MAKALAH JENIS-JENIS TEROWONGAN
Oleh: Krisolit 1309055051
FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN
SAMARINDA 01!
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1"1 L#t#r $el#%#&' Se(#r# '#ris )es#r *eto+e ,e&#*)#&'#& +i)#'i *e&-#+i .#it/ t#*)#&' ter)/%# +#& t#*)#&' )##h t#&#h" #&' le)ih seri&' +ite*/i +i I&+o&esi# #+#l#h *eto+e t#*)#&' ter)/%# +e&'#& se'#l# ,roses coal getting +#& ,roses ,e&'ol#h#&&.#" N#*/&2 ti+#% se+i%it ,/l# ,er/s#h##& ,ert#*)#&'#& .#&' *e&''/&#%#& *eto+e ,e&# *)#&'#& )##h t#&#h se)#'#i o,si /&t/% *e&'e%s,loit#si )#h#& '#li#& )erh#r'# .#&' *ere%# ,/&.#" e&#*)#&'#& +e&'#& *eto+e )##h t#&#h te&t/&.# *e*ili%i #s,e% )er)e+# .#&' h#r/s +i,erhit/&'%#& +i)#&+i&'%#& +e&'#& *eto+e t#*)#&' ter)/%#2 */l#i +#ri ,roses ,e*)/#t#& l/)#&'4l/)#&' )/%##&2 e&til#si2 hi&''# ,e*ilih#& #l#t .#&' te&t/&.# )er)e+# +#ri t#*)#&' ter)/%#" S#l#h s#t/ ,er)e+##& .#&' *e&(olo% #&t#r# t#*)#&' )##h t#&#h +#& t#*)#&' ter)/%# #+#l#h #+#&.# ,e&''/&##& teroo&'#& se)#'#i *e+i# ,e&'h/)/&' tr#&s,ort#si )#i% +i +#l#* front %er-# #t#/,/& +#ri front %er-# %el/#r #t#/ se)#li%&.#" e&''/&##& teroo&'#& ti+#% h#&.# i+e&ti% +e&'#& %e'i#t#& ,e&#*)#&'#& tet#,i )#&.#% ,/l# )i+#&' l#i& .#&' *e&-#+i%#& ,er#&#& teroo&'#& s#&'#t ,e&ti&' +#l#* )i+#&' terse)/t se,erti )i+#&' tr#&s,ort#si2 ,e&'#ir#&2 s#l/r#& ,e*)/#&'#&2 +#& -#ri&'#& listri%" Oleh %#re&# it/2 ,erl/ /&t/% *e&'et#h/i )er)#'#i -e&is teroo&'#& )esert# %e'/&##&&.# *#si&'4*#si&' +#l#* )i+#&'4)i+#&' terte&t/" 1" T/-/#& 4
Me&'et#h/i %l#si6i%#si teroo&'#& )esert# %e'/&##&&.#
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
"1 e*)#h#s#& M#%s/+ +#ri +i)/#t&.# teroo&'#& #+#l#h /&t/% *e&-#*i& tr#&s,ort#si l#&'s/&' +#ri ,e&/*,#&' #t#/ )#r#&' terh#+#, ri&t#&'#&4ri&t#&'#& .#&' #+#" Ri&t#&'#& tese)/t +#,#t )er/,# ri&t#&'#& #l#* se,erti '/&/&'2 s/&'#i2 l#/t2 *#/,/& ri&t#&'#& %#re&# #%ti6it#s *#&/si#" Ter'#&t/&' +#ri ri&t#&'#& .#&' #+# +#& t/-/#& +#ri tr#&s,ort#si2 teroo&'#& +#,#t +i%l#si6i%#si%#& %e+#l#* )er)#'#i %elo*,o%" Ri&t#&'#& */&'%i& )er/,# '/&/&'2 s/&'#i2 l#/t2 ,e&+/+/% .#&' r#,#t2 #t#/ +#er#h i&+/stri 7l#l/ li&t#s +#& l#i&4l#i&8" Teroo&'#& +i)/#t +i )##h '/&/&'2 s/&'#i2 l#/t2 ,e&+/+/% .#&' r#,#t #t#/ +#er#h i&+/stri +#& 'e+/&'4'e+/&' +#& -#l#& r#.