BAHAN AJAR
BAHASA INGGRIS
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UNIVERSITAS BORNEO TARAKAN 2014
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DAFTAR ISI
A. PARTS OF SPEECH......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ................................. ...........
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1.
Noun ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................. .......
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2.
Verb .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................. .......
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3.
Adjective .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ......................
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4.
Adverb .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................. .......................... ...
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5.
Preposition ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................ ..................
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Conjunction ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ......................................... ..................
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7.
Pronoun ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................
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8.
Interjection ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................................ ..................
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9.
SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH ....................... .............................................. ......................................... ..................
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10.
TENSES ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................. .......
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11.
MAKING QUESTIONS .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... .......................... ....
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12.
EXERCISES: TRANSLATION .......................................... ............................................................... .................................... ...............
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13.
EXERCISES: READING COMPREHENSION ........................................... ..................................................... ..........
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PARTS OF SPEECH 1. NOUN Noun artinya Kata Benda. Kelompok noun no un ini banyak sekali macamnya, macamn ya, dan beberapa dari mereka mempunyai cara yang khusus dalam membuatnya menjadi plural (jamak). Beberapa dari mereka bahkan tidak mempunyai bentuk tunggal (singular), dan beberapa yang lainnya lainn ya tidak mempunyai bentuk jamak (plural). (pl ural). PEMBAGIAN KATA BENDA Menurut Jenisnya, kata benda terbagi menjadi 5 (lima) bagian:
1. Common noun (benda biasa) Umumnya hanya ditulis dengan menggunakan huruf kecil dan biasanya memakai article (a, an, the ). Contoh: book, pen, cup, glass, plate, spoon, boy, girl, man, knife, lamp, picture, chair, etc. (etcetera) 2. Material noun (benda alami) Benda-benda jenis ini adalah benda-benda yang terjadi secara alamiah. Contoh: gold, silver, bronze, water, oil, air, sand, stone, rock, iron, gas, coal, etc. 3. Proper noun (nama sesuatu yang khusus) Umumnya proper noun ditulis dengan huruf besar. Contoh: nama orang, nama hari, nama bulan, nama kota, nama pulau, nama negeri, nama tempat, nama bahasa, nama kewarganegaraan, etc. 4. Abstract noun (benda abstrak) Selain dari benda yang betul-betul tidak berbentuk, misalnya: waktu, bayangan, udara, etc; benda abstrak juga dibentuk dari kata kerja dan kata sifat yang yang biasanya ditambahkan suffix (akhiran): -ness, -ion, -ment, -ance, -ity, -ship, -ism, -ing, etc. Contoh: play, breath, laugh, love, joke, order, demand, supply, excuse, praise, debate, death, happiness, heroism, friendship, ownership, reality, idea, etc. 5. Collective noun (benda kolektif) Benda kolektif adalah nama sekumpulan benda yang hanya disebutkan nama kumpulannya saja, sehingga terkesan hanya sebagai satu benda saja. Contoh: team, group, crew, troop, bunch, squadron, class, bundle, regiment, company, party, army, congregation, congress, committee, division, department, air-force, housing complex, relation, family, pile, file, crowd, etc. Pembagian noun menurut gendernya (jenis kelamin): Masculine (jantan) Man Father Nephew
Feminine (betina) Woman Mother Niece
Noun yang gendernya umum (common gender) Contoh: baby, bird, child, cousin, etc.
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Noun yang tidak berjiwa (neuter gender)
Neuter noun adalah semua benda b enda yang tidak berjiwa, sehingga sehi ngga tidak memiliki sifat sif at jantan ataupun betina. betin a. Jadi seluruh jenis pepohonan, pe pohonan, peralatan, pakaian, pakai an, benda alami, dsb adalah benda neuter gender. Contoh: rose, hammer, scissors, compass, hacksaw, comb, etc. Kata benda juga bisa dibagi menjadi 2 bagian: 1. Uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung terdiri atas: Bidang studi: mathematics, economics, physics, sociology, biology, chemistry Bahasa: English, Indonesian, Arabic, German Cabang olahraga: chess, hockey, badminton Aktivitas makan: breakfast, lunch, dinner Zat cair, gas, dan zat padat dengan ukuran yang sangat kecil atau lembut: rice, sand, sugar, soap, flour, pepper, smoke, air, ice, ink Bahan tambang: gold, silver, copper, bronze, nickel, iron beberapa kata benda yang berakhiran s atau ing : news, advertising, money, homework 2. Countable noun (benda yang dapat dihitung) Contoh: bird, tree, broom, table, picture, etc. Compound noun (kata benda majemuk)
Kata benda bisa terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih. Biasanya terdiri dari dua bagian: bagian pertama menunjuk pada what wh at type/what purpose (jenis, (j enis, fungsi, kegunaan, pekerjaan, peker jaan, dll) seperti police, boy, water, dining. Bagian kedua menunjuk pada what atau who seperti man, friend, tank. Contoh: Policeman water tank bedroom Boyfriend dining-table motorcycle What type/what purpose police boy water dining bed
What or who man friend tank table room
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PERATURAN MEMBUAT PLURAL NOUN (BENDA JAMAK)
