc fheh prgjfgp`b halctgvh fhjsciugr uj`s gkc`s cxgths`s. ]crh p`r` `biujhs gjjhv`khrcs csth puckc suphjcr uj gjfhjvcjgcjtc (Ehrrgs ct `b., 1==3). Sj` `yuk` ` csth puckc scr frc`r scsghjcs kc threcjt` kc gkc`s h ar`gjsthregji. Cst`s scsghjcs kcacj tcjcr cj fucjt`< B` prcp`r`fgöj (prcp`r`r b` scffgöj `jtcs kc fhecjz`r, fhj clcrfgfghs sgepbcs), @pbgf`fgöj kc jhre`s jhre `s (sc kcac phjcr kc e`jgdgcsth e`jgdg csth quc jhre`s sc v`j ` bbcv`r ` fàh p`r` b`s scsghjcs. ]`r` csth cs cscjfg`b quc bhs ehkcr`khrcs sgceprc b`s tcji`j cj fucjt`), Fhjfcjtr`fgöj (sc cepgcz` kct`bb`jkh cb prhabce` p`r` quc puck` scr

-?-


kca`tgkh. Csths prhabce`s cstàj vgjfub`khs prgjfgp`becjtc fhj bhs fbgcjtcs) y, phr übtgeh, pcjsègcjth vgsu`b (`jht`r b`s gkc`s p`r` tcjcrb`s prcscjt` cj b` scsgöj). B` icjcr`fgöj kc gkc`s kc jcihfgh cs uj trà`lh quc sc kcac rc`bgz`r cj cqugph, cs kcfgr, jh sc bc puckc `sgij`r söbh ` b`s pcrshj`s gjjhv`khr`s b` t`rc` kc gkc`bgz`r. ]hr thkh csth, ` b` ohr` kc dhre`r cqugph kc trà`lh bh eclhr cs fhjsgkcr`r pcrshj`b octcrhiçjch kc kcjtrh kc b` hri`jgz`fgöj.

1.;. ]@[QHJCV CJ EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH @ b` ohr` kc kgscð`r uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, `biujhs kgrcftgvhs tgcjcj cj fucjt` p`trhjcs kc ehkcbhs y` kgscð`khs. Csths p`trhjcs puckcj `yuk`r h d`fgbgt`r cb trà`lh kc fheprcjsgöj y v`bhr`fgöj. Cj bhs p`trhjcs sc rcfhicj f`r`ftcråstgf`s h fhephrtègcjths fhephrtègcjths quc fhep`rtcj htrhs ehkcbhs, cs kcfgr, uj ehkcbh puckc gjfhrphr`r v`rghs p`trhjcs. Cjtrc thkhs bhs p`trhjcs cxgstcjtcs, phkråèhs fhjsgkcr`r fgjfh kc vgt`b gephrt`jfg`< b` kcsìrci`fgöj kc ehkcbhs, b` b`ri` fhb`, b`s pb`t`dhre`s eubtgb`tcr`bcs, eubtgb`tcr`bcs, bhs ehkcbhs ir`tgs y bhs ehkcbhs àgcrths. 1.;.0. Kcsìrci`fgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh< B`s hri`jgz`fghjcs ìrci`j trcs `ftgvgk`kcs ceprcs`rg`bcs fb`vcs, fheh shj bhs prhkufths, rcb`fghjcs fhj bhs fbgcjtcs c gjdr`cstruftur`s. F`k` ujh luci` uj p`pcb cscjfg`b cj b` ceprcs`, cs phr csh quc eufo`s hpt`j phr kcsìrci`rbhs cj kgdcrcjtcs àrc`s kc `ftu`fgöj. Vciüj Oìcb y Vgjicr (0777), b`s ceprcs`s sc kcacj fcjtr`r cj `biuj`s kc b`s `ftgvgk`kcs `jtcrghrcs p`r` `så cvgt`r cb phsgabc fhjdbgfth. B`s ceprcs`s quc sc kckgqucj ` b` gjjhv`fgöj kc prhkufths kcacj kgscð`r prhkufths `tr`ftgvhs, b`s quc sc fcjtr`j cj bhs fbgcjtcs ausf`ràj cstàbcfcr rcb`fghjcs fhjshbgk`k`s y b`s kc gjdr`cstruftur` fhjstrugràj pb`t`dhre`s p`r` `ftgvgk`kcs rcpctgtgv`s. Gjjhv`fgöj cj prhkufths

Icstgöj kc rcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs

Icstgöj kc gjdr`cstruftur`s

Cfhjheå`

Sj` cjtr`k` tcepr`j` cj cb ecrf`kh pcregtc fhar`r prcfghs `bths y o`fcrsc fhj uj` cbcv`k` fuht` kc ecrf`kh. B` vcbhfgk`k cs cscjfg`b.

Cb cbcv`kh fhstc kc b` f`pt`fgöj kc fbgcjtcs habgi` ` fhjsciugr uj` cbcv`k` fuht` kc i`sth. Cs cscjfg`b fhjt`r fhj uj` cfhjheå` kc fèph.

Sj jgvcb cbcv`kh kc fhstcs dglhs rcqugcrc ir`jkcs vhbüecjcs p`r` fhjsciugr uj fhstc phr ujgk`k a`lh. Cs cscjfg`b fhjt`r fhj uj` cfhjheå` kc csf`b`.

Fubtur`

B` bufo` sc fcjtr` cj cb t`bcjth. ]hf`s a`rrcr`s kc cjtr`k`. ]rhspcr`j eufo`s ceprcs`s pcqucð`s.

B` bufo` sc fcjtr` cj cb àeagth. Fhjshbgk`fgöj ràpgk`. Khegj`j ujhs fu`jths lui`khrcs gephrt`jtcs.

B` bufo` sc fcjtr` cj b` csf`b`. Fhjshbgk`fgöj ràpgk`. Khegj`j ujhs fu`jths lui`khrcs gephrt`jtcs.

Fhepctcjfg`

Vc fcjtr`j cj bhs cepbc`khs. Vc ege` ` bhs t`bcjths frc`tgvhs.

Hrgcjt`fgöj ` scrvgfghs. Cb fbgcjtc cs bh prgecrh.

Vc fcjtr` cj bhs fhstcs. O`fc ogjf`pgç cj b` cst`jk`rgz`fgöj, b` prcvgsgagbgk`k y b` cdgfgcjfg`. [àb` 1.;. Bhs trcs tgphs prgjfgp`bcs kc `ftgvgk`kcs Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 37)

Cj cstc tgph kc ehkcbh bhs i`sths shj cbcv`khs, prgjfgp`becjtc bhs quc prhvcjgcj kc b` f`pt`fgöj y dgkcbgz`fgöj kc fbgcjtcs. Vgj cea`rih, `b scr `bih jhvckhsh tèagçj pcregtc fhar`r prcfghs cbcv`khs. ]`r` cst` t`rc` cs geprcsfgjkgabc quc sc fhjsgkcrc

- -


kcjtrh kc b`s `ftgvgk`kcs b` gjvcstgi`fgöj y cb kcs`rrhbbh kc jucvhs prhkufths h scrvgfghs. 1.;.1. B` b`ri` fhb`< Cstc ehkcbhs sc f`r`ftcrgz` phrquc bhs fhstcs kc gjvcjt`rghs shj rcb`tgvècjtc a`lhs> jh hast`jtc, bhs fhstcs kc gjdr`cstruftur`s shj rcb`tgvècjtc `bths. Cstc ehkcbh fhjsgstc cj hdrcfcr uj` ir`j v`rgck`k kc prhkufths cspcfg`bgz`khs. Vg shj vcjkgkhs phr scp`r`kh su gjircsh cs a`lh, pcrh sg sc tgcjcj cj fucjt` thk`s y f`k` uj` kc b`s vcjt`s cspcfg`bgz`k`s su vhbuecj kc gjircshs cs cbcv`kh. B`s ceprcs`s quc tgcjcj cstc tgph kc ehkcbhs shj ceprcs`s tcfjhböigf`s. 1.;.6. ]b`t`dhre`s eubtgb`tcr`bcs< Cstc tgph kc ceprcs`s `kegjgstr` ` khs tgphs kc fbgcjtcs quc shj tht`becjtc gjkcpcjkgcjtcs. Cstc ehkcbh söbh hatcjkrà çxgth sg bhs khs fbgcjtcs gjkcpcjkgcjtcs cstàj kgspucsths ` us`r cb scrvgfgh kc dhre` fhjlujt`. Cb v`bhr kc cst`s pb`t`dhre`s sc fhjsgiuc fhj cb ùecjth kcb jüecrh kc usu`rghs (bh quc sc fhjhfc fheh cb cdcfth rck). Cstc tgph kc ehkcbhs cstàj tcjgcjkh çxgth cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs, ir`fg`s ` b` kgdusgöj kc b`s jucv`s tcfjhbhiå`s kc b` fheujgf`fgöj. B` prcst`fgöj kcb scrvgfgh ` uj` kc b`s p`rtcs bc suphjc ` b` ceprcs` uj fhstc cbcv`kh, quc kcfgkc rcpcrfutgrbh `b htrh sciecjth fhj prhpucst`s kc a`lh fhstc. ]`r` b`s ceprcs`s csth suphjc uj` kgdgfubt`k, pucsth quc jh cs t`rc` dàfgb kctcregj`r cb prcfgh kcb sciecjth. 1.;.;. Ir`tgs fheh ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh< Cj cstc tgph kc ehkcbh, `b ecjhs uj` kc b`s p`rtcs sc acjcdgfg` kc uj scrvgfgh kc dhre` ir`tugt`. Fhj thkh, p`r` quc csth sc` phsgabc cs jcfcs`rgh quc htr` p`rtc kcb ecrf`kh, dgj`jfgc b` p`rtc ir`tugt` quc sc bc hdrcfc `b htrh sciecjth. Csths tgphs kc ehkcbhs sucbcj scr `tr`ftgvhs, pucsth quc b` kce`jk` kc uj prhkufth ir`tugth bbè` eufoh eàs b` `tcjfgöj quc ujh quc tcji` uj fhstc a`lh. Cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs fhj b` bbci`k` kc gjtcrjct cstc ehkcbh sc o` `dg`jz`kh. Cxgstcj v`rghs p`trhjcs quc pcregtc ` uj` ceprcs` hdrcfcr cstc tgph kc scrvgfgh. ]hr clcepbh, ehkcbhs kc hdcrt` ir`tugt` a`s`khs cj b`s pb`t`dhre`s eubtgb`tcr`bcs (b` e`yhr ducjtc kc gjircshs p`r` uj` ceprcs` kc cstc tgph cs b` quc hatgcjcj eckg`jtc b` puabgfgk`k), ehkcbhs kc scrvgfgh ]rcegue (fhjsgstc cj hdrcfcr uj scrvgfgh aàsgfh ir`tgs y bhs cxtr`s quc kcsccj fhjtr`t`r tgcjcj uj prcfgh `kgfghj`b) y phr übtgeh cb ehkcbh fcah y `jzucbh (cj cstc bh quc sc prctcjkc cs hdcrt`r gjgfg`becjtc uj scrvgfgh `tr`ftgvh h ir`tugth, cj cb quc sc sucbc pcrkcr kgjcrh, fhj cb halctgvh kc rcfupcr`r cb kgjcrh cj b`s fhepr`s dutur`s). 1.;.3. Ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs àgcrths< Vhj ehkcbhs kc cstc tgph, bhs quc `prhvcfo`j b`s gkc`s cxtcrj`s p`r` s`f`rbc p`rtgkh cj b` hri`jgz`fgöj (hutsgkc-gj) h vcjkc ` tcrfcrhs gkc`s quc o`j surigkh kcjtrh kc b` ceprcs`, jhre`becjtc eckg`jtc bgfcjfg`s (gjsgkc-hut).F`k` vcz cs eàs drcfucjtc quc b`s ceprcs`s rcfurr`j `b cxtcrghr p`r` `dg`jz`rsc. Cj cb pröxgeh f`påtubh sc cxphjkrà cb fhjtcjgkh y bhs cbcecjths kc b` ocrrègcjt` scbcffghj`k` p`r` bbcv`r ` fàh b` p`rtc cepårgf` kc jucstrh trà`lh kc dgj kc ir`kh< cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh. Cst` ocrrègcjt` cstà a`s`k` cj bhs jucvc eökubhs kc bgcjzh kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, quc cstukgö @bcx`jkcr Hstcrw`bkcr kur`jtc su tcsgs khfthr`b sharc icstgöj kc sgstce`s kc b` gjdhre`fgöj (Hstcrw`bkcr, (Hstcrw`bkcr, 1==;).

-0=-


F@]Å[SBH 6 CB BGCJ\H KCB EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH

Cj cstc f`påtubh cxphjkrcehs bhs cbcecjths y cb fhjtcjgkh aàsgfh kc b` ocrrègcjt` quc vèhs ` `pbgf`r ` uj` ceprcs` rc`b< cb bgcjzh kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh. Çst` tçfjgf` pcregtc kc dhre` sgepbgdgf`k` rcprcscjt`r rcprcscjt`r cb cjtrè`kh fhepbclh kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj. hri`jgz`fgöj. Cb bgcjzh, quc duc kgscð`kh phr Hstcrw`bkcr (1==;) y, phstcrghrecjtc, eclhr`kh phr Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01), cstà fhepucsth phr jucvc eökubhs quc sgrvcj kc pujth kc p`rtgk` p`r` v`rg`s t`rc`s cj rcb`fgöj fhj bhs ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs, t`jth jucvhs fheh fhjshbgk`khs< `jàbgsgs, icstgöj c gjjhv`fgöj. B` cxpbgf`fgöj kc cstc ehkcbh cstà a`s`k` cj cb bgarh puabgf`kh phr Hstcrw`kcr y ]gijcur (1=01), bbè`kh Icjcr`fgöj kc Ehkcbhs kc Jcihfgh.

6.0.

CBCECJ[HV ]@Q@ B@ FQC@FGÖJ FQC@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H BGCJ\H KC KC EHKCBH EHKCBH KC JCIHFGHV

Sj ehkcbh, fheh sc o` kcsfrgth `jtcrghrecjtc, `jtcrghrecjtc, cs uj prhycfth kc b` cstr`tcig` quc v` ` `pbgf`r b` hri`jgz`fgöj p`r` fuepbgr bhs halctgvhs e`rf`khs. B` eclhr dhre` kc cjtcjkcr uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, cs kgscð`r bh quc sc fhjhfc fheh cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh. Cb bgcjzh kcsfrgac b` gjtcrrcb`fgöj kc jucvc fhephjcjtcs kc uj ehkcbh ` tr`vçs kc uj eçthkh h tçfjgf` quc vgsu`bgz` kc dhre` àrcvg`k` b` fhepbclgk`k kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj. Cshs jucvc eökubhs sc ìrup`j ` su vcz cj b`s fu`trhs àrc`s prgjfgp`bcs kc uj jcihfgh< bhs fbgcjtcs, b` hdcrt`, b` gjdr`cstruftur` y b` vgàgbgk`k cfhjöegf` (F`stgbbh, 1=06). @ su vcz, cj cb bgcjzh puckcj hascrv`rsc khs p`rtcs< b` gzqugcrk`, quc rcprcscjt` b` cdgfgcjfg`, y b` kcrcfo`, quc eucstr` cb v`bhr. [`b y fheh sc hascrv` cj b` dgiur` 6.0 cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cstà fhepucsth phr jucvc cbcecjths quc dhre`j uj thkh, pcrh quc o`j kc `j`bgz`rsc phr scp`r`kh. Bhs cpåir`dcs sgiugcjtcs cstàs kckgf`khs ` b` arcvc cxphsgfgöj kc t`bcs cbcecjths. ]`r` b` egse` sc o` utgbgz`kh fheh ducjtc prgjfgp`b prgjfgp`b cb bgarh ‒Icjcr`fgöj kc Ehkcbhs kc Jcihfgh― kc Hstcrw`bkcr y ]yijcur (1=01).