#" M#%s/+ +i)/#t&.# teroo&'#& terse)/t #+#l#h /&t/% -#l#& %eret# #,i +#& -#l#& *o)il2 ,e-#l#& %#%i #t#/ l#l/ li&t#s #ir /&t/% *e&'#lir%#& #ir2 *e&'h#sil%#& te&#'# listri%2 s#l/r#& '#s2 s#l/r#& ,e*)/#&'#&2 te*,#t ,e&#*)#&'#& #t#/ /&t/% %e,e&ti&'#& tr#&s,ort#si lo%#l +i +#l#* s/#t/ +#er#h i&+/stri #t#/ ,#)ri%" $er+#s#r%#& %e'/&##&&.# teroo&'#& +#,#t +i)#'i %e+#l#* %elo*,o%2 .#it/ : 1. Terowongan lal l!n"a# $ Traffic Tunnel % 4 Teroo&'#& %eret# #,i 4 Teroo&'#& -#l#& r#.# 4 Teroo&'#& ,e-#l#& %#%i 4 Teroo&'#& &#i'#si 4 Teroo&'#& tr#&s,ort#si +i)##h %ot# 4 Teroo&'#& tr#&s,ort#si +it#*)#&' )##h t#&#h &. Terowongan Ang'"an. 4 Teroo&'#& st#si/& ,e*)#&'%it listri% te&#'# #ir 4 Teroo&'#& ,e&.e+i##& #ir 4 Teroo&'#& /&t/% s#l/r#& #ir %otor 4 Teroo&'#& .#&' +i'/&#%#& /&t/% %e,e&ti&'#& /*/*" 4 Teroo&'#& /&t/% #&'%/t#& +i +#l#* +#er#h i&+/stri ,#)ri% Teroo&'#& .#&' #%#& +i)i(#r#%#& +isi&i #+#l#h *er/,#%#& str/%t/r )##h t#&#h 7underground structure8 sehi&''# /&t/% *e*e&/hi t/-/#&&.# *#%# teroo&'#& terse)/t h#r/s +i)/#t +e&'#& *eto+# %h/s/s t#&,# *e&''#&''/ ,er*/%##& t#&#h" Dis#*,i&' it/ teroo&'#& -/'# +#,#t +i)/#t +e&'#& ,e&''#li#& ter)/%# -i%# let#%&.# ti+#% )e'it/ -#/h +#ri ,er*/%##& t#&#h" Ses/+#h %o&str/%si teroo&'#& seles#i *#%# +iti*)/& l#'i +e&'#& t#&#h h#sil '#li#& se)el/*&.#2 *eto+e i&i +i%e&#l +e&'#& istil#hcut and cover "
&.1. TEROWONGAN LALU LINTAS $ TRAFFIC TUNNEL% Teroo&'#& l#l/ li&t#s )er6/&'si /&t/% *e&'#&'%/t *#teri#l t#*)#&' #t#/ )#r#&' +#& *#&/si# se)#'#i *e+i# tr#&s,ort#si" &.1.1. Terowongan 'ere"a a(! Di#&t#r# teroo&'#& l#l/ li&t#s2 ti+#% +#,#t +is#&'si%#& l#'i )#h# .#&' ter,e&ti&' #+#l#h teroo&'#& %eret# #,i" Ke)#&.#%#& teroo&'#& %eret# #,i +ite*/%#& +i+#er#h ,e'/&/&'#&2 tet#,i #+# -/'# .#&' +i)#&'/& +i)##h s/&'#i #t#/ +i)##h %ot#" Terowongan Kere"a A(! D! Bawa) Ko"a W#l#/,/& *er/,#%#& teroo&'#& %eret# #,i2 teroo&'#& %eret# #,i +i)##h %ot# *er/,#%#& %elo*,o% terse&+iri +#ri teroo&'#& %eret# #,i2 )er)e+# +e&'#& teroo&'#& -#l#& r#.# +ilih#t +#ri s/+/t lo%#si2 *eto+e %o&tr/%si2 *#teri#l +#& %e'/&##&&.#" Teroo&'#& -#l#& r#.# )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&'&.# t#,#l %/+# 7horse shoes8" Se+#&'%#& teroo&'#& %eret# #,i )i#s#&.