1. Umumnya singular noun (benda tunggal) hanya ditambah dengan huruf ““-s” untuk membuatnya menjadi plural (jamak). Contoh: Book – Book – books books = two, (a) few, some, many, (a) lot of + books Flower – Flower – flowers flowers Bag – Bag – bags bags House – House – houses houses 2. Jika kata benda itu berakhiran dengan huruf desis, yaitu: huruf /s/, /ch/, /sh/, /x/, maka ditambahkan dengan ““-es” Glass – Glass – glasses glasses Match – Match – matches matches Watch – Watch – watches watches Dish – Dish – dishes dishes Box – Box – boxes boxes 3. Jika kata benda itu berakhiran dengan huruf “y” yang sebelumnya adalah huruf hidup (vokal + y), y), maka hanya ditambah dengan huruf “s” saja. Boy – Boy – boys boys Way - ways 4. Jika kata benda itu berakhiran dengan huruf “y” yang didahului oleh huruf mati (konsonan + y), maka rubah dulu huruf “y” menjadi huruf “i" lalu lalu ditambah dengan huruf “e “es”. Baby – Baby – babies babies City – City – cities cities Lady – Lady – ladies ladies Puppy – Puppy – puppies puppies 5. Jika kata benda itu berakhiran itu berakhiran dengan huruf hu ruf “f” atau “fe”, maka baik “f” atau at au “fe” diganti dengan huruf “v” lalu ditambah dengan “es”. Shelf – Shelf – shelves shelves Loaf – Loaf – loaves loaves Wife – Wife – wives wives Knife – Knife – knives knives 6. Ada banyak juga kata benda yang berakhiran dengan “f” dan “fe” yang hanya ditambah huruf “s” untuk pluralnya. Chief – Chief – chiefs chiefs Safe – Safe – safes safes Cliff – Cliff – cliffs cliffs 7. Jika kata benda itu berakhiran dengan huruf “o” maka bentuk jamaknya kadangkadangkadang ditambah dengan huruf “s” saja, tetapi ada juga yang ditambah “es” Zoo – Zoo – zoos zoos Bamboo – Bamboo – bamboos bamboos Piano – Piano – pianos pianos Tomato – Tomato – tomatoes tomatoes Volcano – Volcano – volcanoes volcanoes Cargo – Cargo – cargoes cargoes 8. Ada kata benda yang bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggalnya sama. Sheep – Sheep – sheep sheep Deer – Deer – deer deer Fish – Fish – fish fish Iron – Iron – iron iron 5
9. Ada juga kata benda yang tidak mempunyai bentuk tunggal Trousers Shorts Scissors 10. Ada juga kata benda yang bentuk jamaknya tidak beraturan. Child – Child – children children Man – Man – men men Woman – Woman – women women Person – Person – people people Tooth – Tooth – teeth teeth Foot – Foot – feet feet Mouse – Mouse – mice mice Goose – Goose – geese geese Louse – Louse – lice lice Ox – Ox – oxen oxen 11. Ada juga kata benda yang jika dijamakkan (dijadikan plural) artinya berubah Manner (cara) – (cara) – manners manners (adat sopan santun) Wood (kayu) - woods (hutan) Customs (adat)- customs (duane) Pain (sakit) - pains (kesedihan) Quarter (seperempat) – (seperempat) – quarters quarters (kamar tempat tidur) Short (pendek) - shorts (celana pendek) pend ek) 2. VERB Verb adalah kata yang menggambarkan tindakan atau keadaan. Secara garis besar, kata kerja dibagi menjadi 2 golongan: regular (beraturan) (beraturan) dan (tak beraturan) dan masing-masing golongan mempunyai 4 (empat) bentuk irregular (tak kata kerja: 1) Verb-1 (present simple) 2) Verb-2 (past simple) 3) Verb-3 (past participle) 4) Verb-4 (present participle / -ing form)
Berikut penjelasannya: a. Regular verb: untuk Verb-2 dan verb-3 ditambahkan “ – ed ed ” Bagaimana cara mengucapkannya?: Open – opened opened – opened opened – opening opening Claim – claimed claimed Hope – hoped hoped Allow – allowed allowed Explain - explained ---- /d/ ---apabila bunyi terakhir pada kt kerja selain /t/, /d/ Expect – expected expected Divide – divided divided ---- /id/ ---apabila bunyi terakhir pada kt kerja= /t/, /d/ Stud y stud i ed = apabila huruf sebelum y : : konsonan, y mjd mjd i y – stud i ed Play – pla play ed = apabila huruf sebelum y ed : vokal, tdk ada perubahan : 6
b. Irregular verb: tidak mempunyai aturan tertentu untuk membentuk kata kerja bentuk kedua dan ketiga ketig a Go – Go – went – went – gone – gone – going going Stand – Stand – stood – stood – stood stood - standing Swim – Swim – swam – swam – swum swum - swimming Penambahan – s/ – es pada verb: Aturannya sama dengan aturan yang berlaku pada kata benda (noun). Penggunaan: Pada bentuk waktu: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE untuk subject: SH E, HE, IT (third (third singular person: orang ketiga tunggal) 3. ADJECTIVE Kata sifat adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti (pronoun). Adjective tidak bersifat invariable, artinya tidak tergantung pada gender atau jumlah orang/benda yang diterangkan. Diletakkan sebelum kata benda yang diterangkannya. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut: a. – I have a ball I have a big ball I have a big strong ball I have a big strong white ball I have a big strong white foot ball b. – She She has a desk. - She has a small desk. - She has a small strong desk. - She has a small strong wooden desk. - She has a small strong wooden pink desk. - She has a small strong wooden pink study desk. Form (Bentuk) Dilihat dari bentuknya, adjective bisa dibagi 2 (dua): 1. Genuine adjective (kata sifat asli) Alone cheap kind Big good lazy Busy clever diligent 2. Derivative adjective (kata sifat turunan) a. Berasal dari kata benda health healthy wind windy mud muddy success successful b. Berasal dari kata kerja help helpful use useful attract attractive die died
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Antonym Terdiri atas: a. Genuine antonyms absent x present alone x together big x small b. Antonyms with prefixes (awalan) With prefix IL legal x illegal logic x illogical literate x illiterate With prefix IM possible x impossible perfect x imperfect polite x impolite With prefix IN adequate x inadequate complete x incomplete correct x incorrect With prefix UN able x unable aware x unaware certain x uncertain POSITIONS IN SENTENCES (POSISI DALAM KALIMAT) Jenis adjective dipandang dari sudut letaknya di dalam kalimat, maka adjective hanya terbagi atas 2 jenis, yaitu: 1. Epithet adjective (adjective yang menyatu dengan bendanya) round ball cold ice 2. Predicative adjective (adjective yang diletakkan setelah TO BE) Ball is round. Ice is cold. Order of epithet adjectives in noun phrase (urutan kata sifat dalam frase kata benda) Epithet adjective terdiri atas beberapa jenis (lihat table dibawah ini). Beberapa jenis epithet adjective ini bisa digunakan secara bersamaan untuk menerangkan kata benda.
