Makalah Panel Surya Untuk Lampu Lalu Lintas

BMB O PKHNMD[A[MH

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Am~mr Bkamlmhe Ckhohelm~hm Ckhohelm~hm lkb{~{dmh don{p cmh{wom bkrmlobm~ pmnm ckhohelm~hm lkb{~{dmh pkhknommh w{cbkr khkreo aow~rol( Noldmum~orlmh pkckh{dmh khkreo aow~rol oho wkcmloh amcm wkcmloh bkrl{rmhe( Wkbmemo gmrm {h~{l  ckhe{rmheo lrowow khkreo aow~rol wkdoheem nmpm~ ckcbmh~{ pkckroh~md ld{w{whm P^( Pkr{wmdmmh Aow~rol Hkemrm $PAH/! ~kamd noaml{lmh pkcmhimm~mh w{cbkr nmm mamc nmh wkemam wkw{m~{ mhe noc{helohlmh nmpm~ noe{hmlmh wkbmemo pkcbmhelo~ ~khmem aow~rol( PA^W $Pkcbmhelo~ Aow~rol ^khmem W{rm/ ckr{pmlmh wmamd wm~{ w{cbkr khkreo mhe pmaohe kikl~oi nmh rmcmd aohel{hemh! wkbmb PA^W ~onml ckckra{lmh bmdmh bmlmr! mcmh bmeo aohel{hemh nmh khkreohm ~onml mlmh dmbow lmrkhm khkreo mhe nodmwoalmh bkrw{cbkr nmro gmdmm cm~mdmro( Amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw ckcoaolo pkrmhmh pkh~ohe {h~{l ckhem~{r ama{ aoh~mw( Lkhnmrmmh no pkr~oemmh! pkrkcpm~mh! pkrwocpmhemh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw dmhm nolkhnmaolmh ckhee{hmlmh w{cbkr ~khmem aow~rol( No wk~omp fmamh {c{c! wkc{m amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw ckh{pamo ~kemhemh ckhee{hmlmh w{cbkr ~khmem aow~rol nmro PAH( Lk~olm w{cbkr ~kemhemh PAH cm~o cmlm wkc{m amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw mlmh cm~o! wknmhelmh wkbmemo i{hewo nmro pkhem~{r  fmamhhm lkhnmrmmh! amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw wmhem~ bkrpkrmh pkh~ohe wkdoheem dmr{w ~k~mp ckhmam( Noaodm~ nmro lkb{~{dmh ~krwkb{~ cmlm dmr{w nogmro wja{wo wkdoheem amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw nmpm~ ~k~mp ckhmam nkhemh ckhe{rmheo pkhee{hmmh pkhee{hmmh w{cbkr ~khmem aow~rol nmro PAH(

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R{c{wmh Cmwmamd Nmro {rmomh no m~mw nmpm~ nor{c{wlmh bkbkrmpm cmwmamd wkbmemo wkbmemo bkrol{~6 m(

Mpm mhe nocmlw{n nkhemh pmhka w{rm:

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Bmemocmhm wow~kc lkrfm amcp{ ama{ a ma{ aoh~mw nkhemh ckhee{hmlmh pmhka w{rm:

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Mpm lk{h~{hemh nmh lkr{eomh nkhemh ckhee{hmlmh wow~kc pmhka w{rm pmnm amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw:

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Bm~mwmh Cmwmamd Bm~mwmh#bm~mwmh cmwmamd {h~{l cmlmamd oho omamd wkbmemo bkrol{~6 m(

Pkhekr~omh nmh pkhee{hmmh pmhka w{rm wkbmemo ~klhjajeo cjnkrh mhe ckhee{hmlmh gmdmm cm~mdmro wkbmemo w{cbkr khkreo(

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Wow~kc lkrfm pmhka w{rm nmamc ckhe{bmd khkreo gmdmm cm~mdmro ckhfmno khkreo aow~rol wkdoheem nmpm~ ckhmamlmh amcp{ ama{ aoh~m w(

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Lk{h~{hemh nmh lkr{eomh pkhee{hmmh wow~kc pmhka w{rm pmnm amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw

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^{f{mh Pkh{aowmh Mnmp{h ~{f{mh pkh{aowmh nmro cmlmamd oho mnmamd6 m(

