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Makalah Teori Ekonomi Makro - Investasi
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Makalah Teori Ekonomi Makro - Investasi
Disusun Oleh: Paulo M.P. Harianja. Fakultas Ekonomi, Jurusan Manajemen, Universitas Darma Agung, Medan, 2012.Full description...
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Paulo M.P. Harianja
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8
goufp}dpg wdoh ~|a~a|pgaodc do}d|d |fpgia mdo ~fohbdpgcdo wdoh lgpd mg~f|acfb wdoh dido mg~gcgb/ dhh|fppguf =/ Jamf|d}fcw dhh|fppguf Jamf|d}fcw dhh|fppguf# jf|v~dido }g~f goufp}a| wdoh }fodoh d}dv }gmdi fip}|gj
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4/0 ]vkvdo# Mdpd|# mdo ^|apfp Goufp}dpg 4/0/4 ]vkvdo Goufp}dpg ^dmd mdpd|owd }vkvdo a|doh jfcdivido goufp}dpg dmdcdb vo}vi jfohbdpgcido pfkvjcdb vdoh/ Pf`d|d cflgb ibvpvp jfov|v} " ]domfcgcgo# <>>4; 6' dmd lflf|d~d dcdpdo jfohd~d pfpfa|doh jfcdivido goufp}dpg# do}d|d cdgo; 4/ Vo}vi jfomd~d}ido ifbgmv~do wdoh cflgb cdwdi mg jdpd mf~do/ Pfpfa|doh wdoh lgkdipdod dido lf|~gig| ldhdgjdod jfogohid}ido }d|de bgmv~owd md|g xdi}v if xdi}v d}dv pf}gmdiowd lf|vpdbd ldhdgjdod jfj~f|}dbdoido }gohid} ~fomd~d}doowd wdoh dmd pfid|doh dhd| }gmdi lf|iv|doh mg jdpd wdoh dido md}doh/
2
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4/0/< Mdpd| If~v}vpdo Goufp}dpg Dmd~vo mdpd| if~v}vpdo goufp}dpg jfov|v} ]domfcgcgo "<>>6' }f|mg|g md|g; 4/ \f}v|o Dcdpdo v}djd a|doh lf|goufp}dpg dmdcdb vo}vi jfj~f|acfb ifvo}vohdo/ Mdcdj jdodkfjfo goufp}dpg }gohid} ifvo}vohdo goufp}dpg mgpflv} pfldhdg |f}v|o / Pvd}v bdc wdoh pdohd} xdkd| kgid goufp}a| jfovo}v} }gohid} |f}v|o }f|}fo}v d}dp mdod wdoh }fcdb mggoufp}dpgidoowd/ \f}v|o wdoh mgbd|d~ido goufp}a| md|g goufp}dpg wdoh mgcdividoowd mgcdividoowd jf|v~dido iaj~fopdpg d}dp lgdwd ifpfj~d}do " a~~a|}vog}w `ap} ' mdo |fpgia ~fov|vodo mdwd lfcg digld} dmdowd ~fohd|vb goecdpg/ Mdcdj lf|goufp}dpg ~f|cv mglfmdido do}d|d |f}v|o wdoh mgbd|d~ido " fr~f`}fm |f}v|o ' mdo |f}v|o wdoh }f|kdmg "|fdcg{fm |f}v|o '/ \f}v|o wdoh mgbd|d~ido jf|v~dido }gohid} |f}v|o wdoh mgdo}gpg~dpg goufp}a| mgjdpd md}doh/ Pfmdohido |f}v|o wdoh }f|kdmg d}dv |f}v|o di}vdc jf|v~dido |f}v|o wdoh }fcdb mg~f|acfb goufp}a| mgjdpd cdcv/ Do}d|d }gohid} |f}v|o wdoh mgbd|d~ido mdo }gohid} |f}v|o di}vdc wdoh mg~f|acfb goufp}a| md|g goufp}dpg wdoh mgcdivido jvohigo pdkd lf|lfmd/ \gpi Pfcdgo bdc mg d}dp# pfa|doh goufp}a| bd|vp pfcdcv jfj~f|}gjldohido |fpgia mdcdj ~|apfp goufp}dpg/ Pfbgohhd mdcdj lf|goufp}dpg# mgpdj~goh jfj~f|bd}gido }gohid} |f}v|o# goufp}dpg bd|vp pfcdcv jfj~f|}gjldohido }gohid} |fpgia pvd}v goufp}dpg/ ]gohid} |f}v|o lf|ia|fcdpg cdohpvoh mfohdo |fpgia# wdg}v; pfjdigo }gohhg ~fohfjldcgdo# pfjdigo }gohhg |fpgia/ Acfb id|fod g}v# goufp}a| bd|vp jfokdhd }gohid} |fpgia mfohdo ~fohfjldcgdo wdoh pfgjldoh/
7
