MAKALAH PERBAIKAN DAN PERAWATAN KOMPONEN PASIF DAN AKTIF ELEKTRONIKA
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PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK ELEKTRONIKA JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO POLITEKNIK NEGERI MALANG 20!
KATA PENGANTAR Alh$,-ulill$h se'$l$ u1i "$,i h$&u%"$n "eh$-i%$& All$h +$n' &el$h ,e,#e%i"$n hi-$+$hN+$ "e$-$ "$,i sehin''$ "$,i #is$ ,en+eles$i"$n ,$"$l$h ini -en'$n l$n$%3 M$"$l$h ini "$,i #u$& sel$in un&u" ,e,enuhi &u'$s e%#$i"$n -$n e%$*$&$n4 ,$"$l$h ini 1u'$ #e%&u1u$n se#$'$i ,$&$ e,#el$1$%$n -$n su,#e% en'e&$hu$n +$n' #$%u -$l$, ,$&$ "uli$h e%#$i"$n -$n e%$*$&$n #$i" #$'i "$,i -$n 1u'$ #$'i $%$ e,#$$ se,u$3 K$,i s$-$% ,$"$l$h +$n' "$,i #u$& ini ,$sih 1$uh -$%i se,u%n$4 &$i "$,i &el$h #e%us$h$ un&u" ,e,#e%i"$n +$n' &e%#$i" se,$,u se ,$,u "$,i3 se,5'$ ,$"$l$h ini ,e,#e%i"$n ,$n6$$& sesu$i +$n' -ih$%$"$n3
M$l$n'4 27 M$%e& 20!
Pen+usun
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
3 LATAR BELAKANG Se,$"in l$,$ e%$l$&$n ele"&%5ni"$ se,$"in #e%"e,#$n' sehin''$ ,en'h$%us"$n se&i$ 5%$n' ,enin'"$&"$n "e,$,u$n un&u" ,el$"u"$n e%$*$&$n -$n e%#$i"$n3 K5,5nen "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$ se$%$ '$%is #es$% &e%-i%i $&$s -u$ 1eni$s +$i&u "5,5nen $"&i6 -$n "5,5nen $si63 Ke-u$ &ie e%$l$&$n &e%se#u& ,e,un+$ $%$ e%$*$&$n -$n e%#$i"$n +$n' #e%#e-$8#e-$3 Tie "e%us$"$n +$n' &e%1$-i $-$ ,$sin'8,$sin' "5,5nen 1u'$ #e%#e-$3 Pe%l$"u$n &e%h$-$ ,$sin' ,$sin' "5,5nen ,e,ili"i e%#e-$$n3 A-$ "5,5nen +$n' e%$*$&$nn+$ h$%us -il$"u"$n se$%$ %u&in $&$uun -il$"u"$n e%$*$&$n h$n+$ $$#il$ &e%1$-i "e%us$"$n3 K5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$ see%&i -i5-e4 &%$nsis&5% -$n se#u$h I9 in&e'%$&e- i%ui&; ,e%u$"$n ele,en8ele,en +$n' &e%#u$& -$%i se,i"5n-u"&5%3 P$-$ <$,$n se"$%$n' e%"e,#$n'$n i%$n&i ele"&%5ni"$ s$n'$& ,$1u -$n &el$h ,en1$-i #$h$n e,#i$%$$n -$l$, -uni$ ele"&%5ni"$3 P$-$ e%$l$&$n see%&i "5,5nen +$n' &e%#u$& -$%i #$h$n se,i"5n-u"&5% e%$*$&$n h$%us -il$"u"$n se$%$ #e%$"$l$4 ini &e%1$-i "$%en$ e%$l$&$n #e%#$h$n se,i"5n-u"&5% s$n'$& sului& -il$"u"$n e%#$i"$n3 Suli&n+$ -il$"u"$n e%#$i"$n i&u -i"$%en$"$n "5,5nen se,i"5n-u"&5% se#$'i$n #es$% ,e%u$"$n '$#un'$n -$%i #e#e%$$ "5,5nen +$n' -iin&e'%$si"$n ,en1$i s$&u "es$&u$n3 De,i"i$n ul$ $-$ "5,5nen $si6 see%&i %esis&5% -$n $$si&5% s$n'$& suli& -il$"u"$n e%#$i"$n3 B$h"$n $$#i$l #is$ -il$"u"$n e%#$i"$n se"$liun #i$+$ un&u" ,el$"u"$n e%#$i"$n 1$uh le#ih ,$h$l -$%i $-$ ,el$"u"$n en''$n&i$n "5,5nen3 Oleh "$%en$ i&u -ie%lu"$nen'e&$hu$n ,en'en$i &$n-$ "e%us$"$n4 $%$ ,el$"u"$n e%$*$&$n -$n 1enis "e%us$"$n +$n' &i,#ul $-$ ",5nen ele"&%5ni"$ $'$% -$$& -en'$n ,$"si,$l $$#il$ -i&e,ui "e%us$"$n +$n' &e%1$-i3
32 RUMUSAN MASALAH
323 3232 323) 323(
