A. DEFINISI DEFINISI LAS OXY-ACETY OXY-ACETYLENE LENE Las oxy-Acetyline adalah proses pengelasan secara manual, dimana permukaan yang akan disambung mengalami pemanasan sampai cair oleh nyala (flame) gas acetilin (yaitu pembakaran C2H2 dengan O2), O2), dengan atau tanpa logam pengisi, dimana proses penyambungan tanpa penekanan. Disamping untuk keperluan pengelasan (penyambungan) gas welding process dapat juga diapakai sebagai : preheating, braze welding, toren brazing, cutting dan hard facing. Penggunaan untuk produksi (production welding), tugas lapangan (field work), dan reparasi (repain & maintenance). Umumnya sangat memuaskan untuk pengelasan baja karbon, terutama lembar-lembar logam (sheet metal) dan pipa-pipa berdinding tipis. Disamping untuk
keperluan
pengelasan
(penyambungan)
dipergunakan sebagai : preheating,
las
gas
dapat
juga
brazing, cutting dan hard facing .
Penggunaan untuk produksi ( production welding ), ), pekerjaan lapangan ( field ), dan reparasi ( repair & maintenance ). Dalam aplikasi hasilnya sangat work ), memuaskan untuk pengelasan baja karbon, terutama lembaran logam ( sheet metal ) dan pipa-pipa berdinding tipis. Meskipun demikian hampir semua jenis
logam ferrous dan non ferrous dapat dilas dengan las gas, baik dengan atau tanpa bahan tambah ( filler metal ). ). Disamping gas acetylene dipakai juga gasgas hydrogen, gas alam, propane,
untuk logam –logam dengan titik cair
rendah. Pada proses pembakaran gas-gas tersebut diperlukan adanya oxygen. Oxygen ini didapatkan
dari udara
dimana udara sendiri
mengandung oxygen (21%), juga mengandung nitrogen (78%), argon (0,9 %), neon, hydrogen, carbon dioksida, dan unsur lain yang membentuk gas. B. PEMBUATAN OKSIGEN Secara teknis, oksigen di dapat dari udara yang dicairkan. Kemudian dengan cara elektrolisa, campuran udara cair dan air dipisahkan oleh oksigen. Masalah yang sulit adalah antara Nitrogen dan Oksigen . Nitrogen titik 1
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didihnya lebih besar, dan titik didih kedua gas tersebut hanya berbeda 13
0
C
saja. (Oksigen = -183 0C dan Nitrogen = -196 0C), sehingga perlu pemurnian oksigen dilaksanakan secara berulang-ulang. Kemurnian yang dapat dicapai sampai 99,5 % dan kemudian dimanfaatkan dalam tangki-tangki baja dengan tekanan kerja antara
15-30 atm. Keuntungan pemakaian oksigen adalah
keadaan oksigen yang cukup cair tersebut, dapat dipertahankan dipertaha nkan pada tangki penyimpan dan mudah
pada saat pengangkutan. Pada saat dibutuhkan
dengan menggunakan alat ( Gasificator ) , oksigen cair dijadikan oksigen gas, dengan tekanan yang besar kemudian oksigen gas tersebut disimpan pada botol-botol baja. Tekanan pada botol-botol baja dibagi berdasarkan kelas. Kelas medium tekanannya sampai 15 atm dan kelas tekanan tinggi sampai dengan 165 atm. C. PEMBUATAN ASETILIN Secara komersial asetilin (C 2H2) untuk industri las karbit, diperoleh dengan mereaksikan kalsium karbid dengan air. Jadi asitelin adalah gas hidro karbon yang diperoleh dari unsur-unsur kapur , karbon dan air dengan reaksi sebagai berikut : Ca O + 3 C Ca C 2 + Co 108 k.kal/g.mole.
