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Project Report TYPES OF CRANES

MUHAMMAD UMAR

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The project report on the topic of cranes and its types contains the following headings:1. Intr Introd oduc ucti tion on of of cra crane ness 2. Histor Historica icall back backgro ground und of cran cranes es 3. Basi Basicc stru struct ctur uree of cra crane ness 4. Diagra Diagramat matic ic expla explanat nation ion of of cranes cranes 5. Mechan Mechanics ics and and worki working ng of of cran cranes es 6. Type ypes of of cra crannes 7. Improv Improveme ements nts in cran cranes es with with time time 8. Indust Industria riall appli applicat cation ionss of cran cranes es 9. Local Local or or domes domestic tic use use of of cran cranes es 10. Advantag Advantages es of cranes cranes 11. Disadvantages Disadvantages and accidents accidents related to cranes 12. Care about about crane craness 13. Future Future horizon horizonss


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Preface Workshop being an advanced and all time progessive area has so much applications that one can hardly imagine.This report regarding the cranes and its types has sufficient material to get an over view of the topic with respect to old present and future ages. During the making of this book the main objectives in my mind were:1. To cover cover the basic basic inform information ation that that how how cranes cranes came came into being, being, got modified and lead to the present form. 2. To prese present nt the the basic basic struc structur turee of cranes cranes.. 3. To show show the working working mechan mechanism ism and and mechan mechanics ics of crane cranes. s. 4. To over over view view the the applic applicati ations ons of of crane cranes. s. 5. To discus discusss about about various various types types of crane cranes. s. 6. To develop develop a better better under understand standing ing of the the topic topic with respec respectt to our subject. The special features of this publications are:1. Up to date datewith inf infor orma mati tion on.. Master your semester Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Useful Not 2. Times Many basic basic structura structurall study with compre comprehens hensive ive details de tails. . useful  Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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3. Starting Starting from from ancien ancientt root moved moved to modern modern cranes. cranes.

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Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge with special thanks the valueable suggestions, guidance, comments, criticism and prase by the following f ollowing people:-

Sir Dr Shahid khalil

Sir Abid

UET , Taxila

UET , Taxila

Chairman Mechanical dept.

Lecturer Mechanical dept.

r Muhammad Awith hmad Scribd Master your Msemester UET , T axila & The New York Times Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

Student Electrical Dept.

My all seniors


an d coUseful lligues. Not useful Cancel anytime.

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Dedication This book is dedicated

“ To my teachers, and to my session fellows”

for their kindness and enhancing my interest to the subject.



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Contents

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Preface

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Introduction

01

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Historical view about cranes

02

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Mechanics and working

07

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Main types of cranes

12

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Fixed cranes

12

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Mobile cranes

28

Master your semester with Scribd  Disadvantages and accidents & The New York Times Maintainance

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Objectives While writing this book the objectives in my mind were:-

1. To cover cover the basic basic inform information ation that that how how cranes cranes came came into being, being, got modified and lead to the present form. 2. To prese present nt the the basic basic struc structur turee of cranes cranes.. 3. To show show the working working mechan mechanism ism and and mechan mechanics ics of crane cranes. s. 4. To over over view the industria industriall usage usage of of cranes. cranes. 5. To over over view view the the local local use use of of cranes cranes in our our life. life. 6. To discus discusss about about various various types types of cranes cranes in detail. detail.

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8. To study study role role of of crane craness in econo economic mic worl world. d.

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Introduction A crane is a lifting machine, generally equipped with a winder winder (also (also called a wire rope drum), wire ropes or chains or chains and sheaves sheaves,, that can be used both to lift lif t and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. equipment .

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Historical view of cranes The first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels treadwheels,, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution. Revolution .

Master your semester with Scribd  Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or  & The New York Times usefulby the  Useful animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills couldbeNot driven Cancel anytime.

Special offer for students:harnessed Only $4.99/month. natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by

steam engines,, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, engines

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The earliest known are:Greco-Roman Trispastos ("Three-pulley-crane"), ("Three-pulley-crane"), the simplest crane type (150 kg load) Greco-Roman Pentaspastos ("Five-pulley-crane"), a medium-sized variant (ca. 450 kg load) The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane. The introduction of the winch and pulley and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favour of using several column drums. Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece of Greece were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis Greek polis than the more labourramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Master your intensive semester with Scribd  Assyria.. Assyria Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title

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pulley attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly

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The simplest Roman crane, the Trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch,, a rope winch rope,, and a block containing three pulleys. Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50 kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys (Pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys (Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The Polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could already lift 3000 kg (3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3000 kg). In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the maximum load even doubled to 6000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to the construction of the Egyptian Pyramids,, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton stone block up Pyramids the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman Polyspastos proved to be 60 times higher (3000 kg per person). However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those handled by the Polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek , for instance, the architrave blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and the corner cornices blocks even over 100 tons, all of them raised to a height of about 19 m. In Rome Rome,, the capital block of Trajan's of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m. It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures: First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike a siege tower , but with the column in the middle of the structure (Mechanica 3.5). Second, a multitude of capstans were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, could be set up in higher numbers and run by more men (and, Master your capstans semester with Scribd  moreover, by draught animals). Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title

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Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. cathedrals . Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders ladders,, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction site and harbors. Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes spokes,, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. wheel . To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123. The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels tr eadwheels shared many structural similarities. Firstly when big sized cranes were there the movement was locked to two dimentional but with time need and progress cranes with three dimentional



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free movements were formed and modified.

Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times of slewing level luffing cranes  Useful  Not useful The development from 1856–1956 Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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The development of floating cranes 1905–1936

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Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times  Useful  Not useful Figure showing the structure of a crane Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central

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where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane ‘grew’ and ‘wandered’ with the building with the result r esult that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, r oof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft. Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.

Mechanics and operation

In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome - were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope attached to the load. Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340. While ashlar blocks were directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed before in containers like pallets pallets,, baskets baskets,, wooden boxes or barrels.. barrels It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes brakes to forestall the load from f rom running backward .This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally Master your prevented semester with Scribd  the wheel from accelerating beyond control. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title

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treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading and unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like see-saws see-saws,, winches and yards yards.. Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical geographical distribution: While gantry cranes which pivoted on a central vertical axle were commonly found at the Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where the windlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof rotating. Interestingly, dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages. Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the axle and rotated together. Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel tr eadwheel harbor cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe. Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes which could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the 14th century.

Mechanical principles

Cranes can mount many different utensils depending on load (left). Cranes can be remote-controlled from the ground, allowing much more precise control, but without the view that a position atop the crane provides (right).

Master your The semester with Scribd stability of a mobile construction crane can Read be Free Foron 30when Days Signjeopardized up to vote this title outriggers sink into soft soil, which can result intheUseful crane  tipping over. & The New York Times Not useful Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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There are two major considerations in the design of cranes. The first is that the

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The lever . A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point called the fulcrum fulcrum.. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the beam. The ratio of the load's weight to the applied force is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called the mechanical advantage. advantage . The pulley The pulley.. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley block. Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block attached to the load. When the free end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the pulley system delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied force multiplied by the number of lengths of cable passing between the two blocks. This number is the mechanical advantage. advantage. The hydraulic cylinder . This can be used directly to lift the load or indirectly to move the jib or beam that carries another lifting device.

Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle of conservation of energy. energy . This means that the energy delivered to the load cannot exceed the energy put into the machine. For example, if a pulley system multiplies the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as the applied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by distance, the output energy is kept roughly equal to the input energy (in practice slightly less, because some energy is lost to friction and other inefficiencies other inefficiencies). ).

Stability

For stability, the sum of all moments about any point such as the base of the crane must equate to zero. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted be lifted (calledwith the "rated load" in the US) is some value less than the load Master your tothat semester Scribd  will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety margin). Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title

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Cancel anytime. US standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a Special offer for students:Under Only $4.99/month. crawler crane is 75% of the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a

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Types of cranes They are commonly used in the construction industry and in the manufacturing of heavy equipment. Cranes for construction are normally temporary structures, either fixed to the ground or mounted on a purpose built vehicle. They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the crane, by a push button pendant control station, or by radio type controls. The crane operator is ultimately responsible for the safety of the crews and the crane .