B$'$i,$n$"$h en'el5,5"$n "5,5nen = "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$> B$'$i,$n$"$h $%$ ,en'e&$hui "e%us$"$n $-$ "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$> A$"$h en+e#$# "e%us$"$n $-$ "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$> B$'$i,$n$ $%$ ,e%$*$& $&$u ,e,e%#$i"i "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$>
3) TUJUAN 3)3 M$h$sis*$ ,en'e&$hui en'el5,5"$n "5,5nen = "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$ 3)32 M$h$sis*$ ,en'e&$hui $%$ e%$*$&$n -$n e%#$i"$n $-$ "5,5nen ele"%5ni"$ 3)3) M$h$sis*$ ,en'e&$hui "e%us$"$n $-$ "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
MENGENALI KERUSAKAN KOMPONEN PASIF DAN AKTIF P
ELEKTRONIKA
A
23 KOMPONEN T PASIF E TETAP 23 3 RESISTOR T Be%#$'$i &ie %esis&5% &e&$ ,eliu&i: R SEN?AWA KARBON
O T
FILM KARBON
S I
OKSIDA LOGAM
S E
METAL GLASE
R GULUNGAN KAWAT
G$,#$% 1enis81enis %esis&5% &e%se#u& -$$& -ilih$& $-$ G$,#$% #e%i"u& ini3 G$,#$% 3 Jenis81enis %esis&5% &e&$ 3
G$,#$% 233 Jenis = 1enis %esis&5% &e&$ Jenis 6il,8l5'$,4 5"si-$ l5'$,4 $&$u e%,e& ,e&$l 'l$se; #$n+$" -iilih -$l$, e,$"$i$n4 "$%en$ &ie8&ie i&u ,e,un+$i s&$#ili&$s +$n' #$i"4 -$l$, en+i,$n$n ,$uun -$l$, "5n-isi #e%5e%$si3 Pe%h$&i"$n #$h*$ %esis&5%8
%esis&5% +$n' &5le%$nsi @4 04 $&$u &5le%$nsi 20 -i#e%i "5-e *$%n$ -en'$n -u$ #$n si'ni6i"$n4 -ii"u&i 5leh se1u,l$h #$nn5l $&$u eli$& -esi,$l; -$n #$n &5le%$nsi lih$& &$#el "5-e *$%n$ %esis&5%;3 A-$ 1u'$ nil$i -$n &5le%$nsi %esis&5% -ie&$" $-$ #$-$n %esis&5% "$-$n'8"$-$n' -in+$&$"$n l$n'sun'4 ,is$ln+$ 472" 720 5h, ; $&$u -$l$, #en&u" "5-e see%&i 72 F3 Nil$i -i$&$s 00 5h,4 -i&un1u""$n &i'$ #u$h -i'i& -ii"u&i 5leh -i'i& "e e,$& +$n' ,en+$&$"$n #$n+$"n+$ n5l +$n' ,en'i"u&in+$3 Un&u" nil$i8nil$i -i#$*$h 00 5h, hu%u6 R ,en+$&$"$n &i&i" -esi,$l -en'$n se,u$ -i'i& si'ni6i"$n3 Sesu-$h "5-e nil$i4 -i&$,#$h"$n se#u$h hu%u6 un&u" ,en+$&$"$n &5le%$nsi : F C 4 G C 24 J C @4 K C 04 M C 203 95n&5hn+$: • • • •
R )) M C 03)) 5h, 20 (/0 F C (/00 5h, !70( M C !37 M 5h, 20 2202 K C 22000 5h, 0
23 3 3 KEGAGALAN = KEGAGALAN PADA RESISTOR TETAP Se&i$ %esis&5% "e&i"$ #e%5e%$si $"$n ,en-isi$si"$n -$+$n+$3 Ken$i"$n &e,e%$&u% +$n' -ise#$#"$n 5leh -$+$ +$n' -i-isi$si"$n $"$n ,$"si,u, -i&en'$h8&en'$h #$-$n %esis&5%4 ini -ise#u& H5& s5& &e,e%$&u%e3 H$%us -i&e"$n"$n -isini4 #$h*$ %esis&5% $-$ u,u,n+$ ,enun1u""$n "ee$&$n "e'$'$l$n +$n' %en-$h $&$u %esis&5% i&u s$n'$& -$$& -i$n-$l"$n %eli$#le;3 Ke'$'$l$n -$n en+e#$#8en+e#$#n+$ &e%-$$& -$l$, &$#el #e%i"u& ini3
T$#el 233 Ke'$'$l$n8Ke'$'$l$n P$-$ Resis&5%8Resis&5% Te&$ Tie Resis&5% K5,5sisi "$%#5n
Ke'$'$l$n Be%u#$h ,e,#es
%$Ke,un'"in$n Pen+e#$# Pe%u#$h$n "$%#5n $&$u
Si%"ui& &e%u&us
en'i"$& -i #$*$h en'$%
$n$s4 &e'$n'$n $&$u "ele,#$#$n3 Pen+e%$$n u-$%$ le,# ,en+e#$#"$n e,#en'" -$n ,en1$-i"$n e%&i"el8 "$%#5n un&u" ,e,is$h"$ P$n$s #e%le#ih ,e,#$" &en'$h8&en'$h %esis&5%3 Te"$n$n8&e"$n$n ,e"$ ,en+e#$#"$n %e&$"8%e&$" %esis&5%3 K$8"$ u1un'n+$ &e%le "$%en$ ,5n&$se +$n' #u% $$n3 K$*$& u&us "$%en$ e,#en'"5"$n +$n' Resis&5%8%esis&5%
Si%"ui& &e%u&us
#e%ul$n'ul$n'3 Fil, &e%"elu$s "$%en$
