MAKALAH GEOMORFOLOGI
ADINDA NOVIANA 072.12.005
TEKNIK GEOLOGI FAKULTAS TEKNIK KEBUMIAN DAN ENNERGI UNIVERSITAS UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI TRISAK TI JAKARTA 2016
GEOMORFOLOGI Definisi Geomorfologi
Pada ha!a"#$a %!&'&()&*&%+ da,a" d+d!)+#+-+a# -!a%a+ +*'/ "!#"a#% (&'a# '/a /'+ !-!("a a-,!a-,! $a#% '!',!#%a(/h+#$a. Ada,/# Ada,/# !#"a#%a*a' landscape landscape d+d!)+#+-+a# -!a%a+ ,a#&(a'a a*a' $a#% d+-/-/# &*!h !*!'!# !*!'!# %!&'&()&*&%+ da*a' d+'!#-+ $a#% *!+h */a- da(+ "!((a+#3 -!da#%a# !#"/*aha# landforms landforms ada*ah &',*! )+-+ ,!('/aa# a"a/,/# d!a" ,!('/aa# -/a"/ da(a"a# $a#% d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h !%+a"a# 'a#/-+a. Pada Pada da-a( da-a(#$ #$aa %!&' %!&'&( &()& )&*& *&%+ %+ '!', '!',!*a !*a4a( 4a(++ !#" !#"/ / !#" !#"/ / !#" !#"a# a#%a* %a*a' a' a%a a%a+' +'a# a#aa !#"a#%a*a' +"/ "!(!#"/ -!a(a &#"(/-+&#a* $a#% d+a+a"a# &*!h %a$a !#d&%!#3 da# a%a+'a#a !#"a#%a*a' "!(-!/" d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h ,!#%a(/h */a( !(/,a %a $a !-&%!# -!,!("+ ,!*a,/a#3 !(&-+3 d!#/da-+3-!d+'!#"a-+. A+(3 a#%+#3 da# %*!"-!(3 -!a%a+ a%!# $a#% '!(/ah a"/a# a"a/ "a#ah '!'!#"/ !#"a#% a*a' $a#% !(-+)a" d!-"(/-+&#a*3 da# '!#%ha-+*a# !#"/!#"/ a*a' da(a" "!("!#"/ *a#d)&('. P!#%a(/h -"(/"/( ,!(*+,a"a#3 ,!#-!-a(a#3 ,!#%a#%a"a#3 +#"(/-+3 !"+da-!*a(a-a#3 "!('a-/ d+da*a' d+da*a'#$a #$a 4!#+-4 4!#+-4!#+ !#+-- a"/a# a"/a# $a#% $a#% !(-+) !(-+)a" a" &#"(/ &#"(/-+ -+&#a &#a*3 *3 da# ,(&-!,(&-!- $a#% $a#% !(-+)a !(-+)a"" d!-"(/-+&#a* ,!*a,/a#3 *&#%-&(a# !(4a a+(3 a#%+#3 %!*&'a#%3 ,!*a(/"a#3 da# *a+##$a3 -/dah d+a/+ &*!h ,a(a ah*+ %!&*&%+ %!&*&%+ da# %!&'&()&*&% %!&'&()&*&%++ -!a%a+ -!a%a+ d/a /ah ,a(a'!#"!( ,a(a'!#"!( ,!#"+#% da*a' ,!'!#"/a# (/,a /'+. S!*a+# +"/ a"/a# -!a%a+ a%+a# da(+ -"(/"/( da# "aha,a# ,(&-!- %!&*&%+ '!(/,aa# )a"&( //, ,!#"+#%. ,!#"+#%. S!*a'a S!*a'a ,!("!#% ,!("!#%aha aha# # aa* aa* aad aad +#+3 +#+3 ha',+( ha',+( -!'/a -!'/a !%+a"a !%+a"a# # (+-!" (+-!" %!&'&( %!&'&()&* )&*&%+ &%+ "!(/"a' "!(/"a'aa d+"/4/a# -!a%a+ a*a" +#"!(,(!"a-+ %!&*&%+ -a4a3 d!#%a# '!#%a#a*+-a !#"a#%a*a' da# !#"/ !#"/ a*a' $a#% '!#%a(ah ,ada !