# )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&'&.# )/l#t2 e*,#t ,erse'i ,#&-#&' #t#/ se'i )#&.#% 7,ol.'o&#l8 ter'#&t/&' +#ri let#%&.# +i)##h ,er*/%##& t#&#h" #&' *e&-#+i ri&t#&'#& /&t/% teroo&'#& +i)##h %ot# #+#l#h %er#,#t#& +#ri )#&'/&#& +i#t#s t#&#h2 -#ri&'#& -#l#& +#& 'e+/&'4'e+/&'" S.#r#t /t#*# .#&' h#r/s +i,e&/hi oleh teroo&'#& %eret# #,i +i)##h %ot# +i)e+#%#& +e&'#& teroo&'#& %eret# #,i l#i&&.#2 .#it/: 4 Me&#*)#h ,ers.#r#t#& %e#*#&#& .#&' +i#%i)#t%#& oleh r#,#t&.# +#& ti&''i&.# %e(e,#t#& +#ri l#l/ li&t#s 7)e)#s +#ri displacement +#& +e6or*#si +#ri rel +#& +i&+i&' teroo&'#&8" 4 #ti4h#ti water sealing " 4 St#&+#r .#&' ti&''i +#ri %e)ersih#& +#& ,er#&'i&#& 7ventilation8" &.1.&. Terowongan Jalan Ra*a Teroo&'#& -#l#& r#.# +#,#t +i%l#si6i%#si%#& %e+#l#* ti'# *#( #* %elo*,o% : 4 Teroo&'#& .#&' +i)#&'/& /&t/% %e&+#r##& )er*otor %#re&# ,es#t&.# ,ert#*)#h#& l#l/ li&t#s -#l#& r#.# )ers#*##& +e&'#& )er%e*)#&'&.# i&+/stri %e&+#r##& )er*otor" 4 Teroo&'#& i&ter%o&e%si2 *ele#ti +#er#h )er)/%it +i+#l#* %ot#2 )er)e+# +#l#* +i*e&si +e&'#& %elo*,o% ,ert#*#" Teroo&'#& i&i )i#s#&.# *er/,#%#& l#&-/t#& +#ri -#l#& r#.# 7 jalan arteri8 +#& *e*,/&.#i )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&' .#&' ti&''i /&t/% *e&+#,#t%#& ,er#&'i&#& #l#*" 4 Teroo&'#& .#&' *ele#ti )##h s/&'#i2 +i+#er#h ,er%ot##&" Teroo&'#& i&i +i)#&'/& /&t/% *e&''#&ti%#& -e*)#t#& +is/&'#i .#&' l#l/ li&t#s %#,#l&.# ,#+#t %#re&# seri&'&.# -e*)#t#& terse)/t +i#&'%#t ,#+# s##t %#,#l le#t .#&' *e&'#%i)#t%#& l#l/ li&t#s terhe&ti" &.1.+. Terowongan Pe,alan Ka'! Teroo&'#& i&i ter*#s/% %e+#l#* %elo*,o% teroo&'#& -#l#& 7road tunnel 8 tet#,i ,e&#*,#&'&.# le)ih %e(il2 -#ri4-#ri )elo%#&&.# ,e&+e% +#& %e*iri&'#&&.# )es#r 7le)ih
)es#r +#ri 108" Teroo&'#& i&i )i#s#&.# +i'/&#%#& +i)##h -#l#& r#.# .#&' r#*#i #t#/ +i)##h s/&'#i +#& %#&#l se)#'#i te*,#t *e&.e)er#&' )#'i ,e-#l#& %#%i" &.1.. Terowongan Na!ga#!. Teroo&'#& i&i +i)/#t /&t/% %e,e&ti&'#& l#l/ li&t#s #ir +i %#&#l4%#&#l +#& s/&'#i4s/&'#i .#&' *e&'h/)/&'%#& s#t/ %#&#l #t#/ s/&'#i %e %#&#l l#i&&.#" Dis#*,i&' it/ -/'# +i)/#t /&t/% *e&e*)/s +#er#h ,e'/&/&'#& /&t/% *e*,er,e&+e% -#r#% +#& *e*,erl#&(#r l#l/ li&t#s #ir" #l .#&' %h/s/s +#ri teroo&'#& &#i'#si #+#l#h +i&+i&' 7lining 8 teroo&'#& .