Ckheonkh~oiolmwo pmhka w{rm wkbmemo wmamd wm~{ ~klhjajeo cjnkrh mhe nmpm~ noe{hmlmh wkbmemo ma~krhm~oi nmamc ckhedmwoalmh khkreo(

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Ckhfkamwlmh bmemocmhm wow~kcm~olm pmhka w{rm nmpm~ ckhe{bmd nmh ckhocpmh khkreo cm~mdmro ckhfmno khkreo aow~rol wkdoheem nmpm~ ckhmamlmh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw(

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Ckhemhmaowow bkbkrmpm lk{h~{hemh nmh lkr{eomh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw mhe ckhee{hmlmh wow~kc pmhka w{rm

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Ck~jnk Pkhkao~omh Nmamc pkh{aowmh cmlmamd oho pkh{aow ckhee{hmlmh ck~jnk6 =(

Ck~jnk Lkp{w~mlmmh Pkh{aow ckhee{hmlmh b{l{#b{l{ mhe bkrd{b{hemh nkhemh pkrcmwmamdmh mhe nomhelm~ wkbmemo w{cbkr rkikrkhwo nmh ao~krm~{r mhe ckhn{l{he nmamc pkcb{m~mh cmlmamd oho(

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Ck~jnk Oh~krhk~ Pkh{aow ckhee{hmlmh cknom oh~krhk~ {h~{l  ckcbrjuwohe bkrbmemo ohijrcmwo mhe bkrlmo~mh nkhemh ~jpol mhe nobmdmw(

2

BMB OO OWO

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Pmhka W{rm ^klhjajeo Cjnkrh {h~{l Pkcbmhelo~ Aow~rol Ma~krhm~oi  Pkrcoh~mmh khkreo n{hom ~kr{w ckhohelm~ wkpmhfmhe wkfmrmd pkrmnmbmh {cm~ cmh{wom( Prjklwo pkrcoh~mmh khkreo pmnm ~md{h 20;0 dmcpor ckhgmpmo ~oem lmao aopm~( ^mcpmlhm cmwmamd khkreo mlmh ~k~mp ckhfmno ~jpol mhe dmr{w nogmrolmh wja{wohm wkgmrm bkrwmcm#wmcm( Pkcmhimm~mh khkreo ~kamd bkrlkcbmhe nmh ckhohelm~ wkw{mo nkhemh pkrlkcbmhemh cmh{wom o~{ wkhnoro( [wmdm#{wmdm {h~{l ckhnmpm~lmh khkreo ma~krhm~oi ~kamd amcm noaml{lmh {h~{l ckhe{rmheo lk~kremh~{hemh ~krdmnmp w{cbkr nmm cohml b{co( Pkcmhimm~mh cohml b{co nopkrlormlmh mlmh dmbow nmamc uml~{ mhe ~onml amcm folm pjam pkcmlmomh wkpkr~o wklmrmhe oho mhe f{w~r{ wkcmloh ckhohelm~ nkhemh ckhohelm~hm ohn{w~ro cm{p{h ~rmhwpjr~mwo( Wkamoh o~{ nmro bkrbmemo pkhkao~omh ~kamd nonmpm~ emcbmrmh bmdum l{mao~mw {nmrm ~kamd wkcmloh ckhelmum~orlmh mlobm~ pkcbmlmrmh cohml b{co( Ohnjhkwom ckr{pmlmh hkemrm mhe ckcoaolo bkrbmemo fkhow w{cbkr nmm khkreo nmamc f{camd mhe g{l{p ckaocpmd( Ak~ml Ohnjhkwom mhe bkrmnm pmnm nmkrmd ldm~{aow~oum! cmlm uoammd Ohnjhkwom mlmh wkama{ nowohmro cm~mdmro wkamcm =0 # =2 fmc nmamc wkdmro( Pj~khwo w{cbkr khkreo cm~mdmro no Ohnjhkwom wkbmemo w{cbkr khkreo aow~rol ma~krhm~oi wmhem~ pkra{ nocmhimm~lmh ckheohem~! ~j~ma oh~khwo~mw pkhohmrmh rm~m#rm~m >!; lUd pkr ck~kr pkrwkeo pkrdmro! cm~mdmro bkrwohmr bkrlowmr 2000 fmc pkr ~md{h! wkdoheem ~krejajhe lmm w{cbkr khkreo cm~mdmro( Nm~m No~fkh Aow~rol nmh Pkhekcbmhemh Khkreo pmnm ~md{h =??5! lmpmwo~mw ~krpmwmhe aow~rol ~khmem w{rm no Ohnjhkwom ckhgmpmo 0!44 CU nmro pj~khwo mhe ~krwknom =!2 t =0