/(+%aa# ,ada /#-/(/#-/( -"(/"/( -"( /"/( %!&*&%+ "!("!#"/ a"a/ 4!#+-4!#+- a"/a#3 -!,!("+ ,!'!*&a# a"a/ !*/(/-a# -/#%a+3 /+"/+"3 da# !#"/!#"/ a*a' *a+##$a. T!"a,+ da*a' !',a" d!ad! "!(ah+(3 (+-!" %!&'&()&*&%+ -/dah '/*a+ d+a(aha# ,ada -"/d+ "!#"a#% ,(&-!-,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+3 a*a/,/# !%+a"a# +#"!(,(!"a-+ 'a-+h "!"a, "+da d+"+#%%a*a# da# "!"a, d+,!(*/a#. S!*a+# +"/ ,!'a#%/#a# )+-+ '!'!(*/a# +#)&('a-+ '!#%!#a+ %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% '!#$a#%/" a#"a(a *a+#8
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P(&-!-,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% -!da#% !(4a*a# !-!("a !-a(a#!-a(a##$a3 da# a#"+-+,a-+ "!(hada, ,!(/aha# !#"/ '/a /'+ da*a' -a*a d!"a+* da,a" '!',!#%a(/h+ ,!'a#%/#a#. D!#%a# !(!'a#% ,!-a"#$a "!#&*&%+ ,!#%+#d!(aa# 4a/h3 -!,!("+ )&"& /da(a3 +"(a *a#d-a"3 SPOT3 (ada(3 I&#&-3 9/++(d- da# *a+##$a3 'aa %!&'&()&*&%+ -!'a+# '!#a(+ /#"/ d+"!*+"+3 a+ a(!#a *!+h '/dah#$a +#"!(,(!"a-+ %!&*&%+ 'a/,/# *!+h 4!*a- da# a"/a*#$a da"a '!#%!#a+ ,(&-!-,(&-!,(&-!-,(&-!- $a#% -!da#% "!(4ad+ d+ ,!('/aa# ,!('/aa# /'+ $a#% d+a'a"+. D!#%a# d!'++ d!'++a#3 a#3 ,!#%a' ,!#%a'a"a# a"a# "!(hada "!(hada, , %!4a*a %!4a*a -"(/"/ -"(/"/(( da# da# a"/a# a"/a# -!("a -!("a ,(&-!-3 ,(&-!-3 ada*ah ada*ah -a#%a" -a#%a"
GEOMORFOLOGI Definisi Geomorfologi
Pada ha!a"#$a %!&'&()&*&%+ da,a" d+d!)+#+-+a# -!a%a+ +*'/ "!#"a#% (&'a# '/a /'+ !-!("a a-,!a-,! $a#% '!',!#%a(/h+#$a. Ada,/# Ada,/# !#"a#%a*a' landscape landscape d+d!)+#+-+a# -!a%a+ ,a#&(a'a a*a' $a#% d+-/-/# &*!h !*!'!# !*!'!# %!&'&()&*&%+ da*a' d+'!#-+ $a#% *!+h */a- da(+ "!((a+#3 -!da#%a# !#"/*aha# landforms landforms ada*ah &',*! )+-+ ,!('/aa# a"a/,/# d!a" ,!('/aa# -/a"/ da(a"a# $a#% d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h !%+a"a# 'a#/-+a. Pada Pada da-a( da-a(#$ #$aa %!&' %!&'&( &()& )&*& *&%+ %+ '!', '!',!*a !*a4a( 4a(++ !#" !#"/ / !#" !#"/ / !#" !#"a# a#%a* %a*a' a' a%a a%a+' +'a# a#aa !#"a#%a*a' +"/ "!(!#"/ -!a(a &#"(/-+&#a* $a#% d+a+a"a# &*!h %a$a !#d&%!#3 da# a%a+'a#a !#"a#%a*a' "!(-!/" d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h ,!#%a(/h */a( !