6il,3"$%#5n4 5"si-$
&e,e%$&u% &in''i $&$u &e'
l5'$,46il, l5'$,4
&in''i3
,e&$l 'l$se;
L$is$n 6il, &e%'5%es $ &e%"i"is "e&i"$ -i 6$#%i"$s P$-$ nil$i8nil$i %esis&$ns +$n' &in''i le#ih #es$% 5h,; si%$l %esis&$n sin+$ &iis -$n "$%en$n+$ "e'$ si%"i& &e%#u"$ le#ih #es$% "e,un'"in$nn+$3 K5n&$"8"5n&$" u1un'n+ #u%u"3 Bi$s$n+$ -ise#$#" &e"$n$n ,e"$ni" "$%en$
Wi%e *5un- %esis&5% "$*$&;
Si%"ui& &e%u&us
,5n&$se +$n' 1ele" $-$ Ke%e&$"$n "$*$&4 &e%u&$ -i'un$"$n "$*$& "eil4 " "e&i-$",u%ni$n ,en+e#$ "e%e&$"$n3 Pe%"$%$&$n "$*$& +$n' -ise#$#"$n 5leh ele"&%5li& -i&i,#ul"$n 5leh u-$%$ le +$n' &e%se%$3 Ke'$'$l$n s$,#un'$n8 s$,#un'$n +$n' -il$s3
23 3 2 ARIABLE RESISTOR POTENSIOMETER; P5&ensi5,e&e% -$$& -i"el5,5""$n -$l$, &i'$ "el5,5" u&$,$ #e%'$n&un' $-$ #$h$n %esis&i6 +$n' -ie%'un$"$n4 +$i&u: $3 K$%#5n sen+$*$$n4 "$%#5n +$n' -i&u$n' #e%#en&u" 1$lu% $-$& $&$u l$is$n "$%#5n -i&$,#$h <$& en'isi3 -i&u$n' $-$ su$&u su#s&%$& $&$u -$s$%3 #3 Gulun$n "$*$& Ni"h%5, $&$u "$*$& %esis&$nsi l$inn+$ +$n' -i'ulun' $-$ se#u$h #en&u"is5l$si #i$s$n+$ #e%#en&u" i$ "eil3 3 9e%,e& su$&u l$is$n 6il, &e#$l $-$ se#u$h su#s&%$& $&$u -$s$% "e%$,i"3 P5&ensi5,e&e% +$n' -i1u$l u,u, $-$ -u$ &ie4 +$i&u: &ie A +$n' e%u#$h$n %esis&$nsin+$ #e%si6$& l5'$%i&,is #il$ -iu&$%-$n &ie B +$n' e%u#$h$n %esis&$nsin+$ #e%si6$& linie% #il$ -iu&$%3
G$,#$% 232 K5ns&%u"si D$s$% P5&ensi5,e&e% P$-$ u,u,n+$ e%s+$%$&$n 5&ensi5,e&e% #e%$-$ -$l$, &i'$ "$&e'5%i:
P%ese& $&$u &%i,,e% '$,#$% )3)3$; K5n&%5l "e'un$$n u,u, '$,#$% )3)3#; K5n&%5l %esisi
G$,#$% 23)3 Ben&u" P5&ensi5,e&e%
23 3 23 KEGAGALAN KEGAGALAN PADA RESISTOR Kee$&$n "e'$'$l$nn+$ le#ih &in''i -$%i $-$ 1enis %esis&5% &e&$4 un&u" 5&ensi5,e&e% ,e,un+$i "ee$&$n "e'$'$l$n "i%$8"i%$ ) 08! e%1$, su-$h u,u,4 &e&$i $n'"$8$n'"$ i&u #e%u#$h #e%'$n&un' $-$ ,e&5-e +$n' -i'un$"$n 5leh $#%i"n+$3 Ke%us$"$n +$n' &e%1$-i $-$ se#u$h 5&ensi5,e&e% #is$ se#$'i$n $&$u &5&$l3 Kerusakan sebagian : •
Ken$i"$n %esis&$nsi "5n&$" ,eni,#ul"$n "en$i"$n n5ise "elis&%i"$n3
•
K5n&$" +$n' &e%u&us8u&us4 ini -$$& -ise#$#"$n 5leh $%&i"el8$%&i"el -e#u4 ,in+$" 'e,u" elu,$s; $&$u #$h$n8#$h$n $,el$s +$n' &e%"u,ul $n&$%$ "5n&$" 'ese% -$n 1$lu%3
Kerusakan total : •
Me%u$"$n si%"i& &e%#u"$ -i$n&$%$ 1$lu% -$n s$,#un'$n u1un'8 u1un'n+$ $&$u $n&$%$ "5n&$" 'ese% -$n 1$lu%3 H$l ini -$$& -ise#$#"$n 5leh e%"$%$&$n #$'i$n8#$'i$n l5'$, "$%en$ "ele,#$#$n4 $&$u e,#en'"$"$n l5'$,8l5'$, l$s&i" +$n' &e%1$-i s$$& enu$n'$n 1$lu% +$n' ,en''un$"$n &e,e%$&u% &in''i3
23 3 ) KAPASITOR Se#u$h "$$si&5% &e%-i%i -$%i -u$ el$& "5n-u"&5% +$n' &e%is$h 5leh su$&u is5l$&5% -iele"&%i"$3 Ru,us &e%"en$l un&u" "$$si&$nsi 9 $-$l$h :
Den'$n : 0 $-$l$h e%,i&ii&$s ,u&l$" % $-$l$h "5ns&$n&$ -iele"&%i"$ A $-$l$h lu$s l$& ,2; - $-$l$h 1$%$" $n&$%$ l$&8l$&4 +$i&u &e#$l -iele"&%i"$ ,; Lu$s l$&4 "5n&$n&$ -iele"&%i"$ h$%us &in''i4 -$n &e#$l -iele"&%i"$ +$n' "eil un&u" ,en-$$&"$n 9 +$n' u"u #es$%3 U"u%$n e6isiensi se#u$h "$$si&5% -i&en&u"$n 5leh ,u$&$n lis&%i" C93; &5&$l +$n' -$$& -isi,$n3
