INSIDE COMPUTER BSI – Computer Engineering English II Task Class : 13.2C.11 2015-2016
1ST WORKGROUP MEMBER : WAHYU RAMDANI – 13140301 EKA SEFTHA RANA – 13140269 SUMANTO – 13140264 IVAN GUSTIANDA – 13140286
PREFACE
First of all we’d like to thanks to Allah SWT The Most Beneficent & The Most Mercifull Who grand us health and time to finish this paper. And also to our lecturer Mrs. Hadita who gave us this oportunity to complete the assignment. Now days computer has spread all around the world, helping people do their task more faster and more efficient with its ability to calculate aritmathic faster and precisely. But, did you ever knows what was in it, what is inside computer? So, in this paper we would like to provide us all about “Inside of Computer” as Mrs. Hadita assigned this topic to our workgroup. And may this paper usefull to everyone who read.
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INSIDE COMPUTER A computer is a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as “computers.” However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. If you curious about what are inside the computer, we didn’t recommend you to open the computer case by your self. Because if you don’t know the knowledge of it you may break it or it can’t be run at all as it was. But if you insist to see whats inside it, lets we learn about it little bit. There are three catagories of what inside computer or what is computer consist of: 1. Prosessing Units – this typicaly known as CPU (Central Prosessing Units), the box that contend most of computer peripheral such as Motherboard, Microprocessor, Power Supply, RAM (Random Acces 2 | Page
Memory), HDD (Hard Disk Drive), VGA (Video Graphic Array), Front Panel, Heat Sink Fan, Floppy Disk Drive, Optical Drive etc. 2. Input Units –The componens that use to input instructions, or input controls of the computer such as Mouse, Keyboard, Floppy Disk Drive, CD/DVD ROM, etc. 3. Output Units – The component where the result of prossesing can be display, for example Monitors, Printer, PC Speaker etc. THE CASE The computer case is a very important part of the computer. It protects all of the electronic components inside and provides adequate ventilation to prevent overheating. The case also should be capable of allowing you to expand your hardware if the need arises. Some cases only have 5 or 6 expansion bays. This may not be enough if you plan to add several drives. There also should be plenty of expansion slots on the back for adding AGP, ISA, PCI, PCIe, or other expansion
cards.
Cases are designed for different types of motherboards. All motherboards won't work inside of all cases. There are several different
sizes
of cases. The larger cases have more expansion
bays
than the smaller cases have. The smallest case
is
the "desktop" type that lies flat. The next size
up is
the "mini tower," then the "mid tower," then
the
"full tower," and finally the "server," which is the largest. The server case is primarily used for server computers in businesses. MOTHERBOARD The motherboard is like a big city with many streets and highways that connect all of the buildings together. Instead of streets and highways, the motherboard uses tiny electrical paths to connect each component of the computer together. These paths are called "buses." The more buses that connect to a component, the faster it can operate. Larger buses are able to operate faster than smaller buses. Buses work just like highways. Wider highways and highways with more lanes are able to carry more 3 | Page
traffic than smaller highways and highways with less lanes. Many cities have a freeway. A freeway is designed so that large amounts of traffic can move quickly from one place to another. The "front side bus," (or FSB), is the freeway of the motherboard. It is the most important
bus
motherboard,
on because
the it
connects the processor to the main
memory
and
the
Northbridge chipset. Below is a diagram showing the front side bus in red. Like a traffic cop, the chipset, (2 chips on this
motherboard), manages and directs the flow of data between each of the components. The BIOS is where the computer's settings
are
stored
1
and changed. In the first picture of the slot AOpen AX6B motherboard above, you can see most of the connecting slots, ports, and connectors. Some are labeled to show what they are. Motherboards are judged primarily by their chipsets and their front side bus speed. The
type of BIOS and the type and amount of expansion slots are also other important things to consider. Below is a picture of the socket 939 Asus A8N-E, another example of motherboard.
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MICROPROCESSOR A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor was produced in large numbers by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs
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get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the same. Before microprocessors, small computers had been implemented using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors integrated this into one or a few largescale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers. Below is the example pictures of several microprocessor from Intel and
AMD:
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POWER SUPPLY The power supply supplies the electrical power for a computer. It
supplies
power
to
the
motherboard, drives, and certain expansion cards. It normally has at least one fan that helps cool the power supply and will assist in the task of cooling the
computer.
Some
power
supplies have an additional outlet on the back that can be used to provide power to the monitor. Power supplies come in a variety of wattages. They range anywhere from around 160 watts to about 700 watts. 350 to 400 watt power supplies are probably the most common. A higher wattage power supply doesn't hurt anything, but a lower wattage power supply can cause problems for people with lots of devices connected to their computer.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk[b] is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a randomaccess manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads 7 | Page
arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and
write data
to the surfaces. Hard drives are sealed and contain disks that are not removable. For this reason, they can be hidden inside of the computer, never to be seen. This is why most hard drives are internal bay drives. The hard is where your files and programs are stored for everyday
drive use.
They
are always there unless someone or something erases them. Normally, computers will have one or two external, and two or three internal 3.5inch drive bays.