(/,a %a $a !-&%!# -!,!("+ ,!*a,/a#3 !(&-+3 d!#/da-+3-!d+'!#"a-+. A+(3 a#%+#3 da# %*!"-!(3 -!a%a+ a%!# $a#% '!(/ah a"/a# a"a/ "a#ah '!'!#"/ !#"a#% a*a' $a#% !(-+)a" d!-"(/-+&#a*3 da# '!#%ha-+*a# !#"/!#"/ a*a' da(a" "!("!#"/ *a#d)&('. P!#%a(/h -"(/"/( ,!(*+,a"a#3 ,!#-!-a(a#3 ,!#%a#%a"a#3 +#"(/-+3 !"+da-!*a(a-a#3 "!('a-/ d+da*a' d+da*a'#$a #$a 4!#+-4 4!#+-4!#+ !#+-- a"/a# a"/a# $a#% $a#% !(-+) !(-+)a" a" &#"(/ &#"(/-+ -+&#a &#a*3 *3 da# ,(&-!,(&-!- $a#% $a#% !(-+)a !(-+)a"" d!-"(/-+&#a* ,!*a,/a#3 *&#%-&(a# !(4a a+(3 a#%+#3 %!*&'a#%3 ,!*a(/"a#3 da# *a+##$a3 -/dah d+a/+ &*!h ,a(a ah*+ %!&*&%+ %!&*&%+ da# %!&'&()&*&% %!&'&()&*&%++ -!a%a+ -!a%a+ d/a /ah ,a(a'!#"!( ,a(a'!#"!( ,!#"+#% da*a' ,!'!#"/a# (/,a /'+. S!*a+# +"/ a"/a# -!a%a+ a%+a# da(+ -"(/"/( da# "aha,a# ,(&-!- %!&*&%+ '!(/,aa# )a"&( //, ,!#"+#%. ,!#"+#%. S!*a'a S!*a'a ,!("!#% ,!("!#%aha aha# # aa* aa* aad aad +#+3 +#+3 ha',+( ha',+( -!'/a -!'/a !%+a"a !%+a"a# # (+-!" (+-!" %!&'&( %!&'&()&* )&*&%+ &%+ "!(/"a' "!(/"a'aa d+"/4/a# -!a%a+ a*a" +#"!(,(!"a-+ %!&*&%+ -a4a3 d!#%a# '!#%a#a*+-a !#"a#%a*a' da# !#"/ !#"/ a*a' $a#% '!#%a(ah ,ada !/(+%aa# ,ada /#-/(/#-/( -"(/"/( -"( /"/( %!&*&%+ "!("!#"/ a"a/ 4!#+-4!#+- a"/a#3 -!,!("+ ,!'!*&a# a"a/ !*/(/-a# -/#%a+3 /+"/+"3 da# !#"/!#"/ a*a' *a+##$a. T!"a,+ da*a' !',a" d!ad! "!(ah+(3 (+-!" %!&'&()&*&%+ -/dah '/*a+ d+a(aha# ,ada -"/d+ "!#"a#% ,(&-!-,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+3 a*a/,/# !%+a"a# +#"!(,(!"a-+ 'a-+h "!"a, "+da d+"+#%%a*a# da# "!"a, d+,!(*/a#. S!*a+# +"/ ,!'a#%/#a# )+-+ '!'!(*/a# +#)&('a-+ '!#%!#a+ %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% '!#$a#%/" a#"a(a *a+#8
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P(&-!-,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% -!da#% !(4a*a# !-!("a !-a(a#!-a(a##$a3 da# a#"+-+,a-+ "!(hada, ,!(/aha# !#"/ '/a /'+ da*a' -a*a d!"a+* da,a" '!',!#%a(/h+ ,!'a#%/#a#. D!#%a# !(!'a#% ,!-a"#$a "!#&*&%+ ,!#%+#d!(aa# 4a/h3 -!,!("+ )&"& /da(a3 +"(a *a#d-a"3 SPOT3 (ada(3 I&#&-3 9/++(d- da# *a+##$a3 'aa %!&'&()&*&%+ -!'a+# '!#a(+ /#"/ d+"!*+"+3 a+ a(!#a *!+h '/dah#$a +#"!(,(!"a-+ %!&*&%+ 'a/,/# *!+h 4!*a- da# a"/a*#$a da"a '!#%!#a+ ,(&-!-,(&-!,(&-!-,(&-!- $a#% -!da#% "!(4ad+ d+ ,!('/aa# ,!('/aa# /'+ $a#% d+a'a"+. D!#%a# d!'++ d!'++a#3 a#3 ,!#%a' ,!#%a'a"a# a"a# "!(hada "!(hada, , %!4a*a %!4a*a -"(/"/ -"(/"/(( da# da# a"/a# a"/a# -!("a -!("a ,(&-!-3 ,(&-!-3 ada*ah ada*ah -a#%a" -a#%a"