(jadi pembakaran kapur
dengan karbon tanpa udara). Asetilin tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna, sedangkan dalam perdagangan ada bau khusus karena ada kotoran belerang dan phosphor.Asetilin murni mudah meledak karena factor-faktor tekanan dan temperature. Tetapi faktor-faktor faktor-fa ktor lain yang
mempengaruhi expobility dari
asetiline adalah adanya kotoran-kotoran , katalisator, kelembaban, sumbersumber penyalaan, ukuran dan bentuk tangki . Karena alasan-alasan tersebut diatas, pada aseitilin generator dibatasi , tekanan asetilin maksimum 5 atm. Karena asetilin diatas tekanan 2 atm dapat meledak. Untuk mengatasinya jika asetilin disimpan didalam botol bertekanan lebih besar dari 2 atm, harus dilarutkan pada aseton cair. Caranya adalah melapisi
2
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dinding dalam botol penyimpanan dengan asbes
ferrous dan dicelupkan
dengan acetone cair. Keterangan : 1. Tabung Oksigen 2. Kran setelan Asetilin 3. Torch 4. Kran setelan Oksigen 5. Saluran Oksigen 6. Saluran asetilin 7. Tabung Asitelin 8. Regulator Asetilin 9. Regulator Oksigen 10. Silinder Pressure 11. Adjusting Screw D. SILINDER PENYIMPANAN GAS Karena gas-gas yang disimpan didalam botol mempunyai tekanan lebih besar dari tekanan atmosfir, maka harus diperhatikan kekuatan botol baja terhadap tekanan kerja, karena pengangkutan menyebabkan gesekan, dan pergerakan gas dalam botol, harus diketahui jenis gas tesebut, peka terhadap goncangan atau kenaikan temperature. Tutup-tutup silinder diberi kode warna, supaya dapat diketahui isinya, tanpa membaca label terlebih dahulu. Misalnya biru untuk oksigen, putih untuk asetilin, hijau tua untuk hydrogen putih dengan strip-strip hitam untuk argon, dan merah untuk gasgas lain. 1. Katup oksigen dan katup gas
Pada botol penyimpan oksigen atau gas, terdapat katup untuk mengeluarkan oksigen jika diperlukan dan menutupnya jika tidak digunakan. Type-typenya antara lain diafragma dengan katup bola, cara kerjanya dengan memutar kran pemutar kekanan maupun kekiri sesuai kebutuhan 2. Presurre regulator 3
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Pengatur tekanan atau lebih sering disebut katup pereduksi tekanan, dihubungkan pada katup gas atau oksigen untuk mendapatkan tekanan kerja yang sesuai dengan torch, pada umumnya terdiri dari kran yang dilengakapi dengan dua manometer, yang berhubungan langsung dengan gas asetilin atau oksigen disebut manometer isi. Sedangkan yang berhubungan dengan torch disebut manometer kerja. Nosel didalam regulator terbuka dan tertutup oleh katup yang ditekan oleh pegas dan dihubungkan dengan membran. Dengan cara mengatur tekanan ulir pada membran, tekanan gas yang masuk ke torch mempunyai harga tertentu dan konstan.
E. KESELAMATAN DAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA a. Bahan Berbahaya
Las oksi-asetilin menggunakan nyala api hasil pembakaran gas asetilin dan gas oksigen (zat asam) untuk memanaskan bagian logam yang akan disambung
dan mencairkan bahan pengisinya. Las oksi-asetilin oksi-aset ilin banyak
dipakai untuk pekerjaan perbaikan bodi otomotif dan pemotongan logam. Pekerjanya harus mempunyai sertifikat tanda ia telah lulus pelatihan dan ujian bagaimana melakukan tuntutan kerja yang dibebankan kepadanya. Bagi pekerja yang sudah sangat berpengalaman, upah yang mereka dapatkan bisa sangat tinggi. Mereka dihargai dari hasil kerja yang maksimal. 4
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Bayangkan kalau ada pipa gas yang bocor. Kebocoran ini bisa jadi akibat penyambungan yang tidak sempurna. Gas yang bocor ini akan sangat berbahaya bagi kehidupan yang ada di sekitar keberadaan gas tersebut. Kalau ada api sedikit saja, maka kebocoran yang kecil itu akan mengakibatkan ledakan yang luar biasa, korban bisa berjatuhan. Pihak-pihak yang mempekerjakan para ahli dibidang penyambungan pipa ini, seperti Pertamina dan prusahaan tambang lainnya. Bisa dikatakan bahwa para pekerja yang terampil ini bisa menikmati buah hasil dari kerja kerasnya. Keahlian ini tidak mudah didapatkan. Perngujian ketat harus dilalui. Jadi, kalau ada yang mampu, maka terkadang ia menjadi rebutan. Tidak saja hasil pengerjaannya yang aman, tetapi bentuknya juga menarik dan tidak asal sambung, hanya orang yang terbiasa melihat
hasil kerja
penyambungan pipalah yang paham mana pekerjaan yang bagus dan mana yang
kurang
bagus.