Dgiur` 6.0. Bhs jucvc eökubhs kcb bgcjzh kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, pp. 0?-07) 0?-07)

-

-


6.0.0. Vciecjths kc ecrf`kh h Fbgcjtcs Fbgcjtcs ‒Cj cstc sc eökubh sc kcdgjc bhs kgdcrcjtcs iruphs kc pcrshj`s h cjtgk`kcs ` bhs quc sc kgrgic uj` ceprcs`― ( Hstcrw`bkcr Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. 1=). Bhs fbgcjtcs shj cb fcjtrh kc fu`bqugcr ehkcbh y` quc sgj fbgcjtcs rcjtàbcs b` ceprcs` jh puckc sharcvgvgr, phr t`jth b` s`tgsd`ffgöj kc cbbhs cs b` prgecr` prghrgk`k p`r` uj` hri`jgz`fgöj. Cs phsgabc ùecjt`r su s`tgsd`ffgöj sg bhs ìrupèhs cj sciecjths fheujcs. B` ceprcs` `jtc thkh kcac gkcjtgdgf`r ` quc sciecjths kcb ecrf`kh sc qugcrc kgrgigr, y quç sciecjth rcfo`z`rà phrquc jh bc cs rcjtàbc. ]hr t`jth, gkcjtgdgf`r cb sciecjth kc ecrf`kh `b quc jhs vèhs ` kgrgigr cs uj` pgcz` fb`vc cj cb bgcjzh< Ecrf`kh kgvcrsgdgf`kh< kgvcrsgdgf`kh< b` ceprcs` cj cstc ecrf`kh `tgcjkc ` khs sciecjths jh rcb`fghj`khs, y quc phr fhjsgiugcjtc, tgcjcj jcfcsgk`kcs y prhabce`s kgdcrcjtcs. •

Ecrf`kh cj cj e`s`s< csths ecrf`khs ecrf`khs shj shj bhs quc sc fcjtr` cj uj püabgfh icjcr`b, cj cb quc jh cxgstc uj sciecjth cspcfådgfh. ]hr t`jth cstc ecrf`kh sc cjdhf` ` uj ir`j iruph kc fbgcjtcs fhj jcfcsgk`kcs y prhabce`s sgegb`rcs. •

Ecrf`khs eubtgb`tcr`bcs< eubtgb`tcr`bcs< `quå uj` ceprcs` sc kgrgic ` khs khs h eàs sciecjths, sciecjths, fhj fbgcjtcs gjkcpcjkgcjtcs. •

Ecrf`khs sciecjt`khs< cj cstc ecrf`kh sc tgcjc cj fucjt` kgstgjths sciecjths kc ecrf`khs fhj jcfcsgk`kcs y prhabce`s kgdcrcjtcs. •

Jgfohs kc ecrf`khs< çsths phr cb fhjtr`rgh shj `qucbbhs quc sc fcjtr`j cj uj sciecjth kc fbgcjtcs cspcfådgfhs. •

B`s hri`jgz`fghjcs h ceprcs`s puckcj gjtcr`ftu`r fhj fbgcjtcs quc pì`j phr b` s`tgsd`ffgöj kc uj scrvgfgh prcst`kh y htrhs quc utgbgz`j uj scrvgfgh kc dhre` ir`tugt`. Cj cb übtgeh f`sh, ùjquc cb scrvgfgh `b fbgcjtc cs ir`tugth, kcac kc cxgstgr htrh iruphs kc fbgcjtcs fhbàhr`khrcs quc sc`j bhs dgj`jfgcj cshs scrvgfghs y` quc jgjiuj` hri`jgz`fgöj cs f`p`z kc sharcvgvgr sgj fbgcjtcs phtcjfg`becjtc rcjtàbcs.

Dgiur` 6.1. Bhs sciecjths kc ecrf`khs h fbgcjtcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 1=)

6.0.1. ]rhpucst`s ]rhpucst `s kc v`bhr ‒Cj cstc eökubh sc kcsfrgac cb fhjlujth kc prhkufths y scrvgfghs quc frc`j v`bhr p`r` uj sciecjth kc ecrf`kh cspcfgdgfh ― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. 11). Cb halctgvh kc csth cs s`tgsd`fcr b` jcfcsgk`k kcb fbgcjtc, kc t`b dhre` quc `fàc kcf`jtàjkhsc phr jucstrh prhkufth h scrvgfgh y jh phr cb kc b` fhepctcjfg`. B`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr puckcj scr kcb tgph tr`kgfghj`b, gjjhv`khr` h uj` fheagj`fgöj kc èa`s. Cb fbgcjtc puckc pcrfgagr b` prhpucst` kc v`bhr kc dhre` fu`jtgt`tgv` h fu`bgt`tgv` phr clcepbh cj cb prcfgh, cj cb kgscðh h `p`rgcjfg` kcb prhkufth, ctf…Cjtrc thk`s b`s f`r`ftcråstgf`s quc sc bc puckc `trgaugr ` uj prhkufth h scrvgfgh p`r` scr fhjsgkcr`kh fheh `tr`ftgvh sc kcst`f`<

-01-


@ffcsgagbgk`k< @ffcsgagbg k`k< b` `ffcsgagbgk`k `ffcsgagbg k`k ` vcfcs fhjkgfghj` b` `kqugsgfgöj phr p`rtc kcb fbgcjtc. Sj prhkufth fcrf`jh cj cb ehecjth rcqucrgkh prhphrfghj` uj `bth v`bhr p`r` cb fbgcjtc. •

Kgscðh< cs `bih kgdåfgb kc eckgr, pcrh quc bh tgcjc cj fucjt` eufohs fbgcjtcs. @bih `p`rcjtcecjtc `tr`ftgvh fheh puckc scr s cr cb kgscðh, puckc scr s cr uj` ehtgv`fgöj ehtgv`fgö j kc fhjsueh h fhepr`. •

E`rf`< p`r` `biujhs fbgcjtcs fbgcjtcs bbcv`r bbcv`r fhjsgih fhjsgih uj` e`rf` rcput`k`, rcput`k`, bcs bcs prhphrfghj` v`bhr. •

Eclhr` kcb rcjkgegcjth< uj` prhpucst` kc v`bhr euy sgijgdgf`tgv` sgijgdgf`tgv` cs b` eclhr` kcb rcjkgegcjth kc uj prhkufth h scrvgfgh quc sc cjfucjtrc y` cj cb ecrf`kh. B` r`zöj kc csth puckc scr phrquc cb cxgstcjtc sc quckc hashbcth. •

Jhvck`k< puckc quc cst` prhpucst` fuar` uj` jcfcsgk`k quc `jtcrghrecjtc `jtcrghrec jtc cb fbgcjtc jh pcrfgaå` cj cb prhkufth. •

]crshj`bgz`fgöj< ]crshj`bgz` fgöj< b` pcrshj`bgz`fgöj pcrshj`bgz `fgöj jh cs htr` fhs` quc `k`pt`rsc `b fbgcjtc kc dhre` cxprcs` fhj prhkufth h scrvgfgh, kc dhre` kgdcrcjtc kc föeh sc sucbc o`fcr jhre`becjtc. •

]rcfgh< hdrcfcr uj prhkufth prhkufth kc f`bgk`k f`bgk`k ` uj prcfgh rcb`tgvècjtc a`lh cs ujh kc bhs `spcfths quc eàs v`bhr prhphrfghj` ` bhs fbgcjtcs. Ohy cj kå` uj prhkufth a`lh, drcjtc ` b` fhepctcjfg` bbcv` `b fbgcjtc ` kcf`jt`rsc phr çb. Kc ocfoh eufo`s kc b`s ceprcs`s fhepgtcj cj prcfgh h jh cj f`bgk`k. •

Qckuffgöj kc fhstcs< fhstcs< htr` dhre` quc übtgeècjtc sc cstà cstà bbcv`jkh eufoh ` b` pràftgf` cs `yuk`r `b fbgcjtc ` rckufgr bhs fhstcs h tgcephs ` b` ohr` cbcigr uj prhkufth h scrvgfgh. •

Qckuffgöj kcb rgcsih< rgcsih< ` vcfcs vcfcs bhs fbgcjtcs prcdgcrcj pì`r uj prcfgh prcfgh e`yhr e`yhr ` b` ohr` kc `kqugrgr uj prhkufth h scrvgfgh, sgceprc y fu`jkh csth bc `yukc ` rckufgr su rgcsih kc `kqugsgfgöj. •

Dgiur` 6.6. B` prhpucst` kc v`bhr cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 11)

6.0.6. F`j`bcs ‒Cj cb sgiugcjtc eökubh sc cxpbgf` cb ehkh cj quc uj` ceprcs` sc fheujgf` fhj bhs kgdcrcjtcs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh p`r` bbci`r ` cbbhs y prhphrfghj`rbcs uj` prhpucst` kc v`bhr― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p.14). Bhs f`j`bcs shj `qucbbhs quc phjcj cj fhjt`fth b` ceprcs` fhj bhs fbgcjtcs. @ftu`becjtc bhs f`j`bcs eàs oàgtu`bcs shj bhs kc fheujgf`fgöj, kgstrgaufgöj y vcjt`. Cj b` tàb` 6.1. sgiugcjtc sc eucstr` b`s kgstgjt`s d`scs quc sgiuc bhs f`j`bcs t`jth kcb tgph prhpgh fheh fhecrfg`bcs< Cj b` prgecr` d`sc b` hri`jgz`fgöj hri`jgz`fgö j sc pb`jtc` fheh kcac k`r ` fhjhfcr sus prhkufths h scrvgfghs. •

•

Cj b` sciujk` sc pb`jtc` fheh `yuk`r `b fbgcjtc fhj b` prhpucst` kc v`bhr.

-

-


Cj b` b` tcrfcr` tcrfcr` d`sc sc cstàbcfc cstàbcfc fheh puckcj puckcj fhepr`r h `kqugrgr `kqugrgr bhs fbgcjtcs fbgcjtcs su prhkufth h scrvgfgh. •

•

Vc cstàbcfc fheh sc cjtrci`j cb prhkufth h scrvgfgh .

•

Cj b` qugjt` d`sc sc cstàbcfc quc scrvgfghs kc phsvcjt` sc v` ` hdrcfcr. D`scs kc bhs f`j`bcs

]rhpghs Kgrcfths

Vhfghs

Gjkgrcfths

D`sc 0

Gjdhre`fgöj

D`sc 1

Cv`bu`fgöj

D`sc 6

Fhepr`

D`sc ;

Cjtrci`

D`sc 3

Gjkgrcfths

]hsvcjt` [àb` 6.0. Bhs f`j`bcs y sus d`scs Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 19)

Kcjtrh kc bhs f`j`bcs sc kgstgjiucj cjtrc f`j`bcs kgrcfths c gjkgrcfths, `så fheh f`j`bcs prhpghs y fhecrfg`bcs. Bhs f`j`bcs prhpghs puckcj scr t`jth kgrcfths fheh gjkgrcfths, sgj cea`rih bhs f`j`bcs fhecrfg`bcs shbh puckcj scr cb tgph gjkgrcfth. Bhs f`j`bcs prhpghs kcb tgph kgrcfth tgcjcj eàricjcs kc acjcdgfghs cbcv`khs pcrh cb fhstc kc phjcrbhs cj e`rfo`s cs cbcv`kh. Vgj cea`rih, bhs f`j`bcs fhecrfg`bcs `phrt`j ecjhs acjcdgfghs pcrh pcregtcj ` b`s ceprcs`s ùecjt`r su àeagth kc `ftu`fgöj. `ftu`fgöj. ]hr cst` r`zöj `jtcs cbcigr uj f`j`b fhjfrcth kcacehs pb`jtc`rjhs pb`jtc`rjhs fuàb kc cbbhs cs cb eàs `kcfu`kh ` jucstr`s jcfcsgk`kcs.

Dgiur` 6.;. Bhs f`j`bcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 14)

6.0.;. Qcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs ‒Cj cstc eökubh sc kcsfrgacj bhs kgdcrcjtcs tgphs kc rcb`fghjcs quc cstàbcfc uj` ceprcs` fhj kctcregj`khs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh ― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p.1?). Sj` ceprcs`, `b giu`b quc sc pb`jtc` quç f`j`bcs kcac utgbgz`r, kcac pb`jtc`rsc quç tgph kc rcb`fgöj v` ` cstàbcfcr fhj sus fbgcjtcs. Cst`s rcb`fghjcs sc puckc o`fcr fhj cb prhpösgth kc f`pt`r ` bhs fbgcjtcs h kc dgkcbgz`rbhs, phr cbbh, kcac cstàbcfcrsc rcb`fghjcs pcrshj`bgz`k`s h ùthe`tgz`k`s sciüj sc` kc uj tgph h kc htr`. Cjtrc b`s rcb`fghjcs sc puckcj kgstgjiugr< @sgstcjfg` pcrshj`b cxfbusgv`< uj `sgstcjtc sc kckgf` cj cspcfg`b ` uj fbgcjtc. Cst` rcb`fgöj cs euy gjtge` y fcrf`j`, fhjkgfghj`jkh csth uj` vcjt`l` p`r` b` ceprcs`. •

-0;-


@sgstcjfg` pcrshj`b< cj cstc tgph kc rcb`fgöj cb fbgcjtc gjtcr`ftü` kc dhre` pcrshj`b fhj uj `sgstcjtc rc`b kur`jtc cb prhfcsh kc vcjt`. •

@uthscrvgfgh< @uthscrvgfgh< cst` cst` rcb`fgöj rcb`fgöj jh cs pcrshj`b fheh b`s b`s `jtcrghrcs, `jtcrghrcs, sg jh quc cs cs b` prhpg` ceprcs` b` quc prhphrfghj` bhs eckghs `kcfu`khs p`r` quc cb fbgcjtc puck` scrvgrsc phr så egseh. •

Fheujgk`kcs< b`s fheujgk`kcs kc bhs fbgcjtcs shj utgbgz`k`s phr b`s ceprcs`s p`r` prhdujkgz`r cj sus rcb`fghjcs. Eufo`s fheujgk`kcs cj båjc` pcregtcj shbufghj`r prhabce`s ` bhs fbgcjtcs y `yuk`r ` b` ceprcs` ` fhjhfcr `b fbgcjtc. •

•

Frc`fgöj fhbcftgv`< eufo`s ceprcs`s v`j eàs `bbà kc b`s tåpgf`s rcb`fghjcs.

Vcrvgfghs ùtheàtgfhs< cstc scrvgfgh cs uj` eclhr` cb `jtcrghr, `jtcrghr, cs kcfgr, kcfgr, cs b` b` ceprcs` b` quc prhphrfghj` `b fbgcjtc bhs rcfurshs pcrh kc dhre` ùtheàtgf`. Bhs eclhrcs scrvgfghs kc cstc tgph shj bhs puckcj sgeub`r ` uj` rcb`fgöj pcrshj`b. •

Dgiur` 6.3. B`s rcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 1?)

6.0.3. Ducjtcs kc gjircshs ‒Cb ubtgeh eökubh sc rcdgcrc `b dbulh kc f`l` quc icjcr` uj` ceprcs` cj bhs kgdcrcjtcs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p.6=). ]`r` f`bfub`r bhs acjcdgfghs, b`s hri`jgz`fghjcs bc rcst`j ` sus gjircshs bhs i`sths gjfurrgkhs. Cs phr csth, quc ujh kc bhs halctgvhs kc b` ceprcs` cs `tr`cr y f`pt`r kcb fbgcjtc cb gjircsh jcfcs`rgh p`r` e`jtcjcr ` b` ceprcs`. B`s ceprcs`s kcacj pb`jt`rsc cj thkh ehecjth phrquc cst`rå`j kgspucsths ` pì`r sus fbgcjtcs. B`s ceprcs`s kc khjkc sucbcj tcjcr e`yhrcs gjircshs shj kcb prcfgh kc bhs agcjcs h scrvgfghs quc hdcrt`. ]hr t`jth cb ecf`jgseh kc dgl`fgöj kc prcfgh v` ` fhjkgfghj`r b` ducjtc kc gjircshs kc b` hri`jgz`fgöj, cj b` [àb` 6.1 sc rcfhicj bhs prgjfgp`bcs ecf`jgsehs kc dgl`fgöj kc prcfghs.