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CU( ^khmem w{rm wkhnoro ~kamd nolkhma nmh no~kao~o wkfml fmcmh n{a{( Pkhkao~omh mhe noaml{lmh jakd wkjrmhe iowolmumh bkrhmcm Maktmhnrk# Kncjhn Bkg}{krka mhe ckhkc{lmh kikl pdj~jyja~mog mhe cmcp{ ckhe{bmd gmdmm cm~mdmro ckhfmno aow~rol pmnm ~md{h =47?! mldorhm

7

ckhka{rlmh wka w{rm( Pkhkao~omh wka w{rm oho wkhnoro nowkb{~ wkbmemo pdj~jyja~mogw( Pkhemamcmh nmro Bmnmh Pkhelmfomh nmh Pkhkrmpmh ^klhjajeo $BPP^/! pkhkrmpmh pkcbmhelo~ aow~rol ~khmem w{rm nmpm~ noamlwmhmlmh wkgmrm bkr~mdmp( ^mdmpmh oho ckaop{~o bkbkrmpm mwpkl mhe ckaop{~o mwpkl  pkhekhmamh wmcpmo pmnm ~mdmp pkhkbmra{mwmh( ^mdmpmh Pkr~mcm mnmamd ~mdmp nkcjhw~rmwo mo~{ ~mdmpmh {h~{l ckhnmpm~lmh cjnka wow~kc ~khmem w{rm! ohykw~oemwo lkmhnmamh wow~kc! ckhnmpm~lmh lkcmcp{mh kljhjcow! ckhohelm~lmh lkcmcp{mh pkhkao~o wkr~m ohykw~oemwo nmcpml wjwoma nmro prjkl aow~rol ~khmem w{rm( ^mdmpmh bkrol{~hm mnmamd nkcjhw~rmwo emhnm ~{f{mh( ^mdmpmh oho mnmamd {h~{l ckcpkamfmro lkhnmam nmh cmwmamd mhe ~krfmno no ampmhemh! pkhem~{rmh now~r{b{wo wow~kc wkr~m pkhem~{rmh# pkhem~{rmh wk~kamd p{rhm f{ma( cmwod pkra{ pkhnklm~mh! bkrbmemo pkh{a{dmh bmol ~klhow cm{p{h hjh ~klhow ckheohem~ ljhnowo woim~ cmwmrmlm~ mhe cmfkc{l( ^mdmpmh pkhkbmr a{mwmh! ~{f{mh nmro ~mdmpmh oho mnmamd ckhkbmra{mwlmh pkhkrmpmh PA^W mhe wkgmrm ~klhow! kljhjcow nmh wjwoma bowm no~krocm jakd cmwmrmlm~( Ckcpkrdm~olmh mre{ckh mhe ~kamd nolkc{lmlmh nmh pkrlkcbmhemh ohn{w~ro wka w{rm wmm~ oho lormhm wmhem~ amml ckcbkrnmmlmh wkgmrm jp~ocma khkreo cm~mdmro ckhfmno khkreo aow~rol(

2(2

Wow~kc Lkrfm Amcp{ Ama{ Aoh~mw nkhemh Pmhka W{rm ^rmiiog aoed~ ~khmem w{rm ckhee{hmlmh pmhka w{rm nopmwmhe ckhnm~mr pmnm w~r{l~{r ~omhe bkwo wk~oheeo 7 wmcpmo 9 ck~kr( Nkhemh wow~kc pdj~j yja~mog! pmhka#pmhka oho ckhmhelmp wohmr cm~mdmro nmh ckhe{bmdhm ckhfmno aow~rol( Mr{w wk~r{c lkc{nomh nowocpmh no ~{f{d {ho~ mlo =00 mcpkrk dj{rw $MD/ mhe bkr~kemhemh =2 yja~( Wk~omp mlo ckcpkrjakd pmwjlmh wk~r{c nmro n{m pmhka w{rm( Wkbka{c wmcpmo no mlo! mr{w aow~rol  nomrmdlmh akbod n{a{ lk wkb{md pkhejh~rja $dbron gjh~rjaakr/( Mam~ oho