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The cranes visible in the figure are showing the history as well as the advancement advancement in cranes with time. Although the concept about cranes in ones mind would be as abig machine but the basic type of crane can break the the concept.On the basis of modern crane study and advancement there are two basic types of cranes:1. Fix Fixed Cra Cranes nes 2. Mobi Mobile le or or Mova Movabl blee Cra Crane ness Now we will discuss the two types of cranes in detail:-

Fixed cranes As the name indicates, these cranes would not show show any appreciable movement. Exchanging Exchanging mobility i.e. the ability to move; for the ability to carry greater loads and reach greater heights as compare to any other type of cranes,and it is due to increased stability, these types of cranes are characterised that they (or at least their main structure) does not move during the period of use. However, many can still be assembled and disassembled disassembled and sometimes show a little movement too but again it is not appreciable to a limit that we may say them mobile. Mobile cranes are so much easy to use and move but the importance and use of fixed cranes hasn’t lost its importance and we see them everywhere.The most important by use and stability are:Tower crane 2. Self-erecting crane 3. Telescopic crane 4. Hammerhead crane Master your semester with Scribd 5. Level luffing crane 6. Gantry crane & The New York Times 7. Overhead crane Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. 8. Deck crane 1.


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The tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. Fixed to the ground (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings. The jib (colloquially, the 'boom') and counter-jib are mounted to the turntable, where the slewing bearing and slewing machinery are located. The counter-jib carries a counterweight counterweight,, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load from the trolley. The Hoist motor and transmissions are located on the mechanical deck on the counter-jib, while the trolley motor is located on the jib. The crane operator either sits in a cabin at the top of the tower or controls the crane by radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the operator's cabin is most usually located at the top of the tower attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower. The lifting hook is hook is operated by using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves sheaves..

In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in Master your conjunction semester Scribd with with a signaller (known as a 'rigger' or 'swamper'). They are most  Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title often in radio contact, and always use hand signals. The rigger directs the  & The New York Times  Not schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsibleforUseful the safety of useful the rigging Cancel anytime. Special offer for students:and Onlyloads. $4.99/month.

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Generally a type of tower crane, these cranes, also called self-assembling or "Kangaroo" cranes, lift themselves off the ground using jacks, allowing the next section of the tower to be inserted at ground level or lifted into place by the partially erected crane itself. They can thus be assembled without outside help, or can grow together with the building or structure they are erecting.

With a combination of superior reach, safer operating techniques and quiet operation, selferecting cranes outperform telehandlers. The cranes are used in areas not accessible to a telehandler and reach across an entire jobsite instead of one area, thus enhancing safety. Radio remote control allows operation close to the load to accurately pick and place materials. Users benefit from the cranes ability to work in environmentally sensitive areas due to electric power operation from a genset that is quieter than mobile alternatives.

Telescopic cranes

telescopic cranewith has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one Master your Asemester Scribd  Read Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on titleretracts inside the other. A hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or  the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of Useful the boom. These types of & The New York Times Not useful  Cancel anytime.

booms are often used for short term construction projects, rescue jobs, lifting Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of telescopic

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Note that while telescopic cranes are not automatically mobile cranes, many of them are. These are often truck-mounted. Hammer head cranes

The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever , crane is a fixed- jib fixed- jib crane consisting of a steel-braced tower on which revolves a large, horizontal, double cantilever ; the forward part of this cantilever or jib jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards backwards in order to form f orm a support for the machinery and counterMaster your balancing semester Scribd weight.with In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, thereis Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title provided a so-called "racking" motion, by whichRead the lifting trolley, with the  & The New York Times Useful Not useful  altering the load suspended, can be moved in and out along  the jibCancel without anytime. Special offer for students:level Only $4.99/month. of the load. Such horizontal movement of the load is a marked feature of later crane design. These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes, up to

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The principal engineering firm for giant cantilever cranes in the British Empire was Sir William Arrol & Co Ltd building 14. Of around 60 built across the world few remain; 7 in England and Scotland of about 15 worldwide. The Titan Clydebank is Clydebank is one of the 4 Scottish cranes on the Clydebank and preserved as a tourist attraction.

Level luffing crane

Normally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to have its hook also move up and down as the jib moves (or luffs (or luffs). ). A level luffing crane is a crane of this common design, but with an extra mechanism to keep the hook level when luffing. A level luffing crane is a crane mechanism where the hook remains at the same level whilst luffing luffing;; moving the jib up and down, so as to move the hook inwards and outwards relative to the base.[1] Some types of crane are inherently level luffing: those with a fixed horizontal jib, such as gantry gantry,, hammerhead or the fixed-jib tower cranes commonly used in construction. Usually though, the description is only applied to those with a luffing jib that have some additional mechanism applied to keep the hook level when luffing.



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Level luffing is most important when careful movement of a load near ground level is required, such as in construction or shipbuilding. This partially explains the popularity of fixed horizontal jibs in these fields.

Toplis cable luffing

Stothert & Pitt crane with Toplis gear An early form of level luffing gear was the "Toplis" design, invented by a Stothert & Pitt engineer in 1914.[2][3] This is also a purely mechanical linkage, arranged by the reeving of the hoist cables to the jib over pulleys at the crane's apex above the cab, so that luffing the jib upwards allows more free cable and lowers the hook ttoo compensate. Horse-head jibs

Horse-head jib, showing the level position of the hook Horse-head design The usual mechanism for level luffing in modern cranes is to add an additional "horse head" section to the top of the jib. By careful design of the geometry, this keeps level merely by the linked action of the pivots.[4] Powered level luffing

As cranes and their control systems became more sophisticated, it became to control the level of luffing directly, by winching the hoist cable in Master your possible semester Scribd  and out as needed.with The first of these systems used mechanical clutches Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign up to vote this title  between luffing and hoist drums, giving simplicity and a "near level" result.[5] & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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Later systems have used modern electronic controls and quickly reversible

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Gantry crane

A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a trolley that runs horizontally along rails, usually fitted on a single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame is supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually perpendicular to the trolley travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can move very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards or industrial installations. A special version is the container crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-borne containers at a port. Both overhead travelling cranes and gantry cranes are types of crane of crane which lift objects by a hoist which is fitted in a trolley and can move horizontally on a rail or pair of rails fitted under a beam. An overhead travelling crane, also known as an overhead crane or as a suspended crane, has the ends of the supporting beam resting on wheels running on rails at high level, usually on the parallel side walls of a factory or similar large industrial building, so that the whole crane can move the length of the building while the hoist can be moved to and fro across the width of the building. A gantry crane or portal crane has a similar mechanism supported by uprights, usually with wheels at the foot of the uprights allowing the whole crane to traverse. Some portal cranes may have only a fixed gantry, particularly when they are lifting loads such as railway cargoes that are already easily moved beneath them. Overhead travelling cranes and gantry cranes are particularly suited to lifting very heavy objects and huge gantry cranes have been used for shipbuilding where the crane straddles the ship allowing massive objects like ships' engines to be lifted and moved over the ship. Two famous gantry cranes built in 1974 and 1969 respectively, are Samson and Goliath, which reside in the largest dry dock in the worldwith in Belfast, Belfast , Northern Ireland. Ireland . Each crane has a span of 140 Master your dock in semester Scribd  Free For Days Sign up toof vote this titlemaking metres and can lift loads of up to 840 tonnes to aRead height 70on30 metres,  a combined lifting capacity of over 1,600 tonnes, one of the largest in the & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Cancel anytime. world. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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Container crane

A ship-to-shore rail mounted gantry crane is a specialised version of the gantry crane in which the horizontal gantry rails and their supporting beam are cantilevered out from between frame uprights spaced to suit the length of a standard freight container, so that the beam supporting the rails projects over a quayside and over the width of an adjacent ship allowing the hoist to lift containers from the quay and move out along the rails to place the containers the ship. The uprights wheels which run in tracks allowing the crane Master your onsemester with have Scribd  Free Foron 30 Days to move along the quay to position the containersRead at any onthis thetitle length of Sign up topoint vote  the ship. The first versions of these cranes were designed manufactured by & The New York Times Useful and useful  Not Cancel anytime. Corporation. They were called Portainers and became so popular that Special offer for students:Paceco Only $4.99/month. the term Portainer is commonly used as a generic term to refer to all ship-to-

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Rail Mounted or EOT Gantry Cranes

Electrical Overhead Travelling (EOT) cranes or Gantry Cranes are commonly found in factory applications such as steel yards, paper mills or locomotive repair shops. The EOT gantry crane functions similarly to an overhead bridge crane, but has rails installed on the ground and gantry-style legs to support the crane. Capacities range from 2 to 200 tons. Most are electrically powered and painted safety yellow.