Jika kata benda diikuti oleh beberapa epithet adjective, maka adjective tersebut disusun dengan urutan: 1. Determiners : all, both, half 2. a. articles : a, an, the b. possessive : my, your, his, her, our, their, its c. demonstrative : that, these, this, those d. determiners : another, any, each, either, enough, every, neither, no, some, what, which
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3. Cardinal number: one, two, three; dan determiners: many, much, some, few, little, lot of, several 4. Determiners : fewer, fewest, least, less, more, most 5. Descriptive adjectives: a. Kualitas, meliputi: Mutu : good, bad, excellent, superior, Kondisi : good, bad, excellent, broken, fragile Karakter : good, bad, naughty, cunning, kind-hearted. Tekstur : soft, hard, rough, smooth b. Ukuran, meliputi: - potongan : cm, km, bottle, minutes, time, long, short, big : round, oval, triangle, square squ are - bentuk Temperature: hot, warm, cold, cool, chilly, boiling Rasa : sweet, bitter, sour, salty, hot, spicy c. Usia : young, old, new, modern, antique d. Warna : white, blue, dark red, light green, yellow e. Asal : Indonesian, Australian, England, Japan, Tarakan f. Bahan : cotton, velvet, wood, iron, steel, bronze, gold g. Peruntukan : study, waiting, foot, kitchen Contoh: All students Both children Half an hour A dictionary All my books This book All those books Another day Every night This black horse Twelve roses The three chairs The other three chairs The fewest mistakes Two more children My new tie A large egg cartoon A beautiful Chinese vase -
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Tiga Tingkatan Kata Sifat dalam Bahasa Inggris Di dalam bahasa Inggris, ada 3 tingkatan kata sifat, yaitu positive degree (tingkatan biasa/sama), comparative degree (tingkatan lebih), dan superlative degree (tingkatan paling). a. Positive degree Digunakan untuk menyatakan kata sifat sebagaimana apa adanya atau dalam perbandingan yang sama. Bentuk ini i ni biasanya digunakan digunak an dengan memakai as sebelum dan sesudah kata sifat. Contoh: You are clever. You are as clever as your father . Krisdayanti is as beautiful as her older sister . b. Comparative degree Digunakan untuk menyatakan kata sifat yang ukurannya melebihi positive degree. Bentuk ini biasanya digunakan dengan menambahkan akhiran – er pada kata sifat yang mempunyai satu suku kata, atau menambahkan kata more pada kata sifat yang bersuku kata lebih dari satu, s atu, yang berarti lebih dan d an kata than yang berarti daripada. Contoh: You are faster than your your father. faster than The weather in Jakarta is hotter than the weather in Bandung. hotter than the Mary is more beautiful than Tuti. Tuti. c. Superlative degree Digunakan untuk menyatakan kata sifat yang ukurannya paling tinggi daripada positive degree dan comparative comp arative degree. Bentuk ini digunakan di gunakan dengan memakai the th e dan menambahkan huruf -st atau – est pada pada kata sifat yang mempunyai satu suku kata, atau memakai kata most pada pada kata sifat yang bersuku kata lebih dari satu. Contoh: You are the man man in this office. th e fastest The weather in Jakarta is the in in Java. th e hottest Marry is the th e most beautiful girl at my school. Aturan dalam Comparison (Perbandingan) 1. Satu suku kata yang berakhiran dengan 2 huruf mati atau berakhiran dengan 1 huruf mati yang didahului 2 huruf hidup. Contoh: Hard harder hardest Deep deeper deepest Quick quicker quickest 2. Satu suku kata yang berakhiran dengan 1 huruf mati dan didahului dengan 1 huruf hidup. Contoh: big bigger biggest fat fatter fattest thin thinner thinnest
3. Satu suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf “e” brave braver bravest larger larger largest 4. Satu atau dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf “y” yang didahului oleh huruf mati. Contoh: busy busier busiest dry drier driest easy easier easiest
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5. Satu atau dua suku kata yang berakhiran “y” yang didahului oleh huruf hidup. Contoh: coy coyer coyest grey greyer greyest 6. Dua suku kata yang berak hiran hiran huruf “er”, “le”, “some”, “ow” clever cleverer cleverest handsome handsomer handsomest noble nobler noblest narrow narrower narrowest 7. Dua suku kata atau lebih, biasanya ditambahkan more dan most. Contoh: famous more famous most famous beautiful more beautiful most beautiful important more important most important 8. Pengecualian bad worse worst evil worse worst ill worse worst good better best little less least much more most far further furthest 4. ADVERB Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang menerangkan tentang semua jenis kata (kecuali kata benda atau pronoun (kata ganti) karena keterangan benda adalah adjective). Jadi adverb dapat menerangkan verb, adjective, adverb (jenisnya sendiri), preposition, dan conjuction.
Dalam pengertian yang menyeluruh, adverb adalah kata yang menjelaskan tentang cara, tempat, waktu, dan bagaimana suatu peristiwa atau keadaan terjadi. Contoh: You must speak loudly to him. We must work honestly. They wait quietly in the class. She is very diligent. Duran often comes late to school. Jenis-jenis adverb: 1. Adverb of manner Adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan bagaimana cara suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa terjadi. Pada umumnya, adverb of manner dibentuk dengan memberi akhiran – akhiran – ly ly pada kata sifat (adjectives). Contoh: active actively easy easily normal normally
Penempatan adverb of manner manner dalam kalimat: Sesudah kata kerja John walked slowly. Sebelum kata kerja (jika kata kerja diikuti keterangan lain) John slowly walked down the street. 11
2. Adverb of place Adalah kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tempat terjadinya peristiwa dalam suatu kalimat. Contoh: at the office, behind you, every where, in the class, in front of me. Penempatan adverb of place place dalam kalimat: Sesudah kata kerja Marry is studying in the classroom. Sesudah objek I put my pen on the table . Sesudah adverb of manner Mira played piano beautifully on the stage . 3. Adverb of time Adalah kata keterangan yang menunjukkan waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa. Contoh: ago, at 10 o’clock, just now, last Sunday, this afternoon, today, yesterday, next week, dll. Penempatan adverb of time dalam dalam kalimat: Pada awal kalimat Today the student will get the exam. Pada akhir kalimat John met his teacher yesterday. 4. Adverb of frequency Adalah kata keterangan yang menunjukkan sering atau jarangnya suatu peristiwa terjadi. Contoh: always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, ever, never.