,!#"+#% da*a' '!#%a#a*+-a !#"a#% a*a'3 a+ d!#%a# a(a '!#%a#a*+-a ,!"a "&,&%(a)+3 )&"& /da( /da(aa da# da# +"( +"(a3 a3 'a/, 'a/,/# /# d+ *a,a *a,a#% #%a# a#.. P!#% P!#%a' a'a" a"a# a# $a#% a#% a+ a+ d+ *a,a *a,a#% #%a# a# 'a/, 'a/,/# /# d+*a&(a"&(+/ d+*a&(a"&(+/' ' "!(hada, a*a" a#"/ $a#% !(/,a ,!"a "&,&%(a)+3 "&,&%(a)+3 )&"& /da(a3 +"(a -a"!*+"3 +"(a (ada( aa# '!'/a" ,!'/a"a# ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ '!#4ad+ !,a" da# '!#a(+. P!'/a"a# ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ "+da da,a" *!,a- da(+ -a*a ,!"a $a#% d+%/#aa#. P!'/a"a# -a"/a# %!&'&()&*&%+ -!*a+# !(da-a( !#"/3 ,(&-!- 'a/,/# "aha,a# -a#%a" "!(%a#"/#% ,ada -a*a ,!"a $a#% d+%/#aa#. Ma+# !-a( !-a( -a*a ,!"a3 'a+# a#$a -a"/a# $a#% da,a" d+/a". Peta Geomorfologi
P!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ d+d!)+#+-+a# -!a%a+ ,!"a $a#% '!#%%a'a(a# !#"/ *aha#3 %!#!-a !-!("a ,(&-!- $a#% '!',!#%a(/h+#$a da*a' !(a%a+ -a*a. B!(da-a(a# d!)+#+-+ d+a"a'aa -/a"/ ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ ha(/- '!#a/, ha* ha* -!a%a+ !(+/"8 1.
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B!-a(a# da# ,(&-!- "!(-!/" !(a,a */a-3 !(a,a da*a'3 !(a,a +#"!#-+"a-#$a3 da# -!a%a+#$a Pada /'/'#$a ha*ha* "!(-!/" d+#$a"aa# -!a(a "!(//(. P!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% d+-a4+a# ha(/- '!#/#4a#% ha*ha* "!(-!/" d+a"a-3 d!'++a# ,/*a *a-+)+a-+ $a#% d+%/#aa#. Ga'a(a# ,!"a d+/"a'aa# $a#% '!#/#4a#% &#d+-+ ,a(a'!"(+- $a#% da,a" d+//( -!("a ,(&-!-,(&-!- !>-&%!# $a#% !(4a*a# ,ada 'a-a +#+ da# $a#% aa# da"a#%. Skala Peta dan Peta Geomorfologi