23 3 )3 KEGAGALAN PADA KAPASITOR K$$si&5% ,e%u$"$n "5,5nen +$n' -$$& -i$n-$l"$n4 ,enun1u" "$n "e'$'$l$n +$n' %en-$h &e%u&$ ,$ #il$ -i-e%$&in' 3U,u% "$$si&5% -$$& -ie%$n1$n' -en'$n $%$: $; Di5e%$si"$n -i#$*$h #$&$s &e'$n'$n +$n' -ie%#5leh"$n3
#; Di5e%$si"$n $-$ &e,e%$&u%e $,#ien& +$n' %en-$h4 -en'$n ,enu%un"$n &e,e%$&u% 09 -$$& ,eli$&"$n u,u%n+$ -u$ "$li le#ih $n1$n'3 Ke%us$"$n +$n' ,un'"in &e%1$-i : 8 K$&$s&%56i" ,en-$-$" &5&$l;: 3 Hu#un' sin'"$& : &e,#us -iele"&%i"$n+$ 23 Si%"i& &e%#u"$ : "e%us$"$n $-$ en+$,#un' u1un'n+$3 8 De'%$-$si #e%$n'su%8$n'su%-$n se#$'i$n; : 3 Penu%un$n %esis&$nsi -$%i is5l$si $&$u "en$i"$n $%us #55% $-$ 1enis ele"&%5li& se$%$ #e%$n'su%$n'su%3 23Ken$i"$n %esis&$nsi se%i4 +$i&u su$&u "en$i"$n 6$"&5% -isi$si3 Be#e%$$ en+e#$# "e%us$"$n $-$l$h: $;3 Ke%us$"$n "e&i"$ 6$#%i"$si : K5n&$,in$si hl5%i-e $-$ ele"&%5li&4 $"$n ,eni,#ul"$n e%"$ %$&$n $-$ s$,#un'$n in&e%n$l4 "e%us$"$n ,e"$nis $-$ u1un' -$%i "$$si&5% #e%l$is l5'$,4 ,eni,#ul"$n $n$s #e%le#ih -$n si%"i& &e%#u"$3 #;3 S$l$h $"$i: K$$si&5% -i'un$"$n ,ele#ihi &e'$n'$n +$n' &e%&ulis4 $&$u &e"ni" $sse,#lin' +$n' 1ele" ,eni,#ul "$n &e"$n$n ,e"$nis &e%h$-$ en+$,#un'8en+$,#un' u1un' -$n selu#un' Se$l;3 ; Lin'"un'$n : Ke1u&$n8"e1u&$n ,e"$ni"4 'e&$%$n ,e"$ni"4 &e,e%$&u% &in''i %en-$h4 -$n "ele,#$#$n3 D$6&$% "e%us$"$n -$n "e,un'"in$n en+e#$# un&u" #e#e%$$ 1enis "$$si&5% &e%lih$& $-$ &$#el 232 3 T$#el 232 Ke%us$"$n K$$si&5% -$n Pen+e#$#n+$
232 KOMPONEN AKTIF 23 23 TRANSISTOR T%$nsis&5% $-$l$h $l$& se,i"5n-u"&5% +$n' -i$"$i se#$'$i en'u$&4 se#$'$i si%"ui& e,u&us -$n en+$,#un' s*i&hin';4 s&$#ilis$si &e'$n'$n4 ,5-ul$si sin+$l $&$u se#$'$i 6un'si l$inn+$3 T%$nsis&5% -$$& #e%6un'si se,$$, "%$n lis&%i"4 -i ,$n$ #e%-$s$%"$n $%us inu&n+$ BJT; $&$u &e'$n'$n inu&n+$ FET;4 ,e,un'"in"$n en'$li%$n lis&%i" +$n' s$n'$& $"u%$& -$%i si%"ui& su,#e% lis&%i"n+$3
G$,#$% 23!3 T%$nsis&5% &h%5u'h8h5le -i#$n-in'"$n -en'$n i&$ u"u% sen&i,e&e% ; P$-$ u,u,n+$4 &%$nsis&5% ,e,ili"i ) &e%,in$l4 +$i&u B$sis B;4 E,i&5% E; -$n K5le"&5% 9;3 Te'$n'$n +$n' -i s$&u &e%,in$ln+$ ,is$ln+$ E,i&5% -$$&
-i$"$i un&u" ,en'$&u% $%us -$n &e'$n'$n +$n' le#ih #es$% -$%i$-$ $%us inu& B$sis4 +$i&u $-$ "elu$%$n &e'$n'$n -$n $%us 5u&u& K5le"&5%3 T%$nsis&5% ,e%u$"$n "5,5nen +$n' s$n'$& en&in' -$l$, -uni$ ele"&%5ni" ,5-e%n3 D$l$, %$n'"$i$n $n$l5'4 &%$nsis&5% -i'un$"$n -$l$, $,li6ie% en'u$&;3 R$n'"$i$n $n$l5' ,elin'"ui en'e%$s su$%$4 su,#e% lis&%i" s&$#il s&$#ilis$&5%; -$n en'u$& sin+$l %$-i53 D$l$, %$n'"$i$n8%$n'"$i$n -i'i&$l4 &%$nsis&5% -i'un$"$n se#$'$i s$"l$% #e%"ee$&$n &in''i3 Be#e%$$ &%$nsis&5% 1u'$ -$$& -i%$n'"$i se-e,i"i$n %u$ sehin''$ #e%6un'si se#$'$i l5'i '$&e4 ,e,5%i -$n 6un'si %$n'"$i$n8%$n'"$i$n l$inn+$3
23 23 3 9ARA 9EK TRANSISTOR Cara Cek Kondisi transistor jenis PNP:
3 See%&i l$n'"$h -i$&$s A&u% Sele"&5% Mul&i,e&e% "e $%$h Oh,,e&e%3 23 L$lu ilih s"$l$ $-$ #$&$s u"u% K3 )3 Sel$n1u&n+$ hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% Q; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e 8; $-$ "5le"&5%3 (3 Ji"$ ,ul&i,e&e% ,enun1u" "e $n'"$ se"i&$% @820K #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ &i-$" ,enun1u" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" u&us B893 @3 Ke,u-i$n le$s"$n "e-u$ %5#e l$lu hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% 8; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e Q; $-$ "5le"&5%3 !3 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e% &i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" #55% &e,#us B893 /3 Hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% Q; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e 8; $-$ e,i&5%3 73 Ji"$ ,ul&i,e&e% ,enun1u" "e $n'"$se"i&$% @820K #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ &i-$" ,enun1u" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" u&us B8E3
3 Le$s"$n "e-u$ %5#e l$lu hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% 8; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e Q; $-$ e,i&5%3 03 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e% &i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" #55% &e,#us B8E3 3 Hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% 8; $-$ e,i&5% -$n %5#e Q; $-$ "5le"&5%3 23 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e%&i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" #55% &e,#us 98E3 Cara Cek Kondisi transistor jenis NPN :
3 A&u% Sele"&5% Mul&i,e&e% "e $%$h Oh,,e&e%3 23 L$lu ilih s"$l$ $-$ #$&$s u"u% K3 )3 Sel$n1u&n+$ hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% 8; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e Q; $-$ "5le"&5% 3 (3 Ji"$ ,ul&i,e&e% ,enun1u" $%$h "e $n'"$ &e%&en&u #i$s$n+$ se"i&$% @820K #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ &i-$" ,enun1u" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% -$l$, "5n-isi %us$" $&$u u&us B893 @3 sel$n1u&n+$ le$s"$n "e-u$ %5#e &$-i sel$n1u&n+$ hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% Q; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e 8; $-$ "5le"&5%3 !3 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e% &i-$" &i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" $&$u #55% &e,#us B893 /3 Hu#un'"$n "e,#$li %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% 8; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e Q; $-$ e,i&5%3 73 Ji"$ ,ul&i,e&e% ,enun1u" "e $n'"$ se"i&$% @820K #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ &i-$" ,enun1u" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" $&$u u&us B8E3