Penempatan adverb of frequency frequency dalam kalimat: Sesudah to be My mother is always angry with me. Sebelum kata kerja Frankly speaking, I seldom do sport. Sesudah kata kerja Do you practice English continuously? Sesudah auxiliary verb been to Bali. I have never been 5. Adverb of degree Adalah kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tingkatan atau berapa jauh suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau at au suatu peristiwa terjadi. terjadi . Contoh: absolutely, absolutel y, already, clearly (cukup jelas), certainly, enough, may be, only, probably, nearly, quite, really, very Penempatan adverb of degree degree dalam kalimat: Sesudah to be I am absolutely sure that John is healthy. Sebelum kata kerja I really saw the robbery. Sebelum adjective atau adverb The story is fairly good. He behaved very badly. 12
Kata keterangan only menerangkan kata yang terletak disisinya John only gave a ring to Mary. John gave a ring to Mary only. 6. Interrogative adverb Adalah kata keterangan yang membentuk pertanyaan di dalam suatu kalimat. Contoh: how, what, when, where, why, which, who, whom, whose Umumnya digunakan di awal kalimat: How do you go to the office? 7. Relative adverb Adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat di dalam kalimat majemuk. Contoh: when, where, why, how, who Umumnya digunakan di antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat: I don’t know when John went to Bali. Do you know why he is angry with me? I forget where I put my pen. I know the man who is standing over there. 8. Inversion Adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi untuk memberi pengertian negative pada suatu kalimat. -
Penempatan inversion dalam kalimat: kalimat: Pada awal kalimat diikuti oleh kata kerja dan subjek. Only by studying hard , will you be a clever student. Hanya dengan belajar keras, anda akan menjadi pelajar yang pandai. Nowhere, will you get such cheap car as you get here. Di mana pun tidak akan anda dapatkan mobil murah seperti yang anda dapatkan di sini. Pada awal anak kalimat pada kalimat majemuk I don’t speak English, and neither does Amir . Saya tidak bicara bahasa Inggris, dan demikian pula Amir. 5. PREPOSITION (Kata depan) Kata depan merupakan kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan antara kata benda, atau kata ganti dengan kata-kata lain yang ada di dalam kalimat. Kata depan ini sangat sering dipakai di dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Oleh Karena itu, pemahaman dan pemakaian kata depan ini sangat perlu dipelajari. dipelaj ari. Kata depan yang sering digunakan, jumlahnya cukup banyak. Untuk pahamilah contohcontoh preposisi di bawah ini dengan benar. About= kira-kira; tentang A : How far is Tarakan Tarakan to Long Bawan? B : It It is about 50 minutes by a small airplane. X : What topics are we going to discuss? Y : We are going to discuss about “preposition.” Above= di sebelah atas (tidak menyentuh benda di bawahnya); lebih dari Across= menyeberang; di seberang After= sesudah (terkait dengan waktu); sesudah (terkait dengan kata kerja) Against= menentang/berlawanan dengan; sebagai ganti Along= sepanjang Among= di antara (untuk banyak orang); satu di antara The red chair is among the white chairs. 13
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At= di (untuk menunjukkan tempat); pada (untuk menunjukkan waktu); ke arah; menunjukkan alamat yang memakai nomor; menunjukkan bidang kemampuan I am waiting for you at home. I waited for you at home at 7 o’clock. The girl always looks at me. I live at Jl. Pasar Baru No. 33. Budi is good at speaking English. Before= sebelum melakukan pekerjaan, sebelum waktu tertentu; di depan I always pray before studying. Behind= di belakang; mendukung; tersembunyi Ali stands behind me. Below= Below= di bawah (lebih dari …); di bawah Beside= di samping Besides= selain Between= di antara (waktu); di antara (dua benda) What did you do between 7 o’clock to 8 o’clock this morning? My house is between supermarket and hospital. Beyond= melebihi By= oleh; melalui; dengan memakai; dengan melakukan sesuatu; sebelum/menjelang (waktu) I go to school by motorcycle. Down= turun During= selama Except= kecuali For= selama; digunakan untuk; ke arah; untuk mendapatkan; seharga; atas nama From= dari In= menunjukkan nama tempat; selama; menunjukkan bulan; menunjukkan tahun; menunjukkan musim; menunjukkan bidang pekerjaan; memakai Into= ke dalam Of= dari; kepunyaan Off= kurang dari; mematikan (didahului oleh kata kerja) On= di atas (permukaan suatu benda); menunjukkan hari; menunjukkan bulan; menunjukkan tanggal; tentang Over= di atas (tidak menyentuh benda di bawahnya); menyeberang; selesai; tentang; terlalu banyak/lama Since= sejak; sesudah She has taught English since 2004. To= ke (untuk menunjukkan arah); hingga/sampai Toward= ke arah; untuk Under= di bawah; dalam kuasa/pemerintahan; kurang dari With= di pihak; menggunakan; bersama Without= tanpa I can do it without you. I can’t live without you. Etcetera (dan lain-lain)
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6. CONJUNCTION (Kata Penghubung/sambung) Penghubung/sambung) Conjunction adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan ide yang dinyatakan dalam clause dengan ide yang dinyatakan pada bagian akhir kalimat. Contoh: We can to the library, or we can go to the park. I went out because the the sun was shining. Jenis-jenis conjunction: conjunction: And, but, or, nor, yet, both … and …, either … or…, neither … nor…., if… then…, rather … than…, whether … or…, because, until, as, although, for, if, since, than, unless, whereas, while, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, however, therefore, otherwise, thus, then, furthermore, besides, etc 7. PRONOUN (Kata ganti) SUBJECT
OBJECT
I WE YOU THEY SHE HE IT
Me Us You Them Her Him It
POSSESSION ADJECTIVE NOUN My …(noun) Mine Our … … Ours Your … Yours Their … … Theirs Her … Hers His … His Its … Its
8. INTERJECTION (Kata seru) Hore!, ah!, ooh!, hi, thanks God! How pity you are! How beautiful you are! How nice you are! How hot this classroom is! What a beautiful day it is! What a day! How beautiful it is! How beautiful!
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REFLEXIVE
Myself Ourselves Yourself/selves Themselves Herself Himself Itself
SENTENCE PATTERNS IN ENGLISH
Dalam bahasa Inggris setiap kalimat setidaknya terdiri dari subject dan verb. Verb (kata kerja) adalah kata atau frase yang menyatakan eksistensi atau tindakan. Ada dua jenis verb, yaitu main verb dan auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verb ini sering disebut juga helping verb (kata kerja bantu) karena digunakan bersama main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk membentuk kalimat. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut: No.