Overhead crane

Also known as a 'suspended crane', this type of crane work very similar to a gantry crane but instead of the whole crane moving, only the hoist / trolley assembly moves in one direction along one or two fixed beams, often mounted along the side walls or on elevated columns in the assembly area of factory factory.. Some of these cranes can lift very heavy loads. An overhead crane is a type of crane of crane where the hook-and-line mechanism runs along a horizontal beam that runs along two widely separated rails. Often it is in a long factory building and runs along rails along the building's two long walls. It is similar to a gantry crane. crane. An overhead crane typically consists of three important parts: 1. The hoist, hoist, providin providingg up/down up/down motion motion to lift items. items. 2. The trolley, trolley, provid providing ing left/righ left/rightt motion for for the hoist hoist and and load. load. 3. The bridge, bridge, provid providing ing back/forw back/forward ard motion motion for trolley, trolley, hoist, hoist, and and load. load. This is permanently installed in a factory, shop, or warehouse to move items moveable by with humans or forklifts. Master your not semester Scribd 



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The most common overhead crane use is in the steel industry. Every step of steel, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, the steel is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials are poured into a furnace by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an overhead crane, the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the fabricator or fabricator or stamper stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The automobile industry uses overhead cranes for handling of raw materials. Smaller workstation cranes handle lighter loads in a work-area, such as CNC mill or saw. Deck crane

Located on the ships and boats, these are used for cargo operations or boat unloading and retrieval where no shore unloading facilities are available. Most are diesel-hydraulic or electric-hydraulic



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each other. This means that at their maximum capacity GLB cranes can operate at full speed using all three movements at the same time. These cranes can be supplied with the tools needed for handling particular cargoes.

Jib crane

A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.



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Jib extension on a scotch derrick

By linking the extension to the main jib (in the example above there is a rigid tie-bar between the top of the pillar and the end of the extension) you can arrange for the load to remain at about the same height as the crane jib is luffed, that is if you lift the main jib the load moves closer to the crane but remains at the same level.

Master your semester with Scribd  Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title This was common on dockside cranes, although Read the example shown below,  & The New York Times useful based  Useful  Not taken from a 1930s book on engineering, is a very large crane, probably Special offer for students:on Only one$4.99/month. at a ship yard rather than a

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quay. These are known as 'horses heads', heads', at

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Bulk-handling crane

Bulk-handling cranes are designed designed from the outset to carry a shell grab or bucket, rather than using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.

A bulk-handling crane is one that, instead of a simple hook that can handle a range of slung loads, has an integral grab for lifting bulk cargoes such as coal, mineral ore etc. Where the grab is a two-piece hinged bucket, it is known as a shell grab or shell bucket. Working the grab requires extra cables from the crane jib, so requires a specialised design of crane throughout, not merely an attachment. Some grabs use 2 cables for lift and control, others use 4. In 1927, Stothert & Pitt of Bath, of Bath, Somerset produced Somerset produced the first specialised bulkhandling crane. This was to unload coal at Barking power station in London.

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Where a cargo is coarser in size than minerals, commonly for scrap metal,

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Kangaroo cranes

Another of Stothert of Stothert & Pitt's Pitt's innovations was the kangaroo crane. Rather than slewing (rotating) the crane to reach the delivery hopper on-shore, a kangaroo crane has its own in-built hopper beneath the jib, that slews with it as the crane rotates. Dumping the grab contents into the hopper now only requires the quicker luffing quicker luffing movement, without needing to slew for each load. The term "kangaroo crane" has also been applied more recently to jumping cranes, cranes , tower cranes used in the construction of skyscrapers that are capable of raising their towers as construction grows upwards.

Loader crane

A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating crane ) is a hydraulically-powered articulated articulated arm fitted to a truck truck or or trailer trailer , and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle. The numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use. One or more of the sections may be telescopic telescopic.. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be able to unload or stow itself without an operator's instruction. The numerous sections can be folded into a small space when the crane isn’t in use.



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Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence modern cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or

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Stacker crane

A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer controlled) warehouses (known as an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an aisle of the warehouse. The fork can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and can be extended into the rack to store and retrieve product.

product can in some cases be as large as an automobile automobile.. Stacker cranes are Master your The semester with Scribd  Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign food up to vote title This often used in the large freezer warehouses of frozen manufacturers.  & The New York Times Useful Not useful  in below  freezing automation avoids requiring forklift drivers to work Special offer for students:temperatures Only $4.99/month. every day.

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Single-mast stacker crane

The single-mast stacker crane MAGITO now offers the familiar top performance of the Mustang for heights of up to 18 m. A new construction concept for the mast head provides for additional stability, which allows the device to optimally bear the high speed and accelerations. The MAGITO can be combined with all standard load handling devices and is thus suitable for all applications between 14 and 18 m. Depth stacker-cranes

Single or double depth stacker-cranes Mono or bi-pallet stacker-cranes Curve stacker-crane (transferring, switching) A complement to traditional storage functions, these technologies are perfectly suited to : - Negative or controlled temperature warehouses, - Bufferstock with rapid turnover, - Supply of order preparation stations integrated in or exterior to storage,



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Mobile Cranes These are the new type of cranes and are movable to a great extent. This movement is of the crane from one place to another as well as the movement of crane basic work tool. The most basic type of crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be either raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders. The main types of mobile or movable cranes are:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Truck-mounted crane Sidelift crane Rough terrain crane All terrain crane Crawler crane Railroad crane Floating crane Aerial crane

Now we will discuss each type in detail:

Truck-mounted crane

Cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck will provide great mobility. Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting. A crane mounted on a truck truck carrier carrier provides the mobility for this type of crane. these cranes able to travel on highways, eliminating the need Master your Generally, semester withareScribd  Read Free For 30 Days Signworking up to vote on this title for special equipment to transport the crane. When on the jobsite,  & The New York Times Useful Not useful outriggers are extended horizontally from the chassis then vertically to level   the crane while Special offer for students:and Onlystabilize $4.99/month.

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stationary and hoisting hoisting.. Many truck cranes have slow-travelling capability (a few miles per hour) while suspending a load.

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Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 US tons to about 1300 US tons. 1930s and 1940s small mobile motor cranes

By the early 1930s motor lorries equipped with petrol engined cranes were in regular use, the railways used them in larger goods yards (often for handling containers), those seen on non-railway work were usually owned by a Master your contractor semester with Scribd  and hired out with its driver as required. There were Read Free Foron 30some Days Sign up to vote this title  apparently purpose built vehicles in which the driver could turn his seat round & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Cancel anytime. to operate the crane but there norm seems to have been a crane unit with Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. operators seat (in the open, cabs came in in the later 1930s but open seats were

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Modern diesel engined cranes, with hydraulic rams to lift and sometimes to extend the jib and an electric or hydraulic motor to wind in the hoisting cable, started to appear in the late 1950s. These use a compressor to provide the hydraulic pressure and because compressors heat up the fluid they use oil rather than water to avoid the risk of steam forming. The example shown below is traced from a photo taken in the 1950s showing such a crane being used to load coke into road lorries. Note there is limited articulation and little use of the hydraulics, the jib is raised and lowered by the two rams behind the cab, and the grab is operated by hydraulics, but the rest is all mechanical linkages. Note the double wheels at the front, single at the rear. Early mobile hydraulic crane

The application of hydraulics to produce more complex articulated and extending jibs had to wait for general engineering to catch up and produce accurate partsScribd and effective seals but by the 1980s most rail  Master your sufficiently semester with Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title mounted cranes were of this general type. 


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Note that by the mid 1930s cranes were by law clearly marked with their safe

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two parallel raised rails (technically 'travelling gantry cranes'). Larger railway yards often had a gantry crane, some were fixed but most I believe were the travelling type (often called a Goiliath crane by railwaymen). Kibri do a rather nice vintage gantry crane (B-7452), this has a fixed base and a covered gantry with railed walk ways and can span two tracks. Vollmer offer a modern tubular metal fixed gantry crane (7901), which would look well on any layout set after the 1960s, and as mentioned elsewhere they also offer the only really convincing ISO container handling crane (7905). The British firm Knightwing offer a neat cast white metal small fixed gantry crane well suited to industrial use. Two types which the modeller might attempt are the very small gantry or overhead conveyor conveyor and the very large travelling gantry crane suitable for a heavy engineering factory or larger railway goods yard. The sketch below shows the most basic form, a simple I section rail with a carriage running on the bottom web that might be used in an engineering works to lift heavy items on and off railway wagons (technically this is an 'overhead conveyor' rather than a crane). At a works the rail could extend into a building through a doorway (the doors being cut away to allow this) so items could be transferred to and from inside the building and the railway wagons. Note this requires r equires two doors (usually sliding rather than hinged), one either side of the top rail. r ail.