0/ ]bf }gjf ed`}a| Kdohid xdi}v dmdcdb bdc ~fo}goh md|g mfegogpg goufp}dpg/ Goufp}a| md~d} jfododjido jfododjido jamdcowd ~dmd kdohid ~fomfi# kdohid jfofohdb# d}dv kdohid ~dokdoh/ ^fjgcgbdo kdohid xdi}v goufp}dpg pflfod|owd pflfod|owd jf|v~dido pvd}v bdc ~fo}goh wdoh jfovokviido jfovokviido fip~fi}dpg d}dv bd|d~do md|g goufp}a|/ Goufp}a| pfcdcv jfowfcfipg kdohid xdi}v mdo ~fohfjldcgdo wdoh lgpd jfjfovbg fip~fi}dpg fip~fi}dpg md|g ~f|}gjldohdo ~fohfjldcgdo mdo |fpgia/
4/0/0 ^|apfp goufp}dpg ^|apfp goufp}dpg dmdcdb pvd}v |dohidgdo di}gug}dp wdoh jfohbdpgcido mg mdcdj ~fjlfcgdo dpf} owd}d!pv|d} lf|bd|hd/ ^|apfp goufp}dpg lf|igpd| }fo}doh if~v}vpdo* if~v}vpdo goufp}dpg wdoh lf|bvlvohdo vo}vi jfjdipgjvjido ifidwddo goufp}a|/ Cdohidb*cdohidb Cdohidb*cdohidb mdcdj ~|apfp goufp}dpg; d/ ^fohf}dbvdo ^fohf}dbvdo }fo}doh ~fohfjldcgdo mdo |fpgia goufp}dpg/ l/ Jfohf}dbvg pgid~ goufp}a| }f|bdmd~ |fpgia/ Pf}gd~ goufp}a| bd|vp jdv jfof|gjd |fpgia goufp}dpg wdoh }f|idmdoh mg mdcdj dpf} |ggc jdv~vo pv|d} lf|bd|hd# mdo md~d} jfohgmfo}gegidpg iajlgodpg ~fohfjldcgdo mdo |fpgia wdoh md~d} mg}f|gjd/ Mfohdo id}d cdgo# pflfcvj jfof|gjd |fpgia goufp}dpg# goufp}a| bd|vp lf|dmd ~dmd ~apgpg egodopgdc wdoh cahgp# mdo bd|vp pgd~ jfohhvodido jfohhvodido dcdpdo*dcdpdo wdoh jdpvi didc vo}vi ~|apfp ~fjlvd}do if~v}vpdo/ `/ ^fohf}dbvdo md|g pf}gd~ }g~f pv|d} lf|bd|hd!dpf} wdoh }f|pfmgd vo}vi goufp}dpg# }f|jdpvi ~fohfjldcgdo wdoh mgbd|d~ido mdo |fpgia wdoh lf|bvlvohdo mfohdo }g~f dpf}!pv|d} lf|bd|hd }f|pflv}/ m/ Jfjgcgb lflf|d~d pv|d} lf|bd|hd!dpf} wdoh md~d} jfjlf|g pvd}v ~fohfjldcgdo mdo |fpgia wdoh md~d} mg}f|gjd lf|mdpd|ido iflv}vbdo*iflv}vbdo iflv}vbdo*iflv}vbdo md|g goufp}a| }f|}fo}v/
4>
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44
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40
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04
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06
^fjamdc lgpd jfcdivido goufp}dpg gog pf`d|d gomgugmv }do~d bd|vp jdpvi ifpdcdb pd}v ~f|vpdbddo ~gdcdoh pf~f|}g ~dmd goufp}dpg pdbdj
Kgid mglv}vbido jfomfpdi# udcv}d dpgoh lgpd mg`dg|ido pfxdi}v*xdi}v#do}d|d cdgo @bdohf| ,/ jfcdcvg , Jaofw @bdohf| ,/
Ifcfjdbdo;
\fpgia jfjlfcg jd}d vdoh dpgoh pdohd} lfpd|# gog id|fod mg Gomaofpgd jd}d vdoh dpgoh pdohd} ecvi}vd}ge ogcdg }vid|owd mdo pdohd} |fo}do }f|bdmd~ iflgkdido ~fjf|go}db
2/ Alcghdpg
Alcghdpg d}dv pf|}gegid} alcghdpg dmdcdb pv|d} v}doh wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb ~fjf|go}db jdv~vo ~f|vpdbddo# ldgi vo}vi jfodjldb jamdc ~f|vpdbddo d}dv jfjlgdwdg pvd}v ~|awfi ~fjf|go}db/ Id|fod pged}owd wdoh bdj~g| pdjd mfohdo mf~apg}a# jdid dhd| cflgb jfod|gi goufp}a|# pviv lvohd alcghdpg lgdpdowd pfmgig} cflgb }gohhg mgldomgoh pviv lvohd mf~apg}a/ Pfcdgo g}v pf~f|}g pdbdj if~fjgcgido alcghdpg md~d} kvhd mgkvdc if~dmd ~gbdi cdgo ldgi mfohdo bd|hd wdoh cflgb }gohhg jdv~vo cflgb |fomdb md|g~dmd if}gid jfjlfcgowd/ Kfogp*kfogp alcghdpg;
Alcghdpg pviv lvohd }f}d~ jfjgcgig iv~ao lvohd mfohdo lfpd|do }f}d~ wdoh mgldwd| pf`d|d lf|idcd pf~dokdoh jdpd lf|cdivowd alcghdpg/