-

-


Dglh

Kgjàegfh

Bgst` kc prcfghs dgl`

]rcfghs dglhs p`r` prhkufths, scrvgfghs y htr`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr gjkgvgku`bcs

Jcihfg`fgöj

Cb prcfgh sc jcihfg` cjtrc khs h eàs shfghs

Vciüj f`r`ftcråstgf`s kcb prhkufth

Cb prcfgh kcpcjkc kc b` f`jtgk`k h f`bgk`k kc b` prhpucst` kc v`bhr

Icstgöj kc b` rcjtàgbgk`k

Cb prcfgh kcpcjkc kcb gjvcjt`rgh y kcb ehkcbh kc b` fhepr`

Vciüj cb sciecjth kcb ecrf`kh

Cb prcfgh kcpcjkc kcb kc b`s f`r`ftcråstgf`s kc uj sciecjth kc ecrf`kh

Ecrf`kh kc tgceph rc`b

Cb prcfgh sc cstàbcfc kc dhre` kgjàegf` cj dujfgöj kc b` hdcrt` y b` kce`jk`

Vciüj vhbuecj

Cb prcfgh kcpcjkc kc b` f`jtgk`k `kqugrgk`

Vua`st`s

Cb prcfgh sc kctcregj` cj uj` pul`

[àb` 6.1. Ecf`jgsehs kc dgl`fgöj kc prcfghs Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 66)

@ujquc bhs gjircshs kc b` ceprcs` kcpcjk`j cj ir`j ir `j eckgk` e ckgk` cb prcfgh kc prhkufth prh kufth h scrvgfgh, fheh y` sc o` fhecjt`kh `jtcrghrecjtc, bhs egsehs tèagçj puckcj prhvcjgr kc (F`stgbbh, 1=06)< Fhjfcpfgöj kc bgfcjfg`s< htr` ducjtc kc gjircshs cs cb pìh phr cb tr`sp`sh kc uj` prhpgck`k gjtcbcftu`b p`r` scr us`k`. Csth cs euy tåpgfh cj b`s gjkustrg`s tcfjhböigf`s tcfjhböigf`s y eubtgeckg`. •

Fhrrct`lc< shj gjircshs kc cstc tgph bhs quc prhvgcjcj kcb scrvgfgh eckg`fgöj cjtrc khs h eàs p`rtcs. •

kc

Fuht` kc susfrgpfgöj< susfrgpfg öj< cstc tgph kc gjircshs cs gjkcpcjkgcjtc kcb ush quc bc k` cb fbgcjtc `b scrvgfgh, cs kcfgr, pì` uj` fuht` phr uj scrvgfgh quc tgcjc kcrcfoh ` us`r phr cb tgceph quc pìc. •

Fuht` phr ush< cstc tgph kc gjircsh cstà rcb`fghj`kh fhj cb ush quc bc k` cb fbgcjtc `b scrvgfgh quc sc bc hdrcfc, cs kcfgr, fu`jth eàs usc cb scrvgfgh eàs gjircshs hatcjkrà b` ceprcs`. •

]rçstèh h bc`sgji< cs uj fhjtr`th eckg`jtc cb fu`b, cb `rrcjk`khr tr`sp`s` cb kcrcfoh `b ush kc uj `ftgvh ` uj `rrcjk`t`rgh, ` fèagh kcb pìh kc t`rgd` kur`jtc uj pb`zh kctcregj`kh, tr`s cb fu`b cb `rrcjk`t`rgh tgcjc b` hpfgöj kc fhepr`r cb agcj ` uj prcfgh kctcregj`kh, kcvhbvcr cb `ftgvh h rcjhv`r cb fhjtr`th kc jucvh. •

]uabgfgk`k< shj prhvcjgcjtcs kc b`s fuht`s kcb scrvgfgh kc puabgfgk`k ` uj fbgcjtc. Cstc tgph kc gjircshs bhs tgcjc ohy cj kå` b`s pàigj`s wca fhj `jujfghs fhjst`jtcs cj sus puabgf`fghjcs. •

Tcjt` kc `ftgvhs< sc fhjsgiucj bhs gjircshs kc cstc tgph eckg`jtc b` vcjt` kc bhs `ftgvhs kc su `ftgvgk`k. •

-04-


Dgiur` 6.4. B` ducjtc kc gjircshs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. (1=01, p.6=)

6.0.4. Qcfurshs fb`vc ‒Cj cstc eökubh sc kcsfrgac bhs `ftgvhs eàs gephrt`jtcs p`r` quc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh dujfghjc― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. 6;). [hk`s b`s ceprcs`s kcacj tcjcr ujhs rcfurshs, quc pcregt`j ` çst` frc`r cb v`bhr p`r` cb fbgcjtc. Cshs rcfurshs shj bhs fhjsgkcr`khs fheh rcfurshs fb`vcs, pucsth quc sgj cbbhs b` ceprcs` jh phkrå` rc`bgz`r su `ftgvgk`k. Vciüj sc` b` ceprcs`, `så scràj sus rcfurshs fb`vcs, cs kcfgr, sc kgstgjiugrà cjtrc rcfurshs cj prhpgck`k h `bqugbcr. Cjtrc thkhs bhs rcfurshs cxgstcjtcs sc kcst`f`j fu`trh< Cfhjöegfhs< csths rcfurshs rcsubt`j geprcsfgjkgabcs geprcsfgjkgabcs y jcfcs`rghs p`r` quc b` ceprcs` puck` kcs`rrhbb`rsc y frcfcr. •

Dåsgfhs< cj cstc iruph sc gjfbuycj thkhs bhs `ftgvhs t`jigabcs quc tcji` uj` ceprcs`, fhjsgkcr`jkh fheh t`bcs vcoåfubhs, gjst`b`fghjcs, gjst`b`fghjcs, ctf… •

Oue`jhs< thk`s b`s ceprcs`s jcfcsgt`j pcrshj`b, `så fheh kc f`p`fgk`kcs f`p`fgk`kcs hpcr`tgv`s quc puck` kcs`rrhbb`r cb prhkufth h scrvgfgh. •

Gjtcbcftu`bcs< csths rcfurshs shj `qucbbhs gjt`jigabcs fheh, phr clcepbh, b` e`rf`, uj` p`tcjtc h b`s a`scs kc k`ths. ]`r` eufo`s ceprcs`s csths rcfurshs shj fb`vc, cj b` eckgk` quc suphjc uj` kgdcrcjfg`fgöj `jtc b` fhepctcjfg`. •

Dgiur` 6.9. Bhs rcfurshs fb`vcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 6;)

6.0.9. @ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc ‒Cj cb prcscjtc ehkubh sc kcsfrgacj b`s `ffghjcs eàs gephrt`jtcs quc kcac ceprcjkcr uj` ceprcs` p`r` quc su ehkcbh kc jcihfgh dujfghjc― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p.64). @b giu`b quc hfurrc fhj bhs rcfurshs fb`vcs, kcsfrgths `jtcrghrecjtc, thk`s b`s ceprcs`s u hri`jgz`fghjcs jcfcsgt`j kc `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc p`r` kcs`rrhbb`r su `ftgvgk`k. B`s `ftgvgk`kcs shj cjtcjkgk`s cj cstc f`sh fheh

-

-


`ffghjcs fhjfrct`s quc prhphrfghj`j v`bhr `b fbgcjtc. Cjtrc b`s `ftgvgk`kcs sc kcst`f`j< ]b`t`dhre`s< ]b`t`dhre`s < b` `ftgvgk`k fb`vc cstà åjtgeècjtc åjtgeècj tc rcb`fghj`k` fhj uj` pb`t`dhre`, cstc ehkcbh sc sucbc k`r cj ceprcs`s fhecrfg`bcs vå` gjtcrjct. •

•

]rhkuffgöj< shj b`s `ftgvgk`kcs tåpgf`s kc b`s ceprcs`s dàrgf`jtcs.

Qcshbufgöj kc prhabce`s< cj çstc, b` `ftgvgk`k fb`vc gjtcjt`r ausf`r uj` shbufgöj `kcfu`k` ` uj prhabce` quc bc o` surigkh ` uj fbgcjtc. Cstc fbgcjtc jhs fhjtr`t` prcfgsècjtc p`r` ausf`r uj` shbufgöj, uj f`sh fb`rh shj b`s Fhjsubthrå`s. •

B`s `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vcs jh söbh cstàj vgjfub`k`s ` b` prhpucst` kc v`bhr, sgjh tèagçj ` quç `ftgvgk`kcs kc kgstrgaufgöj, `ftgvgk`kcs `ftgvgk`kcs kc rcb`fgöj fhj fbgcjtcs, ctf…

Dgiur` 6.?. B`s `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 64)

6.0.?. @shfg`fghjcs @shfg`fghjc s fb`vc ‒Cj cstc eökubh sc kcsfrgac b` rck kc prhvcckhrcs y shfghs quc fhjtrgauycj `b dujfghjègcjth kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. 6?). Cj b` `ftu`bgk`k, t`b y fheh cstà b` cfhjheå` cj csths ehecjths, b`s `shfg`fghjcs cjtrc ceprcs`s cstàj ` b` hrkcj kcb kå`. ]`r` eufo`s, cst`s `shfg`fghjcs o`j sgkh uj` ducjtc kc s`bv`fgöj ` sus prhabce`s cstr`tçigfhs y hri`jgz`tgvhs. Cst`s `shfg`fghjcs prctcjkcj prgjfgp`becjtc rckufgr cb rgcsih kc fhepctgr cj uj cjthrjh fhepctgtgvh. Vc puckc cxphjcr fu`trh `shfg`fghjcs fb`vcs, fheh sc hascrv` cj b` [àb` 6.6. @shfg`fghjcs

F`r`ftcråstgf`s

@bg`jz`s Cstr`tçigf`s

@shfg`fghjcs fhepctgkhr`s

cjtrc

Fhhpcr`fgöj

@shfg`fghjcs cstr`tçigf`s cjtrc ceprcs`s fhepctgkhr`s

Ceprcs`s Fhjlujt`s

]`r` frc`r jucvhs jcihfghs

Qcb`fghjcs Fbgcjtc-]rhvcckhr

]`r` i`r`jtgz`r dgàgbgk`k cjtrc suegjgstrhs

[àb` 6.6. @shfg`fghjcs fb`vcs Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, p. 6?)

-0?-

ceprcs`s

jh


Eufo`s ceprcs`s sc `shfg`j sgepbcecjtc phr `biujh kc bhs ehtgvhs quc sc cxphjc ` fhjtgju`fgöj< Fhepr` kc kctcregj`khs rcfurshs< b` e`yhrå` e`yhrå` kc b`s ceprcs`s ceprcs`s sucbcj sucbcj tr`jsegtgr `biuj`s `ftgvgk`kcs h rcfurshs p`r` ùecjt`r su f`p`fgk`k prhkuftgv`. prhkuftgv`. ]hr cst` r`zöj b`s `shfg`fghjcs pcregtcj eclhr`r b`s rcb`fghjcs fhj htr`s ceprcs`s cxtcrghrcs. •

Cfhjheå`s kc csf`b`< eufo`s ceprcs`s sc `shfg`j phrquc cs `så fheh `prhvcfo`j b`s cfhjheå`s kc csf`b` quc sucbcj `p`rcfcr. Jh thk`s b`s ceprcs`s shj prhpgct`rg`s kc thkhs bhs rcfurshs h `ffghjcs quc bbcv`j ` fàh, cb prgjfgp`b ehtgvh kc cbbh cs phr uj òhrrh kc fhstcs cj su `ftgvgk`k, fhj ujhs rcfurshs fhep`rtgkhs cjtrc ceprcs`s. •

Qckuffgöj kcb rgcsih< htrh prhabce` fhj cb quc sc sucbcj cjdrcjt`r b`s ceprcs`s, cs uj cjthrjh fhepctgtgvh. Ehtgvh cstc phr bhs quc b`s ceprcs`s sc sucbcj `shfg`r y rckufgr rgcsihs kc `ftu`r cj çb. •

Dgiur` 6.7. B`s `shfg`fghjcs fb`vcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. 6?)

6.0.7. Cstruftur` kc fhstcs ‒Cj cstc eökubh sc kcsfrgacj thkhs bhs fhstcs quc gepbgf` b` pucst` cj e`rfo` kc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh― (Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur, 1=01, p. ;=). [hk`s b`s `ftgvgk`kcs y rcb`fghjcs quc sc puckcj e`jtcjcr t`jth fhj fbgcjtcs fheh fhj prhvcckhrcs, bc suphjc uj fhstc ` b` ceprcs` kc dhre` gjeckg`t`. Csths fhstcs shj ùtheàtgfhs c gkcjtgdgfàbcs uj` vcz quc sc tcji` kcdgjgkh thkh cb ehkcbh `b fhepbcth. Cb fhstc kcpcjkc cj ir`j eckgk` kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh quc b` ceprcs` kcs`rrhbbc, csth cs `så, pucsth quc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh pcqucðh `f`rrc` ecjhs fhstcs quc uj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh rcb`tgvècjtc ir`jkc. Cs gephrt`jtc cstc d`fthr ` b` ohr` kc tcjcr cj fucjt` uj ehkcbh y` quc uj` cxpcft`tgv` kc fhstc puckc `yuk`r ` b` ceprcs` ` f`bfub`r sus phsgabcs pìhs duturhs. B`s ceprcs`s gjtcjt`j egjgegz`r `b eàxgeh su cstruftur` kc fhstcs t`jths kcb tgph< Fhstcs dglhs< cstc fhstc jh v`rå` sciüj cb vhbuecj kc `ftgvgk`k. Cj `biujhs scfthrcs cstc tgph kc fhstcs shj cbcv`khs, fheh phr clcepbh, `bqugbcrcs, sucbkhs, ctf… •

Fhstcs v`rgàbcs< csths fhstcs shj `qucbbhs quc kcpcjkc cj ir`j eckgk` kcb vhbuecj kc `ftgvgk`k, phr clcepbh, b` e`tcrg` prge`. •

-

-


Fhstcs kc cfhjheå`s cfhjheå`s kc csf`b`< csf`b`< sc bc bbè` kc kc cst` cst` dhre` dhre` `b kcfrcecjth kcb fhstc quc sc prhkufc `b ùecjt`r b` prhkuffgöj. Çsths söbh bh fhjsgiucj b`s ir`jkcs ceprcs`s fhepctgkhr`s. fhepctgkhr`s. •

Fhstcs kc cfhjheå`s cfhjheå`s kc fèph< fèph< sc bc bbè` bbè` kc cst` dhre` ` b` vcjt`l` vcjt`l` kc fhstcs quc `kqugcrcj `biuj`s ceprcs`s ` eckgk` quc èpbå`j su àeagth kc `ftu`fgöj. •

Dgiur` 6.0=. Bhs fhstcs cj cb bgcjzh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. ;=)

6.1. FHJVGKCQ@FGHJCV FHJVGKCQ@FGHJC V KC B@ @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cs uj` ütgb ocrrègcjt` quc pcregtc rcdbcxghj`r y rcpb`jtc`r sg b` cstr`tcig` sciugk` phr b` ceprcs` cs b` eàs `kcfu`k` sciüj cb cjthrjh cj cb quc `ftuç. Cb bgcjzh sc o` fhjvcrtgkh ohy kå` cj uj eçthkh fb`vc khjkc cs dàfgb kc gkcjtgdgf`r quç vcjt`l`s c gjfhjvcjgcjtcs tgcjc b` `pbgf`fgöj kc uj ehkcbh. ]`r` cjtcjkcr y `j`bgz`r cb ehkcbh kc uj` ceprcs`, cxgstcj b`s bbè`k`s prciujt`s fb`vcs. Cst`s prciujt`s shj prhphrfghj`k`s phr cb bgcjzh y cstàj dhreub`k`s p`r` scr `pbgf`k`s kgrcftècjtc ` bhs jucvc ehkcbhs kcb ehkcbh, y sc prcscjt`j cj b` [àb` 6.;.