#&' %e+#, #ir 7impermeable82 s#*)/&'#&4s#*)/&'#& +i)/#t se(#r# h#ti4h#ti +#& +i)eri ,e&/t/,; ,e&.e%#t +#& )e&t/%&.# +i)/#t *ele)#r #'#r t#h#& #ir ,#+# s##t %#,#l le#t se%e(il */&'%i&" D#er#h4+#er#h .#&' *e*,/&.#i %e*/&'%i&#& 'er#%#& te%to&i% sert# 6or*#si +#& str/%t/r )#t/#&&.# )#&.#% *e&'#&+/&' ,#t#h#& +#& re%#h#& .#&' *e*,/&.#i %e(e&+r/&'#& #%#& )er'eser *#%# teroo&'#& &#i'#si i&i se)#i%&.# ti+#% +i)/#t ,#+# +#er#h terse)/t"
&.1./. Terowongan Tran#(or"a#! D! Ta0ang Bawa) Tana). Teroo&'#& i&i +i)/#t se)#'#i -#l#& *#s/% %e+#l#* t#*)#&' )##h t#&#h .#&' +i'/&#%#& /&t/% l#l/ li&t#s ,#r# ,e%er-# t#*)#&'2 *e&'#&'%/t ,er#l#t#& t#*)#&'2 *e&'#&'%/t )#t/#&2 +#& )i-ih h#sil ,e&#*)#&'#&" #+# /*/*&.# teroo&'#& i&i +i)/#t ,#+# *#ss# )#t/#& .#&' s/+#h ter'#&''/ #%i)#t %e'i#t#& ,e&#*)#&'#& +#& /*/r teroo&'#& #+#l#h s#*,#i %e'i#t#& ,e&#*)#&'#& seles#i" e&.#&''# +i+#l#* teroo&'#& +#& %e%/#t#& )#t/#& +ise%it#r teroo&'#& s#&'#t +i,erl/%#& +#& h#r/s +ire&(#&#%#& se)#i% */&'%i& #'#r %e'i#t#& ,e&'#&'%/t#& ti+#% terhe&ti +#& %e#*#&#& ,#r# ,e%er-# ter-#*i&
<#*)#r 1"1 Teroo&'#& tr#&s,ort#si t#*)#&' )##h t#&#h
&.&. TEROWONGAN ANGKUT Se,erti .#&' tel#h +i-el#s%#& se)el/*&.# )#h# teroo&'#& #&'%/t )er6/&'si se)#'#i *e+i# tr#&s,ort#si *#teri#l #t#/ )#r#&' +#& *#&/si# .#&' )er'/&# /&t/% %e,e&ti&'#& *#s.#r#%#t )#&.#%2 se,erti *e+i# ,e&.#l/r #lir#& #ir /& t/% te&#'# listri% +#& se)#'#i&.#" &.&.1. Terowongan Pa2a Pe0ang'!" L!#"r!' Tenaga A!r Air +i#lih%#& #t#/ +i#lir%#& +#ri s/&'#i #t#/ reseroir /&t/% +i'/&#%#& se)#'#i ,e*)#&'%it listri% +i se)/#h st#si/& ,e*)#&'%it .#&' let#%&.# le)ih re&+#h" Teroo&'#& i&i +#,#t +i%#t#'ori%#& ,#+# s/#t/ %elo*,o% /t#*# )er+#s#r%#& %e'/&##&&.#" Teroo&'#& .#&' ,e&#*,#&'&.# terisi ,e&/h oleh #ir l#&'s/&' +#ri reseroir %e t/r)i& +ise)/t teroo&'#& te%#& 7 pressure tunnel 8" K#re&# ,er)e+##& %eti&''i#& .#&' s#&'#t )es#r *#%# teroo&'#& #%#& *e&'#l#*i te%#&#& +#ri +#l#* .#&' s#&'#t )es#r" Se+#&'%#& teroo&'#& .#&' +i)/#t /&t/% *e&'#lir%#& #ir h#&.# +e&'#& 'r#it#si +#ri s/#t/ te*,#t %e te*,#t l#i&&.# +i)#li% '/&/&' #t#/ *e*i&+#h%#& #lir#& s/&'#i +e&'#& %e*iri&'#& %e(il +ise)/t se)#'#i teroo&'#& s#l/r#& 7discharge tunnel 8" er)e+##& #&t#r# %e+/# -e&is teroo&'#& i&i #+#l#h +#l#* h#l )e)#& .