Alcghdpg pviv lvohd jfohdjldoh d}dv lgdpd kvhd mgpflv} mfohdo Ecad}goh |d}f oa}f "E\O' jfjgcgig iv~ao wdoh ~f|bg}vohdo lfpd|do lvohdowd jfohd`v ~dmd
pvd}v gomfip ~dpd| vdoh pf~f|}g CGLA\ d}dv Fv|gla|/
Kvoi laom d}dv ,alcghdpg lf|gjldc bdpgc }gohhg, dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh jfjgcgig
~f|gohid} mgldxdb ~f|gohid} goufp}dpg wdoh mglf|gido acfb cfjldhd ~fjf|gohid} i|fmg}/ Acfb id|fod alcghdpg kfogp gog jfjgcgig |gpgia wdoh `viv~ }gohhg jdid goufp}a| jfohbd|d~ido pvd}v gjldc bdpgc wdoh cflgb }gohhg/
Alcghdpg }do~d lvohd d}dv cflgb mgifodc mfohdo gp}gcdb " {f|a `av~ao laom ' dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh }gmdi jfjlf|gido ~fjldwd|do lvohd/ Alcghdpg gog mg~f|mdhdohido
05
mfohdo ~fjlf|gdo ~a}aohdo bd|hd md|g ogcdg ~d|g/ ^fjfhdoh alcghdpg jfof|gjd pf`d|d ~fovb ~aiai bv}doh ~dmd pdd} kd}vb }fj~a alcghdpg/
Alcghdpg goecdpg d}dv cflgb mgifodc mfohdo pflv}do Goecd}gao cgoifm laom # mgjdod ogcdg ~aiai v}doh ~dmd alcghdpg }f|pflv} dmdcdb jfohd`v ~dmd gomfip goecdpg/ Pviv lvohd ~dmd alcghdpg kfogp gog cflgb |fomdb md|g~dmd alcghdpg pviv lvohd }f}d~/ Odjvo mfohdo lf|}vjlvbowd ogcdg ~aiai v}doh pfkdcdo mfohdo goecdpg# jdid ~fjldwd|do ~fcvodpdo alcghdpg gog dido jfogohid} ~vcd/ ^dmd ~f|gamf }dbvo 472>do# ~fjf|go}db Gohh|gp dmdcdb wdoh ~f|}djd idcgowd jfof|lg}ido alcghdpg kfogp gog wdoh mglf|g odjd Hgc}p/ Mg Djf|gid alcghdpg kfogp gog mgifodc mfohdo odjd ,]|fdpv|w Goecd}gao*^|a}f`}fm Pf`v|g}gfp , "]G^P' mdo G*laomp/
Alcghdpg gomfip cdgoowd# dmdcdb pv|d} v}doh lf|ldpgp fivg}g "ftvg}w cgoifm oa}f' mdo alcghdpg wdoh jfohd`v ~dmd gomfip wdoh jf|v~dido gomgid}a| lgpogp pf~f|}g ~fohbdpgcdo# ogcdg }djldb d}dv~vo ~dmd gomfip odpgaodc pf~f|}g ~|amvi majfp}gi l|v}a/
Fefi Lf|dhvo Dpf} dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh ~fjldwd|do lvohd mdo ~aiai v}dohowd mgkdjgo acfb d`vdo lf|v~d d|vp idp wdoh mg~f|acfb md|g ~fohbdpgcdo dpf}/ @ao}ab ja|}hdhf*ld`ifm pf`v|g}w*JLP '# md|g alcghdpg kfogp gog dmdcdb Fefi lf|dhvo I^\ "ja|}hdhf*ld`ifm '# `accd}f|dcg{fm ja|}hdhf alcghd}gao "@JAp' mdo `accd}f|dcg{fm mfl} alcghd}gao
"@MAp'/
Alcghdpg pvla|mgodpg# alcghdpg wdoh jfjgcgig ~f|gohid} ~|ga|g}dp cflgb |fomdb mgldomgohido alcghdpg cdgoowd wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb ~fof|lg} mdcdj bdc }f|kdmgowd cgivgmdpg/ Mdcdj bdc }f|kdmgowd if~dgcg}do jdid dmd bg|d|ig md|g ~d|d i|fmg}v|/ ^f|}djd dmdcdb ~fjldwd|do md|g cgivgmd}a|# ifjvmgdo ~fjldwd|do v}doh ~dkdi# mdo cdgo*cdgo/ ^fjfhdoh alcghdpg wdoh ~fjldwd|doowd mgv}djdido mgv}djdido dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh jfjgcgig }dohhdc ~fof|lg}do ~dcgoh dxdc wdoh mgpflv} alcghdpg pfoga|# pf}fcdb alcghdpg gog mgcvodpg jdid ld|vcdb ~fjldwd|do ~fcvodpdo alcghdpg pvla|mgodpg mgcdivido/ Acfb id|fod |gpgiaowd cflgb }gohhg jdid alcghdpg pvla|mgodpg gog lgdpdowd jfjgcgig ~f|gohid} i|fmg} cflgb |fomdb md|g~dmd alcghdpg pfoga|/ @ao}ab v}djd md|g alcghdpg pvla|mgodpg gog md~d} mg}fjvg ~dmd alcghdpg wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb ~f|ldoido mdo ~dmd Fefi Lf|dhvo Dpf}/ ^fof|lg}do wdoh lf|giv}owd vjvjowd mgcdivido mdcdj lfo}vi ,}|do`bfp, / Pfoga| }|do`bfp mgldwd| }f|cflgb mdbvcv md|g }|do`bfp pvla|mgodpg/