3 l$lu le$s"$n "e,#$li "e-u$ %5#e "e,u-i$n hu#un'"$n "e,#$li %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% Q; $-$ #$sis -$n %5#e 8; $-$ e,i&5%3 03 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e% &i-$" ,enun1u""$n $$8$$ $&$u 1$%u, &i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% -$l$, "e$-$$n %us$" $&$u #55% &e,#us B8E3 3 Se"$li l$'i un&u" ,e,$s&i"$n &%$nsis&5%4 sil$h"$n hu#un'"$n %5#e ,ul&i,e&e% Q; $-$ e,i&5% -$n %5#e 8; $-$ "5le"&5%3 23 Ji"$ 1$%u, ,ul&i,e&e% &i-$" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% #$i"4 1i"$ #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i &%$nsis&5% %us$" #55% &e,#us 98E3
23 23 3 2 PEN?EBAB TRANSISTOR RUSAK Kerusakan Transistor
T%$nsis&5% -$$& ,en'$l$,i "e%us$"$n "$%en$ #e#e%$$ se#$#3 T%$nsis&5% -$$& ,e,$1u"$n -$n ,en$h$n $%us -$n &e'$n'$n ,enu%u& nil$i u"u%$nn+$ see%&i +$n' -il$"u"$n -i5-e3 Mele#ihi u"u%$n nil$i -$$& ,e%us$" &%$nsis&5%3 Se#u$h &%$nsis&5% %us$" ,un'"in "$%en$ hu#un' sin'"$& -$%i BASIS "e 9OLE9TOR $&$u -$%i BASIS "e EMITTER3 K$-$n' &%$nsis&5% +$n' %us$" $'$" $%$h ,en+e#$#"$n hu#un'$n sin'"$& -ise,u$ "$"i &e%,in$ln+$3 Se#u$h si%"ui& +$n' hu#un' sin'"$& ,e,u,'"in"$n $%us ,en'$li% +$n' #es$%4 +$n' ,en+e#$#"$n $n$s +$n' #e%le#ih$n $-$ &%$nsis&5%4 sehin''$ ,eni,#ul"$n "e%us$"$n3 A&$u -$$& 1u'$ &e%1$-i %$n'"$i$n &e%#u"$ $n&$%$ &e%,in$l BASIS "e 9OLLE9TOR $&$u BASIS "e EMITTER3 L$n'"$h e%&$,$ -$l$, ,en'i-en&i6i"$si se#u$h &%$nsis&5% +$n' %us$" $-$l$h -en'$n &$n-$ $n$s +$n' #e%le#ih$n3 Se#u$h &%$nsis&5% +$n' %us$" -$$& &e%lih$& &e%#$"$% $&$u ,eleleh3 Ke&i"$ e%$l$&$n -i,$&i"$n4 -$$& -isen&uh $$"$h suhu &%$nsis&5% #e%$-$ $-$ suhu $n$s +$n' #e%le#ih$n3 Ke$-$$n suhu $n$s h$%us sesu$i -en'$n u"u%$n en+e%$ $n$s &%$nsis&5% i&u3 Ji"$ &%$nsis&5% &i-$" ,e,ili"i en+e%$ $n$s4 -$n "5n-isin+$ s$n'$& $n$s4 -$$& -ie%"i%$"$n "$l$u
&%$nsis&5% i&u #e%,$s$l$h3 J$n'$n ,en+en&uh &%$nsis&5% $$#il$ i&u #$'i$n -$%i si%"ui& -en'$n &e'$n'$n +$n' #es$%3 Sel$lu ,e,$&i"$n s*i&h8566; e%$l$&$n se#elu, ,en+en&uh "5,5nen $$un3 Kerusakan – kerusakan yang sering terjadi pada transistor:
Adanya pemutusan hubungan dari rangkaian elektronik. Terjadinya konseleting/ hubung singkat antar elektroda transistor.
Terjadi kebocoran diantara electrode – electrode transistor. Adapun penyebab terjadinya kerusakan pada sebuah transistor adalah:
Penanganan yang tidak tepat saat pemasangan pad rangkaian. Transistor terlalu panas karena suhunya melebihi batas maksimal kemampuannya. Bagi transistor dari bahan Germanium suhu maksimal !"#$ sedang transistor %ilicon suhu maksimal mencapai &"##$.
Kesalahan pengukuran.
Pemasangan yang salah pada rangkaian.
23 23 3 ) Pen''$n&i$n T%$nsis&5% K$%en$ $l$s$n &e%&en&u4 -$n "i&$ &i-$" -$$& ,en''$n&i &%$nsis&5% -en'$n &ie +$n' s$,$4 $%i e%s$,$$n &ie -$%i &%$nsis&5% i&u -en'$n $n-u$n en''$n&i$n &%$nsis&5%3 D$n 5#$ i-en&i6i"$si -en'$n &ie +$n' ,en-e"$&i3H$&i8 h$&i "$-$n' &ie en''$n&in+$ ,e,ili"i nil$i +$n' #e%#e-$4 "$-$n' -u$ #$'i$n nil$i +$n' #e%#e-$3 P$%$,e&e% +$n' en&in' $-$l$h : • • •
Te'$n'$n A,e%e W$&&
B$'i$n en''$n&i h$%us ,e,ili"i &e'$n'$n4 $,e%e4 -$n %$&in' *$&& +$n' s$,$ $&$u le#ih &in''i -$%i$-$ +$n' $sli3 ?$n' &e%#$i" $-$l$h ,en''$n&in+$ -en'$n &ie +$n' s$,$3