#&' +iteri*# +#& )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&'&.#" Teroo&'#& te%#& *e&eri*# te%#&#& #ir +#ri +#l#* +#& -/'# te%#&#& l/#r .#&' +i#%i)#t%#& oleh *#ss# )#t/#& +#& #ir t#&#h" U&t/% *e&#h#& res/lt#& +#ri te'#&'#& t#ri%2 .#&' ,#li&' )#i% +#& ,#li&' e%o&o*is #+#l#h -i%# )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&' teroo&'#& )/l#t" Oleh %#re&# it/ teroo&'#& te%#& +i)/#t +e&'#& )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&' )/l#t #t#/ t#,#l %/+#" $e&t/% t#,#l %/+# le)ih (o(o% +e&'#& *eto+e ,e*)or#& .#&' +il#%/%#& ,#+# s##t ,e&''#li#&" U&t/% *e&#h#& '#.# t#ri% *#%# +i&+i&' teroo&'#& te%#& h#r/s +i)/#t +#ri )eto& .#&' +i,er%/#t" Teroo&'#& s#l/r#& )i#s#&.# +ir#&(#&' +e&'#& )e&t/% ,e&#*,#&'&.# t#,#l %/+# s#*# +e&'#& )e&t/% teroo&'#& %eret# #,i" Te%#&#& +#l#* oleh #ir )i#s#&.# %e(il +#& +#,#t +i#)#i%#&2 +i)#&+i&'%#& +e&'#& te%#&#& +#ri *#ss# )#t/#&" Ke+/# teroo&'#& i&i ti+#% +#,#t +i)#&'/& +i+#er#h .#&' *#ss# )#t/#&&.# *#sih )er'er#% +#& ti+#% soli+" Teroo&'#& te%#& se)#i%&.# ti+#% +i)/#t ,#+# *#ss# )#t/#& .#&' *e&'#&+/&' ,#t#h#& #t#/ (r#(% .#&' s#li&' )er,oto&'#& #t#/ 'er#%#& te%to&i%&.# *#sih #+#"
<#*)#r 1" Teroo&'#& er/s#h##& Listri% Te&#'# Air &.&.&. Terowongan Pen*e2!aan A!r Teroo&'#& i&i s#*# +e&'#& teroo&'#& s#l/r#& .#&' tel#h +i)#h#s se)el/*&.#2 ,er)e+##&&.# h#&.# ,#+# 6/&'si %e+/# teroo&'#& terse)/t" F/&'si +#ri teroo&'#& ,e&.e+i##& #ir #+#l#h *e&.#l/r%#& #ir +#ri *#t# #ir %ete*,#t ,e&.i*,#&#& #ir +i+#l#* %ot# #t#/ *e*)elo%%#& #ir %ete*,#t ,e&.i*,#&#& terse)/t" er)e+##& .#&' /t#*# #+#l#h )#h# teroo&'#& ,e&.e+i##& #ir i&i +i)/#t /&t/% *e&.e+i#%#& #ir +#ri te*,#t ,e&.i*,#&#& %ete*,#t ,e*/&'%i*#& sehi&''# lo%#si teroo&'#& i&i #+#l#h ,#+# l#,is#& #l/i#l .#&' )#r/" Se+#&'%#& teroo&'#& te%#& +i)/#t *e&e*)/s +#er#h ,e'/&/&'#& sehi&''# lo%#si&.# #+#l#h ,#+# )#t/#& .#&' le)ih soli+" Dis#*,i&' it/ te%#&#& #ir +#& head 4&.# -/'# )er)e+#" &.&.+. Terowongan Un"' Salran A!r Ko"or Teroo&'#& i&i +i)/#t /&t/% ,e*)/#&'#& #ir %otor +#ri %ot# #t#/ ,/s#t i&+/stri %ete*,#t ,e*)/#&'#& .#&' tel#h +ise+i#%#&" Oleh %#re&# it/ h#*,ir s#*# +e&'#& teroo&'#& ,e&.e+i##& #ir" Alir#& #ir %otor i&i %#re&# ,e&'#r/h '#.