08
Alcghdpg dldmg# alcghdpg gog }gmdi jfjgcgig pvd}v jdpd kd}vb }fj~a/ Alcghdpg kfogp gog wdoh }f|ifodc mdcdj ~dpd| alcghdpg dmdcdb , VI @aopacp, wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb ~fjf|go}db Gohh|gp# d}dv kvhd mgifodc mfohdo odjd ]|fdpv|w Doovg}gfp d}dv Vomd}fm ]|fdpv|gfp / Lflf|d~d md|g alcghdpg gog mg}f|lg}ido ~f|}djd idcg ~dmd }dbvo
4222 mdo jdpgb mg~f|mdhdohido bgohhd bd|g gog/ Lflf|d~d alcghdpg kfogp gog kvhd jfjgcgig jdpd kd}vb }fj~a wdoh pdohd} ~dokdoh pfidcg pf~f|}g jgpdcowd ~f|vpdbddo Xfp} Pba|f \dgc|adm wdoh jfof|lg}ido alcghdpg mfohdo jdpd kd}vb }fj~a ~dmd
}dbvo <054 "d}dv dldm if*<='/ ]f|idmdoh kvhd alcghdpg dldmg gog mgcg bd} lf|mdpd|ido md|g ogcdg }vodg alcghdpg }f|pflv} ~dmd pdd} gog wdoh ogcdg ~aiaiowd jfomfid}g jfomfid}g oac/
Alcghdpg d}dp vokvi dmdcdb jf|v~dido pf|}gegid} |fpjg }do~d odjd ~fjfhdoh mgjdod pgd~d~vo wdoh jfjfhdoh alcghdpg }f|pflv} md~d} jfovo}v} mgcdividoowd ~fjldwd|do d}dp alcghdpg wdoh mg~fhdohowd }f|pflv}/ Lgdpdowd kvhd alcghdpg gog mglf|g oajf| v|v} mdo mgmde}d|ido hvod jfohbgomd|g ~fjdcpvdo odjvo md~d} mg~f|mdhdohido pf~f|}g cdwdiowd vdoh }vodg/ Alcghdpg gog djd} lf|gpgia }f|bdmd~ ifbgcdohdo mdo if`v|gdo/ Alcghdpg gog pf|goh mgpdcdb hvodido vo}vi jfohbgomd|g ~fohfoddo ~dkdi/ ^d|d ~f|vpdbddo mg Djf|gid jfohbfo}gido ~fof|lg}do alcghdpg d}dp vokvi gog pfkdi }dbvo 472< mdo pf`d|d |fpjg mgcd|doh acfb a}a|g}dp ~f|~dkdido ~dmd }dbvo 4720/
Alcghdpg }f|`d}d} dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh if~fjgcgidoowd d}dv~vo ~f|dcgbdoowd mgmde}d|ido mdo mg`d}d} acfb ~fof|lg} d}dv acfb cfjldhd dmjgogp}|dpg fefi/ ^fjldwd|do lvohd mdo ~fjldwd|do ~aiai v}doh dido m}|dopef| cdohpvoh if~dmd ~fjfhdoh alcghdpg wdoh odjdowd }f|`d}d}/
Alcghdpg mdf|db d}dv mg Djf|gid mgifodc pfldhdg jvog`g~dc laom dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb ofhd|d ldhgdo# }f|g}a|gdc# ia}d# ~fjf|go}dbdo pf}fj~d}# d}dv~vo cfjldhd*cfjldhdowd/ Lvohd wdoh mgldwd|ido if~dmd ~fjfhdoh alcghdpg pf|gohidcg }gmdi mgifodido ~dkdi acfb ofhd|d ldhgdo wdoh jfof|lg}ido# odjvo alcghdpg mdf|db wdoh mg}f|lg}ido hvod pvd}v }vkvdo }f|}fo}v }f}d~ mgifodido ~dkdi/
Alcghdpg }do~d xd|id} d}dv cflgb mgifodc pfldhdg Laai*fo}|w laom dmdcdb pvd}v alcghdpg wdoh }gmdi jfjgcgig pf|}gegid}# mgjdod jdbdcowd lgdwd ~fjlvd}do pf|}gegid} pf|}d iv~ao jfohdigld}ido }gjlvcowd alcghdpg kfogp gog/ Alcghdpg gog jfohhvodido pgp}fj fcfi}|aogi }f|~dmv wdoh jfomvivoh ~fowfcfpdgdo }|dopdipg fefi pf`d|d ~fjgomdblvivdo ~fjgomdblvivdo mg ~dpd| jamdc/
02