Subject
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Betty Her father She She She Her sister
Auxiliary Verbs is will has
Main Verbs
Complement
is smokes celebrated studying take worked
beautiful her birthday yesterday at SMAN 1 English course at factory for three years
Dari contoh kalimat di atas kita bisa menarik 2 (dua) kesimpulan penting: 1) Setiap kalimat harus mempunyai main verb, 2) Kalimat dalam bhs Inggris ada yang menggunakan auxiliary verb (4, 5, 6); ada juga yang tanpa auxiliary verb (1, 2, 3). Jadi dalam bhs Inggris ada dua jenis kalimat, yaitu: 1) Kalimat dengan auxiliary verb 2) Kalimat tanpa auxiliary verb AUXILIARY VERBS Ada 4 (empat) jenis auxiliary verb yang secara garis besar bisa dibagi menjadi bentuk present (sekarang) dan past (lampau). BENTUK 1. TO BE :
PRESENT am Is Are
PAST was was were
untuk subjek “I” untuk subjek: SHE, HE, IT untuk subjek: WE, YOU, THEY
I am hungry now. (tobe + adj.) Siti is hungry now. We are hungry Ardi is an army/ a navy/an airforce (tobe + noun) Ardi was an army – army – Ardi Ardi dulunya seorang tentara We are in the classroom
(tobe + adverb)
I am helping my friends to do the homework. (tobe + Verb+ing) We are studying English. Kami sedang belajar bahasa Inggris
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2. TO DO:
do does
untuk
did did
subjek: I, WE, YOU, THEY untuk subjek: SHE, HE, IT
My brother helps my father to cut the grasses once a week. My brother doesn’t doesn’t help help my father to cut the grasses once a week. Does my brother help your father to cut the grasses once a week? What does my brother help your father? I helped my father to cut grasses yesterday. I didn’t help didn’t help my father to cut grasses yesterday. Did you help your father to cut grasses yesterday? What did you help your father yesterday? 3. TO HAVE:
have has have been has been
had untuk subjek: I, WE, YOU, THEY had untuk subjek: SHE, HE, IT had been untuk subjek: I, WE, YOU, THEY had been untuk subjek: SHE, HE, IT
I have lived here for a long time. She has lived here since 2000. 4. MODALS:
will shall can must/ have to/ has to May
would should could had to
might
untuk
SEMUA subjek untuk subjek I dan WE untuk SEMUA subjek untuk SEMUA subjek
untuk SEMUA subjek
Keterangan: Be adalah bentuk dasar dari TO BE dan been adalah bentuk III dari TO BE. Kedua auxiliary verb ini tidak bisa berdiri sendiri, akan tetapi mengikuti auxiliary verb lainnya. Be mengikuti MODALS: will be, must be, may be, can be Been mengikuti TO HAVE: has been, have been, had been -
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TENSES
Tenses merupakan bentuk-bentuk kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan waktu terjadinya di dalam suatu kalimat. English tenses terdiri atas 16 macam. Karena jumlahnya cukup banyak seringkali timbul kesulitan untuk mempelajari tenses tersebut. Tetapi apabila kita mencermati 16 tenses tersebut, maka persoalannya tidak sesulit yang dibayangkan. Langkah-langkah praktis untuk menghafal nama dan rumus tenses tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: 16 tenses tersebut bisa dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu bentuk present dan bentuk past . Dengan kata lain, ada 8 tenses bentuk present dan 8 tenses bentuk past. Dari 8 tenses; bentuk present , masing-masing memiliki tenses dasar, begitu juga dengan bentuk past (tinggal (tinggal diganti kata present ), ), yaitu: 1. Present tense (simple present tense) 2. Present future tense 3. Present perfect tense 4. Present continuous tense Sedangkan tenses 5 – 5 – 8 8 bersifat modifikasi dari tenses 2, 3, dan 4. 5. Present future perfect tense (tense 2 + 3) 6. Present future continuous tense (tense 2 + 4) 7. Present perfect continuous tense (tense 3 + 4) 8. Present future perfect continuous tense (tense 2 + 3 + 4) Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan tabel tenses berikut: NOMINAL SENTENCE Yaitu kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata kerja, tetapi bisa berupa kata benda, kata keterangan, kata sifat atau lainnya. Contoh: 1. Saya sibuk sekarang. I am busy busy right now. 2. Roni terlambat kemarin. Roni was late late yerterday. 3. Ia akan menjadi seorang guru. He will be a teacher. 4. Mereka di dalam kelas selama 3 jam. They ar e in the classroom for 3 hours. in
Jika kalimat di atas kita terjemahkan ke dalam bhs Inggris, maka susunannya akan menjadi: No.
Subject
1. 2. 3. 4.
I Roni He They
Auxiliary Verbs will have
Main Verbs
Complement
am was be been
busy now late yesterday a teacher next year in the classroom for three hours
Jadi definisi Kalimat Nominal dalam bhs Inggris adalah kalimat di mana to be (am, is, are, was, were, be, been) bukan sebagai auxiliary verb, tetapi menjadi main verb (kata kerja utama).
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VERBAL SENTENCE Verbal berasal dari kata verb. Jadi kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang predikatnya berupa kata kerja biasa. Kalimat verbal ada yang menggunakan auxiliary verb; ada yang tanpa auxiliary verb. Contoh: No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Subject
Betty She She She His father Her Her mother
Auxiliary Verbs Is will has
Main Verbs
Complement
gets up celebrated studying take smokes worked
at six every morning her birthday party yesterday at SMAN 1 English course at factory for three years
Dari contoh di atas kita bisa menyimpulkan: 1. Kalimat 1, 2, dan 5 tidak mempunyai auxiliary verb 2. Kalimat 3, 4, dan 6 mempunyai auxiliary verb 3. Kalimat verbal tidak mesti membutuhkan complement.