Sidelift crane

A sidelifter crane is a road-going truck truck or or semi-trailer semi-trailer , able to hoist and ISO standard containers containers.. Container lift is done with parallel craneMaster your transport semester with Scribd  like hoists, which can lift a container from the ground or athis railway Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign up to from vote title  vehicle.Times & The New York Useful Not useful   Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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The is the most advanced form and this family includes the state of the art of Ferrari technology: Piston pumps and load sensing distributor Proportional levers or multifunctional joystick Full CAN BUS integrated management Lifting capacity under spreader up to 6 high 8'6'' FERRARI EC 08 Outstanding forklift truck for empty container handling providing stability and performances at top market level. capacity under spreader up to 9 tons, stacking up to 8 high + 1 Master your Lifting semester with Scribd  Foron 30this Days Sign to vote title Telescopic side spreader 20' 40' single or doubleRead lift upFree  & The New York Times Useful Not useful   EC 08 offers its best performances in : Cancel anytime. Special offer for students:- Only $4.99/month. narrow terminals - end on stacking

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Rough terrain crane

A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and "rough terrain" applications. Outriggers are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting. These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane, similar to a crawler crane. In a rough terrain crane, the engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper, as with crawler crane.



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All terrain crane

A mobile crane with the necessary equipment to travel at speed on public roads, and on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering. AT‘s combine the roadability of Truck-mounted Cranes and the manoeuvrability of Rough Terrain Cranes. AT’s have 2-9 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to 1200 metric tons. tons.

All Terrain Crane adopts 4-section box type powered telescoping, with allround hexagonal boom profile, made of high-tensile structural steel, with longitudinal reinforcement for improving partial stability of boom lower plate, better lateral rigidity for boom. 5 sheaves at boom head, the 2nd, 3rd sections and the top one synchronously telescope, telescoping system contains doubleaction cylinder and wire ropes, and with holding valve fitted in the cylinder. 2axle chassis with environment engine, all axle drive, all wheel steering and crab walk possible, equipped with advanced hydro-pneumatic suspension and tires, suitable for variable complicated ground conditions. The vehicle Master your off-road semester with Scribd  can travel on various rough road, operate 360Â°full and also on midRead Free For 30 Days Sign circle, up to vote on this title  & The New York Times Useful  Not useful extended outrigger or on tires, and travel with a suspended load. Cancel anytime. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

For example maximum capacity on outriggers 90 t – Base Base machine is as as

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Engine

IVECO engine F3A turbo-intercooler EUROMOT 2, 6 cylinder in line, water cooled. Max power 287 kW (385 HP) at 2000 rpm. Max torque 1700 Nm at 1000 rpm. Fuel tank capacity 450 liters. Suspension

All axles have hydro-pneumatic suspensions. Longitudinal Longitudinal and transverse level control and locking to allow motion from the upper structure cab. Automatic leveling system for road travel. Cylinder stroke 220 mm. Electrical system

24 V EEC compliant lighting system. N. 1 working light fixed to upper structure cabin. Superstructure Continuous 360° rotation. Hoist gear

Grooved drum, epicyclical reducer and automatic disk brakes. Axial piston engine and descent control. Rotation indicator. Anti-slewing rope, length l ength 230 m diameter 19 mm. Hoisting capacity at the 4th level, 6000 daN. Boom elevation Through 1 hydraulic double-effect cylinder with safety valve. Boom angle from –1° to 82°

Master your Slewing semester with Scribd  Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title  Planetary gear & external sprocket, epicyclical reducer and automatic multiple & The New York Times Useful Not useful   disk brakes. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

Hydraulic system

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Crawler crane

A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that provide stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 US tons to 3500 US tons. Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their use. Their main advantage is that they can move around on site and perform each lift with little set-up, since the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a load. The main disadvantage is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from one job site to another without significant expense. Typically Typically a large crawler must be disassembled and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next location.



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Telescopic jib for up to 100ft (30.5m) tip height. 173 hp (129kW) diesel engine standard. Low ground bearing pressure of 5.6 psi (0.39 kg/cm2) or less with counterweight removed. Mantis-engineered auger options with optional hydraulic tool circuit. Two-speed independent independent hydrostatic track drive to 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). 8ft (2.44m) minimum travel width (with 18ins (457mm) tracks). Extraordinary 7ft 11ns (2.41m) minimum clearance height. Choice of track shoe widths, apex swamp pads or bolt-on rubber track pads to suit any ground surface. 51-54,000lb (23-24.5-tonne) shipping weight fully equipped – hauls as a single, ready-to-work load. Steep 70% gradeability thanks to low centre of gravity. Hydraulic on-the-fly track frame retraction r etraction and extension. 12,000lb (5.4-tonne) planetary planetary main winch with full load single line speeds to 222 fpm (67.7 mpm). Optional Mantis WP-750 Heavy Duty Work Platform for 82ft (25m) working height.

Railroad crane

A railroad crane has flanged wheels for use on railroads. The simplest form is a crane mounted on a railroad car . More capable devices are purpose-built. Different types of crane are used for maintenance work , recovery operations and freight loading in goods yards. A railroad crane, (crane car or wrecker (US) or breakdown crane (UK)) is a type of crane of crane used on a railroad for one of three primary uses: freight handling in goods yards, permanent way (PW) maintenance, maintenance, and accident recovery work. Although the design differs to the type of work, the basic configuration is similar in all cases: a Master your according semester with Scribd  rotating crane body is mounted on a sturdy chassis flanged Read Free Foron 30this Days Signfitted up to with vote titlewheels. The body supports the jib the jib (UK) (boom (US)) and provides allNot theuseful lifti ng and lifting & The New York Times Useful   operating mechanisms; on larger cranes, an operator's Cancel cabinanytime. is usually Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. provided. The chassis is fitted with buffing and coupling gear to allow the

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Railroad cranes are usually designed specifically for one of three purposes: Goods yard cranes

Usually the smallest of the railroad cranes, goods yard cranes were used in the larger goods yards to provide lifting capability in areas away from the groundmounted goods cranes normally provided in such yards. They were often small enough to be operated by hand, and were not normally self-propelled, instead requiring the use of a shunting engine to move them position. Once cheap road-going mobile cranes were available, these Master your into semester with Scribd  superseded the rail-mounted variety due to theirRead greater and Free Foron 30this Days Sign up toflexibility vote title  mobility. & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

Maintenance cranes

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Construction

A railroad crane generally resembles a conventional fixed-location crane except that the platform the crane sits on is a heavy-duty reinforced flat car. Directly underneath the center of gravity for the crane is a pivot point that allows the crane to swivel around 360°; in this way the crane can locate its boom over the worksite no matter what its location is along the track. The trucks on the car under the crane will often include traction motors so that the crane is able to move itself along the track, and possibly tow additional cars. Larger cranes may be provided with outriggers to provide additional stability when lifting. Sleepers are often carried on the match car to car to put under the outriggers to spread the weight applied to the trackbed. Breakdown cranes (sometimes called wrecking cranes or 'big hooks) were necessary to every railroad to recover derailed rolling stock and engines; while also assisting with bridge building and yard construction. Floating crane

Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port and port construction, but they are also used for f or occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on a pontoon,, others are specialized crane barges pontoon crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tons and have been used to transport tr ansport entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships ships.. Crane vessels are often used in offshore construction. construction . The largest revolving cranes can be found on SSCV Thialf , which has two cranes with a capacity of 7,100 metric tons each.The floating cranes can be used in carrying out highharbour with projects,Scribd as well as for loading-unloading, transhipping Master your standard semester assignments and transportation of heavy loads. Floating made by  Read Free Foron 30 Days Sign up tocranes vote this title  Gottwald are the ideal choice for cargo handlingonUseful waterways with few quays & The New York Times Not useful  Cancel anytime. or none at all or if capacities have been exhausted exhausted: : Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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in coastal waters on the open sea

Proven Mobile Harbour Crane Technology on the Water

Gottwald Floating Cranes combine Mobile Harbour Crane technology with a barge and can be designed as: •

•

Harbour Pontoon Cranes: the crane is on a pedestal mounted on an individually designed barge. Portal Harbour Cranes mounted on a barge: with this special type of crane, the barges have rails upon which the HSK can be travelled thanks to its rail-mounted portal. This enables the crane to service several holds without warping the barge.

The numerous variants are developed to meet the requirements of the specific fields of application.