Alcghdpg ca}f|f d}dv kvhd mgpflv} Ca}}f|w laom dmdcdb alcghdpg wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb pvd}v ofhd|d "lgdpdowd ofhd|d*ofhd|d F|a~d'/ Lvohdowd mgldwd| pf~f|}g }d}d `d|d ~fjldwd|do lvohd ~dmd alcghdpg pviv lvohd }f}d~ }f}d~g ~fof|lg} alcghdpg dido jfoflvp alcghdpg wdoh mg}f|lg}idoowd pf`d|d d`di ~dmd xdi}v }f|}fo}v mgjdod ~foflvpdo d}dv ~fcvodpdo alcghdpg wdoh lf|vo}voh }f|~gcgb dido mgcdivido mfohdo bd|hd wdoh cflgb }gohhg md|g~dmd ogcdg wdoh }f|}f|d ~dmd alcghdpg /
Alcghdpg ~f|doh d}dv Xd| laom dmdcdb pvd}v alcghdpg wdoh mg}f|lg}ido acfb pvd}v ofhd|d hvod jfjlgdwdg ~f|doh
Ifcflgbdo;
]gohid} lvohd alcghdpg lf|pged} iaopgp}fo# mdcdj d|}g }gmdi mg~fohd|vbg bd|hd ~dpd| alcghdpg
^fjfhdoh alcghdpg md~d} jfj~f|ig|dido ~fomd~d}do wdoh dido mg}f|gjd# pfldl mdcdj iao}|di ~f|kdokgdo pvmdb mg}fo}vido pf`d|d ~dp}g bdi*bdi wdoh dido mg}f|gjd ~fjfhdoh alcghdpg
Goufp}dpg alcghdpg md~d} ~vcd jfcgomvohg |fpgia ~fjfhdoh alcghdpg md|g ifjvohigodo }f|kdmgowd goecdpg
Alcghdpg md~d} mghvodido pfldhdg pfldhdg dhvodo i|fmg} ldoi mdo vo}vi jfjlfcg gop}|vjfo di}gud cdgo/
Ifcfjdbdo;
]gohid} lvohd ~dpd| ifvdohdo mfohdo bd|hd alcghdpg jfj~vowdg bvlvohdo ofhd}ge# d~dlgcd bd|hd alcghdpg odgi jdid }gohdid} lvohd dido }v|vo mdo pfldcgiowd
]gohid} cgivgmg}dp alcghdpg |fomdb# bdc gog mgid|fodido ~f|hf|dido bd|hd alcghdpg# ibvpvpowd d~dlgcd bd|hd alcghdpg jfov|vo
\fpgia ~fod|gido# d~dlgcd mdcdj iao}|di ~f|kdokgdo alcghdpg dmd ~f|pwd|d}do ~fod|gido alcghdpg# ~f|vpdbddo md~d} jfod|gi alcghdpg pflfcvj kd}vb }fj~a mfohdo jfjldwd| pfkvjcdb ~|fjg
\fpgia if`v|dohdo d~dlgcd ~f|vpdbddo ~fof|lg} jfj~vowdg jdpdcdb cgivgmg}dp mdo }gmdi jdj~v jfcvodpg ifxdkgldoowd d}dv~vo jfohdcdjg ifldohi|v}do# jdid ~fjfhdoh alcghdpg dido jfomf|g}d if|vhgdo/
07
7/ Pf|}gegid} Ldoi Gomaofpgd "PLG'
Pf|}gegid} Ldoi Gomaofpgd "PLG' dmdcdb pv|d} lf|bd|hd wdoh mgifcvd|ido acfb Ldoi Gomaofpgd pfldhdg ~fohdivdo v}doh lf|kdohid xdi}v ~fomfi "4*0 lvcdo' mfohdo pgp}fj mgpiao}a !lvohd/ PLG jf|v~dido pdcdb pd}v jfidogpjf wdoh mghvodido Ldoi Gomaofpgd vo}vi jfohao}|ac ifp}dlgcdo ogcdg \v~gdb/ Mfohdo jfokvdc PLG# Ldoi Gomaofpgd md~d} jfowf|d~ ifcflgbdo vdoh ~|gjf| wdoh lf|fmd|/ ]gohid} pviv lvohd wdoh lf|cdiv ~dmd pf}gd~ ~fokvdcdo PLG mg}fo}vido acfb jfidogpjf ~dpd| lf|mdpd|ido pgp}fj cfcdoh/ Pfkdi dxdc Kvcg <>>6# LG jfohhvodido jfidogpjf , LG |d}f, "pviv lvohd LG'# wdg}v LG jfohvjvjido jfohvjvjido }d|hf} pviv lvohd PLG wdoh mggohgoido LG vo}vi ~fcfcdohdo ~dmd jdpd ~f|gamf }f|}fo}v/ LG |d}f gog ifjvmgdo wdoh mghvodido pfldhdg d`vdo ~d|d ~fcdiv ~dpd| mdcdj jfohgiv}g ~fcfcdohdo/
4>/ Pfiv|g}dp ~dpd| vdoh
Pfiv|g}dp
~dpd|
vdoh
jf|v~dido
pv|d}*pv|d}
lf|bd|hd
kdohid
~fomfi
wdoh
mg~f|kvdclfcgido mg ~dpd| vdoh/
44/ Pf|}gegid} bv}doh alcghdpg
Jf|v~dido lvi}g if~fjgcgido ~gv}doh if~dmd ~gbdi cdgo/ Pf|}gegid} gog md~d} mg~f|kvdclfcgido ~dmd }gohid} mgpiao}a }f|}fo}v/ Pf|}gegid} bv}doh alcghdpg gog jf|v~dido lfo}vi goufp}dpg kdohid ~dokdoh/
4 \fipdmdod/
\fipdmdod dmdcdb xdmdb mdo ~acd ~fohfcacddo mdod!jamdc ldhg pfivj~vcdo goufp}a| vo}vi lf|goufp}dpg mdcdj gop}|vjfo*gop}|vjfo goufp}dpg wdoh }f|pfmgd mg ~dpd| mfohdo `d|d jfjlfcg vog} ~fowf|}ddo |fipdmdod/ Mdod gog ifjvmgdo mgifcacd acfb Jdodkf| Goufp}dpg if mdcdj ~a|}aeacga goufp}dpg# ldgi lf|v~d pdbdj# alcghdpg# ~dpd| vdoh d}dv~vo fefi!pfiv|g}g cdgoowd jfcdcvg ^f|vpdbddo Jdodkfjfo Goufp}dpg " Jv}vdc Evom '/ '/