Keselamatan
dan
kesehatan
kerja
meliputi:
keselamatan dan kesehatan manusia (operator las) dan orang disekitar daerah pengelasan serta keselamatan alat alat yang digunakan pada las oksi asetilin sebagai berikut : b. Peralatan keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Operator 1) Pakaian praktek
Dalam ruang bengkel harus selalu menggunakan pakaian kerja. Bahan pakaian kerja harus terbuat dari bahan katun atau bahan campuran sejenisnya. Katun,
sedangkakan
kalau
polyester
atau
sejenis
akan
bereaksi dan mudah menempel pada kulit badan. Syarat-syarat pakaian kerja : a) Jangan terlalu sempit sehingga akan mengurangi gerak anggota tubuh. b) Jangan terlalu banyak bagian yang terbuka seperti : Kantung harus tertutup Bagian kancing harus cukup kuat 5
cepat
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Bahan kain
harus mempunyai daya
serap panas
yang baik, sehingga
tidak
menimbulkan menimbulk an kegerahan
pada pemakai. Selama
pakaian kerja dipakai
untuk bekerja jangan sekali-kali mengantungi : Benda-benda yang mudah terbakar seperti : Kertas Korek api Zat kimia Dan lain-lain Benda-benda tajam
2) Apron
Fungsi apron adalah untuk menghindari terbakarnya pakaian kerja karena percikan cairan logam, goresan benda-benda panas dan cahaya yang timbul dari pengelasan. Bahan apron harus terbuat dari kulit campur asbes. Bahan ini paling baik untuk alat pelindung akibat panas, karena mempunyai daya serap panas yang lambat seperti pada gambar 1.02.
3) Kacamata Las
Di dalam proses pengelasan terdapat sinar yang membahanyakan anggota badan terutama pada bagian mata dan kulit. Jenis-jenis sinar pada pengelasan yang berbahaya adalah sebagai berikut: a) Sinar ultraviolet adalah pancaran yang mudah terserap, tetapi sinar ini mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap reaksi kimia yang ada pada tubuh. Bila sinar ultraviolet terserap oleh lensa mata melebihi jumlah tertentu 6
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maka
pada mata akan
terasa seakan- akan ada benda asing di
dalamnya. Dalam waktu antara 6 sampai 24 jam dan rasa sakitnya akan hilang setelah 24 jam. b) Sinar cahaya tampak adalah semua cahanya tampak yang masuk ke mata diteruskan oleh lensa dan kornea ke retina mata. Bila cahaya ini terlalu kuat, maka mata akan segera menjadi lelah dan kalau lama mungkin akan terjadi sakit, rasa lelah dan kalau terlalu lama mungkin akan terjadi sakit, rasa lelah ini sifatnya hanya sementara. c) Sinar infarah merah adalah adanya sinar ini tidak segera terasa oleh mata, oleh karena itu sinar ini lebih berbahaya sebab tidak di ketahui, tidak terlihat dan tidak terasa. Pengaruh Pengaruh sinar infra merah terhadap mata sama dengan
pengaruh
panas,
yaitu mengakibatkan pembengkakan pada
kelopak mata, terjadinya penyakit kornea, dan terjadi kerabunan.
