Media and Information Literacy Communication – “one – “one of those everyday activities that is intertwined with all of human life lif e so completely that we sometimes overlook its pervasiveness, importance, and complexity.” (Littlejohn & Foss, 2008)
Communicare - “to share” or “to divide out”
1. Transmission models (see pp. 4-6 on book) 2. Ritual or expressive model – communications happen due to the need to share understanding and emotions; done to build social relationships 3. Publicity model – involves audiences as spectators rather than participants or information receivers; attention is important 4. Reception model – communication as an open process; messages sent and received are open to various interpretations interpretations a. Encoder – produces produces and sends message receives and interprets b. Decoder – receives Factors that affect how communicators are influenced
Communication skills such as reading, writing, speaking, listening, and watching Knowledge about a subject or topic Attitude toward the topic and the audience Social and cultural aspects
nature of message; using text, audio, Media modality – nature video, graphics, animation, or the combination of any of these things Media format – the way the data is arranged; maybe transmitted transmitted through radio waves or light waves Mass media form – particular particular media media technology technology to which the message is transmitted Information – “broad term that can cover data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, signals, or symbols.”; in media, “knowledge of specific events or situations that has been gathered or received by communication, intelligence or news reports.” The McLuhan Mantra Marshall McLuhan – proponent proponent of the media theory of determinism; “the medium is the message”
He also stated stated that:
Society adapts to the advances in technology, thus, changing cultural, political, and even historical aspects of that society
“The Internet is not exactly an original concept but rather a hybrid or derivative of the older forms such as print med ia, ia, broadcast media, and film.” Hot media – forms forms requiring little involvement from the audience (film and television); no feedback
Models
Society is driven by changes in media and communication technology
Cold media – high-level user interactivity; the experience is more dynamic and the audience are more involved (video games and online media platforms) Milestones in Media Evolution
The three most significant inventions in comm.:
Phonetic alphabet Printing press Telegraph
hearing was the most predominant and most Tribal Age – hearing valuable sense of reception; highly acoustic Literacy Age – sense of sight was dominant, highly visual; the invention of alphabet, and the reading and writing
mass producing of texts; the invention of the Print Age – mass printing press Electronic Age – sound and tactile sense of reception; humans are able to instantly communicate even in great distances
a community where everyone in Global Village – a the world is interconnected interconnected through media
everything relied heavily on the use Information Age – everything of computers to run major industries Infrastructure cyberspace
Age – more
involvement
in
the
“Technology is a product of need and not the other way around. If there is no need for technology, or it does not have a practical use, it will perish.” Traditional vs. New Media Traditional Media – one-directional; media experience is limited and the sense receptors used are very specific (i.e., print media – media – sense sense of sight, radio – radio – sense sense of hearing, television and film – film – both) both)
New Media 1. Interpersonal Communication Media – “content is private and perishable and the relationship established and reinforced may be more important than the information conveyed.” 2. Interactive Play Media – video and computer based games; virtual reality devices 3. Information Search Media – The Internet and the World Wide Web become repositories or sources of a vast collection of information 4. Collective Participatory Media – use of the Internet for sharing and exchanging information, ideas, and experiences, and developing active (computer-mediated) personal relationships
Data – “raw information” Knowledge – effective use of information
Information Fluency – ability to analyze information needs and to move confidently among media, information, and computer literacy skills Typology Information Factual – based on evidences and findings provided by reliable sources; books, encyclopedias, periodicals, or technical reports Analytical – an analysis or interpretation of facts by an individual, usually an expert to the subject; feature articles, commentaries, or reviews
Key Characteristics of New Media
Interactivity Social presence (Sociability) Media richness Autonomy Playfulness Privacy Personalization
Functions of Communication and Media
1. Inform citizens of what is happening; monitoring
function 2. Educate the audience 3. Provides a platform for public political discourse 4. Give publicity to governmental and political institutions 5. Serve as a channel for the advocacy of political viewpoints Media and Government Authoritarian – all forms of communication are under control of the governing elite, authorities, or influential bureaucrats Soviet Media – government controls the total media and communication Libertarian – free from any control or censorship Social Responsibility – self-control, not government intervention Information Literacy Information Literacy – ability to evaluate what information you need, what to discard, and how to use the information you selected
Subjective – info is about the discussion and elaboration of a thesis statement which is still anchored on facts; editorials, web log entries of prolific writers Objective – unbiased and does not lead you to judge the information in a certain way; scientific papers and news reports
Current (currency of information) – how recent is the information is – the more current the info, the reliable and useful it is; hard or natural sciences Historical – old but are very helpful; humanities
Scholarly – from academic sources; product of an author’s expertise Popular Info – appeals to general interest; magazines, coffee table books, or online feature articles
Primary – original, first-hand information; creative work, diary, speech, letter, interview Secondary – one or more steps removed – written by someone other than the original author; news commentaries, magazine articles, textbooks, research papers Tertiary – bibliographies of primary and secondary sources; bibliography, encyclopedias, databases and indexes
Stable vs. Unstable (see pp. 33-34 on book)
Information Ethics – “the branch of ethics that f ocuses on the relationship between the creation, organization, dissemination, and use of information, and the ethical standards and moral codes governing human conduct in society”. Different Forms of Media Print Media – also known as press; materials that are written and are physically distributed
Johannes Gutenberg – printing press (1440)
*Books – very first mass media in human history; they contain records of past experiences and human knowledge *Newspapers – advertising-based; news stories and other types of articles *Magazine – advertising-based; human interests Film/Cinema – considered impressionable and has a cathartic effect to its audience – with moving/motion pictures, it is able to enhance the media experience; they reflect the desires, ideologies, and sensibilities of their culture of origin Broadcast Media – “household media” ; can be found in practically every corner of a home *Radio – “Young people’s media” ; proliferation of FM radio ( format radio) – catering the musical taste of younger generations; AM Programming is dominated by a news format Video Games – increase in interactivity and interconnectivity – game consoles to personal computers; Internet made it easier to address wider audience in all corners of the world Points of Intersection among Media Forms Synergy – “an interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.” Convergence – “combination of various elements to create a new whole.” Cross Media Convergence – “a way of breaking down barriers that separate each traditional media.”