Ifcflgbdo;
^fjamdc if`gc lgpd jfcdivido mguf|pgegidpg jamdc pfbgohhd lgpd jfj~f|if`gc |fpgia if|vhgdo
=>
Jfjvmdbido ~fjamdc wdoh }gmdi jfjgcgig ifdbcgdo d}dv ifvo}vohdo vo}vi lf|goufp}dpg mg~dpd| jamdc
^fjamdc mgldo}v mgldo}v Jdodkf| Goufp}dpg Goufp}dpg wdoh ~|aefpgaodc/
]|dop~d|dopg goea|jdpg mdo }gohid} cgivgmg}dp wdoh }gohhg
Ifcfjdbdo;
\fpgia lf|iv|dohowd vog} ~fowf|}ddo "lvi}g if~fpf|}ddo mdcdj |fipdmdod lf|lfo}vi iao}|di goufp}dpg iacfi}ge' kgid bd|hd fefi "pdbdj# alcghdpg# mdo pv|d} lf|bd|hd cdgo' }v|vo
Jdodkf| goufp}dpg lgpd pdkd jfohdcdjg ifpvcg}do jfowfmgdido vdoh kgid ldowdi ~fjamdc pf|fo}di jfcdivido ~fokvdcdo ifjldcg
\fpgia xdo~|fp}dpg kgid ~f|vpdbddo dpv|dopg |fipdmdod }gmdi pfhf|d jfjldwd| hdo}g |vhg d}dv jfjldwd| cflgb |fomdb md|g ogcdg ~f|}dohhvohdo |fipdmdod
Kfogp*kfogp \fipdmdod; \fipdmdod; 4/ \fipdmdod ^fomd~d}do ]f}d~/ \fipdmdod wdoh jfcdivido goufp}dpg pfiv|doh*iv|dohowd 2>& md|g mdod wdoh mgifcacd "di}gudowd' mdcdj lfo}vi fefi lfo}vi fefi lf|pged} lf|pged} v}doh/ \fipdmdod Pdbdj/ \fipdmdod wdoh jfcdivido goufp}dpg pfiv|doh*iv|dohowd 2>& md|g mdod wdoh mgifcacdowd mdcdj fefi lf|pged} fivg}dp/ 0/ \fipdmdod @dj~v|do/ \fipdmdod wdoh jfj~vowdg ~f|ldomgohdo }d|hf} dpf} dcaidpg ~dmd fefi pdbdj mdo ~fomd~d}do }f}d~ wdoh }gmdi md~d} mgid}fha|gido if mdcdj if}ghd |fipdmdod cdgoowd/ =/ \fipdmdod ^dpd| Vdoh/ \fipdmdod wdoh goufp}dpgowd goufp}dpgowd mg}dodj ~dmd fefi lf|pged} bv}doh mfohdo kd}vb }fj~a wdoh iv|doh md|g pd}v }dbvo/
=4
5 Edi}a| Edi}a| Wdoh Jfj~fohd|vbg Jfj~fohd|vbg Cdkv Goufp}dpg Cdkv goufp}dpg wdoh mg}dodj mgpvd}v ofhd|d d}dv mdf|db# mg~fohd|vbg acfb lflf|d~d edi}a|# wdg}v; 4/ ]gohid} ifvo}vohdo wdoh mg|djdcido \djdcdo jfohfodg ifvo}vohdo*ifvo}vohdo jdpd mf~do dido jfjlf|gido hdjld|do if~dmd ~fohvpdbd jfohfodg kfogp*kfogp vpdbd wdoh ~|ap~fi}ge mdo md~d} mgcdipdodido mgjdpd mf~do# mdo lfpd|owd goufp}dpg wdoh bd|vp mgcdivido vo}vi jfjfovbg }djldbdo ld|doh*ld|doh jamdc wdoh mg ~f|cvido/
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]gohid} lvohd "go}f|fp} |d}f' ]gohid} lvohd jfofo}vido kfogp*kfogp goufp}dpg wdoh dido jfjlf|gido ifvo}vohdo if~dmd ~d|d ~fohvpdbd# mdo ~d|d goufp}a| bdowd dido jfododjido jamdcowd d~dlgcd }gohid} ~fohfjldcgdo jamdc md|g jamdc wdoh mg }dodj# lf|v~d ~f|pfo}dpf ifvo}vohdo of}}a "lfcvj mgiv|dohg mfohdo }gohid} lvohd wdoh mg ldwd|'# jamdc wdoh mg ~f|acfb cflgb lfpd| md|g }gohid} lvohd/ Pfa|doh goufp}a| jfj~vowdg mvd ~gcgbdo mg mdcdj jfohhvodido jamdc wdoh mgjgcgigowd wdg}v ; ~f|}djd# dmdcdb mfohdo jfjgokdjido d}dv jfjlvohdido vdoh }f|pflv}
"mf~apg}a'9 ifmvd# mfohdo jfohhvodidoowd vo}vi goufp}dpg/ Mdcdj bdc mgjdod ~fomd~d}do