Fungsi kacamata las adalah : a) Untuk melindungi mata dari sinar ultraviolet, inframerah, cahaya tampak yang dipancarkan oleh nyala b) Untuk melidungi mata terhadap percikan api Bagian-bagian kacamata las, adalah sebagai berikut: a) Rumah kaca, tempat untukmenyimpan kaca b) Kaca las, terdiri dari dua macam yaitu : kaca penyaring yang berwarna hijau atau coklat kaca bening sebagai pelindung kaca penyaring Syarat-syarat kaca penyaring pada kaca mata las adalah : a) harus mempunyai daya penerus yang tepat terhadap cahaya tampak
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Gambar Kacamata Las
Untuk mengelas dan memotong dengan las oksi asetilena biasanya menggunakan nomor kaca penyaring dengan daya saring No. 4 sampai dengan No. 6, tebal kaca penyaring 1,5 dan 2,5 mm, sedangkan garis tengah kaca penyaring adalah 50 mm seperti pada gambar 4) Topi las
Topi las perlu digunakan, hal ini untuk menghindari : a) Tumbukan langsung benda keras dengan kepala b) Percikan api akibat ledakan kecil dari cairan las c) Kejatuhan langsung benda keras terhadap kepala Syarat-syarat pelindung kepala : a) Nyaman dipakai b) Terbuat dari “Fibre Glass” Glass” c) Kuat dan tahan dari benturan, panas, dan goresan benda tajam. d) Daya hantar panasnya pa nasnya kecil. Dibawah ini diperlihatkan diper lihatkan topi las seperti pada gambar .
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juga
seperti pemotong dan
alat mekanik lainya. Dengan demikian
bukan hanya benda-benda panas saja yang kecil atau serpihan-serpihan terak
yang
berbahaya
bila
terinjak
kaki.Oleh karena itu perlu alat
khusus untuk melindungi kaki yaitu sepatu las. Sepatu las harus terbuat dari bahan yang baik kualitasnya dan alasnya harus terbuat dari karet pejal yang kuat seperti pada gambar
Gambar Sepatu Las. 6) Sarung Tangan
Sarung tangan sangat penting digunakan
dalam pengelasan. Bahan
sarung tangan harus berkualitas baik sebab harus mampu merendam panas pada proses pengelasan akibat cipratan cairan las dan terkelupasnya terak yang ada pada bagian luar logam. Sarung tangan harus terbebas dari oli atau bahan pelumas, karena dapat terjadi persenyawaan dengan oksigen pada tekanan rendah sehingga menimbulkan ledakan keras. Bahan sarung tangan tersebut dari kulit dicampur asbes atau bahan anti panas seperti pada gambar
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Gambar Sarung tangan 7) Pengisap Asap
Butir-butir debu asap bila terisap akan tertahan bulu hidung dan pipa pernapasan, sedangkan debu asap yang halus akan terbawa masuk ke dalam paru-paru. Sebagian akan terbuang kembali dan sebagian lagi akan melekat
pada
kantong
gangguan-gangguan
paru-paru
pernapasan
sehingga
dan
dapat
mengakibatkan
lain sebagainya dapat dilihat
gambar 1.07. Gas beracun dalam asap las terdiri dari : a) Karbon monoksidasi (CO), mempengaruhi darah sehingga akan menyerap oksigen pada darah. b) Karbon dioksida (CO 2), akan menurunkan O 2 yang berada dalam udara luar dan akan membahayakan terhadap pernapasan terutama di ruangan tertutup Tujuan pengisap asap adalah untuk membuang debu, asap dan gas sehingga ruangan kerja tetap bersih.
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F. Pembakaran oxy-acetylene . Pembakaran adalah persenyawaan secara kimiawi antara zat-zat yang mudah terbakar dengan dengan oksigen. Oksigen tersedia di udara atau dapat ditambah secara khusus, misalnya dalam tabung-tabung oksigen. Kecepatan nyala tergantung dari tekanan dan komposisi campuran gas, setiap
campuran
gas
oksigen.
Kecepatan
maksimum
tergantung
perbandingan gas asetilin dan oksigen berkisar antara 1 : 25 .Proses pengelasan oksi asitiline dilakukan dengan membakar gas asetilin untuk mendapatkan nyala temperatur tinggi guna melelehkan logam induk dan logam pengisi.