# 'r#it#si #%#& *e&''er/s +i&+i&' +#ri teroo&'#&" De*i%i#& -/'# #,#)il# *e&'#&+/&' sis#4sis# )#h#& %i*i#" Oleh %#re&# it/ )#'i#& +#l#* +i&+i&' teroo&'#& h#r/s +ili&+/&'i oleh s#t/ *#teri#l se,erti %er#*i%2 )#h#& .#&' t#h#& terh#+#, #s#*2 #s,#l )eto& +#& l#i&4l#i&" $i#s#&.# teroo&'#& i&i +i)/#t +ite*,#t .#&' (/%/, +#l#* +#& )er/%/r#& )es#r sehi&''# *eto+e ,e*)/#t#& teroo&'#& .#&' /*/* +#,#t +iter#,%#& ,#+# s##t ,e*)/#t#&&.#" e*)/#t#& teroo&'#& /&t/% s#l/r#& #ir %otor ,erl/ +i)/#t +i)##h s#l/r#&4s#l/r#& #ir #t#/ +i)##h -#l#&4-#l#& +i+#l#* %ot#2 %#re&# sel#i& *e&'#lir%#& #ir %otor -/'# /&t/% *e&#*,/&';*e&eri*# #ir %otor %es#l/r#& terse)/t"
&.&.. Terowongan *ang 2!gna'an n"' Ke(en"!ngan U00 Teroo&'#& i&i )i#s#&.# +i)/#t +i+#er#h ,er%ot##& /&t/% *e&.#l/r%#& %#)el listri% +#& tele,o&2 ,i,# '#s +#& #ir" =/'# ,i,#4,i,# l#i&&.# .#&' ,e&ti&' +i)/#t +i)##h s#l/r#& #ir2 -#l#& r#.#2 -#l#& %eret# #,i2 )lo% )#&'/&#& /&t/% *e*/+#h%#& i&s,e%si se(#r# %o&ti&/e2 ,e*elih#r##& +#& ,er)#i%#& se#%t/4#%t/ %#l#/ #+# %er/s#%#&" Teroo&'#& i&i )er)e+# +#ri teroo&'#&4teroo&'#& .#&' s/+#h +ise)/t%#& se)el/*&.# oleh #+#&.# s/*/r#& 7 shaft 8 erti%#l /&t/% *e&'h/)/&'%#& teroo&'#& +e&'#& ,er*/%##& t#&#h" Ke/&t/&'#& .#&' )es#r se%#li +#ri teroo&'#& i&i #+#l#h %e*/&'%i&#& ,e*)/#t#&&.# +e&'#& *eto+e ,e&eroo&'#&2 sehi&''# ,e&''#li#& ter)/%# .#&' +#,#t *e&''#&'/ l#l/ li&t#s +i,er*/%##& +#,#t +ihi&+#ri" e*elih#r##& +#& i&s,e%si +#,#t +il#%/%#& )ers#*##&" e&#*,#&' teroo&'#& i&i +#,#t )er)e&t/% e*,#t ,erse'i ,#&-#&' #t#/ )/l#t2 ter'#&t/&' +#ri (#r# ,e*)/#t#&&.#" Lo%#si +#& +i*e&si&.# )i#s#&.# h#*,ir s#*# +e&'#& teroo&'#& ,e-#l#& %#%i"
BAB III KESIMPULAN 3"1 Kesi*,/l#& 4 +#l#* *#%#l#h i&i ter+#,#t %l#si6i%#si teroo&'#&2 .#it/: 1" Teroo&'#& l#l/ li&t#s 7Traffic Tunnel 8 4 Teroo&'#& %eret# #,i 4 Teroo&'#& -#l#& r#.# 4 Teroo&'#& ,e-#l#& %#%i 4 Teroo&'#& &#i'#si 4 Teroo&'#& tr#&s,ort#si +i)##h %ot# 4 Teroo&'#& tr#&s,ort#si +it#*)#&' )##h t#&#h " Teroo&'#& A&'%/t#&" 4 Teroo&'#& st#si/& ,e*)#&'%it listri% te&#'# #ir 4 Teroo&'#& ,e&.e+i##& #ir 4 Teroo&'#& /&t/% s#l/r#& #ir %otor 4 Teroo&'#& .#&' +i'/&#%#& /&t/% %e,e&ti&'#& /*/*" 4 Teroo&'#& /&t/% #&'%/t#& +i +#l#* +#er#h i&+/stri ,#)ri%
DA3TAR PUSTAKA htt,:;;*#t#%/li#h,ert#*)#&'#&")lo's,ot"(o"i+;015;09;%l#si6i%#si4teroo&'#&"ht*l>*?1