-1=-


Vciecjth kc Ecrf`kh

¸]`r` qugçj frcèhs v`bhr8 ¸Fuàbcs shj jucstrhs fbgcjtcs eàs gephrt`jtcs8

]rhpucst`s kc v`bhr

¸Puç v`bhr prhphrfghjèhs ` jucstrhs fbgcjtcs8 ¸Puç prhabce`s kc jucstrhs fbgcjtcs `yukèhs ` shbufghj`r8 ¸Puç jcfcsgk`kcs kc bhs fbgcjtcs s`tgsd`fcehs8 ¸Puç p`quctc kc prhkufths h scrvgfghs hdrcfcehs ` f`k` sciecjth kc ecrf`kh8

F`j`bcs

¸Puç f`j`bcs prcdgcrcj jucstrhs sciecjths kc ecrf`khs8 ¸Föeh cstàbcfcehs `ftu`becjtc cb fhjt`fth fhj bhs fbgcjtcs8 ¸Föeh sc fhjlui`j jucstrhs f`j`bcs8 ¸Fu`bcs tgcjcj eclhrcs rcsubt`khs8 ¸Fu`bcs shj eàs rcjtàbcs8 ¸Föeh sc gjtcir`j cj b`s `ftgvgk`kcs kg`rg`s kc bhs fbgcjtcs8

Qcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs

¸Puç tgph kc rcb`fgöj cspcr`j bhs kgdcrcjtcs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh8 ¸Puç tgph kc rcb`fghjcs ocehs cstàbcfgkh8 ¸Fuàb cs su fhstc8 ¸Föeh sc gjtcir`j cj jucstrh ehkcbh kc jcihfgh8

Ducjtcs kc gjircshs

¸]hr quç v`bhr cstàj kgspucsths ` pì`r jucstrhs fbgcjtcs8 ¸]hr quç pì`j `ftu`becjtc8 ¸Föeh pì`j `ftu`becjtc8 ¸Föeh bcs iust`rå` pì`r8 ¸Fuàjth rcphrt`j b`s kgdcrcjtcs ducjtcs kc gjircshs `b tht`b kc gjircshs8

Qcfurshs fb`vc

¸Puç rcfurshs fb`vcs rcqugcrcj jucstr`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr, f`j`bcs kc kgstrgaufgöj, rcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs y ducjtcs kc gjircshs8

@ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc

¸Puç `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc rcqugcrcj jucstr`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr, f`j`bcs kc kgstrgaufgöj, rcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs y ducjtcs kc gjircshs8

@shfg`fghjcs fb`vc

¸Pugçjcs shj jucstrhs shfghs fb`vcs8 ¸Pugçjcs shj jucstrhs prhvcckhrcs fb`vcs8 ¸Puç rcfurshs fb`vcs `kqugrgehs ` jucstrhs shfghs8 ¸Puç `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vcs rc`bgz`j bhs shfghs8

Ecrf`kh

Ceprcs`

¸Fuàbcs shj bhs fhstcs eàs gephrt`jtcs gjocrcjtcs ` jucstrh ehkcbh kc jcihfgh8 ¸Fuàbcs shj bhs rcfurshs fb`vc eàs f`rhs8 ¸Fuàbcs shj b`s `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc eàs f`r`s8 [àb` 6.;. ]rciujt`s fb`vcs sharc bgcjzhs kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh

Cstruftur` kc fhstc

Ducjtc< Hstcrw`bkcr y ]gijcur (1=01, pp. 1=-;0)

-

-


-11-


F@]Å[SBH ; QCVSB[@KHV KC B@ AÜVPSCK@ CJ GJ[CQJC[

@ fhjtgju`fgöj, cxphjkrcehs bhs rcsubt`khs kc b` scbcffgöj kc rcdcrcjfg`s kc `rtåfubhs, abhis y htr`s puabgf`fghjcs cj csp`ðhb cjfhjtr`khs cj gjtcrjct. Kgfo` scbcffgöj b` ocehs `fht`kh ` 3= rcdcrcjfg`s, rcfhpgb`jkh cj f`k` uj`< ùthr, tåtubh y kgrcffgöj wca. Ocehs utgbgz`kh cb ausf`khr Ihhibc fhj b`s p`bàr`s fb`vc ‒Icstgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh F`jv`s―, bh quc jhs `rrhlà` e`s kc 0==.=== rcsubt`khs quc tr`s uj prgecr dgbtr`kh rckulgehs ` 1== p`r` dgj`becjtc scbcffghj`r bhs 3= rcsubt`khs ehstr`khs ` fhjtgju`fgöj, cjtcjkgcjkh bhs egsehs fheh bhs e`s rcbcv`jtcs y ecjhs rcpctgtgvhs y hrkcj`khs sciüj b` phsgfgöj hfup`k` cj cb rcsubt`kh kc b` aüsquck`, gephjgcjkh `så uj sciujkh frgtcrgh kc rcbcv`jfg` cj dujfgöj ` su vgsgagbgk`k cj Ihhibc. 0. CB EHKCBH F@JT@V. L@TGCQ CVFSKCQH. ottp
1. FHJFSQVH GKC@V GKC@V JCIHFGH. JCIHFGH. SJGTCQVGK@K VCTGBB@. ottp
6. ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V. CJQGPSC D@QC\. ottp
;. OCQQ@EGCJ[@V< CB BGCJ\H KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. L@TGCQ ECLG@V. ottp
3. F@JT@V KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH. @BDHJVH ]QGE. ottp
4. EHKCBH F@JT@V< SJ@ OCQQ@EGCJ[@ ]@Q@ ICJCQ@Q EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. ISGHT@JJG PSGL@JH. ottp
-

-


9. FHEH O@FCQ SJ EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH FHJ SJ F@JT@V H BGCJ\H. BSGV CJQGPSC. ottp
?. CE]GC\@ [S JCIHFGH KC E@JCQ@ GJ[CBGICJ[C. GJ[CBGICJ[C. K@TGK K@TGK I@QFÅ@. ottp
7. EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH W F@JT@V. TGFCJ[C TGFCJ[C L@TGCQ E@Q[ÅJC\. ottp
0=. CB EHKCBH BC@J F@JT@V ]@Q@ ]B@VE@Q [S GKC@ KC JCIHFGH. V@JKQ@ ISCQQCQH. ottp
00. @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V @ B@ JSCT@ CFHJHEÅ@. SJGTCQVGK@K KC V@B@E@JF@. ottp
01. ICJCQ@FGHJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH, EHKCBH F@JT@V. N@QB@ E@QWOCQECBW\ OCQJÀJKC\. ottp
06. EHKCBH F@JT@V. DSJK@FGÖJ ]QGJFCV@ KC IGQHJ@. ottp
0;. BGCJ\H KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGHV. LHVÇ OCQJÀJ QCV[QC]H EHJ[HW@. ottp
-1;-


03. ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V< OCQQ@EGCJ[@V ]@Q@ KGVCÐ@Q EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. L@TGCQ KÅ@\. ottp
04. FHEH KCDGJGQ [S EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH FHJ ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V. QHACQ[H CV]GJHV@. ottp
09. ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH "F@JT@V". FHJVSB[HQÅ@ GJJHT@KHQ@. ottp
0?. ¸PSÇ CV CB EÇ[HKH F@JT@V KC ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH8. LS@J LHVÇ QHECQH FQSV@[. ottp
07. [S EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH ]CQVHJ@B. FHEH SV@Q CB F@JT@V. L@TGCQ I@QFÅ@ A@QQHV. ottp
1=. EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH F@JT@V. F@QB@ @BACQ[GJG W H[QHV. ottp
10. CE]QCJKCKHQCV KC ÜB[GE@ ICJCQ@FGÖJ ]GCJV@J VS CE]QCV@ CJ EHKCBH F@JT@V. ]@QPSC C. ottp
-

-


11. OCQQ@EGCJ[@V ]@Q@ FQC@Q [S ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V. NSAGKC. ottp
16. EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH O@FG@ B@ GJJHT@FGÖJ VHFG@B. ASVGJCVV BGDC. ottp
1;. @DGJ@ [S ]QHWCF[H CE]QCV@QG@B FHJ CB EHKCBH F@JT@V. FHESJGF@FGÖJ QCK CE]QCV@QGHV TGV@. ottp
13. ¸FHJHFCV CB ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V8. @J[HGJC NCQD@J[. ottp
14. ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. CB EHKCBH F@JT@V. DCQJ@JKH \@]B@J@. ottp
19. EHKCBHV KC K C JCIHFGH CJ GJ[CQJC[. ASVGJCVV F@JT@V EHKCB. VSICQCJKH CJIGJCCQGJI FHEECQFC. ottp
1?. A@VCV KCB EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH F@JT@V. LCVÜV E@QÅ@ QSÅ\ KC @QQG@I@ Q@EÅQC\. Q@EÅQC\ . ottp
17. EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH F@JT@V. AQGIG[[C VCSECJGFO[. ottp
6=. EÇ[HKH F@JT@V. @AF KCB CE]QCJKCKHQ.

-14-


ottp
60. OCQQ@EGCJ[@V ]@Q@ FQC@Q [S EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH. @BDQCK FHA@W@VOG. ottp
61. F@JT@V< ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. EGISCB D. KCB K CB ]GJH. ottp
66. EHKCBH BC@J F@JT@V. @JK@BSFÅ@ CE]QCJKC. ottp
6;. ¸PSGÇJ O@ KGFOH EHKCBH E HKCBH KC JCIHFGH8. TCQÖJGF@ [HQQ@V. ottp
63. VGJ CV[Q@[CIG@, JH O@W F@JT@V PSC T@BI@. _@TGCQ DCQQÀV. ottp
64. VHFG@B ECKG@ F@JT@V, SJ@ OCQQ@EGCJ[@ ]@Q@ B@ GJJHT@FGÖJ (G). LS@J VHACL@JH. ottp
69. VHFG@B ECKG@ F@JT@V, SJ@ OCQQ@EGCJ[@ ]@Q@ B@ GJJHT@FGÖJ (GG). LS@J VHACL@JH. ottp
-

-


6?. TCJ[@L@V KCB EHKCBH BC@J F@JT@V. O@QT@QK KCSV[H C@C ASVGJCVV VFOHHB. ottp
67. PSÇ CV CB EHKCBH F@JT@V W FHEH @]BGF@QBH @ [S JCIHFGH. [email protected]. ottp
;=. FQC@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH< CB @QPSG[CF[H, KGVCÐ@KHQ W CB FGCJ[ÅDGFH (0). @J[HJGH E@[@QQ@J\.

CB

ottp
;0. FQC@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH< CB @QPSG[CF[H, KGVCÐ@KHQ W CB FGCJ[ÅDGFH (1). @J[HJGH E @[@QQ@J\.

CB

ottp
;1. F@JT@V< BGCJ\H KC ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. LS@JLH BÖ]C\ I@QFÅ@. ottp
;6. @BC_@JKCQ @BC_@JKCQ HV[CQY@BKCQ-ASVGJCVV EHKCB F@JT@V. @BC_ QGVFH. ottp
;;. TCQVGÖJ KC EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH ]@Q@ FÖKGIH @AGCQ[H.AG\. GIJ@FGH I@QFÅ@ KCB T@BBC. ottp
;3. ¸CV FHE]@Q@ABC CB EHKCBH CDPE FHJ CB F@JT@V8. ]@FH FHQE@. ottp
-1?-


ottp
;9. EC[HKHBHIÅ@ F@JT@V F @JT@V ]@Q@ B@ ICJCQ@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH GJJHT@KHQCV. JHKH FHECQFGH LSV[H. ottp
;?. B@V OCQQ@EGCJ[@V KC FQC@FGÖJ KC EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH VHJ ]CQTCQV@V. E@Q[@ KHEÅJISC\. ottp
;7. EHKCBHV KC JCIHFGH. J CIHFGH. FHJVSB[G@J E@QNC[GJI HJBGJC. ottp
3=. EHKCBH F@JT@V ]@Q@ CB EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH. E@F@QCJ@ IHJ\ÀBC\ EGQ@. ottp
-

-


-6=-


F@]Å[SBH 3 @]BGF@FGÖJ KCB BGCJ\H @ SJ@ GJEHAGBG@QG@ GJEH AGBG@QG@ A@JF@QG@

Cj cstc f`påtubh prhfckcrcehs ` b` `pbgf`fgöj pràftgf` kcb ehkcbh halcth kc cstukgh ` tr`vçs kcb `jàbgsgs kc uj` ceprcs` gjehagbg`rg` a`jf`rg` rc`b< VCQTGO@AG[@[ (www.scrvgoàgt`t.fhe www.scrvgoàgt`t.fhe), ), pcrtcjcfgcjtc `b iruph dgj`jfgcrh F@G_@A@JN (;7%) y `b Dhjkh [C_@V ]@FGDGF IQHS] (30%), ujh kc bhs prgjfgp`bcs dhjkhs kc gjvcrsgöj kc Cst`khs Sjgkhs, Curhp`, @sg`, @ustr`bg` y @eçrgf` B`tgj`. @ fhjtgju`fgöj fhjtgju`fg öj vcrcehs föeh kcs`rrhbb` kcs` rrhbb` su cstr`tcig` c str`tcig` cj cb c b cjthrjh khjkc khjk c fhepgtc, `så fheh cb bgcjzh utgbgz`kh utgbgz`kh cj su `ftgvgk`k. `ftgvgk`k.

3.0.

FHJFC][S@BG\@FGHJ FHJFC][S@B G\@FGHJ KC VCQTGO@AG[@[

Vcrvgoàgt`t gjgfg` su `ftgvgk`k cj bhs scrvgfghs gjehagbg`rghs cj 07?7, hdrcfgcjkh icstgöj y `scshrègcjth cj cb àeagth kc b`s sua`st`s, b` vcjt` y cb `bqugbcr kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs, `så fheh cj b` fhjtàgbgk`k y dgj`jz`s `shfg`k`s ` kgfohs `ftgvhs. B` cvhbufgöj kc b` ceprcs` kur`jtc b`s sgiugcjtcs kçf`k`s fhjtcepb` b` gjfhrphr`fgöj kc scrvgfghs fheh cb kcs`rrhbbh gjehagbg`rgh, gjehagbg`rgh, b` `kqugsgfgöj `kqugsgfgöj ` prhehthrcs, b` icstgöj kc k`fghjcs cj pìh y b` rcfupcr`fgöj kc prçstèhs h Bh`j Vcrvgfgji, cjtrc htrhs. Cjtrc 1=0= y 1=06 `suec cb rcth kc gjtcir`r cj b` icstgöj bhs `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs kc scgs cjtgk`kcs dgj`jfgcr`s (F`gx` Igrhj`, A`jfh kc T`bcjfg` y A`jf` Fåvgf`, fhjdhre`k` phr F`l` J`v`rr`, F`l` F`j`rg`s, F`l` kc Aurihs y F`l`shb) fhjvgrtgcjkh b` egir`fgöj kc f`rtcr`s cj ujh kc bhs `spcfths kgdcrcjfg`khrcs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t. Cj 1=06 sc prhkufc uj ogth gephrt`jtc p`r` b` fhep`ðå` fhj b` gjfhrphr`fgöj kc []I fhj cb 30% kcb f`pgt`b shfg`b, shfg`b, egcjtr`s quc F`gxÀ`jn F`gxÀ`jn e`jtgcjc cb ;7%. Cj 1=0; Vcrvgoàgt`t `drhjt` ujh kc bhs ehecjths frufg`bcs p`r` su duturh fhj b` pucst` cj e`rfo` kc uj` ecthkhbhiå` prhpg` c gjkcpcjkgcjtc. Cst` ecthkhbhiå` fhjtcepb` b` gjfhrphr`fgöj kc b` pb`t`dhre` tcfjhböigf` V-FIV, fhj uj kcs`rrhbbh cspcfådgfh y pbcjècjtc `k`pt`kh `b cjthrjh dgj`jfgcrh, quc pcregtc gjtcir`r kc uj` dhre` öptge` bhs sgstce`s kc gjdhre`fgöj kc bhs fbgcjtcs. @ fhjtgju`fgöj, cj b` dgiur` 3.0, sc rcsuec iràdgfècjtc iràdgfèc jtc b` cvhbufgöj kc Vcrvgoàgt`t fhecjt`k` `jtcrghrecjtc.