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Aerial crane

Bell 47 helicopters were the first, lightweight aerial cranes to be used in the early 1950s. Unfortunately, due to the helicopter's limited power, it was never capable of carrying more than just a few hundred pounds of cargo. In the 1960s, the Sikorsky S-58 replaced the Bell 47 because of its larger power margin. Even today, S-58s can be found carrying medium-size loads. The 1960s also brought the Bell 211 HueyTug, HueyTug , a specially produced commercial version of the UH-1C for lifting medium loads, and even the popular Bell popular Bell 206 was used for light loads. But there continued to be a demand for aircraft able to lift even larger loads. Aerial crane or 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach r each by conventional conventional cranes. Helicopter cranes are most commonly used to lift units/loads onto shopping centers and highrises. They can lift anything within their lifting capacity, (cars, boats, swimming pools, etc.). They also perform disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge buckets of water to extinguish fires. Some aerial cranes, mostly concepts, have also used lighter-than air aircraft, such as airships airships..



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mountain, far from the nearest road. Helicopters were first used as aerial cranes in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1960s that the popularity of the use of skycranes in the construction and other industries began to catch on. The most consistent use of helicopters as aerial cranes is in the logging industry to lift large trees out of rugged terrain where vehicles aren't able to reach, or where environmental concerns prohibit the buildings of roads.These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load.



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Disadvantages and accidents

Overload preventers

The main principles concerned are: 1. Overload preventers with strain gauges or load cells. 2. Overload preventers with load measuring pins. Overload preventers with strain gauges

The strain gauges or load cells can be built-in directly behind a deadend of a hoisting wire rope or in a yoke which is carrying wire rope sheaves, or underneath a gear-box. Usually the crane driver can check the approximate weight of the carried load on a display in his cabin. Overload preventers with load measuring pins

High quality stainless steel load pins contain strain gauges which are mounted in a particular way which give a load proportional signal. The load measuring pins can be built-in in a wire rope sheave or in the pin of a hydraulic cylinder. Load monitoring can also be done in the crane drivers cabin etc. Anti-collision systems

Some anti-collision systems work using the principles of: – sonar; – radar; – low frequency near-field induction. Miscellaneous 287 Sonar

Although the principle is very good, there is the danger with this system a strong windwith can blow the sonar waves away. Master your that semester Scribd


Radar


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antenna on the adjacent crane. With this system it is possible to install three distance steps between the cranes, which should be respected. For example: – at 30 m distance an audible signal is given; – at 20 m distance the crane speed is decreased; decreased; – at 5 m distance the final stop signal is given.

Maintenance General

With a well made piece of equipment, maintenance becomes a major factor to keep this machinery in good condition. An organization with reliable maintenance engineers should be formed to do this important job. Discipline is needed to carry out regular inspections at the right and with thewith necessary care and attention. Master your time semester Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title For rolling equipment like straddle carriers and AGVs (Automated GuidedTimes Vehicles), a well equipped workshop will the best to & The New York Useful Not useful  be  place Cancel anytime. all important maintenance jobs. Special offer for students:concentrate Only $4.99/month. Moveable platforms which can surround the taller equipment such

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require specialist skills. The training of a suitable team of operatives is 310 Cranes – Design, Practice, and Maintenance expensive and time consuming, but absolutely necessary. Inspection and maintenance of the hydraulic equipment similarly demands specialist knowledge and a sound understanding of the systems which are in use. Mechanical engineers must inspect the wire ropes and wire rope systems, hoist-, travel-, luff- and slew mechanisms, brakes, gearboxes, and drums. Steel structures also require checking for fatigue cracking and other faults. Bolts should be checked regularly for signs of loosening, corrosion, cracking or other damage. Greasing and lubrication are an important part of this whole process because while this essential procedure is being undertaken, the engineers can carry out visual, mechanical and other testing at the same time. Greasing and lubrication need to be thorough and not skimped on even though it is both costly and messy. It is one of the most important ways in which the useful life of equipment can be extended and the downtime through repair and breakdown reduced. Railtracks should be inspected from time to time, especially those tracks which are laid on sleepers and ballast beds. – Allowable deviation of the span if span⁄15 m, G3mm if span.15 m, Gto 10mm increasing – Allowable deviation of one rail from the nominal straight line in the horizontal plane max 1:1000 – Allowable deviation of one rail from the nominal straight line in local 1:1000; over the full the vertical plane length of the track 1:5000 

CAUTION: During crane operations, do not enter a crane cab without the

knowledge and expressed consent of the operator.

Master your Conduct semester with Scribd  of Operators Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title  & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Mobile crane operations can be complex and subject to hazards beyond those Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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experienced with fixed equipment. Mobile crane operators require applicable

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Before leaving the crane unattended, perform the following tasks: • • • • • •

land any load, bucket, lifting magnet, or other device disengage the master clutch set travel, swing, boom brakes, and other locking devices put controls in the off or neutral position secure the crane against accidental travel stop the engine.

An exception to stopping the engine may exist when crane operation is frequently interrupted during a shift and the operator must leave the crane. Under these circumstances, the engine may remain running and the following conditions, including the previous bulleted items above, shall apply: • •

crane is situated where unauthorized entry of the crane can be observed crane is located within an area protected from unauthorized entry.

When a local weather storm warning exists, follow the recommendations of the manufacturer for securing the crane. If there is a warning sign on the switch or engine starting controls, do not close the switch or start the engine until the warning sign has been removed by the person who placed it or an appointed person. Before starting the crane, see that all controls are in the off or neutral position and that all personnel are in the clear. If power fails during operations: • •

set all brakes and locking devices move all clutches or power controls to the neutral position if practical, land the suspended load under brake control.

Master your semester with Scribd  Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title  Be familiar with the equipment and its proper care. If adjustments or repairs & The New York Times Useful Not useful   are necessary, promptly report this to the appointed person and notify the next •

Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

operator.

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Operating Practices Swing Radius–Pinch Point Clearance When the crane is in operation, maintain a minimum clearance of 30 inches (76 centimeters) between the swing radius of the crane superstructure or counterweights and any stationary object. When this clearance cannot be maintained, isolate pinch point hazards with barricades or safeguards. Where possible, flag or barricade the swing radius. Handling the Load Load no crane beyond the specifications of the load rating chart, except for test purposes. CAUTION: Total load always includes the lifted item and the

rigging. Additionally, the crane hook, block, and load line may also be considered part of the load. Attachments to the boom such as a jib or auxiliary whip lines affect crane stability and may be considered part of the load. Consult the manufacturer’s operating manual for direction. When the precise load weight is not known, the person responsible for the lift shall ascertain that the weight does not exceed the crane rating at the radius at which the load is to be lifted.

CAUTION: If a load of

unknown weight is potentially near the crane’s capacity, a load-indicating device should be used. If a load must "break-loose" before lifting, or while being handled, or if it may meet an obstruction, a loadindicating device should be used. If a lift is potentially limited by structural competence of the crane, rather than stability, the load shall be determined within plus or minus 10% before it is Master your by semester with Scribd  lifted. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title  & The New York Times Useful Not useful   Use regular lay wire rope for crane load lines with an operating design factor

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Never wrap the hoist rope around the load. Attach the load to the hook by means of slings or other devices of sufficient capacity. If the crane is not equipped with automatic drum and boom braking systems and the load is to remain suspended for any considerable length of time, set the drum and boom brakes to hold the load.

Holding the Load

Do not leave the controls while the load is suspended. As an exception to the direction above, when a load is to be held suspended for a period exceeding normal lifting operations, the operator may leave the controls provided: •

•

The supervisor and the operator establish requirements for restraining the boom hoist, telescoping, load, swing, and outrigger functions. Barricades, or whatever other precautions may be necessary, are taken.

No person should be permitted to stand or pass under a suspended load.

Moving the Load CAUTION: Ground- and Bearing-Pressure Bearing-Pressure Considerations. It is important

to ensure that no underground installations exist that could be compromised, such as electrical vaults, conduit banks, tanks, and piping. When crane load foundations and bearing pressure are a concern to crane stability and installation integrity, site utility layout, crane manufacturer’s Master your underground semester with Scribd ground-loading information, crane configuration,Read andupFree load and travel path For 30 Days Sign to vote on this title  information shall be evaluated and analyzed by  a qualified person. The & The New York Times Useful  Not useful Cancel anytime. qualified person shall determine if ground scans, soil stability tests, and Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. structural analysis of underground structures is necessary. If analysis is

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hoist rope is not kinked multiple-part lines are not twisted around each other hook is over the load in such a manner as to minimize swinging if there is a slack rope condition, the rope is seated on the drum and in the sheaves as the slack is removed wind speed and other weather conditions shall be considered. Do not attempt lifts if weather conditions are adverse to safe load-handling operations. load line is plumb so the cranes will not drag the load sideways.

During Lifting Operations.