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QUESTIONS A. Yes/No Questions Yaitu kalimat yang bisa dijawab dengan YA atau TIDAK. Cara membuatnya adalah dengan meletakkan auxiliary verb di depan subyek. Jika kalimatnya belum ada auxiliary verb, maka gunakan DO, DOES, atau DID; HAVE, HAS, atau HAD; WILL, CAN, MAY, MUST, etc. Jenis pertanyaan ini bisa dibagi menjadi dua: 1. Positive question Contoh: I always have breakfast. hav e breakfast? Yes, I do atau No, atau No, I don’t Do you always have 2. Negative question Contoh: I sometimes feel tired. Yes, I do atau No, atau No, I don’t Don’t you sometimes feel tired? B. Information questions/Wh- Questions Jenis kalimat Tanya ini dibuat dengan menggunakan kata Tanya (question words) dan tidak bisa dijawab dengan YA atau TIDAK. Ada 9 jenis question words yang diawali dengan wh- (ada 8) dan h- (ada 1): 1. What (apa) something, action, idea (sesuatu, tindakan, ide) Penggunaannya bisa diikuti oleh kata benda atau berdiri sendiri. What is this? What are you doing? What do you think about me? What time will you come here? What day do you teach English? What date is it today? 2. Who (siapa (yang melakukan)) someone/somebody Who came to her house last night? Who will go to Tarakan tomorrow? Who has eaten my cake on this table? 3. Whom (siapa (yang dikenai tindakan)) someone/somebody With whom (dengan siapa) do you come here? To whom (kepada siapa) do you give my love letter? 4. Whose (siapa (yang punya)) possession (kepunyaan) Penggunaannya diikuti oleh kata benda. Whose book (buku (buku siapa) is this? Whose students (murid siapa) are you? 5. When (kapan) time (waktu) When will you come here? When were you born? 6. Where (dimana) place (tempat) Where do you put my clothes/glasses/book? Where were you born? 7. Why (mengapa) reason (alasan) Why do you come late? Why do love me? 8. Which (yang mana) choice (pilihan) Penggunaannya diikuti oleh kata benda.
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Which cakes do you like to eat? Which one do you like, the blue or the black one? 9. How (bagaimana) condition/situation, manner, quantity, frequency, dll (kondisi, cara, kuantitas, keseringan) How much (berapa (banyak benda yg tak dapat dihitung) How much did you buy your mobile phone? How much money do you have? How many (berapa (banyak benda yg dapat dihitung) How many motorcycles do you have? How many times (berapa kali) How many times do you go to your field-rice in a week? How long (berapa lama/panjang) How long is the wood? How far (berapa jauh) How far is far is your house to the school? How tall (berapa tinggi) How tall is she? How tall are you? How often (berapa sering) How big (berapa besar) How big is your house? I have a beautiful house. How big is yours (your house)? -
Ada dua jenis question words: 1. Menanyakan subyek Cara membuatnya adalah mengganti subjek kalimat positif dengan who (bila subjeknya orang) dan what (bila subjeknya bukan orang). Sedangkan susunan kalimat sesudahnya sama sekali tidak berubah. Jawaban singkatnya menggunakan rumus: S + Auxiliary verb. My mother prepares breakfast every day. Untuk menanyakan siapa yang menyiapkan makan pagi setiap hari, kita tinggal mengganti subjek kalimat (my mother) dengan who (susunan kalimat sesudahnya tidak berubah). Who prepares breakfast every day? Jawabannya: My mother. __> Class finished at two p.m. yesterday. yesterd ay. ….> What finished finished at two p.m. yesterday? Jawabannya: Class 2. Menanyakan selain subyek Adapun pola kalimatnya: Question words + Auxiliary verbs verbs + S + V + O/C? They study English every Thursday. She studies English every Thursday. They are studying English now. They have studied English. They studied English on Thursday last week. Untuk menanyakan apa yang mereka pelajari setiap hari Kamis, maka kita ganti kata English dengan kata Tanya yang sesuai, yaitu WHAT. Dengan menggunakan pola di atas maka kalimatnya menjadi:
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do they study every Thursday? What do does she study every Thursday? What does What are they studying now? have they studied? What have did they study on Thursday last week? What did Jawabannya: English. Untuk menanyakan kapan mereka belajar bahasa Inggris, maka gunakan WHEN. When do they study English? Where do they study English every Thursday? Why do they study English every Thursday? How do they study English every Thursday? With whom do they study English every Thursday? Who study English every Thursday? Who can speak English? Who taught you? What will she do tonight?
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EXERCISES
Tr anslate anslate the fol l owing se sentences ntences i nto I ndones ndonesian or in to Engl i sh!
1. Apel manis: 2. Apel merah: 3. Burung cantik: 4. Anak laki-laki pintar: 5. Mobil baru: 6. Cincin emas: 7. Cincin emas mahal: 8. The sunny day: 9. The beautiful flower: 10. The heavy rain: 11. Sweet orange: 12. Sour lemon: 13. The empty glass: 14. Sharp knife: 15. Dia (lk) sedang bermain sepak bola: 16. Agus senang: 17. Mereka bosan: 18. Mereka bosan belajar: 19. Ani terlambat: 20. Ani datang terlambat kemarin: 21. Ani akan datang tepat waktu ke sekolah: 22. Guru bahasa Inggris marah kepada saya: 23. Dia (pr) baik (hati): 24. Kami telah tinggal di KTT sejak tahun 2000: 25. Kami juga menginap beberapa malam di sana: 26. The teacher is lazy to school: 27. He always kicks and slaps the students: 28. The students’ parents are angry to him: him: 29. So, the teacher is fire: 30. But the other teachers support him: 31. Seorang guru bahasa Inggris yang baik: 32. Beberapa cincin emas yang mahal dan cantik: 33. A rich generous man: 34. An Indonesian map: 35. Guru itu tinggi: 36. Anak saya bisa pintar: 37. Lampu Osram terang: 38. Lampu Osram lebih terang dari pada lampu Philips: 39. Lampu Osram paling terang: Kule sangat suka membaca. Setiap akhir pekan dia pergi ke perpustakaan. Perpustakaan tidak terlalu jauh dari rumahnya, sehingga dia bisa pergi ke sana dengan jalan kaki. Dia punya kartu perpustakaan. perpustak aan. Dia bisa meminjam buku dengan kartunya. kar tunya. Artinya:
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Make sentences using the following words (by combining the words and adding the object of the sentences by yourself), where each sentence has its statement/declarative, negative, and questions/interrogative: yes/no question and wh-question! Your sentence structure will vary depending on the time marker (adverb) you use.
My father Our boss I They She
give finish read
take help
For example: (+) She is reading the newspaper right now. (-) She is not reading the newspaper right now. (?) - Is she reading the newspaper right now? - What is she reading right now? + My father reads newspaper every day. - My father does not read newspaper every day. ? Does my father read newspaper every day? What does my father read every day? When does my father read newspaper?
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always every morning just/already next week right now
READING TEXTS
Polly likes reading very much. Every weekend she goes to the library. The library is not far away from her home, so she can go there on foot. She has got library cards. She can borrow books with these cards. Write YES or NO 1. Polly goes to the library every Saturday. 2. The library library is near to Polly’s home. home. 3. Polly has no library cards.
(_____) (_____) (_____)
Answer the questions! 1. What does Polly do every weekend? 2. How does Polly go to the library? 3. Does she like reading? 4. Who likes reading? 5. Where does Polly read books? 6. What does Polly use to borrow books?