Sa*a ,!"a '!(/,aa# (/4/a# /"a'a /#"/ ,!'/a"a# ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+. P!'/a"a# -a"/a# ,!"a -!a(a d!-(+,"+) a"a/,/# *a-+)+a-+ $a#% d+/a" !(da-a(a# ,!#%//(a# !"!*+"+a##$a -a#%a" "!(%a#"/#% ,ada -a*a ,!"a $a#% d+%/#aa#. D+ I#d&#!-+a ,!"a "&,&%(a)+ $a#% /'/' "!(-!d+a d!#%a# -a*a 18 20.0003 18 1.000.0003 18 500.0003 18 250.0003 18 100.0003 18 50.000 da# !!(a,a da!(ah "!(/"a'a d+ Jaa "!*ah "!(,!"aa# d!#%a# -a*a 1 8 25.000 /#"/ !,!#"+#%a#!,!#"+#%a# h/-/- -!(+#% d+/a" ,!"a !(-a*a !-a( d!#%a# ,!'!-a(a# da(+ ,!"a $a#% ada3 a"a/ d+/a" -!#d+(+ /#"/ !,!(*/a# "!#+-3 a#"a(a *a+# ,!"a 18 10.0003 18 5.0003 da# -a*a-a*a $a#% *!+h !-a( *a%+. U#"/ ,!#!*+"+a#3 -!-/a+ d!#%a# RUTR3 d+a#4/(a# '!#%%/#aa# ,!"a 18250.0003 18100.000 /#"/ (!%+&#a* /,(a+-a*3 18 50.000 ? 18 25.000 /#"/ -/(:!$ da# 18 10.000 da# $a#% *!+h !-a( /#"/ +#:!-"+%a-+. U#"/ '/dah#$a ,!#%%/#aa# ,!"a,!"a "!(-!/" da,a" d+*+ha" ,ada "a*! <.1. Da(+ -a*a ,!"a $a#% d+%/#aa# ah+(#$a da,a" +"a /a" -a"/a# ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+3 -!a%a+ &#"&h ,ada "a*! <.2. Ta!* <.1 Sa*a ,!"a3 -+)a" da# "aha, ,!'!"aa#3 -!("a ,(&-!- da# /#-/( d&'+#a#
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Interpretasi Geomorfologi
Ada d/a a(a da-a( /#"/ !*a4a( '!#%!#a* da# '!#%+d!#"+)+a-+ !#a',aa#!#a',aa# %!&*&%+ ,ada ,!"a "&,&%(a)+. a(a ,!("a'a ada*ah d!#%a# '!#%a'a"+ d!#%a# "!*+"+ da# d!"a+* "!(hada, !#"/!#"/ da(+ -"(/"/( %!&*&%+ $a#% d+%a'a(a# da*a' !#"/!#"/ &#"/( ,ada ,!"a "&,&%(a)+. Ga'a(a# ; +*/-"(a-+ da(+ !#"/!#"/ -!'aa' +#+ d+-!/" -!a%a+ /#+ /#"/ '!#%!#a* da# '!#%+d!#"+)+a-+ !#a',aa# %!&*&%+. a(a !d/a ada*ah '!*a*/+ '!"&da ,(a"! da# ,!*a"+ha# -!h+#%%a '!'+*++ !'a',/a# '!*a/a# d!d/-+ da*a' '!#%+d!#"+)+a-+ da# '!'a#aa# !#a',aa#!#a',aa# %!&*&%+ '!*a*/+ a4+a# d!#%a# !(a%a+ (+"!(+a. a(a !d/a +#+ d+$a+#+ -a#%a" d+/"/ha# da*a' '!*a/a# +#"!(,(!"a-+. M!-+,/# a#$a d++*/-"(a-+a# d+-+#+ aha !-a'aa# %!&*&%+ $a#% "!(da,a" d+ a#$a "!',a" d+ d/#+a3 a+ -!a(a -"/"/( %!&*&%+3 -"(a"+%(a)+ da# %!&'&()&*&%+ d!"a+* -!("a h//#%a# d+a#"a(a#$a -a#%a"*ah /#+. B!(+/" +#+ ada*ah !!(a,a a(a da*a' '!#%!#a* da# '!#%+d!#"+a-+ !#a',aa#!#a',aa# %!&*&%+ ,ada ,!"a "&,&%(a)+8 P!'/a"a# ,!"a %!&'&()&*&%+ aa# d+,!('/dah d!#%a# ada#$a da"a -!/#d!( !(/,a ,!"a "&,&%(a)+3 ,!"a %!&*&%+3 )&"& /da(a3 +"(a -a"!*+"3 +"(a (ada(3 -!("a ,!#%a'a"a# *a#%-/#% d+*a,a#%a#. I#"!(,(!"a-+ "!(hada, da"a -!/#d!( aa# '!'a#"/ +"a /#"/ '!#!"a,a# -a"/a# da# a"a- -a"/a# %!&'&()&*&%+#$a. Interpretasi Peta Topografi
