MODAL PROPOSITIONS PROPO SITIONS AND THE MULTIPLE MULTIPLE TYPES OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS CHU,, KRIST CHU K RISTINA INA Y. Y.
OBJECTIVES `
To state the meaning of Modal Proposition
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To give and exemplify the types of Modal Propositions
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To explain each of the multiple types of Categorical Propositions
INTRODUCTION `
MODALITY OF PROPOSITION `
The degree of certainty with which the predicate is affirmed or denied of the subject
MODAL PROPOSITION `
It does not only affirm or deny the predicate of the subject but also states the manner or mode (modal) in which the predicate is identified with, or denied of, the subject
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It does not simply declare that the predicate belongs to the subject but how the predicate belongs, or does not belong, to the subject
TYPES OF MODAL PROPOSITIONS `
Necessary Modal Proposition ` `
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One which cannot be otherwise (it must be so) It states that the predicate belongs to the subject and must belong to it Expresses a necessity (a relationship between the subject and predicate) Sometimes called APODICTIC or TAUTOLOGOUS or ANALYTIC `
Example
A triangle has three sides. A circle must be round
TYPES OF MODAL PROPOSITIONS `
Contingent Modal Proposition `
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It declares that the predicate actually belongs to the subject, but not necessarily so It expresses a contingent truth i.e., something that is but need not be; it could be, or it could have been otherwise or something different Relationship between the subject and the predicate is uncertain
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Example
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T hese
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T he
boys need not be lazy
bird is flying
TYPES OF MODAL PROPOSITIONS `
Possible Modal Proposition `
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Expresses a possibility (possible identity between the subject and the predicate) Expressed relation is one that can be The predicate is not actually found in the subject , but it might be `
Examples:
T his
sick man can die at any time It is possible that men are living on Mars
TYPES OF MODAL PROPOSITIONS `
Impossible Modal Proposition ` `
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One which cannot be, i.e., it expresses an impossibility The predicate is not actually found in the subject and it can never be found in it The expressed mode of relation between the subject and the predicate is an impossible one `
Examples:
Y ou
cannot fly to the moon A circle cannot be square
MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS `
Are propositions that contain two or more sentences
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Contain several assertions, but this may be more or less obvious
KINDS `
OF MULTIPLE CATEGORIAL PROPOSITIONS
OVERTLY
MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL
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COVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL
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The composition is obvious
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Primarily composed of two or more assertions
The composition is less obvious
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Appearance of single proposition, although it is really multiple
TYPES OF OVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
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Copulative Proposition
One whose several subjects or predicates are joined by and, neither«nor, both«and, not only«but also `
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EXAMPLE: Rizal was shot at the Luneta and Aquino was shot at the airport.
2. Adversative Proposition `
One whose several subjects or predicates are joined by but, even though, even if, although, despite, in spite of, whereas, nevertheless, still, yet ` `
EXAMPLE: Max is a brilliant president, but a crook. Martin is a good student, despite his handicap.
TYPES OF OVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
3. `
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Relative proposition
One which expresses a relationship of time and place between sentences Indicated with expressions as after, during, before `
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Example: After taking up a course in logic, you are supposed to improve your reasoning ability.
4. Causal Proposition `
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One in which two statements are combined in such a way that one is given as the reason (or cause) for the other. Indicated by for, because, in as much as, in so far as, since, for this reason, due to the fact `
EXAMPLE: In as Much as you are interested in logic, you should study the logical principles.
TYPES OF OVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
5. `
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Comparative Proposition
One which expresses a certain degree of comparison and/or relationship as being either less or equal or greater Indicated by less than, greater than, equal to, more than, less than, as much as, as«as, as«so, in proposition to `
EXAMPLE: As you live, so you die.
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Note: this contains
3
Assertions
Your life has a certain nature. Your death has a certain nature. The nature of your death is the same as the nature of your life.
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EXAMPLE: Carmi is as beautiful as Alma.
Carmi is beautiful. Alma is beautiful. Carmi·s beauty is of the same degree as that of Alma.
TYPES OF COVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
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Exclusive Proposition
One which expresses exclusiveness as indicated by alone, only, solely, none but. `
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EXAMPLE: Man alone is rational.
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No other being is rational
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Jose is only an engineer.
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He is nothing else.
These propositions, is simple but really contain 2 Assertions: one affirmative, the other negative.
TYPES OF COVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
2. Exceptive Proposition `
Expresses exception as indicated by except, save, with the exception of `
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This proposition contains two assertions: one negative, the other affirmative
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EXAMPLE: All animals, except man are irrational.
Reduplicative Proposition
Implies the reason or cause for the connection between the subject and predicate. Indicated by as such and as a `
EXAMPLE: Man, as such, is endowed with free will
TYPES OF COVERTLY MULTIPLE CATEGORICAL `
4. Specificative Proposition `
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Implies the time element or condition of the connection between subject and predicate Indicate by such expression as a good boy, as a doctor `
EXAMPLE: Juan, as a student in college, participated in athletics.