AN AFTERNOON IN THE PARK
Sharon is walking in the street. It’s It’s (it is) lovely day. She goes into the park. She sits down. Now Sharon is looking at the people. There are many adults and children. Some young people are sitting on the grass. They are playing music. They have guitars. There is a lake in the park. Sharon sees a boy with a small boat. He puts the boat in the water. Then Sharon looks across the lake. There are people on the other side. Suddenly Sharon sees Ellen. Ellen is her best friend. But Ellen doesn’t see Sharon. Sharon stands up. She calls Ellen. “Ellen! Ellen!” But Ellen can’t hear her. She is too far away. She can hear the music, but she can’t hear Shar on. on. An swer wer the fol l owin g ques questi ons bas based on th e text above above!
1. Where does Sharon go? 2. What is Sharon looking at? 3. What is the weather like? 4. What musical instruments can she hear? 5. What does the boy put in the lake? 6. What is the name of Sharon’s friend? 7. What can Ellen hear? 8. Is Sharon walking in the street? 9. Where is Sharon walking? 10. What is Sharon doing? 11. Does Sharon see a boy with a small boat? 12. What does Sharon see? 25
LUNCH TIME
It’s twelve o’clock on Monday. Chris is in the street. He is hungry. What can he do? He can go home and have lunch. But he hasn’t got any food at home. He can go to the supermarket. But that takes a long time. Chris is in a hurry. He sees a restaurant. But, perhaps it’s too expensive. He hasn’t got much money. But he has got a credit card! He stops in front of the restaurant. He looks at the menu. It looks very good. There is steak on the menu. He loves steak. And he wants to order a large glass of orange juice. This restaurant is perfect. He tries to go inside. But he can’t open the door. What’s that sign on the door? He puts on his glasses to read it. “Closed on Mondays.” Make some questions and answer them based on the text! The questions must be consisted of YES/NO QUESTIONS and INFORMATIONAL QUESTIONS (wh-questions). Buatlah beberapa pertanyaan berdasarkan teks dan jawab pertanyaan itu. Pertanyaan harus meliputi PERTANYAAN YA/TIDAK dan PERTANYAAN INFORMASI (menggunakan kata tanya WH-).
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THE NORTH WIND AND THE SUN
One day, the North Wind and the Sun were arguing. They were trying to decide which one of them was stronger. When a traveler came along wrapped up in his overcoat, they agreed that the one who could make the traveler take off his coat would be declared the strongest of the two. The North Wind began. He blew as hard as he could, but the harder he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped his coat around himself. Finally, the North Wind gave up. Then the Sun began to shine with intense heat and, right away, the traveler took off his coat. The North Wind had to concede; the Sun was stronger than he. Source: Unknown
Questions True or False _____ 1. The moral of this story is, "right isn't isn 't always right!" _____ 2. The traveler was unaware of the dispute disp ute between the North Wind and the th e Sun. _____ 3. When the Sun began to shine, the traveler tr aveler waited a while before befo re removing his coat. _____ 4. The North Wind and the Sun were arguing arguin g about which one of them was smarter.
Answer these Questions 1. How many characters take part in this tale? Who are they? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______
2. Who is stronger? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. Why do you think so? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. Why did the wind give up trying? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. Was the traveler wearing a raincoat? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ Make Questions
1. Yes, they were arguing. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. An overcoat. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. Because the harder he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped his coat around him. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. No, the North Wind gave up. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. The Sun is stronger than the North Wind. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 27
THE BLIND MAN AND THE SUN
Once upon a time, there lived a blind man who had never seen the sun. He asked a friend to tell him what it was like. "It’s "It’s like a brass plate," his friend said. The blind man struck a brass plate with a stick and listened to the sound. Every time he heard a similar sound, he thought it was the sun. His friend explained that "The sun is like a candle." The blind man felt a candle with his hand. He believed it was the same shape as the sun. Then his friend told him that the sun is like a great ball of fire. Later that winter, whenever the blind man sat in front of a fire, he thought it was the sun. The sun is really quite different from all these things; but the blind man did not know this because he could not see it. In the same way, the truth is often hard to see. If you cannot see it when it is right in front of you, then you are just like the blind man. From: Favourite Stories from Asia by: Leon Comber p. 2 Questions True or False _____ 1. The blind man's friend is a good teacher. _____ 2. The truth is like the sun. s un. _____ 3. The blind man's friend compared co mpared the sun to three thr ee things. _____ 4. The blind man never did figure fi gure out what the sun was like. li ke. _____ 5. It is cold in winter.