During lifting operations, care shall be taken to

ensure: • •

no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load. load, boom, or other parts of the machine do not contact any obstructions or enter the Danger Zone around electrical transmission lines (see Operating Cranes Near Energized Transmitters or Electric Power Lines) Lines ) or a transmitter tower (see Operating Near a Transmitter Tower ). ).

CAUTION: When landing loads on blocking, the loads must be set on

adequate blocking to prevent damage to the slings and the loads must be safely landed and properly blocked to avoid unexpected roll over or tipping before being unhooked and unslung. Side Loading. Side loading of booms shall be limited to freely suspended

loads. Do not drag loads sideways. Avoid Loads Over People.

The operator should avoid carrying loads over

people. Wheel-Mounted Cranes - Lifting Over Front. On wheel-mounted cranes, Master your do semester Scribd  not lift over thewith front f ront area, except as specifiedRead by up the Free Foron 30this Days Sign tomanufacturer. vote title  & The New York Times Useful Not useful   CAUTION: Working on or under a suspended load is prohibited, except when Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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the load can be supported by blocking or cribbing, can be securely braced, or

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Outriggers. Anytime the load or radius requires the use of outriggers, fully

extend or deploy them per the load rating chart specifications. Outriggers are set to remove the machine weight from wheels. When outrigger floats are used, they shall be attached to the outriggers. Blocking under outrigger floats, shall meet the following f ollowing conditions: • •

•

Have sufficient strength to prevent crushing, bending, or shear failure. Be of adequate size and thickness to completely support the float, transmit the load to the supporting surface, and prevent shifting, toppling, or excessive settlement under load. Use blocking only under the bearing surface of the outrigger.

Minimum Two Wraps on Drums. Neither the load nor the boom shall be

lowered below the point where less than two full wraps of rope remain on the respective drums. Lifts with Two or More Cranes. When two or more cranes are used to lift

a

load, a designated person shall direct the lifting operation. That person analyzes the operation and instructs involved personnel in the proper crane positioning, rigging, and the movements that will be accomplished. Decisions, such as the necessity to reduce crane ratings, load position, boom location, ground support, and speed of movement shall be made. A pre-lift meeting shall be held by the designated person with the crane operators and other involved personnel in attendance. The plan/procedure shall be reviewed and questions shall be resolved. r esolved.

Moving Cranes From One Job Site to Another (Transit). Prepare the crane

for transit in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. (See Lattice Boom Dismantling/Assembly concerning lattice boom dismantling/assembly.) dismantling/assembly.) The following additional precautions shall be exercised while the crane is in Master your transit semester  from job towith job: Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title

& The New York Times  Useful  Not useful Carry the boom in line with the direction of motion. •

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Secure the superstructure against rotation (or place the boom in a boom

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procedure with any assurance of safety. Thus, while traveling with a load, a designated person, in coordination with the crane operator, must evaluate prevailing conditions and determine applicable safety precautions. Before a crane travels with a load, determine that the manufacturer does not prohibit this practice. If the manufacturer has approved traveling with a load, a designated person shall be responsible for the operations. Decisions such as the necessity to reduce crane ratings, load position, boom location, ground support, travel route, speed of movement, and outrigger position shall be in accordance with that person’s determination and the manufacturer’s instructions. No person shall ride on the machine during "pick-and-carry" operations. Unless allowed by the manufacturer’s operating instructions or written approval from the manufacturer, do not place the load on any part of the crane. Check the specified tire pressure and travel with the boom in line with the direction of travel. Avoid sudden starts and stops. Use tag or restraint lines as necessary to control swinging of the load. CAUTION: The travel path should be smooth, firm, and level. If

soil stability is questionable, soil tests may be necessary to determine stability. Where potential underground hazards exist (such as electrical vaults, conduit banks, tanks, and piping), they must be evaluated and action must be taken to make sure mobile crane operations can be accomplished accomplished safely. A crane with or without a load must not travel with the boom so high that it may bounce back over the cab. During "pick-and-carry" operations, exercise extra caution to avoid electrical hazards from working near energized transmitters or power lines (see Operating Cranes Near Energized Transmitters or Electric Power Lines ). During "pick-and-carry" operations, always use a minimum of two signal to assist the crane operator; one signal person will serve as the flagger Master your persons semester withforScribd  with key responsibility watching the load andRead signaling ason30 necessary Free For Days Sign up to vote this title to  controlTimes load movement. The second signal person will have the key & The New York Useful Not useful   Cancel anytime. responsibility to watch for and signal as necessary to avoid hazards involving Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. the crane's movement. Typical obstructions and hang-ups include power lines

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. Rotational Speed. When the crane is

rotated, avoid sudden starts and stops. Limit the rotational speed such that the load does not swing out beyond the radius at which it can be controlled. Use tag or restraint lines as necessary to control the load. When a crane is to be operated with the boom at a fixed angle, the boom-hoist pawl or other positive holding device shall be engaged. Boom at Fixed Angle.

A winch head shall not be used without the knowledge of Winch Heads. Master your Use semester with Scribd  Read Foron 30 Days of the operator. While a winch head is being used, theupFree operator shall be within Sign to vote this title  convenient reach of the power unit control lever. Useful  Not useful & The New York Times Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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Riding Hook or Load–Not Permitted. Personnel are not permitted to ride the

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other than that specified by the crane manufacturer is dangerous and not allowed. Personnel .) Contact the PNWD Hoisting Personnel Lifting. (See Lifting of Personnel.) and Rigging subject matter expert. Operating Cranes Near Energized Transmitters or Electric Power Lines.

It is recognized that operating mobile cranes where they can become electrified from electric power lines and transmitter towers is an extremely hazardous practice. practice. It is advisable to perform the work so there is no possibility of the crane, load line, or load becoming a conductive path. Note: A sign warning of electrocution hazards is required on cranes, see

Signs.. Signs Before initiating work near a transmitter tower (e.g., radio, microwave) where an electrical charge can be induced in the equipment or materials being handled, the transmitter shall be de-energized or tests shall be made to determine if electrical charge is induced on the crane. If an electrical charge is induced and the transmitter cannot be de-energized, the following shall be done: Operating Near a Transmitter Tower.

•

•

•

The equipment shall be provided with an electrical ground directly to the upper rotating structure supporting the boom. Ground jumper cables shall be attached to the materials that are being handled. Combustible and flammable materials shall be removed from the immediate area before operations.

1). Any overhead wire Near Electric Power Lines (See Figure 1). Master your Operating semester with Scribd  shall be considered to be an energized line unlessRead andupFree until theon30 owner For Days Sign to vote this titleof the  line or Times the electrical utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line. & The New York Useful Not useful   Do not rely on the coverings of wires for f or protection. Crane activities shall be Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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conducted so that no part of the crane, load line or load becomes a conductive

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Power lines energized, crane within prohibited zone as in paragraph Crane Operations Within the Prohibited Zone and the Power Lines are Energized. Crane in transit, no boom and load lowered as in Crane in Transit With No Boom and Load Lowered.

A minimum of 48 hours before commencement commencement of operations near electric power lines, notify the electrical utility for an onsite meeting to establish conditions to safely complete the operations. Prior to the beginning the work activity, notify electrical utilities in person or by phone, the day the work activity will take place to re-establish the location, equipment and working conditions. Required Notification Before Work.

Crane Operation Near De-energized and Grounded Electric Power Lines.

This describes the preferred condition under which the operation can be performed safely. The hazard of injury or death due to electrocution has been removed. The following steps shall be taken to ensure that de-energization of the power lines has occurred: •

•

The power company or owner of the power lines shall de-energize the lines. The lines shall be visibly grounded to avoid electrical feedback and appropriately marked at the job-site location.

Figure 1. Operating Cranes Near Electrical Power Lines Not Within a Boom Length of Prohibited Zone. (Crane does not have the capacity to boom down, swing or extend into the prohibited zone.)