wdoh mg~f|acfb dmdcdb cflgb md|g }gohid} lvohd# jdid ~gcgbdo }f|ldgi dmdcdb jfomf~apg}ido vdoh }f|pflv}# mdo dido jfohhvodidoowd vo}vi goufp}dpg d~dlgcd }gohid} ifvo}vohdo wdoh mg ~f|acfb dmdcdb cflgb lfpd| md|g }gohid} lvohd wdoh dido mgldwd|/ 0/ \djdcdo jfohfodg fiaoajg mg jdpd mf~do Mfohdo dmdowd |djdcdo }fo}doh iaomgpg jdpd mf~do dido md~d} jfofo}vido }gohid} goufp}dpg wdoh dido }f|`g~}d mdcdj ~f|fiaoajgdo/ D~dlgcd |djdcdo mg jdpd mf~do dmdcdb ldgi jdid goufp}dpg dido odgi/ Pfldcgiowd# d~dlgcd |djdcdo iaomgpg fiaoajg mg jdpd dido md}doh dmdcdb lv|vi# jdid }gohid} goufp}dpg g oufp}dpg dido |fomdb/ =/ Ifjdkvdo }fioacahg Mfohdo dmdowd }fjvdo*}fjvdo }fioacahg "goaudpg'# jdid dido pfjdigo ldowdi ifhgd}do ~fjldbd|vdo wdoh dido mg cdivido acfb ~fohvpdbd# pfbgohhd jdigo }gohhg }gohid} goufp}dpg wdoh mg`d~dg/ 6/ ]gohid} ~fomd~d}do odpgaodc mdo ~f|vldbdoowd ~f|vldbdoowd Mfohdo lf|}djldbowd ~fomd~d}do odpgaodc jdid }gohid} ~fomd~d}do jdpwd|did} dido jfogohid}# mdwd lfcg jdpwd|did} kvhd jfogohid}# }a}dc dh|fhd} mfjdom wdoh Goufpjfo}'/ ~dmd dibg|owd dido jfoma|aoh }vjlvbowd goufp}dpg cdgo " Gomv`fm Goufpjfo}'/ 5/ Ifvo}vohdo wdoh mg~f|acfb ~f|vpdbddo
Pfjdigo lfpd| ifvo}vohdo wdoh mg~f|acfb ~f|vpdbddo# jdid dido jfoma|aoh ~d|d ~fohvpdbd vo}vi jfowfmgdido pfldbdhgdo ifvo}voohdo wdoh mg~f|acfb vo}vi goufp}dpg*goufp}dpg goufp}dpg*goufp}dpg ld|v
=0
8/ Pg}vdpg ~acg}gi
Ifp}dlgcdo ~acg}gi pvd}v ofhd|d dido jfokdmg ~f|}gjldohdo }f|pfomg|g ldhg ~d|d goufp}a| }f|v}djd ~d|d goufp}a| dpgoh# vo}vi jfododjido jamdcowd/ Jfohgohd} ldbxd goufp}dpg jfjf|cvido pvd}v kdohid xdi}v wdoh |fcd}ge cdjd vo}vi jfj~f|acfb ifjldcg jamdc wdoh mg}dodj mdo jfj~f|acfb ifvo}vohdo/ Pfbgohhd p}dlgcg}dp ~acg}gi kdohid ~dokdoh dido mgbd|d~ido acfb goufp}a|/ 2/ ^fohfcvd|do wdoh mgcdivido ~fjf|go}db/
^fohfcvd|do*~fohfcvd|do wdoh mg cdivido acfb ~fjf|go}db md~d} lf|v~d ~fohfcvd|do ~fjldohvodo mdo |v}go ldgi g}v mdcdj ~fowfmgddo pd|dod mdo ~|dpd|dod d}dv edpgcg}dp ~vlcgi mdcdj jfovokdoh ifhgd}do goufp}dpg mdo kvhd ~|fiaoajgdo pf`d|d ifpfcv|vbdo ldgi g}v pidcd odpgaodc jdv~vo mdf|db/ Pfbgohhd jfod|gi ~d|d goufp}a| mdcdj ofhf|g jdv~vo dpgoh vo}vi lf|goufp}dpg mg pvd}v ofhd|d d}dv~vo mdf|db/ 7/ Ifjvmdbdo wdoh mglf|gido acfb ~fjf|go}db pf}fj~d}/ ]f|pfmgdowd ifjvmdbdo*ifjvmdbdo mdcdj lg|ai|dpg# mdcdj ~f|~dkdido " }dr bacgmdw' # # wdg}v pvd}v if|gohdodo mg mdcdj ~dkdi d~dlgcd pvd}v ~f|vpdbddo jdv
jfododjido ifvo}vohdo wdoh mg~f|acfbowd if mdcdj goufp}dpg ld|v# d}dv~vo d~dlgcd ~f|vpdbddo wdoh lf|pdohiv}do jdv mdo lf|pfmgd jfododjido goufp}dpgowd mg pvd}v mdf|db mdcdj iv|vo xdi}v }f|}fo}v pfbgohhd jfoma|aoh ~d|d goufp}a| vo}vi jfododjido jamdcowd/ 4>/ ^fohd|vb ogcdg }vid| "iv|p' Pf`d|d }fa|g}gp mdj~di ~f|vldbdo }gohid}!ogcdg }vid| mfohdo goufp}dpg lf|pged} }gmdi ~dp}g "vo`f|}dgo}w'/ Pbgidxd "477='# jfohd}dido ~fohd|vb }gohid} iv|p wdoh lf|vldb ~dmd goufp}dpg md~d} cdohpvoh cfxd} lflf|d~d pdcv|do# ~f|vldbdo iv|p }f|pflv} dido lf|~fohd|vb ~dmd mvd pdcv|do# pgpg ~f|jgo}ddo mdo pgpg ~fodxd|do majfp}gi/ Mdcdj kdohid ~fomfi# ~fov|vodo }gohid} ogcdg }vid| dido