Sintesis de Paracetamol/AcetanilidaDescripción completa
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PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
It defines the minimum mandatory requirements for mechanical design and manufacture of the following skid-mounted: ● Chemical Injection Skid ● Dehydrator, Gas Hydrocarbon Skid ● Dehydrator, Liq...
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Introduction
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Paracetamol is the most widely accepted medicine for relieves pain and fever in adults This has been used by people in world wide for more than thirty years. It is used either prescribed by a doctor or it can be easily purchased as an over-the-counter medicine pharmacies or grocers shops.
Paracetamol can purchase in the form of tablets or syrups and paracetamol inject prescribed in certain cases. This product is suitable for all age groups including very
They can generally be taken by people who are sensitive to aspirin. There are no side-
taken at the recommended dosage and interactions with other treatments are not a problem
their effectiveness and lack of side-effects paracetamol products are frequently prescribe and people use as a treatment for relieving mild to moderate pains.
Process of manufacture of paracetamol
Commercial Manufacture
You're Reading a Preview The early commercial production of paracetamol relied on the nitration of phenol to p-nitr Unlock full access with a free trial.
a reduction step to produce p-aminophenol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride. Download With Free are Trialcurrently in use around the w commercial methods of manufacture of Paracetamol routes are listed below.
•
Phenol Route
•
Para Nitrochloro Benzene Route
•
•
Nitrobenzene Route
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Para Hydroxyacetophenone Hydrazine Route Useful
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Process using Phenol as a starting raw material
Phenol is nitrated by means of sodium nitrite and sulphuric acid to obtain paranitropheno
reduced by means of iron powder or sodium sulphide to get para-aminophenol. The reco aminophenol is completed by dissolving the para-aminonphenol hydrochloride
decolourising the aqua solution and crystallising the para-aminophenol by neutralizing resulting para-aminophenol is reacted with acetic anhydride to produce paracetamol.
The reactions are summarized as shown below:
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
O
Fe Powder /
NaNO3
CH3-C-O-C-CH3
H2SO4
Na2S
NO2
H-N-C
NH2
Para nitro phenol Phenol
Para aminophenol
Para
Process using Paranitrochlorobenzene a starting raw material You're as Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
Paranitrochlorobenzene is converted to paranitrophenol by means of caustic fusion with c Download With Free Trial an autoclave; paranitrophenol thus obtained is further reduced to paraminophenol
powder. Para-aminophenol crystallises out from the mother liquid which is subsequentl
Para-aminophencl crystal is then reacted with acetic anhydride to produce crude paracetam
The reactions are summarised as shown below: Sign up to vote on this title
OH
Cl NaOH
OH Useful
O O useful Not
Fe Powder CH -C-O-C-CH
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Paracetamol may be easily prepared in the laboratory by using phenol. Phenol is reacted
nitrate and separate para nitro phenol from outho nitro phenol. Then para nitro phenol is para amino phenol by using sodium borohydride and acetylated with acetic anhydride.
Costs of raw materials Process using Phenol as a starting raw material Sign up to vote on this title
Cost of raw materials is calculated for the above process described. Because lab scale p
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used for the commercial production too. This is a rough estimation and only the costs materials are considered during this calculation.
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= 11.0375mol
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Weight of the 4-aminophenol required
= 11.0375 * 109 = 1203.0905g
Molecular weight of 4-aminophenol is 109 g/mol
According to the literature, 1.17g of ethanoic anhydride is required to react with 1g of 4-a
Weight of the ethanoic anhydride required
= 1203.0905 * 1.17 =1407.6159g
If the yield of 4-amino phenol is 74%, Number of moles of 4-nitrophenol reacted
=11.0375/0.74 =14.9155mol
Weight of 4-nitrophenol reacted
= 14.9155 * 139 = 2073.2545g You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with a free trial.
The reduction of nitro group to amine group is done by reacting it with sodium Download With Free Trial According to the literature, 0.56g of sodium borohydride is required to react with 1g of 4-
Weight of the sodium borohydride required
= 2073.2545 * 0.56 = 1161.0225g
First step is nitration of phenol and Sodium nitrate and dilute sulfuric acid use for the r Sign up to vote on this title
products 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitropenol can be separated and yield products are Notthe useful Useful of respectively.
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Weight of sodium nitrate required
=59.662 * 85 = 5071.27g
Item
Unit cost (LKR / kg)
Qty (kg) /
Cost
Phenol
87.98
Paracetamol Kg 5.6082
Paracet 493.39
Sodium nitrate
80.85
5.0713
410.01
Sodium boro hydride
5175
1.1610
6008.32
Ethanoic anhydride
125.50
1.4076
176.63
Total cost of raw materials per 1kg of paracetamol = 493.39+410.01+6008.32+176.63 = LKR 7088.36
If price of paracetamol tablet is LKR 2.00, Total revenue from 1kg of paracetamol
= (1000/0.5) * 2
You're Reading a=Preview LKR 4000.00 Unlock full access with a free trial.
Download With Free Trial Finally this manufacturing process gives loss. Therefore process should modify to earn p
During this process sodium boro hydride used for the reducing reaction, which has the hig cost. If we used low cost substitute for that we could earn profit.
We can use Sn and hydrochloric acid for the reducing reaction instead of sodium Sign up to vote on this title According to the literature, 0.56g of sodium borohydride is required to react with 1g of Useful Not useful
during the reducing reaction. Assume that same amount of hydrochloric acid is req reaction.
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Item
Unit cost (LKR / kg)
Qty (kg) /
Cost
Phenol
87.98
Paracetamol Kg 5.6082
Paracet 493.39
Sodium nitrate
80.85
5.0713
410.01
Ethanoic anhydride
125.50
1.4076
176.63
HCl
8.40
3.0978
26.02
If tin and hydrochloric acid used for the reducing reaction, Total cost of raw materials per paracetamol Kg = 493.39+410.01+26.02+176.63 = LKR 1106.05
Total revenue from 1kg of paracetamol
= (1000/0.5) * 2 = LKR 4000.00
You're Reading a Preview Unlock full access with=a free trial. Profit from manufacture of pracetamol LKR 4000 – LKR 1106.05
= LKR Download With Free Trial2893.95
Therefore profit will arise from manufacture of paracetamol, if use Sn and hydrochlori reducing reaction instead of sodium borohydride.
But the main raw materials for the manufacturer of paracetamol are directly derived fro Sign up to vote on this title
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the price of paracetamol is dependent on the world market situation of petroleum and petr