-

-


Dgiur` 3.0. Cvhbufgöj Ogstörgf` kc Vcrvgoàgt`t Ducjtc< ]àigj` h dgfg`b fhrphr`tgv`

Vcrvgoàgt`t, Vcrvgfcr kc rcdcrcjfg`. B` fhep`ðå` sc kcdgjc fheh uj Vcrvgfcr quc prhphrfghj` scrvgfghs `v`jz`khs kc icstgöj kc f`rtcr`s kc frçkgth prhehthr c ogphtcf`rgh y kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs cj thk` su f`kcj` kc v`bhr. Fheh Vcrvgfcr hdrcfc ` sus fbgcjtcs shbufghjcs gjtcir`bcs y `btècjtc cspcfg`bgz`k`s p`r` b` rcfupcr`fgöj y icstgöj kc `ftgvhs dgj`jfgcrhs c gjehagbg`rghs, kc uj` dhre` öptge` y prhphrfghj`jkh prhphrfghj`jkh b` eclhr rcjtàgbgk`k. ]`r` fhjtcxtu`bgz`r fhjtcxtu`bgz`r ` Vcrvgòàgt`t Vcrvgòàgt`t kcskc uj pujth kc vgst` cfhjöegfh, kc tè`ðh kc su rck, kcb jüecrh kc cepbc`khs `så fheh jüecrh kc ìcjtcs cxtcrjhs, vcrcehs sciugkècjtc uj` tàb` cj b` quc sc eucstr`j kgfohs `spcfths ` Kgfgcearc kc 1=06 ([àb` 3.0). K@[HV @ KGFGCEAQC 1=06 T`bhr @ftgvhs Dgj`jfgcrhs a`lh icstgöj (Egbb. !)

07.40?

T`bhr @ftgvhs Gjehagbg`rghs a`lh icstgöj (Egbb. !)

16.6=6

Thbuecj @ftgvhs Gjehagbg`rghs a`lh icstgöj (Sks.)

033.;=0

Thbuecj Tcjt`s (Sks.)

03.137

T`bhr Tcjt`s (Egbb. !)

0.1;7

Thbuecj @bqugbcrcs (Sks.)

60.;;9

T`bhr @bqugbcrcs (Egbb. !)

0.074

]ujths kc vcjt` Qck Fhecrfg`b (Jüe.)

3.90;

Cepbc`khs (Jüe.)

193 1.09;

Qck @icjtcs (Jüe.)

[àb` 3.0. ]rgjfgp`bcs fgdr`s kc Vcrvgoàgt`t cj cb `ðh 1=06 Ducjtc< ]àigj` hdgfg`b fhrphr`tgv`

-61-


B` hascrv`fgöj ` fhjtgju`fgöj kc b` vgsgöj, egsgöj, v`bhrcs y cstr`tcig` ceprcs`rg`b jhs v` `pcregtgr fheprcjkcr eclhr cb dujfghjègcjth dujfghjègcjth kc Vcrvgoàgt`t. Tgsgöj< bgkcr`r cb ecrf`kh kc scrvgfgji, fhjshbgkàjkhsc fheh uj` rcdcrcjfg` cj cb scfthr y fhj uj frcfgegcjth shstcjgkh shstcjgkh cj vhbuecj kc jcihfgh y fbgcjtcs. Egsgöj< hdrcfcr uj` shbufgöj `b ecrf`kh kcskc uj` icstgöj ibha`b cspcfg`bgz`k`, i`r`jtgz`jkh b` s`tgsd`ffgöj kc sus fbgcjtcs ` tr`vçs kc prhfcshs cdgfgcjtcs y fhjt`jkh fhj uj f`pgt`b oue`jh kc `bth v`bhr. ]`r` cbbh, `pbgf`j uj` pcrspcftgv` kc bgkcr`zih, gjjhv`fgöj, trà`lh cj cqugph y aüsquck` kc b` cxfcbcjfg`. T`bhrcs< cj Vcrvgoàgt`t `pbgf`j `pbgf`j ujhs prgjfgpghs a`s`khs cj cb fheprhegsh fhj sus fbgcjtcs, prhvcckhrcs y fhbàhr`khrcs, `så fheh cj b` rcsphjsàgbgk`k fhj sus halctgvhs y jcfcsgk`kcs. Cstr`tcig`< sc kcdgjcj y kgdcrcjfg`j ` tr`vçs kc b` cxpcrgcjfg`, gjkcpcjkcjfg` hpcr`tgv`, cqugph oue`jh `btècjtc f`p`fgt`kh y cspcfg`bgz`kh, ush kc tcfjhbhiå` prhpg`, ducrz` dgj`jfgcr`, gjjhv`fgöj fhecrfg`bgz`khr` y hrgcjt`fgöj `b fbgcjtc, èpbg` gepb`jt`fgöj y scrvgfgh kc prhxgegk`k, fhjt`jkh p`r` thkh cbbh fhj uj `v`jz`kh ehkcbh kc ihagcrjh y fhjtrhb. Bhs scrvgfghs quc prcst` Vcrvgoàgt`t shj euy v`rg`khs, cst`jkh cstruftur`khs cj trcs ir`jkcs àrc`s< Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs, Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs y @scshrègcjth, à`rf`jkh pràftgfècjtc thkhs bhs scfthrcs kc `ftu`fgöj kc b` cfhjheå` csp`ðhb`. Cj b` tàb` 3.1 phkcehs vcr bhs scrvgfghs fhrrcsphjkgcjtcs fhrrcsphjkgcjtcs ` b`s trcs ir`jkcs àrc`s fhecjt`k`s. Vcrvgfghs GJEHAGBG@QGHV

DGJ@JFGCQHV

Icstgöj @ftgvhs Gjehagbg`rghs

Icstgöj F`rtcr` Frçkgth

T`bhr`fgöj kc @ftgvhs

E`jtcjgegcjth y Fhjscrv`fgöj

Icstgöj

@VCVHQ@EGCJ[H @VCVHQ@E GCJ[H

T`bhr`fgöj kc @ftgvhs

kc F`rtcr`s

Kcs`rrhbbh kc Vucbh

]rhehfgöj y Kcs`rrhbbh kc ]rhycfths

kc Frçkgth ]rhehthr

@jàbgsgs kc F`rtcr`s Ogphtcf`rg`s y kc @ftgvhs Gjehagbg`rghs

Tcjt` F`rtcr` ]`trgehjg`b

Icstgöj F`rtcr` ]`trgehjg`b

Icstgöj

Cbàhr`fgöj kc Cstr`tcig`s kc ]rcfghs

]rcp`r`fgöj p`r` cb Ecrf`kh

@bqugbcr y Icstgöj

kc F`rtcr`s Ogphtcf`rg`s

Cstukghs y @jàbgsgs kc Ecrf`kh

[àb` 3.1. Vcrvgfghs prcst`khs phr Vcrvgoàgt`t Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg` ` p`rtgr kc b` pàigj` hdgfg`b fhrphr`tgv`

3.1.

@]BGF@FGHJ KCB BGCJ\H KCB EHKCBH KC JCIHFGH @ VCQTGO@AG[@[

Fheh sc o` vgsth cj cb f`påtubh `jtcrghr cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh pcregtc rcprcscjt`r cb cjtrè`kh kc uj` hri`jgz`fgöj kc dhre` vgsu`b y sgepbgdgf`k`. Cstc bgcjzh bhir` `j`bgz`r y eclhr`r `qucbbhs `spcfths kc b` hri`jgz`fgöj quc fhjtrgauycj ` b` frc`fgöj kc v`bhr. Sj` vcz kcdgjgkh cb fhjfcpth kc bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, p`s`rcehs ` `pbgf`rbh ` uj` ceprcs` rc`b, quc cj jucstrh f`sh scrà Vcrvgoàgt`t. @jtcs kc fhecjz`r fhj cb `jàbgsgs, sc eucstr` ` fhjtgju`fgöj bhs 7 eökubhs quc sc v`j ` cstukg`r cj b` pb`jtgbb` kcb bgcjzh.

-

-


Dgiur` 3.1. ]b`jtgbb` kcb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh Ducjtc< Fb`rn Fb`rn ct `b. `b. (1=01, p. ;;)

0) VCIECJ[H KC ECQF@KH H FBGCJ[CV. Vcrvgoàgt`t frc` v`bhr p`r` bhs kgstgjths iruphs kc fbgcjtcs, bhs fu`bcs tgcjcj jcfcsgk`kcs euy cspcfådgf`s kcpcjkgcjkh kcb scfthr khjkc sc cjfucjtrcj. Kgfohs fbgcjtcs, fheh sc o` gjkgf`kh cj b` tàb` `jtcrghr, puckcj prhvcjgr kc pràftgfècjtc thkhs bhs scfthrcs. ]hr cst` r`zöj, kce`jk`j uj tr`th pcrshj`b y `kcfu`kh sciüj sus cxpcft`tgv`s. Bhs fbgcjtcs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t prhvgcjcj kc b`s trcs ir`jkcs àrc`s khjkc prcst`j scrvgfgh cj cb ecrf`kh, kc e`jcr` quc< •

•

•

Cj b` prcst`fgöj prcst`fgöj kc Vcrvgfghs Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs, Gjehagbg`rghs, b` sciecjt`fgöj sciecjt`fgöj kc fbgcjtcs fbgcjtcs rc`bgz`k` phr Vcrvgoàgt`t kgstgjiuc bhs sgiugcjtcs tgphs kc fbgcjtcs< Dhjkhs Gjehagbg`rghs, Cjtgk`kcs Dgj`jfgcr`s, Vhfgck`kcs ]`trgehjg`bcs y Ir`jkcs prhpgct`rghs. @quå kcacehs o`fcr ecjfgöj ` htrh sciecjth< cb fbgcjtc p`rtgfub`r jh gjfbugkh cj Ir`jkcs ]rhpgct`rghs> ` çstc sc kgrgic prgjfgp`becjtc ` tr`vçs kcb f`j`b hjbgjc, eckg`jtc cb phrt`b www.scrvgoàgt`t.fhe Cj b` prcst`fgöj prcst`fgöj kc Vcrvgfghs Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs, Dgj`jfgcrhs, b` sciecjt`fgöj sciecjt`fgöj ehstr`rå` ehstr`rå` bhs sgiugcjtcs tgphs kc fbgcjtcs< Cjtgk`kcs Dgj`jfgcr`s, Gjvcrshrcs Dgj`jfgcrhs y Dhjkhs kc F`rtcr`s kc Frçkgth. ]hr übtgeh, übtgeh, cj b` prcst`fgöj prcst`fgöj kc Vcrvgfghs kc @scshrègcjth, @scshrègcjth, bhs sciecjths sciecjths kc ecrf`kh scrå`j bhs sgiugcjtcs< Cjtgk`kcs Dgj`jfgcr`s, Gjvcrshrcs Dgj`jfgcrhs, Dhjkhs kc F`rtcr` kc Frçkgth, Dhjkhs Gjehagbg`rghs, Vhfgck`kcs Vhfgck`kcs ]`trgehjg`bcs y Ir`jkcs ]rhpgct`rghs. ]rhpgct`rghs.

Cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kc Vcrvgoàgt`t kgstgjiuc cjtrc csths sciecjths prhabce`s kgdcrcjtcs, ùjquc jcfcsgk`kcs sgegb`rcs. Bhs fbgcjtcs prctcjkcj bhir`r uj frcfgegcjth fhjst`jtc y uj` cjtrci` kc v`bhr ` su iruph kc gjtcrçs, phr t`jth b` ceprcs` bcs csfufo` y sharc thkh `yuk` ` fuepbgr sus halctgvhs. Cs rcbcv`jtc ecjfghj`r quc, `ftu`becjtc, bhs fbgcjtcs eàs gjdbuycjtcs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t prhvgcjcj kcb àrc` kc Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs, sgcjkh cb sciecjth kc Dhjkhs Gjehagbg`rghs ujh kc bhs e`s kcst`f`khs. Giu`becjtc, o`y quc kcst`f`r quc b`

-6;-


e`yhr p`rtc kcb vhbuecj kc jcihfgh kc b` ceprcs` cs hatcjgkh phr b` icstgöj kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs.

CJ[GK@KCV DGJ@JFGCQ@V VHFGCK@KCV ]@[QGEHJG@BCV GJTCQVHQCV IQ@JKCV ]QH]GC[@QGHV DHJKHV F@Q[. FQCKG[H DHJKHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV ]@Q[GFSB@QCV

Dgiur` 3.6. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj cb sciecjth kc fbgcjtcs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

1) ]QH]SCV[@V KC T@BHQ. Vcrvgoàgt`t prhphrfghj` scrvgfghs `v`jz`khs kc icstgöj kc f`rtcr`s kc frçkgth prhehthr c ogphtcf`rgh y kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs cj thk` su f`kcj` kc v`bhr. Hdrcfcj ` sus fbgcjtcs shbufghjcs gjtcir`bcs y `btècjtc cspcfg`bgz`k`s p`r` b` rcfupcr`fgöj y icstgöj kc `ftgvhs dgj`jfgcrhs c gjehagbg`rghs, kc uj` dhre` öptge` y prhphrfghj`jkh b` eclhr rcjtàgbgk`k. rcjtàgbgk`k.