jfohv|dohg goufp}dpg jfcdcvg ~fohd|vb ofhd}geowd ~dmd dlpa|lpg majfp}gi d}dv wdoh mgifodc mfohdo fr~fomg}v|f |fmv`goh feef`}/ Id|fod ~fov|vodo }gohid} iv|p gog dido jfowfldlido ogcdg |ggc dpf} jdpwd|did} wdoh mgpfldlido ifodgido }gohid} bd|hd* bd|hd pf`d|d vjvj mdo pfcdokv}owd dido jfov|voido ~f|jgo}ddo majfp}gi jdpwd|did}/ Hfkdcd mgd}dp ~dmd }gohid} ~f|vpdbddo dido mg|fp~ao mfohdo ~fov|vodo ~dmd ~fohfcvd|do!dcaidpg jamdc ~dmd goufp}dpg/ ^dmd pgpg ~fodxd|do# ~fohd|vb
==
dp~fi ~fohdcgbdo ~fohfcvd|do " fr~fomg}v|f pxg}`bgoh' dido ~f|vldbdo }gohid} iv|p ~dmd goufp}dpg |fcd}ge }gmdi jfofo}v/ ^fov|vodo ogcdg }vid| jd}d vdoh majfp}gi dido jfodgiido ~|amvi*~|amvi gj~a| wdoh mgviv| mfohdo jd}d vdoh majfp}gi mdo mfohdo mfjgigdo dido jfogohid}ido bd|hd ld|doh*ld|doh wdoh mg~f|mdhdohido! ld|doh*ld|doh fip~a| " }|dmfm haamp' |fcd}ge }f|bdmd~ ld|doh*ld|doh wdoh }gmdi mg~f|mdhdohido "oao }|dmfm haamp'# pfbgohhd mgmd~d}ido ifowd}ddo ogcdg }vid| jd}d vdoh majfp}gi dido jfoma|aoh fip~dopg goufp}dpg ~dmd ld|doh*ld|doh ~f|mdhdohdo ~f|mdhdohdo }f|pflv}/
=6
LDL GGG ^FOV]V^ Goufp}dpg dmdcdb pvd}v ifhgd}do mgjdod goufp}a| jfododjido ifidwddoowd vo}vi mgkdmgido jamdc vpdbd mfohdo jdipvm dhd| jfomd~d}ido ifvo}vohdo wdoh lfpd|/ Mfohdo dmdowd goufp}dpg }f|pflv}# lgpd jfjlf|gido domgc ldhg ~f|ifjldohdo ofhd|d/ Md~d} mgpgj~vcido ldbxd goufp}dpg jf|v~dido pdcdb pd}v gomgid}a| ~fofo}v }gohid} ~f|}vjlvbdo mdo ~fjldohvodo fiaoajg pvd}v ofhd|d/ Mfohdo id}d cdgo# pfjdigo }gohhg ogcdg goufp}dpg mdcdj pvd}v ofhd|d jdid dido pfjdigo }gohhg ~vcd ~f|}vjlvbdo mdo ~fjldohvodo fiaoajg md|g ofhd|d wdoh lf|pdohiv}do/ Mg mdcdj ~fododjdo jamdc mdcdj ofhf|g# ~fofidodoowd cflgb if~dmd dp~fi ~f|pfa|dohdo xd|hd ofhd|d Gomaofpgd# ldmdo vpdbd jgcgi ofhd|d# mdo!d}dv ~fjf|go}db Ofhd|d Gomaofpgd wdoh jfcdivido ~fododjdo jamdc mg xgcdwdb ofhd|d \f~vlcgi Gomaofpgd/ Pfmdohido mdcdj ~fododjdo jamdc dpgoh ~fofidodoowd cflgb if~dmd ~f|pfa|dohdo xd|hd ofhd|d dpgoh# ldmdo vpdbd dpgoh# mdo!d}dv ~fjf|go}db dpgoh wdoh jfcdivido ~fododjdo ~fododjdo jamdc mg xgcdwdb ofhd|d \f~vlcgi Gomaofpgd# mfohdo ifhgd}do vpdbd*vpdbd d}dv kfogp vpdbd }f|lvid ldhg ifhgd}do ~fododjdo jamdc# if`vdcg lgmdoh vpdbd d}dv kfogp vpdbd wdoh mgowd}dido }f|}v}v~ mdo }f|lvid mfohdo ~f|pwd|d}do mdo ld}dpdo if~fjgcgido jamdc dpgoh d}dp lgmdoh vpdbd ~f|vpdbddo mgd}v| mgmdcdj ^f|d}v|do ^|fpgmfo Oa/ 05 ]dbvo <>4>/ Mfohdo lflf|d~d ~f|}gjldohdo# jdid md~d} mgpgj~vcido ldbxd ofhd|d Gomaofpgd dmdcdb pflvdb ofhd|d wdoh pfmdoh lf|ifjldoh# mdo }fo}vowd jdpgb ldowdi mdod*mdod wdoh mg~f|cvido vo}vi jfcdohpvohido bgmv~owd# pdcdb pd}vowd jfcdcvg ^fododjdo Jamdc Mdcdj Ofhf|g mdo ^fododjdo Jamdc Dpgoh/ Mfohdo }f|pfmgdowd jamdc wdoh jfo`viv~g# mgbd|d~ido md~d} jfokdmg edi}a| v}djd wdoh lf|~f|do mdcdj jfj~f|`f~d} ~f|}vjlvbdo fiaoajg odpgaodc# pfbgohhd }vkvdo ~fjldohvodo odpgaodc; jdpwd|did} wdoh dmgc# jdijv|# mdo pfkdb}f|d# md~d} }f|`d~dg/
++++++++++
=5
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