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bkri{hewo j~jcm~ow ckcohnmdlmh w{cbkr khkreo lk fmrohemh aow~rol PAH boam wk~r{c nmro mlo dmbow( Nmro pkhejh~rja aow~rol! fmrohemh wk~r{c amhew{he cmw{l lk pkhejh~rja amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw $~rmiiog aoed~ gjh~rjaakr/( Memr wk~r{c nmro khkreo w{rm dkcm~! PWK ckheemh~o amcp{ pofmr =00 um~~ pmnm amcp{ pkhem~{r ama{ aoh~mw nkhemh amcp{ AKN $aoed~ kco~~ohe nojnk/ 4 um~~( Wka{r{d rmhelmomh oho cmcp{ ckhmamlmh amcp{ amcp{ AKN ~rmiiog aoed~ mhe dmhm pkra{ mr{w > mcpkrk( Rmhelmomh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw khkreo w{rm cmcp{ ckhedmwoalmh nmm aow~rol =(;00 um~~ wk~omp dmro nkhemh pkhohmrmh > wmcpmo 9 fmc( Pmnmdma! {h~{l ckhmamlmh ~rmiiog aoed~ dmhm b{~{d 490 um~~( Wowm wk~r{c no~mb{he mlmh nowocpmh pmnm bm~krmo wkdoheem boam ~ml mnm pmwjlmh aow~rol nmro pmhka w{rm! amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw ~k~mp bowm ckhmam wkamcm wm~{ cohee{( Pkcmwmhemh pmhka w{rm pmnm amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw f{em dmr{w nopkrdm~olmh! ckheohem~ pmhka w{rm oho ckr{pmlmh mam~ mhe wmhem~ yo~ma bmeo amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw mhe ckhee{hmlmh ~khmem w{rm( Pkhkcpm~mh pmhka w{rm nobmumd pjdjh mhe rocb{h! wkrohelmao ckcb{m~ i{hewo pmhka w{rm bklkrfm ~onml cmlwocma! mpmameo lmam{ wkrohe ckhn{he! cmlm amcp{ mlmh gkpm~ cm~o(

2(7

Lkakbodmh nmh Lkl{rmhemh Amcp{ Ama{ Aoh~mw nkhemh Pmhka W{rm Wkbmemo

khkreo

ma~krhm~oi

{h~{l

ckhe{rmheo

lk~kremh~{hemh

cmwmrmlm~ ~krdmnmp aow~rol! ld{w{whm pmnm amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw mhe ckh{h~{~ memr dmr{w wkama{ ~k~mp ckhmam! pmhka w{rm nmpm~ nolm~mlmh wkbmemo wmamd wm~{ wja{wo mhe wmhem~ kikl~oi {h~{l cmwm nkpmh( Pmhka w{rm ckr{pmlmh ~klhjajeo mhe gmheeod wkdoheem nmpm~ ckhfmno wja{wo dkcm~ khkreo lmrkhm dmhm ckhemhnmalmh ~khmem cm~mdmro wkbmemo w{cbkr khkreohm( ^onml ckhee{hmlmh aow~rol wkpkr~o amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmnm {c{chm( Wkamoh o~{ bomm pkrmum~mh {h~{l amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw

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pmhka w{rm oho f{em ~krejajhe lkgoa lmrkhm dmhm ckaop{~o pkhekgklmh nmh pkheowomh mor mlo( Hmc{h! w{m~{ pkhkc{mh khkreo ma~krhm~oi f{em ~kh~{hm ckcoaolo bkbkrmpm lkl{rmhemh nowmcpohe lkakbodmhhm( Cowmahm wmfm lk~olm mam~ pkhe{cp{a khkreo ~krlkhm pk~or! m~m{lmd g{mgm ckhn{he doheem bkbkrmpm dmro! cmlm ~onml ckh{~{p lkc{helohmh i{hewo amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw oho bowm ~kremhee{ lmrkhm w{pamo khkreo cm~mdmro mhe l{rmhe cmlwocma( Wknmhelmh {h~{l pkhemnmmh nmh pkcmwmhemhhm amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmhka w{rm oho cmwod ~krejajhe cmdma lmrkhm Ohnjhkwom cmwod bmhml ckheocpjr bmdmh# bmdmh {h~{l pkcb{m~mhhm nmro a{mr hkekro( Hmc{h boam ~mroi aow~rol ~kr{w ckhemamco lkhmolmh! amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmhka w{rm oho nmpm~ ckhfmno wja{wo mhe akbod kljhjcow(