Answer these Questions
1. What did the blind man's friend compare the sun to? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. Which one of these things do you think is most similar to the sun? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. What would you compare the sun to? Why? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. Why is the truth like the sun? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ Make Questions
1. A brass plate, a candle, and a ball of fire. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. No, he never did understand. understan d. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. The Truth. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. Like a blind man. _________________________ ____________ __________________________ ____________________ _______
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THE OLD MAN AND HIS SONS
Once there lived an old man who had many sons. They were always quarrelling with one another and this made him very sad. He longed to see them live peacefully so he thought up a clever plan to show them their folly. He brought home a small bundle of sticks and sent for his sons. He asked his youngest son to try to break the bundle. He could not. Then he asked the rest to try. One by one, each of them tried, but failed. Then the old man undid the bundle and asked his sons to try again. They broke the sticks at once. Now came the time to teach them their lesson. "My sons," he said, "learn a lesson from these sticks. You could not break them as long as they were bound together, but the moment they th ey were separated sep arated from one another, they the y were broken into int o pieces. In the th e same way, you will come to no harm as long as you remain united. But you will all perish if you are divided." Source: Unknown Questions True or False ____ 1. The lesson the old man wished to teach his sons was: "Together "Togethe r we stand, divided we fall.” fall.” ____ 2. After the youngest son tried tri ed to break the bundle, bundle , the others tried all at the same time ti me ____ 3. The word "folly' is opposite oppos ite in meaning to "wisdom". ____ 4. After his sons had tried to t o break the bundle and failed, f ailed, the old man broke the sticks himself. ____ 5. The boys learned a good lesson. les son. Answer These Questions 1. Why wasn't the old man happy? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. How did he wish to see his sons to live peacefully? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. What did he bring home? Why? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. How many sons did he have? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. a) Do they ever fight (quarrel) with each other? ___________________________ _____________ ___________________________ __________________ _____ b) How did their parents react? ___________________________ _____________ ___________________________ __________________ _____ Make Questions 1. No, they couldn't. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. A small bundle of sticks. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. To teach them a lesson. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. Because they were always quarrelling. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. One by one. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 29
THE PROUD LION
One day, a rat walked past a lion sleeping in a deep forest. Just then, the lion woke up and saw the rat. He caught it with his paw. "What a tasty meal!" he said. "Mr. Lion, King of the Forest," cried the rat, "please have a pity on me. I'm too small to make a good meal for you. If you let me go, I'll always be grateful to you. Perhaps one day I shall be able to repay you for your kindness." The lion laughed, "How can you ever repay me?" But since he was not feeling very hungry, he let the rat go. The next day, the rat heard a loud noise in the forest. He ran to see what it was. It was the lion. He had fallen into a hole in the ground and was caught in a rope net. The lion looked up and saw the rat. “Mr. Rat”, he Rat”, he called out, "Mr. Rat, please jump down and help me." The rat jumped down into the hole and started to bite through the net. The lion was soon able to climb out of the hole. "Mr. Lion," said the rat, "yesterday you were very proud. You thought I was small and helpless. Today, I was able to save your life. I hope you will never forget that, although you are big and strong, even someone as small as I can help you." From: Favorite Stories from Asia by: Leon Comber p. 9 Questions True or False ____ 1. The hole into which the lion lio n fell was probably dug by b y a man. ____ 2. The lion ate the rat. ____ 3. The rat saved the lion's lio n's life. ____ 4. The lion learned a valuable valua ble lesson. ____ 5. The moral of the story is: "Bigger "Big ger is not always better !” !” Answer These Questions 1. What did the lion say when he caught the rat? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. Did the lion let the rat go because he took a pity on him or simply because he wasn't hungry? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. Did the rat keep his promise to the lion? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. What was the lion caught in? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. What did the lion fall into? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ Make Questions 1. In a deep forest. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. With his paw. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. A hole. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. By biting through the net. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. “Mr. Rat, please jump down and help me.” 30
YOU CANNOT PLEASE EVERYONE
A man and his son were leading a buffalo to the market. Someone seeing them pass by called out to the man, "Why don't you ride?" ride? " The man then sat on the buffalo buff alo while his son walked alongside. Soon they passed an old woman who called out to the man, "Why are you so lazy? You are a big strong man. Why don't you walk and let your son ride instead?" The man got down from the buffalo and told his son to ride. Just before they reached the town, an old man working in the fields called out to them, "It's not right for a boy to ride while his father walks." The man then sat on the buffalo behind his son. They had not gone very far when someone else called out to them, "Why are you so cruel? How can a buffalo carry two persons?" Both the man and his son jumped off the buffalo. They cut a branch of a tree and tied the buffalo's feet to it. They carried the branch between them. When they entered the town, some children called out laughingly to them, "How can you carry a buffalo? The buffalo should carry you." The buffalo was frightened by the noise. It was able to set itself free and it ran away as fast as it could. The man and his son never saw the buffalo again. As they were walking home, the man said to his son, "We've learned a good lesson today. You can never hope to please everyone no matter how hard you try!" Questions True or False ____1. In the end, they lost the buffalo. bu ffalo. ____2. The buffalo was afraid of loud lo ud noises. ____3. The children were amused by b y the sight of two men carrying a buffalo. bu ffalo. ____4. The man cared very much what others ot hers thought of him. ____5. There are only two people peop le mentioned in this story. sto ry.
Answer These Questions 1. Why did the man get on the buffalo? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. Why did he get off? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. Why did somebody say he was cruel? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 4. Who said, "It’s "It’s not right for a boy to ride while his father walks?" _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 5. What frightened the buffalo? _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ Make Questions 1. To the market. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 2. No, they never got there. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 3. As fast as it could. _________________________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________________ ______ 31
BOB HIGH AND DICKY LOW
Once there lived a very tall man. His name was Bob High. Bob was taller than his father and his older brothers. He was the tallest man in his village. One day, while he was walking with some of his friends, he saw a very short man. Though the man looked old, he was no taller than a boy of 9. He was unusually and exceptionally short. He was the shortest man Bob and his friends had ever seen. Though he was short, he was very intelligent. His name was Dicky Low. Dicky was shorter than any of his friends but more intelligent than all of them. He was known in his village as the most intelligent and quick-witted man and, of course, the shortest. After they greeted each other, Bob, said: "I don't think you can reach the tip of my nose with your fingers, you're so short, short, Dicky Low. But if you can, I'll give you $ 20” Dicky thought for a while then said, "Certainly, I can. I'm positively and absolutely sure. It’ It’ss no problem at all. I have to admit that I'm short and I'm not denying that fact, but my hands are longer than yours. If you can touch my toes with your hands I'll give you this 10 dollar bill right away. The tall man burst into laughter and stooped slowly to touch the short man's toes. At that moment, Dicky grabbed Bob's nose and said calmly, "I may be short but I know how to use my brain better than you. Please, give me the money you promised." After receiving the money, Dicky Low walked off in the direction of the village market. Amazed and dumb-founded, Bob and his friends watched him go. Source: Unknown Questions True or False
____ 1. Bob had one older brother. ____ 2. Bob made a bet with with Dicky. ____ 3. Dicky was was shorter than most of Bob's Bob's friends. ____ 4. Bob lost his $ 20. 20. ____ 5. Bob is commonly commonly used as a nickname for Robert. Robert. ____ 6. Dick or Dicky is used as a nickname nickname for Richard. Answer These These Questions
1. Did Bob touch Dick’s toes? _____________________________________________ toes? _____________________________________________ 2. Did Dicky grab Bob's nose? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 3. How much money did Bob lose? ____________________________________ _____________________________________________ _________ 4. Who was Bob walking with? __________________________________ _____________________________________________ ___________ 5. When did Dicky grab Bob's nose? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Make Questions Questions 1. They were amazed and dumb-founded. _____________________________________ _____________________ ________________________ ________ 2. The most intelligent, the most quick-witted and, of course, the shortest man in town _____________________________________ _____________________ ________________________ ________ 3. No taller than a boy . _____________________________________ _____________________ ________________________ ________ 4. The moment he bent over to touch Dicky’s toes. _____________________________________ _____________________ ________________________ ________ 5. With his finger _____________________________________ _____________________ ________________________ ________ 32