23 23 2 DIODA Di5-$ $-$l$h "5,5nen ele"&%5ni" +$n' &e%#u$& -$%i unsu% se,i"5n-u"&5%3 B$h$n ini $-$l$h sili"5n $&$u 'e%,$niu,3 Di5-$ sili"5n #e"e%1$ $-$ &e'$n'$n 03! D9 -$n -i5-$ 'e%,$niu, #e"e%1$ $-$ &e'$n'$n 042 D93
G$,#$% 23(3 95n&5h -i5-$ : IN ((74 IN(0024 IN (00)4 -ll3
G$,#$% 23@3 Si,#5l -i5-$ Fun'si Di5-$ : Se#$'$i en+e$%$h Se#$'$i en'$,$n %$n'"$i$n -$%i "e,un'"in$n &e%#$li"n+$ 5l$%i&$s
23 23 23 MENGUKUR DIODA DENGAN MULTITESTER •
•
Pu&$% #$&$s u"u% $-$ Oh,,e&e% 0 00
%5#e ,e%$h C "$&5-$4 %5#e hi&$, C $n5-$ C J$%u, #e%'e%$" #u"$n n5l3 "e,u-i$n 5sisi -i#$li" :
•
%5#e ,e%$h C $n5-$4 %5#e hi&$, C "$&5-$4 J$%u, &-" #e%'e%$" #e%$%&i
•
-i5-$ -$l$, "5n-isi BAIK3 %5#e ,e%$h C "$&5-$4 %5#e hi&$, C $n5-$ C J$%u, #e%'e%$" $&$u ,enun1u" n5l3 "e,u-i$n 5sisi -i#$li" :
•
%5#e ,e%$h C $n5-$4 %5#e hi&$, C "$&5-$ C J$%u, #e%'e%$" $&$u ,enun1u" n5l #e%$%&i -i5-$ -$l$, "5n-isi RUSAK SHORT3
23 23 ) I9 INTEGRATED 9IR9UIT; In&e'%$&e- 9i%ui& $&$u -isin'"$& -en'$n I9 $-$l$h K5,5nen Ele"&%5ni"$ A"&i6 +$n' &e%-i%i -$%i '$#un'$n %$&us$n4 %i#u$n #$h"$n 1u&$$n T%$nsis&5%4 Di5-$4 Resis&5% -$n K$$si&5% +$n' -iin&e'%$si"$n ,en1$-i su$&u R$n'"$i$n Ele"&%5ni"$ -$l$, se#u$h "e,$s$n "eil3 B$h$n u&$,$ +$n' ,e,#en&u" se#u$h In&e'%$&e- 9i%ui& I9; $-$l$h B$h$n Se,i"5n-u"&5%3 Sili5n ,e%u$"$n #$h$n se,i"5n-u"&5% +$n' $lin' se%in' -i'un$"$n -$l$, Te"n5l5'i F$#%i"$si In&e'%$&e- 9i%ui& I9;3 D$l$, #$h$s$ In-5nesi$4 In&e'%$&e9i%ui& $&$u I9 ini se%in' -i&e%1e,$h"$n ,en1$-i Si%"ui& Te%$-u3Te"n5l5'i I9 In&e'%$&e9i%ui&; ,e,un'"in"$n se5%$n' e%$n$n' R$n'"$i$n Ele"&%5ni"$ un&u" ,e,#u$& se#u$h e%$l$&$n Ele"&%5ni"$ +$n' le#ih "eil4 le#ih %in'$n -en'$n h$%'$ +$n' le#ih &e%1$n'"$u3 K5nsu,si -$+$ lis&%i" se#u$h I9 1u'$ le#ih %en-$h -i#$n-in' -en'$n T%$nsis&5%3 Oleh "$%en$ i&u4 I9 In&e'%$&e- 9i%ui&; &el$h ,en1$-i "5,5nen U&$,$ $-$ h$,i% se,u$ e%$l$&$n Ele"&%5ni"$ +$n' "i&$ 'un$"$n s$$& ini3
23 23 )3 I9 LINEAR I9 Line$% $&$u -ise#u& 1u'$ -en'$n I9 An$l5' $-$l$h I9 +$n' $-$ u,u,n+$ #e%6un'si se#$'$i : •
Pen'u$&
D$+$
P5*e%
•
A,li6ie%; •
Pen'u$&
Pen'u$& RF -$n IF RF $n- IF A,li6ie%;
Sin+$l
Si'n$l
•
5l&$'e 95,$%$&5%
•
Mul&ilie%
•
Pene%i,$
A,li6ie%; •
Pen'u$&
Oe%$si5n$l
Oe%$&i5n$l A,li6ie% O
Pen'u$&
R$-i5
R$-i5 Reeie%;
A,; •
F%e"uensi
Sin+$l
Mi"%5
•
Re'ul$&5% Te'$n'$n 5l&$'e Re'ul$&5%;
Mi%5*$e A,li6ie%; •
23 )3 23 2 I9 DIGITAL •
I9 Di'i&$l $-$ -$s$%n+$ $-$l$h %$n'"$i$n s*i&hin' +$n' &e'$n'$n Inu&
-$n Ou&u&n+$ h$n+$ ,e,ili"i 2 -u$; leel +$i&u Tin''i -$n Ren-$h $&$u -$l$, "5-e #in$%+ -il$,#$n'"$n -en'$n -$n 03 •
I9 Di'i&$l $-$ u,u,n+$ #e%6un'si se#$'$i :
•
Fli86l5
•
Mul&ilee%
•
Ge%#$n' L5'i"$ L5'i G$&es;
•
9$lul$&5%
•
Ti,e%
•
Me,5%+
•
95un&e%
•
9l5"
•
Mi%5%5ess5% Mi"%5%5ses5%;
•
Mi%55n&%5lle%
•
23 23 ( KERUSAKAN PADA SEMIKONDUKTOR Ke,un'"in$n "e%us$"$n +$n' &e%1$-i $-$l$h:
•
• •
Hu#un' sin'"$&: $-$ 1un&i5n BE4 B9 $&$u 9E3 Te%#u"$: $-$ 1un&i5n BE $&$u B93 •