9

BMB OOO PKH[^[P

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Lkwocp{amh =(

Pmhka w{rm ckr{pmlmh w{m~{ ma~krhm~oi pkhedmwoa khkreo aow~rol mhe ckcmhimm~lmh gmdmm cm~mdmro wkbmemo w{cbkrhm( Nocmhm gmdmm cm~mdmro ckr{pmlmh w{m~{ khkreo mhe ~onml mlmh pkrhmd dmbow m~m{ wkama{ ~krwknom no mamc wkgmrm bkraocpmd( Wkdoheem ckr{pmlmh wkb{md ~klhjajeo mhe wmhem~ kikl~oi no cmwm nkpmh folm khkreo ijwoa ~kamd dmbow(

2(

Lkakbodmh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmhka w{rm ~onml ckhee{hmlmh aow~rol  wkpkr~o amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmnm {c{chm ckamohlmh dmhm khkreo cm~mdmro( Wkamoh o~{ bomm pkrmum~mh {h~{l amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmhka w{rm oho f{em ~krejajhe lkgoa lmrkhm dmhm ckaop{~o pkhekgklmh nmh pkheowomh mor mlo(

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Lkl{rmhemh amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw pmhka w{rm! nmpm~ r{wml lk~olm mam~ pkhe{cp{a khkreo ~krlkhm pk~or m~m{ folm g{mgm ckhn{he doheem bkbkrmpm dmro amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw oho bowm ~kremhee{ lmrkhm w{pamo khkreo cm~mdmro mhe l{rmhe cmlwocma( Pmhka w{rm f{em ~krejajhe cmdma(

7(2

Wmrmh Lk nkpmh pkra{ ~kr{w no{pmmlmh pkhkao~omh ~krdmnmp ~klhjajeo pmhka w{rm pkcmhimm~mh khkreo cm~mdmro {h~{l pkcbmhelo~mh khkre aow~rol( ^onml dmhm {h~{l amcp{ ama{ aoh~mw wmfm ckamohlmh {h~{l pkcbmhelo~ aow~rol wkgmrm {hoykrwma wkpkr~o PA^N( Memr nocmwm mhe mlmh nm~mhe {h~{l  ekhkrmwo wkamhf{~hm ~onml lk~kremh~{hemh ~krdmnmp khkreo ijwoa cohml  b{co mhe ~onml nmpm~ nopkrbmdmr{o! ckamohlmh akbod ckcbkrnmmlmh khkreo mhe nmpm~ nopkrbmd{r{o m~m{ ckaocpmd f{camdhm nmh akbod rmcmd aohel{hemh(

5

NMI^MR P[W^MLM

Cmdc{nwmd!

Wmroii{nnoh(

2000(

^klhol

Pkcbmhelo~mh!

Mpaolmwo

nmh

Pkrlkcbmhemh Wka W{rm no Ohnjhkwom! Pkrmh nmh Pkrlkcbmhemh Khkreo W{rm Wkbmemo Khkreo Ma~krhm~oi( Cmamhe 6 [hoykrwo~mw Emfmmhm( Wjamrkt Gjrp( 2007( ^klhol Aow~rol Wohmr W{rm( Fmlmr~m 6 P^( Nuok~o [~mcm(

d~~p6**bk~m(pmrkpjw(gj(on*rkmn*>=2>4*25*^rmiiog#Aoed~#^khmem#W{rm!#Gmheeod# ~mpo#Rkuka* 

d~~p6**fjk~rovoaj(ujrnprkww(gjc*20==*09*05*~rmiog#aoed~#~khmem# w{rm+K2+40+M9#bme{w#~mpo* 

d~~p6**uuu(mapkhw~kka(gjc*mr~ogak*>9#=02#khkreo#cm~mdmro##w{rm##wjamr*2=22## ~klhjajeo#wka#w{rm#mhe#akbod#kljhjcow(d~ca

d~~p6**nkuj(ujrnprkww(gjc*2009*02*0=*amcp{#ama{#aoh~mw#~khmem#w{rm* 

4