Da*a' +#"!(,(!"a-+ %!&*&%+ da(+ ,!"a "&,&%(a)+3 'aa ,!#%%/#aa# -a*a $a#% d+%/#aa# aa# -a#%a" '!'a#"/. D+ I#d&#!-+a3 ,!"a "&,&%(a)+ $a#% "!(-!d+a /'/'#$a '!',/#$a+ -a*a 1 8 25.000 a"a/ 1 8 50.000 a"a/ *!+h !+*. Aa,a*+ -a*a $a#% *!+h !-a(3 -!,!("+ -a*a 1 8
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Da*a' +#"!(,(!"a-+ -"(/"/( %!&*&%+ da(+ ,!"a "&,&%(a)+3 ha* "!(,!#"+#% ada*ah ,!#%a'a"a# "!(hada, ,&*a &#"/( $a#% '!#/#4/a# ada#$a !*/(/-a# a"a/ ,!'!*&a# -!a(a "+a"+a3 a+ ,ada ,&*a /+" 'a/,/# a(ah a*+(a# -/#%a+3 !#"/!#"/ "&,&%(a)+ $a#% ha-3 -!("a ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+. B!!(a,a &#"&h !#a',aa# G!&*&%+ $a#% da,a" d++d!#"+a-+ da# d+!#a* ,ada ,!"a "&,&%(a)+8 Sesar, /'/'#$a d+"/#4/a# &*!h ada#$a ,&*a &#"/( (a,a" $a#% '!#!(/- */(/-3 !*/(/-a# -/#%a+ da# ,!(/+"a#3 a"a/,/# ,!(%!-!(a#3 da# ,!'!*&a# ,!(/+"a# a"a/ -/#%a+3 da# ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+ ,a(a**!* da# (!"a#%/*a(. Perlipatan , /'/'#$a d+"/#4/a# &*!h ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+ "(!**+- a"a/ ,a(a**!*3 da# ada#$a !#"/!#"/ dip-slope $a+"/ -/a"/ &#"/( $a#% (a,a" d+a%+a# d!,a# $a#% '!(!#%%a#% 'a+# !a(ah !*aa#%. J+a -!"+a, !#"/ d+,-*&,! +#+ d++#"!(,(!"a-+a# /#"/ -!*/(/h ,!"a3 '/a -/'/-/'/ *+,a"a# aa# da,a" d++#"!(,(!"a-+a# !'/d+a#. P&*a d+,-*&,! -!,!("+ +#+ '!',/#$a+ !!(a,a +-"+*ah $a#% '!#%a/ ,ada !'+(+#%a# ,!(*a,+-a##$a. Kekar, /'/'#$a d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+ (!"a#%/*a(3 da# !*/(/-a#!*/(/-a# -/#%a+ da# /+". Intrsi , /'/'#$a d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a &#"/( $a#% '!*+#%a( da# (a,a"3 -/#%a+-/#%a+ '!#%a*+( da(+ a(ah ,/#a da*a' ,&*a (ad+a* a"a/ a#/*a(. Lapisan mendatar3 d++(+a# &*!h ada#$a a(!a* d!#%a# ,&*a &#"/( $a#% 4a(a#% da# d+a"a-+ &*!h ,&*a &#"/( $a#% (a,a". Ketidakselarasan !ersdt, d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a &#"/( (a,a" da# '!',/#$a+ !*/(/-a# !*/(/-a# -!,!("+ ,ada ,&*a ,!(*+,a"a# $a#% d+a"a-+ -!a(a "+a"+a &*!h ,&*a &#"/( 4a(a#% $a#% '!',/#$a+ !*!:a-+ -a'a a"a/ *!