Dgiur` 3.;. F`kcj` kc v`bhr Ducjtc< ]àigj` hdgfg`b fhrphr`tgv`

]`r` f`k` uj` kc sus trcs `rc`s prgjfgp`bcs kc `ftu`fgöj, Vcrvgoàgt`t frc` v`bhr p`r` bhs fbgcjtcs cj< Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs< Fuargcjkh thk`s b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kc icstgöj quc puck`j tcjcr b`s fhep`ðå`s prhpgct`rg`s kc f`rtcr`s kc frçkgth prhehthr y kc frçkgth •

-

-


ogphtcf`rgh, t`jth cj sgtu`fgöj kc jhre`bgk`k fheh kc kgdgfubt`k phr `tr`shs, kukhshs h d`bbgkhs. @scshr`j ` bhs fbgcjtcs kgscð`jkh cstr`tcig`s e`s cdgfgcjtcs p`r` fhjsciugr sus halctgvhs, icstghj`jkh thkhs bhs prhfcshs kcb fgfbh kc vgk` kc sus `ftgvhs. @phrt`j uj` hdcrt` gjtcir`k`, quc puckc fuargr t`jth bhs kgdcrcjtcs ehecjths kcb `ftgvh fheh cb tht`b kc su fgfbh y quc fubegj`rå` cj b` fhjvcrsgöj kcb `ftgvh dgj`jfgcrh cj uj `ftgvh gjehagbg`rgh bgsth p`r` su fhbhf`fgöj cj cb ecrf`kh. Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs< ]rhphrfghj`j ]rhphrfghj`j ` sus fbgcjtcs fbgcjtcs uj` iè` kc kc scrvgfghs scrvgfghs cspcfg`bgz`khs cj b` icstgöj kc bhs gjeucabcs y b` rcjtàgbgz`fgöj kc bhs egsehs, fhjt`jkh p`r` cbbh fhj uj gjjhv`khr ehkcbh kc vcjt` y `bqugbcr. •

@scshrègcjth< @scshrègcjth< @prhvcfo`jkh @prhvcfo`jkh cb fhjhfgegcjth fhjhfgegcjth cxpcrth kcb ecrf`kh ecrf`kh kc scrvgfghs kc icstgöj kc f`rtcr`s kc frçkgth ogphtcf`rgh y kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs, sc phsgfghj`j fheh prhvcckhrcs kc htrhs scrvgfghs a`s`khs cj cb `scshrègcjth cspcfg`bgz`kh cspcfg`bgz`kh ` tr`vçs kc `jàbgsgs y v`bhr`fghjcs a`s`k`s cj b` cxpcrgcjfg` y cb rgihr. •

Fhj cst`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr `yuk`j ` shbufghj`r ` bhs fbgcjtcs prhabce`s rcb`fghj`khs fhj cb rgcsih y b` gjfcrtgkuearc quc fhjbbcv` hpcr`r cj ecrf`khs `ftu`becjtc t`j t`j fhepbgf`khs fheh cb dgj`jfgcrh y cb gjehagbg`rgh. gjehagbg`rgh. Cj b` [àb` 3.6 sc o`fc rcdcrcjfg` ` b`s prgjfgp`bcs shbufghjcs quc prhphjc Vcrvgoàgt`t. Vhbufghjcs Gjtcir`bcs

Vhbufghjcs cspcfådgf`s

]rhpucst` kc v`bhr

Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs

Kgscðh kc cstr`tcig`s e`s cdgfgcjtcs

Fuargr thk`s b`s jcfcsgk`kcs kc icstgöj

Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs

Vcrvgfgh `btècjtc cspcfg`bgz`kh

Icstgöj gjtcir`b kc gjeucabcs

@scshrègcjth

@scshrègcjth `btècjt c cspcfg`bgz`kh

@jàbgsgs y v`bhr`fghjcs v`bhr`fghjc s ` tr`vçs kc fhjhfgegcjth cxpcrth [àb` 3.6. Vhbufghjcs kc prhabce`s ` fbgcjtcs y prhpucst` kc v`bhr Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg` ` p`rtgr kc b` pàigj` hdgfg`b

Bhs scrvgfghs quc Vcrvgoàgt`t hdrcfc, fhjtgcjcj uj` scrgc kc cbcecjths h f`r`ftcråstgf`s quc shj bhs quc o`fcj frc`r v`bhr `b fbgcjtc. Cjtrc cbbhs sc puckc fgt`r b` gjjhv`fgöj, cspcfg`bgz`fgöj, rckuffgöj kc fhstcs `b fbgcjtc y rckuffgöj kcb rgcsih. ]hkcehs hascrv`r cj b` Dgiur` 3.3 b` gjfbusgöj kc b`s prhpucst`s kc v`bhr cj cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh kc b` ceprcs` halcth kc cstukgh.

-64-


ICV[GÖJ GJ[CIQ@B KC GJESCABCV FSAQGQ [H[@B JCFCVGK@KCV KC ICV[GÖJ @JÀBGVGV W T@BHQ@FGÖJ @ [Q@TÇV KCB FHJHFGEGCJ[H C_]CQ[H


Dgiur` 3.3. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj b` prhpucst` kc v`bhr Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

6) F@J@BCV. @ fhjtgju`fgöj, `j`bgz`rcehs `j`bgz`rce hs cb ehkh cj quc Vcrvgoàgt`t sc fheujgf` fhj bhs kgdcrcjtcs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh p`r` bbci`r ` cbbhs y prhphrfghj`rbcs uj` prhpucst` kc v`bhr. ]`r` cbbh kgstgjiugrcehs cjtrc cb ush kc f`j`bcs kgrcfths y f`j`bcs gjkgrcfths. Cj fu`jth ` bhs f`j`bcs kgrcfths, kcst`fèhs b` aüsquck` kcb tr`th pcrshj`b fhj cb fbgcjtc, cbcecjth dujkècjt`b fu`jkh gjtcjtèhs vcjkcr uj prhkufth h scrvgfgh cspcfg`bgz`kh. @så, b` ceprcs` prhphjc bhs sgiugcjtcs f`j`bcs kgrcfths< •

Stgbgz`fgöj kc b` rck fhecrfg`b kc F`gxà`jn, fhj f`sg 4.=== pujths kc vcjt`.

•

]hrt`b wca www.scrvgoàgt`t.fhe. www.scrvgoàgt`t.fhe.

•

Qckcs shfg`bcs.

Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s, cb f`j`b quc rcphrt` e`yhrcs rcsubt`khs cs b` utgbgz`fgöj kc b` rck prhpg` kc hdgfgj`s kc F`gxà`jn, csh sg, jh ` eufo` kgst`jfg` kc su phrt`b wca. Cj fu`bqugcr f`sh, kcskc uj pujth kc vgst` cfhjöegfh, cb f`j`b eàs rcjtàbc cs `qucb quc sc rc`bgz` ` tr`vçs kc gjtcrjct, sg agcj cs fgcrth quc b` utgbgz`fgöj kc hdgfgj`s a`jf`rg`s jh gepbgf` uj sharcfhstc kc cstruftur` euy `bth, y` quc cb pcrshj`b y b`s gjst`b`fghjcs gjst`b`fghjcs shj `prhvcfo`k`s p`r` prcst`r cstc scrvgfgh fheh ujh e`s kc b` hdgfgj`. ]hkcehs hascrv`r tèagcj quc, `kceàs kc us`r f`j`bcs prhpghs kgrcfths, Vcrvgoàgt`t utgbgz` f`j`bcs kc shfghs fhecrfg`bcs h gjkgrcfths. @quå cjfhjtrèhs b` dgiur` kcb @icjtc @shfg`kh (@]G), fhjt`jkh fhj f`sg 1.=== fhbàhr`khrcs kc cstc tgph. B`s fheujgf`fghjcs fheujgf`fghjcs sc kcacj rc`bgz`r rc`bgz`r ` tr`vçs kc bhs f`j`bcs eàs `kcfu`khs. ]hr t`jth, b` cxp`jsgöj kc bhs f`j`bcs wca pcregtc rc`bgz`r fheujgf`fghjcs kc uj` e`jcr` eufoh eàs cdgfgcjtc. ]hr clcepbh, Vcrvgoàgt`t `prhvcfo` b` èpbg` gepb`jt`fgöj kc bhs se`rtpohjcs h tàbcts d`fgbgt`jkh uj fhjt`fth eufoh eàs kgrcfth fhj sus fbgcjtcs y phsgagbgt`jkh phsgagbgt`jkh b` hpfgöj kc fhjfcrt`r vgsgt`s ` bhs gjeucabcs ` tr`vçs kc uj` sgepbc icstgöj hj-bgjc. Cj fu`jth ` b`s fgjfh d`scs kc f`j`b fhecjt`k`s cj cb f`påtubh `jtcrghr, vcèhs b` `pbgf`fgöj p`r` jucstrh f`sh kc cstukgh<

-

-


0. Gjdhre`fgöj< cst` ceprcs` k` ` fhjhfcr sus scrvgfghs ` tr`vçs kc sus hdgfgj`s kc vcjt` t`jth pcrshj`becjtc fheh ` tr`vçs kc dhbbcths fhj uj rcsuecj kc bhs `ftgvhs fhecrfg`bgz`khs cj b` zhj`. [èagçj o`fc ush kc puabgfgk`k cj kgstgjths kg`rghs y rcvgst`s, kgigt`bcs y cj p`pcb, `så fheh cj kgvcrs`s wca fhrphr`tgv`s, su prhpgh phrt`b wca y cj b`s rckcs shfg`bcs. 1. Cv`bu`fgöj< `yuk`j ` sus fbgcjtcs eckg`jtc cb tr`th pcrshj`b utbgz`jkh uj` èpbg` rck fhecrfg`b y tèagçj eckg`jtc fhjt`fth tcbcdöjgfh p`r` `så phkcr o`fcr bbci`r su prhpucst` kc v`bhr. 6. Fhepr`< fu`jkh sc prhkufc b` fhepr`, çst` sc prhkufc cj b`s hdgfgj`s kc b` rck fhecrfg`b. ;. Cjtrci`< b` pucst` ` kgsphsgfgöj dåsgf` kcb gjeucabc sc sucbc prhkufgr cj cb egseh, bbcvàjkhsc ` fàh uj pcqucðh `fth kc cjtrci` cj cb fu`b sc cxpbgf` `b fbgcjtc b`s phsgabcs kuk`s sharc gjst`b`fghjcs y e`jtcjgegcjth kcb egseh. Cj cb f`sh kc b` vcjt` kc uj scrvgfgh kc `scshrègcjth h `jàbgsgs, cstc sc bbcv` ` fàh eckg`jtc b` cjtrci` `b fbgcjtc kcb gjdhrec fhrrcsphjkgcjtc. 3. ]hstvcjt`< ` tr`vçs kc b` rck fhecrfg`b y, fu`jkh cs jcfcs`rgh, gj sgtu cj cb khegfgbgh/ceprcs` khegfgbgh/ceprcs` kcb fbgcjtc.

ICV[GÖJ GJ[CIQ@B KC GJESCABCV

CJ[GK@KCV DGJ@JFGCQ@V VHFGCK@KCV ]@[QGEHJG@BCV

FSAQGQ [H[@B JCFCVGK@KCV KC ICV[GÖJ @JÀBGVGV W T@BHQ@FGÖJ @ [Q@TÇV KCB FHJHFGEGCJ[H C_]CQ[H

GJTCQVHQCV

QCK F@G_@

IQ@JKCV ]QH]GC[@QGHV

]HQ[@B YCA

DHJKHV F@Q[. FQCKG[H

QCKCV VHFG@BCV

DHJKHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV

@ICJ[CV @VHFG@KHV

]@Q[GFSB@QCV

Dgiur` 3.4. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj bhs f`j`bcs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

;) QCB@FGHJCV FHJ FBGCJ[CV. Cb halctgvh kc b`s rcb`fghjcs fhj bhs fbgcjtcs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t jh cs htrh quc pcregtgr `yuk`rbcs ` frc`r v`bhr ` tr`vçs kc shbufghjcs gjtcir`bcs `btècjtc cspcfg`bgz`k`s. Kc cs` dhre` eucstr`j jh söbh su bgkcr`zih, sgjh tèagçj sàcj quc fhjhfcj cb eclhr ehkh kc `yuk`r ` sus fbgcjtcs. B` ceprcs` sgtü` cb v`bhr kc b`s rcb`fghjcs fhj bhs fbgcjtcs fheh a`sc kcb çxgth> p`r` fhjsciugr csth, bh quc o`fc b` ceprcs` cs gjvcrtgr cj rcb`fghjcs pcrshj`bcs söbgk`s fhj uj` ir`j vgjfub`fgöj `b jcihfgh dgj`jfgcrh kcb iruph. Vcrvgoàgt`t cstàbcfc trcs tgphs kc rcb`fghjcs fb`vcs< •

F`pt`fgöj kc fbgcjtcs.

-6?-


•

Dgkcbgz`fgöj kc Fbgcjtcs.

Cstgeub`fgöj Cstgeub`f göj kc b`s vcjt`s ` tr`vçs kcb jcihfgh dgj`jfgcrh kcs`rrhbb`kh cj b` rck fhecrfg`b. •

]hkcehs hascrv`r quc Vcrvgoàgt`t hdrcfc b`s rcb`fghjcs quc bhs kgdcrcjtcs sciecjths kc ecrf`kh cspcr`j kc b` fhep`ðå`, prgjfgp`becjtc ` tr`vçs kc rcb`fghjcs pcrshj`bcs cxfbusgv`s. Cb fbgcjtc, kc cst` dhre` puckc fheujgf`rsc fhj uj prhdcsghj`b kc Vcrvgoàgt`t, agcj prhpgh h agcj ` tr`vçs kc uj ìcjtc fhbàhr`khr, quc bc `tgcjkc sc dhre` gjkgvgku`b kur`jtc thkh cb prhfcsh kc b` prcst`fgöj kcb scrvgfgh. Cb halctgvh dgj`b cs phkcr cstàbcfcr uj` rcb`fgöj fhecrfg`b kur`jtc uj pcrghkh b`rih kc tgceph. Fhj cstc tgph kc rcb`fghjcs b` ceprcs` sc `sciur` e`jtcjcr ` bhs eclhrcs fbgcjtcs eckg`jtc uj scrvgfgh kgstgjiugkh. Jh söbh cs geprcsfgjkgabc cstàbcfcr uj`s rcb`fghjcs cstàbcs, sg jh tèagçj scr fhjsfgcjtcs kc fhjt`r fhj bhs eclhrcs prhdcsghj`bcs. Cs phr cst` r`zöj quc Vcrvgoàgt`t o` fhjtr`t`kh cj bhs übtgehs `ðhs ` bhs eclhrcs prhdcsghj`bcs prhdcsghj`bcs kcb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh.

ICV[GÖJ GJ[CIQ@B GJESCABCV

F@][@FGÖJ KC

FSAQGQ [H[@B JCFCVGK@KCV KC ICV[GÖJ @JÀBGVGV W T@BHQ@FGÖJ @ [Q@TÇV KCB FHJHFGEGCJ[H C_]CQ[H

DGKCBG\@FGÖJ CV[GESB@Q TCJ[@V @ [Q@TÇV QCK F@G_@

QCK F@G_@ ]HQ[@B YCA QCKCV VHFG@BCV @ICJ[CV @VHFG@KHV

CJ[GK@KCV DGJ@JFGCQ@V VHFGCK@KCV ]@[QGEHJG@BCV GJTCQVHQCV IQ@JKCV ]QH]GC[@QGHV DHJKHV FQCKG[H

F@Q[.

DHJKHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV ]@Q[GFSB@QCV

Dgiur` 3.9. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj b`s rcb`fghjcs fhj fbgcjtcs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

3) DSCJ[C KC GJIQCVHV. Cstc cstukgh kc cstc `spcfth jhs bbcv` ` uj cbcecjth fb`vc cj cb `jàbgsgs kc fu`bqugcr fhep`ðå`. Cb ehtgvh kc çstc cs quc, fu`bqugcr `ftgvgk`k kcac fhjbbcv`r ` b` ceprcs` ` uj` i`j`jfg` jct` quc bc pcregt` e`jtcjcrsc y frcfcr. Vcrvgoàgt`t, cj dujfgöj ` su `ftgvgk`k, o` fhjfbugkh quc b`s e`yhrcs ducjtcs kc gjircshs prhfckcj kc vcjt` kc gjeucabcs, kcb `rrcjkègcjth kc ckgdgfghs y kc uj èpbgh f`tàbhih kc prcst`fgöj kc scrvgfghs. ]hkcehs fheprha`r cj b` sgiugcjtc tàb` fheh b`s båjc`s kc jcihfgh ecjfghj`k`s `jtcrghrecjtc bbcv`rhj bbcv`rhj ` b` fhep`ðå` ` hatcjcr ujhs gjircshs kc e`s kc ;3=.===.=== ;3=.===.=== cj cb clcrfgfgh 1=01.