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A qualified representative of the owner of the lines or a designated representative of the electrical utility shall be on site to verify that the steps above have been completed and that the lines l ines are not energized. If cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or other proximity warning devices are used on cranes, such devices shall not be used as a substitute for requirements of Operating of Operating Cranes Near Energized Transmitters or Electric Power Lines. Lines . If such devices are used, due to the lethal nature of electrical hazards and to lessen the potential of false security, the crane operator, crew, and load handling personnel shall receive instructions and have an understanding of: the electrical hazard involved operating conditions for the devices limitations of such devices testing requirements prescribed by the device manufacturer. Master your semester with Scribd • • • •



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Conclusion

Recommended Daily, when used:

Check the control mechanisms for maladjustment that may interfere with proper operation. Check safety devices and operator aids for proper operation (see Operator Aids). Aids). Inspect hydraulic hoses. Hoses that flex in normal operation of crane functions shall be visually inspected. Examine crane hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks, and wear. Examine the hydraulic system for proper oil level. Visually inspect running ropes. A visual inspection shall consist of observation of the rope that can reasonably be expected to be in use during the day's operations. These visual observations should be concerned with discovering gross damage, such as the following, which may be an immediate hazard: rope distortion such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand. displacement, or core protrusion (loss of rope diameter in a short rope length or unevenness of outer strands should provide evidence evidence that the rope or ropes must be replaced). general corrosion. broken or cut strands. number and distribution of visible broken wires (see Wire Rope,, for further guidance). Rope Ensure inspections (wire rope and crane) are current via inspection sticker, other documentation or verbal confirmation from equipment custodian.with Scribd Master your semester  •

•

•

•

• •

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" _ Make sure everyone is away from the load before hoisting. " _ Sound a bell, siren or other warning device and start to hoist slowly. " _ Ensure nothing links or catches on the load while raising it or travelling. " _ Ensure that nothing obstructs the movement of a load. " _ Keep the load under control when lowering a load. If the braking system stops working, the load can usually be lowered by reversing the hoist controller to the first or second point.

Before leaving the crane:

" _ Remove the load hanging on crane hooks. " _ Raise all hooks to a mid position. " _ Spot the crane at a designated location. " _ Place all controls in the OFF position. " _ Open the main switch to the OFF position. Avoid when operating an overhead crane:

" _ Do not operate a crane if limit switches are out of order, or if cables show defects. " _ Do not attempt lifts lif ts beyond the rated load capacity of a crane or slings. " _ Do not lift a load from the side. Centre the crane directly over the load before hoisting hoisting to avoid swinging the load. " _ Do not allow anyone to ride on a load or hooks. " _ Do not leave slings dangling from the load hook. Have sling hooks placed on the sling ring when carrying slings to the load. " _ Do not raise loads higher than necessary to clear objects. " _ Do not pass a load l oad over workers. " _ Do not reverse a motor until it has come to a full stop except to avoid Master your accidents semester with Scribd 



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Visualizing Crane Selection and Operation in Virtual Environment Abstract

Selecting suitable cranes in a construction project needs careful planning to meet several requirements from capacity, safety safety and and spatia spatiall aspec aspects. ts. To provid providee const construc ructio tionn ma manag nagers ers with with visual visual assistance, we present a method to design and implement advanced 3D animation methods to visualize crane selection and construction processes in 3D virtua virtuall enviro environme nment. nt. This This paper paper discu discusse ssess this this approa approach ch includ including ing spatial conflict detection for equipment workspace using virtual crane animation based on forward and inverse kinematics. In addition, the virtual cranes can dynamically present their kinematics action while respecting the functional constraints for safety and effectiveness of operations. A prototype system developed in Java language is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method for realizing the proposed method. Keywords

Visual Visualiza izatio tion, n, const construc ructio tionn operat operation ions, s, simula simulatio tion, n, virtua virtuall realit reality, y, crane crane selection, kinematics animation, workspace.



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1. INTRODUCTION

It is estimated that one crane upset occurs during every 10,000 hours of crane use. Approximately 3 percent of upsets result in death, 8 percent in lost time, and 20 percent in damage to property other than the crane. Nearly 80 percent of these upsets can be attributed to predictable human error when the operator inadvertently exceeds the crane's lifting capacity (Davis and Sutton 2003). With the advent of micro-processing electronics, electronics, load-measuring systems have been developed to sense the actual load and the boom angle and length and warn the operator as rated capacity is approached (Davis and Sutton 2003). Para Parall llel el to this this deve develo lopm pmen entt in equi equipm pmen entt hard hardwa ware re,, deve develo lopm pmen entt in simulation software is making it possible to train crane operators using virtual realit realityy (VR) (VR) (Simlo (Simlogg 2006) 2006) and to visua visualiz lizee the result resultss of constr construct uction ion simulation (Kamat and Martinez 2001). Furthermore, much research has been done to study the selection of cranes and simulating the working processes using integer programming and optimization techniques (Lin and Haas 1996) and three-dimensional graphics (Hornaday et al. 1993; Dharwadkar et al. 1994). Other studies have been developed for crane selection and location optimization utilizing knowledge-based expert systems (Zhang et al. 1999). Another issue related to cranes is the selection of the suitable crane for a specific task. Selecting the wrong type of crane would result in large losses bbec ecau ause se of the the high high cost cost of rent rentin ingg or purc purcha hasi sing ng the the equi equipm pmen ent. t. The The following criteria should be considered when selecting a crane (Mobile Crane Code of Practice 2006): (1) The weights, dimensions and lift radii of the heaviest and largest loads to be lifted; (2) The maximum lift height and radius, and the weight of the loads to be handled at these points; (3) The number and frequency of lifts to be made; (4) How long the crane will be required at the workplace; (5) The type of lifting to be done (e.g., precise placement of loads); (6) The type of carrier required— this depends on ground conditions and capacitywith in its various operating quadrants; (7) Whether loads are Master your machine semester Scribd  to Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title be walked or carried; (8) Whether loads are to be suspended for lengthy  & The New York Times Useful Not useful   periods of time; and (9) The workplace conditions, including Cancel anytime. the ground on Special offer for students:which Only $4.99/month. the crane is to be set up, access roads and ramps it must travel on, space for erection, and any obstacles that may impede access or operation. Recently,

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shap shapes es,, such such as thro throug ughh truss truss brid bridge ges, s, the the syst system em ma mayy not not be able able to adequately represent the spatial constraints. A more specific issue related to crane selection and operation is workspace planning, which is particularly important in the case of large projects where cranes are required. Workspace conflicts are one of the important problems that can delay construction activities, reduce productivity, or cause accidents that threaten the safety of workers (Guo 2002). Tantisevi and Akinci (2006) discussed the concept of workspaces of construction tasks that can be used to represent the spaces used by cranes during a specific task and to detect spatial conflicts. Another approach to check spatial conflicts is the simulation approach. Simulation can help in selec selectin tingg the adequa adequate te equipm equipment ent that that satis satisfie fiess both both the requir requireme ements nts of construction tasks and the spatial constraints of the site (Law and Kelton 2000). Kamat (2001) presented a method for developing 3D animation of construction processes modelled at typical high level of abstraction. However, this method analyzes the kinematics motions of the cranes without considering the load capacity. The present paper aims to extend the previous research on crane crane select selection ion and simula simulatio tionn while while taking taking advan advantag tagee of the intera interacti ction on between the user and the system in a VR model. The paper discusses the method of establishing an interactive system for visualizing crane selection and operation considering the load capacity and the spatial constraints.



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2. PROPOSED APPROACH

The advantage of visualization is that the user can simulate and check the functional constraints and interferences that may happen in reality between the 3D physical elements and virtual workspaces or among virtual workspaces. In many infrastructure projects, such as the case study discussed in Section 5, a physical model of the project is built to check the usability of different types of cranes and to check workspace interferences. The following subsections discuss the modeling of a crane and its workspace and the general interactive proc procedu edure re of equipm equipmen entt select selection ion and and worksp workspac acee analys analysis. is. The propos proposed ed approach for visualizing crane selection and operation in virtual environment (VE) is part of a more comprehensive research project undertaken by the auth author orss and and aimi aiming ng to stud studyy the the spat spatio iote temp mpor oral al conf confli lict ctss rela relate tedd to construction equipment (Zhang and Hamad 2005). This paper focuses on visual visualizi izing ng the intera interacti ctive ve crane crane selec selectio tionn and and operat operation ion while while checki checking ng workspace conflicts and functional constraints within a VE of the construction site. 2.1 Crane modelling and animation

In order to build a general model for a crane that can be used in interactive VR simulation, an abstract crane model should be created to represent the different components of the crane and their topological relationships. Furthermore, kinema kinematic ticss animat animation ion is essent essential ial for produc producing ing the intera interacti ction on neede neededd to operate a crane in the VE. Figure 2 (Davis and Sutton 2003) shows an example of a hydraulic crane that has four degrees of freedom (DoF) for the movements of the boom and hook. partial abstract model of the crane including its carrier, boom, jib, hook, Master your Acounterweight, semester with  etc. Each Scribd of these components Read has aFree graphical representation Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title  that can be created in a separate file. In ordertoUseful realizecrane's kinematics & The New York Times Not useful animation, the Cyclic Coordinate Descent (CCD) method is used (Wang and Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.