Be#e%$$ en+e#$# "e%us$"$n se,i"5n-u"&5% $-$l$h
•
$3 Ke%us$"$n ,e"$nis s$$& 6$#%i"$si : P%5ses8%5ses -i6usi P%5ses Me&$lis$si P%5ses Me"$nis #3 S$l$h e,$"$i$n : Mele*$&i &e'$n'$n $&u4 $%us -$n -$+$ ,$"si,u,n+$ Me,$su"$n ,en$#u& I9 s$$& &e'$n'$n hi-u 3 B$h$+$ lin'"un'$n : In&e%6e%ensi "elis&%i"$n Ke1u&$n &e'$n'$n 5leh ,esin $&$u %el$+ Me-$n ,$'ne&i • • •
• •
• • •
•
23
23
@
PEN9EGAHAN
KERUSAKAN
PADA
KOMPONEN
ELEKTRONIKA Se$%$ u,u, -i#$*$h ini $%$8$%$ ,e%$*$& e%$l$&$n $&$u "5,5nen
•
ele"&%5ni"$: 3 Me,#en'"5""$n "$*$& en'hu#un': J$n'$n #e%"$li8"$li J$n'$n &e%l$lu -e"$& -en'$n #$-$n "5,5nen )8@,,; 23 Ke1u&$n Me"$nis J$&uhn+$ "5,5nen se,i"5n-u"&5% Me,5&5n' "$*$& en+$,#un' Men'e%i" e%,u"$$n "5,5nen )3 Ke1u&$n Te%,$l S5l-e% 208@0 *$&& • •
• • •
•
• • •
Suhu s5l-e% ,$"si,u, )008(009 L$,$ ,en+5l-e% @ -e&i" Gun$"$n S5l-e% Wi" $&$u A&%$"&5% un&u" ,ele$s "5,5nen -en'$n ,en''un$"$n s5l-e%3 •
(3 Ke1u&$n Ele"&%5s&$&i" 1u'$ $-$ MOS; Gun$"$n &es %5#e +$n' "eil Pe,$s$n'$n "5,5nen MOS $lin' $"hi% Puu" s5l-e% h$%us &$" #e%&e'$n'$n J$n'$n ,e,$su""$n $&$u ,ele$s "5,5nen se,i"5n-u"&5% s$$& $&u -$+$ hi-u Hin-$%i &e'$n'$n "e1u& -$%i %el$+ $&$u s$$& s$"l$% ON Sin+$l &$" &e%$s$n' "e inu& s$$& $&u -$+$ $-$, Gun$"$n 'el$n' $&$u $"$i$n $n&i s&$&i -i $#%i"; s$$& ,e,$s$n' I9 MOS • • • • • • •
•
•
•
BAB III
•
•
PENUTUP •
)3KESIMPULAN Se$%$ u,u, "5,5nen = "5,5nen ele"&%5ni"$ -i"el5,5"$n ,en1$-i
•
"5,5nen = "5,5nen $si6 -$n "5,5nen = "5,5nen $"&i63 K5,5nen $si6 -i$n&$%$n+$ $-$l$h %esis&5% &e&$4 %esis&5% $%i$#el -$n "$$si&5%3 Se-$n'"$n "5,5nen $"&i6 -i$n&$%$n+$ $-$l$h i4 &%$nsis&5% -$n -i5-$3 •
M$sin' ,$sin' "5,5nen -$l$, -uni$ ele"&%5ni"$ #$i" $si6 ,$uun $"&i6
,e,ili"i 1enis "e%us$"$n -$n en+e#$# "e%us$"$n +$n' #e%#e-$3 Se#$'i$n #es$% "e%us$"$n &e%1$-i "$%en$ "es$l$h$n -$l$, en''un$$n "5,5nen4 see%&i ,e,#e%i"$n $&u -$+$ +$n' &e%l$lu &in''i $-$ "5,5nen -$n &i-$" ,e,#$$ -$&$shee& su$&u "5,5nen3 •
Pe%$*$&$n +$n' -il$"u"$n $-$l$h e%$*$&$n +$n' #e%si6$& "e&ele&i$n -$n "eh$&i8
h$&i$n s$$& en''un$$n "5,5nen3 K5,5nen h$%us -i'un$"$n -en'$n #$&$s $&u -$+$ +$n' &e$& -$n &i-$" #5leh ,e,$"s$"$n "5,5nen $$#il$ lu#$n' $-$ P9B $&$uun %51e& #5$%&i-$" u"u "$%en$ -$$& ,en'$"i#$&"$n "e%us$"$n $-$ "$"i "5,5nen3 Pe,e%i"s$$n "5,5nen -$$& -il$"u"$n -en'$n ,el$"u"$n en'u"u%$n ,el$lui ,ul&i,e&e% $&$uun -en'$n ,el$"u"$n en'e&es$n un&u" ,en'e&$hui 5u&u& -$%i se#u$h "5,5nen3 •
)32 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
•
h&&s:***3'55'le35,u%l> s$C&%&C1Ces%Css5u%eC*e#-C$-C%1$u$&C7e-C0$hUKE*i!+, *-)LAhHG5(KH#0A%MF''#MAAu%lCh&&)A2F 2Fil,uele"&%5,e-i"3#l5's5&35,2F2022F02F"5,5nen8"5,5nen8$si68 $"&i68-$l$,3h&,lus'CAF19NE'7uL<7MIRN"9R*80n/%M*
•
h&&:6&3un$-3$3i-#se0SMK"el$s0s,"&e"ni"8e,elih$%$$n8-$n8e%#$i"$n8 sis&e,8ele"&%5ni"$eni8&%isn53-63-6
•
h&&:<5n$ele"&%53ne&,en'u"u%8"$$si&5%8,en''un$"$n8,ul&i,e&e%
•
h&&:&e"ni"ele"&%5ni"$35,en'e%&i$n8i8in&e'%$&e-8i%ui&8$li"$si86un'si8i