1. Menyalakan dan mengatur nyala api OAW OAW
Ada tiga macam nyala api dalam las oksi-asetilen seperti ditunjukkan ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah : a. Nyala asetilen lebih (nyala karburasi)
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yang panjangnya ditentukan oleh seberapa banyak kelebihan gas asetilin. Hal ini akan menyebabkan terjadinya karburasi pada logam cair. Dan nyala api Karburasi digunakan untuk pengelasan logam nikel, monel berbagai jenis baja dan bermacam-macam bahan pengerasaan permukaan non-ferous
b. Nyala asetilin Netral
Nyala ini terjadi jika perbandingan antara nyala gas asetilin dan nyala
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c. Nyala Asetilin oksidasi
Nyala api ini merupakan campuran gas oksigen dan asetilin, tetapi gas oksigen lebih dominan banyak. Nyala Api ini akan menyebabkan terjadinya proses oksidasi atau dekarburisasi pada logam cair. Nyala Api oksidasi ini harus digunakan dalam pengelasan fusion dari kuningan dan perunggu dan tidak dianjurkan untuk pengelasan yang lain.
2. Prosedur menyalakan api oksi asetilena adalah sebagai berikut:
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Setelah mendapatkan nyala api awal campuran antara asetilena dengan udara luar, maka selanjutnya dilakukan dilak ukan pengaturan nyala api
yang sesuai dengan tiga jenis nyala api sebagai berikut:
1) Nyala karburasi, untuk mendapatkan nyala karburasi, bukalah katup oksigen
pembakar perlahan-lahan perlahan -lahan sehingga nyala api yang
semula berwarna merah berangsur-angsur berubah memutih dan menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu nyala inti, nyala ekor, dan nyala luar. Apabila katup oksigen masih dibuka terus, nyala ekor akan semakin pendek. Sebelum nyala ekor mencapai panjang 1 kali nyala inti, dinamakan nyala karburasi. 2) Nyala
netral,
untuk
mendapatkan
nyala
netral
teruskan
membuka katup pembakar perlahan-lahan sehingga nyala ekor tepat berhenti pada nyala inti. 3) Nyala
oksidasi,
diperoleh
dengan
melanjutkan
membuka
katup oksigen pembakar sehingga nyala inti semakin pendek, bentuknya runcing dan berwarna jernih.
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lagi katup tersebut. 3) Tutuplah katup-katup regulator melalui baut pengatur regulator.
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G. Simbol dan istilah Pengelasan a. Simbol pengelasan
Simbol pengelasan berfungsi sebagai petunjuk dalam pekerjaan pengelasan, sehingga hasil pengelasannya sesuai dengan perintah. Gambar-gambar berikut ini menjelaskan tentang macam-macam simbol pengelasan :
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Gambar Simbol pengelasan sambungan sudut (Fillet)
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Gambar Istilah las pada pada sambungan sudut
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terdapat keran/katup untuk mengisi dan mengeluarkan gas seperti pada gambar .
Mur
Roda
Mur sumbat
Sumbat Badan Sumbat
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Bila silinder sedang tidak digunakan, hendaknya katup ditutup dengan tutup baja, dengan cara memasukkan pada katup kemudian diputar ke kanan. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar katup tersebut tetap bersih dan aman. Pada dinding silinder
biasanya
terdapat
label yang menyatakan jenis gas, tanggal
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Tangani silinder dengan hati-hati, tidak boleh terbentur, kena nyala api maupun benda panas. Silinder harus selalu dalam keadaan tegak dan terikat dengan baik agar tidak jatuh.
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100/C. Apabila karena suatu sebab silinder menjadi panas, sumbat pengaman akan melebur dan d an akan memberikan m emberikan jalan jala n keluar bagi gas asetilena. Silinder asetilena harus disimpan dalam posisi berdiri tegak, baik dalam keadaan terisi maupun kosong, pada posisi tidur cairan aseton di dalam silinder akan dapat menyumbat lubang-lubang pada kutub silinder. Bila terjadi kebocoran pada keran silinder maka keran tersebut dapat dikeraskan dengan menggunakan kunci yang ukurannya sesuai, jika masih
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Sungkup logam Fiker asbes logam
Katup baja logam Sumbat pengaman Asbes halus
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Keselamatan Kerja untuk Regulator
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