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Chen 1991). For example, the initial and final positions of the lift can be used

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positions of the components when the user simulates the operation of the crane. For example, when the user starts extending the length of the boom from its initial compact length, a translation is applied on the second part of the boom with a step of unit length up to the total length of the second part. Then, the same transformation is applied on the third part of the boom, and so on, until the boom reaches its full length. (2) In addition to following the kinematics relationships, the simulated operation of a crane should respect the constraints imposed by the work workin ingg rang ranges es and and load load char charts ts.. Seve Severa rall rule ruless are are deve develo lope pedd to repres represent ent these these constr constrain aints ts which which are stored stored in the datab database ase.. The work workin ingg rang rangee show showss the the mini minimu mum m and and ma maxi ximu mum m boom boom angl anglee according to the length of the boom and the counterweight. Load charts give the lifting capacity based on the boom length, boom angel and the counterweight. (3) Furthermore, geometric attributes (e.g., transformations, normal vectors) of the physical objects (e.g., structural elements) are computed based on information extracted directly from the scene graph. This information is used to locate the crane relative to a physical object. The normal vectors of the surfaces of the objects are used to represent the orientation of the crane, and offset distances along those vectors are used to define its relative location (4) (4) Afte Afterr inte intera ract ctiv ivel elyy sele select ctin ingg a cran cranee from from the the data databa base sean andd positioning it in the VE at a suitable location, the user of the system can specify the lift weight before operating the crane to simulate the lifting task. The system can dynamically detect the changes of the boom length and angle and check whether the manoeuvring operation is allowed by querying the database. (5) The system continuously checks and prevents any collision of crane with other objects in VE

Master your semester with Scribd 2.2 Workspace & The New York Times modeling Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.


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Simulation of crane operation needs considerable effort. In same cases, it may

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of workspaces (or a workspace and a physical object), which have temporal overlap. If a conflict exists, a conflict shape is created, its attributes are calculated, and the conflict information is added to the database for future analysis of the conflict (Zhang et al. 2005). 2.3 Procedure of visualizing visualizing crane selection selection and operation operation and workspace analysis

This section identifies the main steps needed in a computerized system for visual visualizi izing ng crane crane slecti slection, on, operat operation ion and the worksp workspac acee genera generatio tionn and analysis. The system will integrate information from, and add information to, the following databases and models (Figure 6): (1) Activity database: This database includes information about all the activities in the construction project, such as the start and finish times of each activity, the target physical components and their attributes, and the types of equipment required in that activity. For example, in the project of the replacement of a bridge deck that is discussed in the case study, a typical activity is the replacement of an old section of the deck with a pre-fabricated panel. In this example, each activity will include the start and finish times, the ID number of the target section, and the required equipment such as cranes, trucks, tr ucks, etc. (2) (2) Equi Equipm pmen entt data databa base ses: s: Equi Equipm pmen entt ma manu nufa fact cture urers rs and and larg largee construction companies usually have databases of different equipment used in their work. These databases include the specifications about the different models of a certain type of equipment. D-Crane is a good example of such databases (Al-Hussein 2001). (3) Workspace and conflict database: This database has the schemata representing the attributes of workspaces and spatio-temporal conflicts. Workspaces are represented shapes, and each basic shape Master your semester with Scribdby compositeRead  For 30this Sign to vote on title is desc describ ribed ed by a numb number er of para parame mete ters rs..upFree Conf Co nfli lict ct info inDays form rmat atio ionn is & The New York Times Notttuseful calcu calculat lated ed using using a conflic conflictt detec detectio tionn  algori algUseful orithm thm (Watt (Wa 2003). 2003). This This Cancel anytime. information includes reference to the conflicting workspaces and the Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. duration for which the conflict exists in addition to the attributes of the

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Using the above databases and the 3D VE, the following procedure can be applied: (1) The user starts starts by selecting selecting the main activity to be considered considered in the crane selection, operation and the workspace analysis. (2) The system system retrie retrieves ves the inform informati ation on about about this this activ activity ity and all othe otherr over overla lapp ppin ingg acti activi vitie tiess from from the the acti activi vity ty data databa base se.. The The information includes the related objects and the required equipment types. (3) Then, Then, feasible equipment equipment are selected selected for each required required type from the corres correspon pondin dingg equipm equipmen entt databa database. se. It shoul shouldd be noted noted that that sele select ctin ingg the the opti optima mall equi equipm pmen entt is beyo beyond nd the the scop scopee of this this research. (4) (4) The The next next step step is to retr retrie ieve ve the the basi basicc equi equipm pmen entt para parame mete ters rs necessary to define their workspaces. (5) Other parameters parameters that are necessary necessary for creating workspace workspacess and that are related to the specific site layout are input manually using the user interface of the system. In addition, the relative location of equipment on site can be defined with respect to the reference object that was retrieved from the activity database in step 2, such as the section of the bridge deck to be replaced. The parameters includ includee the orien orientat tation ionss and the offse offsett distan distance cess betwe between en the workspace and the object. Furthermore, the user can input the load weight to simulate the crane operation in the 3D environment. (6) (6) In this this step step,, work worksp spac aces es are are gene genera rate tedd usin usingg the the para parame mete ters rs introduced in steps 4 and 5. To locate a workspace in the 3D model, the absolute location of the reference object is retrieved and combined Master your semester with Scribd  with the relative location of the workspace totogenerate the absolute Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up vote title location of the workspace. Meanwhile, the 3D model of the craneis & The New York Times Useful  Not useful  the Cancel anytime. The user can also generated on the same location inside workspace. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. use the keyboard or joystick to control the operation of the crane.

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mainte maintenan nance ce activ activiti ities es of each each me membe mberr are define definedd in the corres correspon pondin dingg tabl tables es.. The The data data can can be retri retriev eved ed and and upda update tedd usin usingg Stru Struct ctur ured ed Quer Queryy Language (SQL). 3DS loader and Java Advanced Imaging (JAI) are used to impl implem emen entt the the 3D mo mode dels ls and and text textur uree ma mapp ppin ing. g. Info Inform rmat atio ionn abou aboutt the the available component of the selected crane is instantly retrieved from the database and listed. Once a component is selected, the related information is automatically retrieved from the database and added to the 3D model of the crane in the VE. Figure 7 shows an example of dynamically changing the hook of a crane.

The user can operate the virtual crane to gain a realtime experience and test the loading capacity of the crane under functional constraints and the limits of the workspace. Based on the functional constraints, the system dynamically calculates and displays the current angle and length of boom, and whether the current action is safe or not as shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8(a), the system checks the current status and shows a warning message when the current angle and length of the boom do not meet the capacity requirement. The user can interactively operate the crane to find the work range for the defined capacity as shown in Figure 8(b).



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5. CASE STUDY

The re-decking project of Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal is used to evaluate the prototype system. The deck of this bridge was replaced in 20012002. The new deck is constructed of precast, prestressed and post-tensioned panels made of high performance concrete. The case study focuses on the two activities of removing existing deck sections and installing new panels on the main span of the bridge. The existing deck was removed by saw-cutting the deck into sections similar in dimensions to the new panels. Each existing deck section was removed by two telescopic cranes and a new panel was installed using the same cranes. Figure 9 shows a schematic representation of the worksite layout during the deck replacement. Figure 10 shows the 3D crane models and their workspaces on the bridge using our prototype system. The user user can can oper operat atee the the cran cranes es to eval evalua uate te and and test test the the spat spatia iall conf confli lict ctss of workspaces. Because of the low clearance below the cross-frames of the through trusses, the operation of the crane is difficult. Both conflicts among workspaces and between workspaces and physical elements are detected.



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6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

The paper presented a new method to select and operate cranes in virtual reality environment. The method enables engineers to visualize crane selection and operation, operation, simulate simulate construct construction ion processe processes, s, and generate generate workspace workspacess based on functional and spatial constraints on site. The proposed method enhances the safety of crane operation by evaluating possible collisions and capacity constraints in a virtual environment. Future development will include the following aspects: (1) Modelling the deflection responses of a crane under the lift load; and (2) Extending the method used in this research for crane selection and operation to other construction equipment.



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7. ACKNOWLEDGEME ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NTS

I woul wouldd like like to than thankk Xian Xiangy gyan angg Tan Tan and and Hong Hong Pang Pang from from Conc Concor ordi diaa University for their contribution in developing the 3D models of cranes and Yunke Zhang for organizing engineering constraints.



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Bibliography 

http.www.wikipedia.com

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http.www.torrenz.com

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Cranes,design, practice, and maintainance By Ing.

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Cranes By W.C.Mason

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J. Verschoof

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PNNL Hoisting and Rigging Manual By Mike Fullmer

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Lifts, hoists and cranes By DA2C Manual



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