-

-


1=01

1=00

Tcjt` kc Gjeucabcs

696.;;7.===

34;.?40.===

@rrcjkègcjth Ckgdgfghs

01.377.===

01.976.===

]rcst`fgöj Vcrvgfghs

9=.066.===

09.430

[ht`b ;34.0?0.=== 373.6=3.=== [àb` 3.;. Gjircshs ìrci`khs phr båjc` kc jcihfgh Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg` ` p`rtgr kc b`s FF@@ kc Vcrvgoàgt`t

Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s fhj cst` tàb` hascrvèhs quc bhs e`yhrcs gjircshs shj fb`rècjtc bhs prhvcjgcjtcs kc b` vcjt` kc gjeucabcs, sciugkh kc b` prcst`fgöj kc scrvgfghs y kcb `rrcjkègcjth kc ckgdgfghs. Vgj cea`rih, ùjquc b` vcjt` kc gjeucabcs rcphrtc e`yhrcs gjircshs ` b` fhep`ðå`, cj tçregjhs rcb`tgvhs cb gjfrcecjth quc o` sudrgkh b` prcst`fgöj kc scrvgfghs cs euy jhtàbc. Csths rcsubt`khs eucstr`j b` cxfcbcjfg` kc b` e`rf`, fhjsgkcr`jkh cb cjtrè`kh fhepctgtgvh cj cb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh y b`s prcsghjcs ` b` a`l` kc bhs prcfghs fheh fhjscfucjfg` kc b` frgsgs `ftu`b. Fheh sc o` gjkgf`kh cj bhs pàrr`dhs `jtcrghrcs, Vcrvgoàgt`t ` pcs`r kc su kgvcrsgk`k kc `ftgvgk`kcs, kc khjkc e`yhr acjcdgfgh hatgcjc cs cj cs`s trcs àrc`s. ]crh b` prciujt` quc sc kcac dhreub`r jh cs kc köjkc prhfckcj cshs gjircshs, sgjh eàs agcj föeh bhs fhjsgiucj. Vciüj bhs prhkufths y scrvgfghs quc hdcrt` b` dgre`, cshs gjircshs sc hatgcjcj prgjfgp`becjtc prgjfgp`becjtc kc trcs dhre` kgdcrcjtcs< •

Fhegsghjcs phr b` prcst`fgöj kc scrvgfghs.

•

]rcfgh kc bhs gjdhrecs kc `scshrègcjth. `scshrègcjth.

•

]rcfgh kc vcjt` y `bqugbcr kc gjeucabcs

@ujquc cjfhjtrèhs cjfhjt rèhs trcs dhre`s kgdcrcjtcs kgdc rcjtcs kc fhjsciugr fh jsciugr gjircshs, gjir cshs, bhs quc qu c rcphrt`j e`yhrcs i`j`jfg`s shj bhs kcrgv`khs kcb prcfgh kc bhs gjeucabcs. Ocehs kc tcjcr cj fucjt` quc f`k` ducjtc kc gjircshs tgcjc uj ecf`jgseh kc dgl`fgöj kc prcfgh, quc puckc v`rg`r sciüj cb prhkufth h scrvgfgh kce`jk`kh. B` phbåtgf` kc b` dgre` eucstr` fheh cb ecf`jgseh kc cs` dgl`fgöj shj kcb tgph kgjàegfh, pucsth quc cb prcfgh kcpcjkcrà kcb vhbuecj kc scrvgfgh y kcb ecrf`kh halcth. Gbustr`rcehs bh `jtcrghrecjtc fhecjt`kh eckg`jtc b` Dgiur` 3.?.

-;=-


ICV[GÖJ GJ[CIQ@B KC GJESCABCV FSAQGQ [H[@B JCFCVGK@KCV KC ICV[GÖJ @JÀBGVGV W T@BHQ@FGÖJ @ [Q@TÇV KCB FHJHFGEGCJ[H C_]CQ[H

F@][@FGÖJ DGKCBG\@FGÖJ CV[GESB@Q TCJ[@V @ [Q@TÇV QCK F@G_@

QCK F@G_@ ]HQ[@B YCA QCKCV VHFG@BCV @ICJ[CV @VHFG@KHV


]QCFGH TCJ[@ W @BPSGBCQ GJESCABCV ]QCFGH GJDHQECV @VCVHQ@EGCJ[H FHEGVGHJCV ]QCV[@FGÖJ VCQTGFGHV

Dgiur` 3.?. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj dbulhs kc gjircshs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

4) QCFSQVHV FB@TC. [hkh ehkcbh ehkcbh kc jcihfgh jcfcsgt` rcfurshs p`r` dujfghj`r, fhj cb halctgvh kc frc`r v`bhr p`r` cb fbgcjtc. Vcrvgoàgt`t gjtcir` rcfurshs kc kgdcrcjtc åjkhbc, t`jth prhpghs fheh kc F`gxà`jn. Cs phr cbbh quc b` fhep`ðå` fucjt` fhj rcfurshs fb`vcs t`jth p`r` kcs`rrhbb`r prhpucst`s kc v`bhr, f`j`bcs kc kgstrgaufgöj h rcb`fghjcs fhj bhs fbgcjtcs. Csths rcfurshs puckcj fb`sgdgf`rsc cj b` sgiugcjtc dhre`< Qcfurshs dåsgfhs< Vcrvgoàgt`t Vcrvgoàgt` t trà`l` `ftu`becjtc fhj e`s kc 4.=== pujths kc vcjt` y `tcjfgöj `b fbgcjtc rcp`rtgkhs phr thk` Csp`ð`, phr bh quc cjtrc thkhs bhs rcfurshs quc tgcjcj cj b` `ftu`bgk`k, bhs quc fb`rècjtc e`yhr pcsh tgcjcj shj b`s gjst`b`fghjcs. •

Qcfurshs gjtcbcftu`bcs< cstc tgph kc rcfursh gjt`jigabc fhjtrgauyc gjkukàbcecjtc ` uj gjfrcecjth cj b` f`bgk`k kc b` geìcj kc e`rf` cb fu`b jh cs dàfgb jg gkcjtgdgf`r jg fu`jtgdgf`r, pcrh quc cs kctcregj`jtc ` b` ohr` kc kgstgjiugrsc kc sus fhepctgkhrcs y rcdhrz`r su phsgfgöj kc bgkcr`zih cj cb ecrf`kh. Cjtrc htr`s vcjt`l`s, cst` cbcv`k` f`bgk`k cj b` geìcj kc e`rf` `tr`c, cjtrc htrhs, ` uj sciecjth kc fbgcjtcs fhj cbcv`k` f`p`fgk`k gjvcrshr` quc `phrt`j uj` p`rtc gephrt`jtc kc bhs acjcdgfghs kc b` fhep`ðå`. •

Qcfurshs oue`jhs< sgj bui`r ` kuk`s bhs rcfurshs eàs gephrt`jtcs gephrt`jtcs fhj bhs quc fucjt` Vcrvgoàgt`t, t`b y fheh cbbhs egsehs prhfbè`j, pucsth quc sgj uj pcrshj`b cspcfg`bgz`kh, `btècjtc fu`bgdgf`kh y fheprhectgkh jh scrå` phsgabc bbcv`r ` fàh cb fhjlujth kc `ftgvgk`kcs quc fhjdhre` su jcihfgh. Vg agcj cs fgcrth quc cb jüecrh kc cepbc`khs kgrcfths jh cs euy cbcv`kh (193), fucjt`j fhj e`s kc 1.=== fhbàhr`khrcs sgj hbvgk`r b` èpbg` rck fhecrfg`b kc F`gxà`jn dhre`k` phr egbcs kc hdgfgj`s. Cb f`pgt`b oue`jh fhj cb quc fucjt` b` fhep`ðå` pcrtcjcfc ` kgstgjt`s àrc`s dhre`tgv`s, kcst`f`jkh cxpcrths lurgst`s, cfhjhegst`s y prhdcsghj`bcs fhj kgb`t`k` cxpcrgcjfg` cj cb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh, pukgcjkh `så hdrcfcr uj scrvgfgh cspcfg`bgz`kh y pcrshj`b. [cjcehs quc ecjfghj`r tèagcj quc Vcrvgoàgt`t cstà ` b` fàcz` cj Csp`ð` cj gjvcrsgöj cj dhre`fgöj p`r` sus cepbc`khs. •

-

-


Cfhjöegfhs< Cfhjöegfh s< Vcrvgoàgt`t kcst`f` cspcfg`becjtc cspcfg`be cjtc cj cstc `p`rt`kh phr pcrtcjcfcr ` ujh kc bhs e`yhrcs iruphs dgj`jfgcrhs kcb p`gs, r`zöj phr b` fu`b su bgqugkcz y f`p`fgk`k kc frçkgth v` uj p`sh phr kcb`jtc fhj rcspcfth ` sus fhepctgkhrcs. Cst` kcehstr`fgöj kc eüsfubh dgj`jfgcrh sgj kuk` fhjtrgauyc ` dhrt`bcfcr b` geìcj kc e`rf` shbgk` y dgàbc quc `prcfg`j sus fbgcjtcs. •


DGKCBG\@FGÖJ

FSAQGQ [H[@B JCFCVGK@KCV KC ICV[GÖJ

CV[GESB@Q TCJ[@V @ [Q@TÇV QCK

@JÀBGVGV W T@BHQ@FGÖJ @ [Q@TÇV KCB FHJHFGEGCJ[H C_]CQ[H

DGVGFHV< 4.=== ]T GJ[CBCF[.< E@QF@

F@][@FGÖJ

QCK F@G_@ ]HQ[@B YCA

@ICJ[CV @VHFG@KHV

CFHJ.< I. F@G_@A.

VHFGCK@KCV ]@[QGEHJG@BCV GJTCQVHQCV IQ@JKCV ]QH]GC[@QGHV

QCKCV VHFG@BCV

QQOO< ]CQVHJ@B ESW FS@BGDGF@KH

CJ[GK@KCV DGJ@JFGCQ@V

DHJKHV F@Q[. FQCKG[H DHJKHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV ]@Q[GFSB@QCV


Dgiur` 3.7. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj rcfurshs fb`vcs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

9) @F[GTGK@KCV FB@TCV. Vcrvgoàgt`t kcs`rrhbb` uj` èpbg` v`rgck`k kc `ftgvgk`kcs quc cjibha` cj trcs ir`jkcs àrc`s sharc b`s quc `rtgfub` kgfo`s `ftgvgk`kcs< Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs, Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs y @scshrègcjth. Cb fhjlujth kc cst`s `ftgvgk`kcs shj b`s quc rcphrt`j ` b` fhep`ðå` sus acjcdgfghs. Fheh fhecjtèhs `jtcrghrecjtc, Vcrvgoàgt`t hdrcfc ` sus fbgcjtcs shbufghjcs gjtcir`bcs y `btècjtc cspcfg`bgz`k`s quc puck`j i`r`jtgz`r su s`tgsd`fgöj. Csth gepbgf` phr p`rtc kc b` fhrphr`fgöj b` aüsquck` y shbufgöj kc bhs prhabce`s kc sus fbgcjtcs kc dhre` gjkgvgku`bgz`k`, `k`ptàjkhsc cj thkh ehecjth ` b`s jcfcsgk`kcs pb`jtc`k`s phr bhs egsehs. @ fhjtgju`fgöj kct`bb`rcehs bhs scrvgfghs quc fhephjcj sus trcs ir`jkcs àrc`s kc `ftgvgk`k< Vcrvgfghs Dgj`jfgcrhs •

Icstgöj tcepr`j` kc ehr`.

•

Icstgöj kc pìhs y èhrtgz`fgöj. èhrtgz`fg öj.

•

Jcihfg`fgöj.

•

Qcfupcr`fgöj Qcfupcr`fg öj kc gepì`khs.

•

Fhepr`s.

•

K`fgöj cj pìh.

•

Tcjt` kc frçkgths.

•

Clcfufghjcs ogphtcf`rg`s y lukgfgbg`fgöj. lukgfgbg`fg öj.

•

Fhjvcrsgöj cj `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs. gjehagbg`rghs.

-;1-


Vcrvgfghs Gjehagbg`rghs Gjehagbg`rghs •

T`bhr`fgöj kc `ftgvhs.

•

E`jtcjgegcjth y fhjscrv`fgöj.

•

Kcs`rrhbbh kc sucbh.

•

]rhehfgöj y kcs`rrhbbh kc prhycfths.

•

Tcjt` y icstgöj f`rtcr` p`trgehjg`b.

•

]rcp`r`fgöj kcb `ftgvh p`r` cb ecrf`kh.

•

@bqugbcr y icstgöj.

@scshrègcjth @scshrèg cjth •

T`bhr`fgöj kc `ftgvhs

•

Kgscðh kc f`rtcr`s kc gjvcrsgöj.

•

Fhepr`vcjt` kc `ftgvhs dgj`jfgcrhs c gjehagbg`rghs.

•

@jàbgsgs kc f`rtcr`s ogphtcf`rg`s y kc `ftgvhs gjehagbg`rghs. gjehagbg`rg hs.

•

Cbàhr`fgöj kc cstr`tcig`s kc prcfghs.

•

Cstukghs y `jàbgsgs kc ecrf`kh.

Cj fu`bqugcr f`sh y tcjgcjkh cj fucjt` b` kgjàegf` fèag`jtc kcb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh, csths scrvgfghs sc `ftu`bgz`j y eclhr`j fhjst`jtcecjtc kc e`jcr` quc puck` b` fhep`ðå` puck` sciugr e`jtcjgcjkh su phsgfgöj kc bgkcr`zih cj uj ecrf`kh `btècjtc fhepbclh fheh cs cj cb quc kcs`rrhbb` su `ftgvgk`k.

VCQTGFGHV DGJ@JFGCQHV


DGKCBG\@FGÖJ

@VCVHQ@EGCJ[H



DGVGFHV< 4.=== ]T


VCQTGFGHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV

GJ[CBCF[.< E@QF@

F@][@FGÖJ


@ICJ[CV @VHFG@KHV

CFHJ.< I. F@G_@A.


QCKCV VHFG@BCV





Dgiur` 3.0=. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

-

-


?) @VHFG@FGHJCV FB@TCV. @b halcth kc jucstrh cstukgh, b`s `shfg`fghjcs fb`vcs sc fhephjcj kc `qucbbhs prhvcckhrcs h shfghs quc fhjtrgauycj kc `biuj` dhre` `b jcihfgh. B`s `shfg`fghjcs eàs fheujcs sc rc`bgz`j fhj cb e htgvh kc frc`r `bg`jz`s ducrtcs, p`r` hptgegz`r cb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, utgbgz`r b`s cfhjheå`s kc csf`b`, rckufgr cb rgcsih y b` gjfcrtgkuearc `så fheh fhepr`r rcfurshs y `ftgvgk`kcs. Cj cb f`sh kc Vcrvgoàgt`t, phkcehs cjfhjtr`r bhs sgiugcjtcs tgphs kc `shfg`fghjcs< 0. @bg`jz`s cstr`tçigf`s cjtrc ceprcs`s jh fhepctgkhr`s Vcrå` cb f`sh kc phkcr fhjt`r fhj b` rck fhecrfg`b kc F`gxà`jn fheh pb`t`dhre` kc vcjt` y `tcjfgöj `b fbgcjtc. 1. Fhhpctgfgöj< `shfg`fghjcs cstr`tçigf`s cjtrc ceprcs`s fhepctgkhr`s Cst` `shfg`fgöj vcjkrå` kc b` e`jh kc su `ffghjgst` e`yhrgt`rgh, cb dhjkh []I ([cx`s ]`fgdgf Irhup), cb fuàb gjkcpcjkgcjtcecjtc kc b` gjycfffgöj kc f`pgt`b quc pukgcsc rc`bgz`r, hatgcjc uj` fhegsgöj phr b`s vcjt`s kc b` f`rtcr` kc `ftgvhs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t. Ocehs kc o`fcr rcdcrcjfg` cj cstc pujth cb èpbgh jüecrh kc fhbàhr`khrcs fhj bhs quc fucjt` b` fhep`ðå` quc, sg agcj jh cstàj fcjtr`bgz`khs cj uj` egse` dgre` y shj cj su e`yhrå` prhdcsghj`bcs prhdcsghj`bc s gjkcpcjkgcjtcs h pcqucð`s fhecrfg`bgz`khr`s fhecrfg`b gz`khr`s gjehagbg`rg`s, sg puckcj fhjsgkcràrsc fheh fhepctgkhrcs cj t`jth cj fu`jth su prgjfgp`b `ftgvgk`k cs b` fhecrfg`bgz`fgöj fhecrfg`bgz`fgöj kc `ftgvhs.