RAM (Random Access Memory) Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read and written in roughly the same amount of time regardless of the order in which data items are accessed. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording
medium,
due
to
mechanical
limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement delays. Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where stored information is lost if power is removed, although many efforts have been made to develop non-volatile RAM chips.[2] Other types of non-volatile memory exist that allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow write operations or have limitations on
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them. These include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.
VGA (Video Graphic Array) Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an Amplitude
Modulated
computer
display
standard,
the
15-pin
D-
subminiature VGA connector or the 640x480 resolution itself. VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of PC clone
manufacturers
conformed,
making
it
the
lowest
common
denominator that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement. It was officially followed by IBM's Extended Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but was effectively superseded by numerous
slightly
different
extensions
to
VGA
made
by
clone
manufacturers, collectively known as Super VGA. Today, the VGA analog interface is used for high definition video, including resolutions of 1080p and higher. While the transmission bandwidth of VGA is high enough to support even higher resolution playback, there can be picture quality degradation depending on cable quality and length. How discernible this degradation is depends on the individual's eyesight and the display, though it is more noticeable when switching to and from digital inputs like HDMI or DVI.
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Fron Panel Alternatively referred to as the front
panel
connector
connector,
fpanel or the
or system panel header is what
system controls
panel the
computer's power button, reset button, and LED's found on the front bezel of a computer using the system panel cables. The System panel cables, as shown in the picture are two wire cables that are color coded to help identify where they connect to the motherboard system panel connector. The black or white wire is the ground (GND) wire and the colored wire is the powered wire. The cables, colors, and connections vary depending on the computer case and motherboard you have, however, generally include the cables mentioned below. Types of system panel cables : -
HDD LED (IDE LED) - The LED activity
light
for the hard drive. This is the LED that flashes as information is being written -
and
read
from
the hard drive. Power LED (PLED) - The LED power light,
which
indicates
when
the
-
computer is on, off, or in Standby. Power SW (PWRSW) - Controls the
-
that allows you to turn on and off the computer. Reset SW - Handles the reset button to restart the computer. Speaker - The internal speaker used to sound the beep noises you
power
button
hear from your computer when it is booting.
Motherboard Battery The motherboard battery is used to preserve the computer's time and BIOS settings while the computer is turned off. Some motherboards only need the battery in case of a power outage. They draw the needed 10 | P a g e
electricity from the electrical outlet to power the clock. These motherboards save their BIOS information to EEPROM.
EEPROM
stands
for
Electrically
Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory. BIOS BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. The photo above shows an example of what a built in BIOS program looks like. BIOS programs vary from computer to computer, but every computer has one. Without any disks or even a hard drive, the BIOS program is always available, written permanently on the BIOS chip. It is used to set up the computer's hardware. Every time you boot your computer, you have the option of entering "Setup." Setup is how you access the BIOS program. Only experienced users should alter the BIOS settings. Improper BIOS settings can cause major problems on a computer. The BIOS chip contains enough information to operate the computer all by itself. When the computer is first turned on (or booted), the BIOS program is in charge. After booting and performing a few system checks, the BIOS program turns the computer over to your operating system. Below is a picture of a BIOS chip. This chip is where the BIOS program is stored.
Case Fan Case fans are relatively inexpensive and are extremely important. Computer components generate quite a bit of heat and must be kept as cool as possible. The case fan is the primary source of cooling for most computers. Although the importance of the fan is often overlooked, it is the key to a long life for a computer. Most computer cases are designed to allow a person to add one or more additional case fans. 11 | P a g e
Chipset PCI/AGP/ISA/IDE Controlers Why is it called a chipset? Because in the past there were always two or more of these on a motherboard. Some motherboards now have only one chip that performs all of the duties of the chipset, but others still use two or more chips. Chipsets are like the motherboard's traffic cops. They direct the flow of data from one point to another. Each chip in the chipset has its own particular job. The Northbridge chip controls the data traffic between the microprocessor and the rest of the motherboard. It also controls the traffic to and from the AGP card. Both chips share in the task of controlling the PCI and main memory data flow. In the diagram below you can see the data flow paths mapped out for the chipset. The paths managed by chip 1, (or the Northbridge chip), are shown in red. The paths managed by chip 2, (or the Southbridge chip), are shown in blue. The duties of the chips may vary slightly depending on the chipset. For some chipsets, the Northbridge may control the CPU, video, and main memory traffic, while the "Southbridge" chip may control the other traffic. The paths between each component are referred to as "buses." Buses are simply the paths, or wires, that connect one component to another. The chips in the chipset are referred to as bridges, because they bridge the components together and ensure that the data flow is directed to the proper place. The better chipsets are those that can handle data the fastest and most efficiently. Below is a picture of both of the chipsets on the motherboard.
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Expansion Slot Expansion slot openings are located on the back of the computer. They look like the ones shown in the picture above. They provide access to the AGP, PCIe, PCI, and ISA expansion slots on the motherboard. Expansion cards, like the one shown below, plug into these slots to add more devices to a computer.
Mouse
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In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that detects twodimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input. Below is picture of a wireless mouse.
Keyboard In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers. A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.
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Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers. In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to
the
software.
A
computer
keyboard
distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming
features,
which
can
expedite
frequently
used
keystroke
combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine. A commandline interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device doing the job of one.
Monitor A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size. Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some 15 | P a g e
computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9.
SOURCE -
http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.kids-online.net https://www.google.com
And other various website....
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