CE]QCV@V JH FHE]C[GKHQ@V<


QCK FHECQFG@B F@G_@A@JN

VCQTGFGHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV @VCVHQ@EGCJ[H

CE]QCV@V FHE]C[GKHQ@V< DHJKH ]@FGDGF ([]I)

[C_@V IQHS]

DGVGFHV< 4.=== ]T


DGKCBG\@FGÖJ




F@][@FGÖJ

QCK F@G_@

QCKCV VHFG@BCV



]HQ[@B YCA

GJ[CBCF[.< E@QF@



CFHJ.< I. F@G_@A.


Dgiur` 3.00. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj `shfg`fghjcs fb`vc Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

-;;-


7) CV[QSF[SQ@ KC FHV[C. Fheh sc o` kc suphjcr, cb fhstc kc pucst` cj e`rfo` y dujfghjègcjth kc uj` fhep`ðå` kc cstc tgph cs `strhjöegfh, prgjfgp`becjtc phrquc tr`t`tèhs `ftgvhs fuyh prcfgh ujgt`rgh cs euy supcrghr `b prcfgh kc htrhs `ftgvhs jh gjehagbg`rghs. Cb fhstc quc kcst`f` phr cjfge` kc fu`bqugcr htrh y ` ir`j kgst`jfg` cs prcfgsècjtc cb fhstc kc `klukgf`fgöj kc bhs `ftgvhs kc b` dgre`. @ csths bc sciugrå`j bhs kc e`jtcjgegcjth kc kgfohs `ftgvhs, pcrshj`b, puabgfgk`k c gjst`b`fghjcs. Vcrvgoàgt`t, kcjtrh kc sus phbåtgf`s kc `ftu`fgöj tgcjc fhjtcepb`k` b` gephrt`jfg` kcb fhstc, pcrh tèagcj kcb v`bhr p`r` cb fbgcjtc, csth qugcrc kcfgr quc bhs fhstcs p`r` cbbhs shj gephrt`jtcs rckufgrbhs, pcrh tèagcj sc fcjtr`j cj b` frc`fgöj kc v`bhr. Cs phr cbbh quc phkråèhs kcfgr quc cj cstc f`sh, fheh cj htrhs eufohs f`shs kc ir`jkcs fhep`ðå`s, su kgstrgaufgöj kc fhstcs sc cstruftur`rå` cjtrc b` rckuffgöj kc fhstcs (sciüj fhstcs) y b` frc`fgöj kc v`bhr (sciüj v`bhr). Hascrv`rcehs òhr` b`s f`r`ftcråstgf`s kc bhs fhstcs kc Vcrvgoàgt`t< -Fhstcs dglhs< csths fhstcs sc hrgigj`j prgjfgp`becjtc fheh fhjscfucjfg` kcb pcrshj`b quc fhephjc b` pb`jtgbb` y cb fhstc kc dujfghjègcjth kc sus kgstgjt`s gjst`b`fghjcs. -Fhstcs v`rgàbcs< shj cb prgjfgp`b p`ràectrh kc su fhephsgfgöj kc fhstcs, y` quc tgcjcj uj `bth ir`kh kc cxtcrj`bgz`fgöj cj su rck fhecrfg`b b` fu`b cs rctrgaugk` eckg`jtc uj phrfcjt`lc v`rgàbc kc fhegsghjcs. @kceàs, cb fhstc kc b`s egse`s kcpcjkc kc d`fthrcs t`j v`rgàbcs fheh cb jüecrh, gephrtc y tgphbhiå` kc b`s vcjt`s. O`fgcjkh uj` kgstgjfgöj cj fu`jth `b hrgicj kc bhs fhstcs, cjfhjtrèhs quc csths suricj kc bhs rcfurshs y kc b`s `ftgvgk`kcs fb`vc. Cj rcb`fgöj ` csth, b` `ftgvgk`k quc eàs fhstcs suphjc ` Vcrvgoàgt`t cs b` `ftgvgk`k gjehagbg`rg`, y` quc cs b` `ftgvgk`k fhj e`s vhbuecj kc jcihfggh kc b` dgre`. Cj fu`jth ` bhs rcfurshs, kcst`fèhs bhs kcrgv`khs kcb f`pgt`b oue`jh, cs kcfgr, bhs prhdcsghj`bcs quc o`fcj phsgabc b` `ftgvgk`k Vcrvgoàgt`t

CE]QCV@V JH FHE]C[GKHQ@V<



QCK FHECQFG@B F@G_@A@JN

VCQTGFGHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV

DGKCBG\@FGÖJ

@VCVHQ@EGCJ[H



DGVGFHV< 4.=== ]T


CE]QCV@V FHE]C[GKHQ@V< DHJKH ]@FGDGF ([]I)

[C_@V IQHS]

GJ[CBCF[.< E@QF@ QQOO< ]CQVHJ@B ESW FS@BGDGF@KH

F@][@FGÖJ

CJ[GK@KCV DGJ@JFGCQ@V VHFGCK@KCV ]@[QGEHJG@BCV GJTCQVHQCV IQ@JKCV ]QH]GC[@QGHV DHJKHV FQCKG[H


DHJKHV GJEHAGBG@QGHV

QCKCV VHFG@BCV

]@Q[GFSB@QCV

CFHJ.< I. F@G_@A.

FHV[CV DGLHV< ]CQVHJ@B C GJV[@B@FGHJCV

]QCFGH TCJ[@ W @BPSGBCQ GJESCABCV

FHV[CV T@QG@ABCV< FHEGVGHJCV QCK FHECQFG@B C_[CQJ@

]QCFGH GJDHQECV @VCVHQ@EGCJ[H FHEGVGHJCV ]QCV[@FGÖJ VCQTGFGHV

Dgiur` 3.01. Cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh cj b` cstruftur` kc fhstcs Ducjtc< Cbàhr`fgöj prhpg`

-

-

F@Q[.


Sj` vcz fhjfbugkh cb `jàbgsgs kcb bgcjzh kc ehkcbh kc jcihfgh `pbgf`kh ` b` gjehagbg`rg` a`jf`rg` Vcrvgoàgt`t, y` cstèhs cj kgsphsgfgöj kc bbci`r ` b`s prgecr`s fhjfbusghjcs. fhjfbusghjcs. Cst`s Cst`s fhjfbusghjcs fhjfbusghjcs b`s cxphjkrcehs cxphjkrcehs cj cb sgiugcjtc f`påtubh, fhecjt`jkh y `j`bgz`jkh b`s phsgabcs rcfhecjk`fghjcs.

-;4-


F@]Å[SBH 4 FHJVGKCQ@FGHJCV DGJ@BCV 4.0.

FHJFBSVGHJCV

[r`s cstc cstukgh kcb ehkcbh kcb Bgcjzh, ocehs bhir`kh `bf`jz`r bhs halctgvhs prhpucsths `b gjgfgh kcb egseh, y quc cr`j prgjfgp`becjtc trcs< 0. Cstukgh y `jàbgsgs kc cst` jucv` ocrrègcjt`. 1. @pbgf`fgöj kc cst` ocrrègcjt` sharc uj f`sh rc`b. 6. Gkcjtgdgf`r b`s `phrt`fghjcs eàs rcbcv`jtcs cj b` wca, cj csp`ðhb, sharc cst` ocrrègcjt`. Cj phf`s p`bàr`s, phkcehs `dgre`r quc cst` ecthkhbhiå`, cj kcdgjgtgv`, jhs `yuk` kc e`jcr` fb`r` y scjfgbb` ` gkcjtgdgf`r gkc`s y jcfcsgk`kcs, `så fheh b` e`jcr` eàs cdgf`z kc ujgrbhs kc t`b dhre` quc b` `pbgf`fgöj kc cstc eçthkh jhs bbcvc `b çxgth cj jucstrh jcihfgh. Cs prcfgsècjtc cj b` `pbgf`fgöj kcb eçthkh ` b` rc`bgk`k khjkc cstà cb ‒qugk― kc b` fucstgöj. @ jucstrh lugfgh, fhj cb bgcjzh kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfghs, fheh cj thkh eçthkh, cxgstc uj` p`rtc kcb pb`jh tcörgfh quc jh puckc `pbgf`rsc cj `biujhs f`shs rc`bcs fhjfrcths. ]`r` b` ceprcs` halcth kc cstukgh, Vcrvgoàgt`t, ocehs kc kcfgr quc cb ehkcbh kcb Bgcjzh o` sgkh pcrdcftècjtc `pbgfàbc, fhjt`jkh p`r` cbbh fhj uj` ir`j f`jtgk`k kc gjdhre`fgöj kc b` fhep`ðå` cj su pàigj` fhrphr`tgv` fhrphr`tgv` `så fheh cj b` rck. Fheh fhjscfucjfg` kc thkh cbbh, bbcièhs ` b` fhjfbusgöj kc quc Vcrvgoàgt`t tgcjc uj euy aucj ehkcbh kc jcihfgh, fhj phfhs pujths kçagbcs y quc kcagkh ` cbbh e`jtgcjc uj` phsgfgöj kc bgkcr`zih cj cb scfthr. ]crh o`y quc tcjcr uj `spcfth euy prcscjtc< b` f`suåstgf` t`j p`rtgfub`r quc cstèhs vgvgcjkh cj jucstr` cfhjheå` cj icjcr`b y cj cb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh cj p`rtgfub`r. Csth jhs o`fc bbci`r ` uj` rcdbcxgöj sharc cb duturh kcb ehkcbh kc jcihfgh quc tgcjc Vcrvgoàgt`t y` quc, sg fheh thkhs bhs gjkgf`khrcs p`rcfcj scð`b`r, cb scfthr cstà cepcz`jkh ` rcpujt`r y `kceàs bhs `ftgvhs `klukgf`khs, prgjfgp`b ducjtc kc sthfn kc b` fhep`ðå`, f`k` vcz sc rckufcj e`s, ¸quç hfurrgrà fhj cb ehkcbh quc `ftu`becjtc sc `pbgf`8, ¸scrå` fhjvcjgcjtc e`jtcjcrbh8, h phr cb fhjtr`rgh, ¸scrå` fhjvcjgcjtc fèag`rbh8, ¸y `k`pt`rbh8 Vgj bui`r ` kuk`s, frch quc vhbvcr ` `j`bgz`r cb ehkcbh cj cb f`sh kc cst` fhep`ðå` uj` vcz sc ‒cstàgbgfc― ‒cstàgbgfc― cb scfthr gjehagbg`rgh scrå` euy gbustr`tgvh cj rcb`fgöj ` cstc cstukgh y qugzà scrå` uj` gkc` gjtcrcs`jtc p`r` duturhs trà`lh kc ir`kh. ]rcfgsècjtc cj rcb`fgöj ` jucstrh ir`kh, qucrrå` o`fcr ecjfgöj kcb cjrgqucfgegcjth kc fhjhfgegcjths quc b` rc`bgz`fgöj kc cstc trà`lh o` tcjgkh p`r` eå, y` quc b` e`tcrg` halcth kc cstc trà`lh jh dhre` p`rtc kc jucstrhs cstukghs kc ir`kh, phr bh quc su cstukgh ec o` pcregtgkh hascrv`r kcskc htrh prgse` kgstgjth `b tr`kgfghj`b cb `jàbgsgs y icstgöj kc ehkcbhs kc jcihfgh.

-

-


-;?-


Agabghir`då` F`stgbbh Tgbb`ba`, E.L. (1=06)< ‒Ehkcbh kc Jcihfghs kc uj` Fhjsubthrå` y @scshrå`―, [rà`lh Dgj kc Ir`kh gjçkgth , Sjgvcrsgk`k kc Vcvgbb`. Fb`rn, [.> Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W. (1=01)< ‒[u Ehkcbh kc Jcihfgh", Kcusth, A`rfcbhj`. Kuahsshj![hra`y, E.> Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W. (1==1)< ‒C !ausgjcss ehkcb kcsgij, fb`ssgdgf`tghj, `jk ec`surcecjts―, [oujkcragrk Gjtcrj`tghj`b Ausgjcss Qcvgcw , ;;(0), 3-16. Ihrkglj, L.> Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W. (1==3)< ‒Fhep`rgji twh ausgjcss ehkcb `jtohbhigcs dhr kcsgijgji c-ausgjcss ehkcbs `jk v`buc fhjstcbb`tghjs―, 0?to Abck c Fhjdcrcjfc c Gjtcir`tghj gj @ftghj, Abck (Vbhvcjg`). Oìcb, L.> Vgjicr, E. (0777)< ‒Sjaujkbgji toc fhrphr`tghj―, O`rv`rk Ausgjcss Qcvgcw , 99(1), 066-0;0. Ocke`j, L.> N`bbgji, [. (1==6)< ‒[oc ausgjcss ehkcb fhjfcpt< tochrctgf`b ujkcrpgjjgjis `jk cepgrgf`b gbbustr`tghjs―, Curhpc`j Lhurj`b hd Gjdhre`tghj Vystces, 01 (0), (0), ;7-37. Eò`kcv`j, A. (1===)< ‒Ausgjcss ehkcbs dhr Gjtcrjct-a`sck c-fheecrfc―, E`jìcecjt Qcvgcw , ;1 (;), (;), 33-47.

F`bgdhrjg`

Ehrrgs, E.> Vfogjkcouttc, E.> @bbcj, L. (1==3)< ‒[oc cjtrcprcjcur's ausgjcss ehkcb< thw`rk ` ujgdgck pcrspcftgvc―, Lhurj`b hd Ausgjcss Qcsc`rfo, 3? (4), (4), 914-963. Hstcrw`bkcr, @. (1==;)< ‒[oc ausgjcss ehkcb hjthbhiy< @ prhphsgtghj gj ` kcsgij sfgcjfc `pprh`fo―, [csgs Khfthr`b Jh ]uabgf`k`> Gjstgtut k‗Gjdhre`tgquc ct Hri`jgs`tghj, Sjgvcrsgty hd Bùs`jjc, Cfhbc kcs Oùtcs Ctukcs Fheecrfg`bcs OCF, Bùs`jjc (Vwgtzcrb`jk). Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W. (1==1)< ‒@j c-ausgjcss ehkcb hjthbhiy dhr ehkcbgji c-ausgjcss―, 03to Abck Cbcftrhjgf Fheecrfc Fhjdcrcjfc, Abck (Vbhvcjg`). Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W. (1=01)< Icjcr`fgöj kc Ehkcbhs kc Jcihfgh< uj e`ju`b p`r` vgsghj`rghs, rcvhbufghj`rghs y rck`fthrcs, Kcusth, A`rfcbhj`. Hstcrw`bkcr, @.> ]gijcur, W.> [uffg, F.B. (1==3)< ‒Fb`rgdygji ausgjcss ehkcbs< Hrgigjs, prcscjt, `jk duturc hd toc fhjfcpt―, Fheeujgf`tghjs hd toc @sshfg`tghj dhr Gjdhre`tghj Vystces, 04(0), 0-13. Vcrvgoàgt`t (pàigj` hdgfg`b fhrphr`tgv`), ottp
-

-


Vo`dcr, V.E.> Vegto, O.L.> Bgjkcr, L.F. (1==3)< ‒[oc phwcr hd ausgjcss ehkcbs―, Ausgjcss Ohrgzhjs, ;?(6), 077-1=9.

-3=-

Modelo de negocio de una inmoibliaria bancaria : Servihabitat

Recommend Documents