+h "+#%%+. Daera" m#lange , /'/'#$a d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a,&*a &#"/( '!*+#%a( !(/,a /+"/+" da*a' ,!#$!a(a# $a#% (!*a"+:! */a-3 "!(da,a" !!(a,a ,!(%!-!(a# !#"/!#"/ "&,&%(a)+3 !'/#%+#a# 4/%a "!(da,a" !!(a,a !*/(/-a#3 d!#%a# ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+ (!"a#%/*a( a"a/ contorted . Daera" Slmp , /'/'#$a d++(+a# &*!h a#$a#$a ,&*a d+,-*&,! d!#%a# ,!#$!a(a##$a $a#% "+da '!#/#4/a# ,&*a ,!*/(/-a#3 "!"a,+ *!+h !(!-a# aaaaa#. P&*a &#"/( (a,a" 4/%a "+da '!#/#4/a# !*/(/-a# $a#% '!#!(/-3 "!"a,+ !(!-a# "!(,a"ah,a"ah. Gnng api , d++(+a# /'/'#$a &*!h !#"/ !(//" da# ,&*a a*+(a# (ad+a*3 -!("a aah ,ada ,/#a#$a /#"/ %/#/#% a,+ '/da3 -!'!#"a(a /#"/ %/#/#% a,+ "/a da# -/dah "+da
a"+)3 d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a a*+(a# a#/*a( -!("a ,&*a &#"/( '!*+#%a( (a,a" a"a/ '!'a#4a#% $a#% '!#/#4/a# ada#$a 4!#4a#% :&*a#+ a"a/ &(&&(&. Karst3 d++(+a# &*!h ,&*a &#"/( '!*+#%a( $a#% ha- da*a' ,!#$!a(a# $a#% */a-3 !!(a,a a*+(a# -/#%a+ -!aa#aa# "!(,/"/-3 "!(da,a" ,&*a,&*a &#"/( $a#% '!#$!(/,a+ +#"a#% -!%+ a#$a3 -!("a ,&*a a*+(a# -/#%a+ '/*"+a-+#a*. Pola karst +#+ a%a '+(+, d!#%a# ,&*a perbukitan seribu $a#% +a-a#$a "!(4ad+ ,ada a+ %/#/#% a,+. a*a/,/# d!#%a# ,&*a &#"/( $a#% '!*+#%a( d!#%a# ,!#$!a(a# //, */a-3 "!"a,+ /'/'#$a *!"a#$a !(4a/ha# a#"a(a -a"/ ,&*a '!*+#%a( d!#%a# *a+##$a3 da# "+da d+da,a" ,&*a &#"/( -!,!("+ +#"a#% -!%+ a#$a. Pada ,!"a a"/a# (!-+-"!# d+a+*+ &*!h ,&*a &#"/( $a#% (a,a"3 -!da#%a# a"/a# #&# (!-+-"!# d+a+*+ &*!h ,&*a &#"/( $a#% (!#%%a#%. Ba%+a# -!!*ah a"a- ,!"a '!',!(*+ha"a# !#"/ da# ,&*a &#"/( $a#% (a,a" d!#%a# "!-"/( $a#% (!*a"+) "+da "!(a"/( da# d+"a)-+(a# "!(-/-/# da(+ a"/a# '!"a'&(). K!d/d/a# *a,+-a# a"/a# -"(+!;d+, da,a" d+"a)-+(a# d!#%a# '!*+ha" a(ah da(+ ,&*a !(a,a"a# &#"/( da# a(ah !'+(+#%a# *a,+-a# d+"a)-+(a# ! a(ah -,a-+ &#"/( $a#% -!'a+# (!#%%a#%. $% Konsep Geomorfologi Menrt T"orn!r&
1.
P(&-!- )+-+ da# h//' $a#% "!(4ad+ -!*/(/h#$a -aa" +#+ "!*ah "!(4ad+ 4/%a -!,a#4a#% a"/ %!&*&%+3 '!-+,/# +#"!#-+"a-#$a "+da -a'a -!,!("+ -!a(a#%. K&#-!, +#+ ha',+( -a'a d!#%a# ,(+#-+, $a#% d+!'/aa# &*!h Ja'!- H/""&# ,ada 175 $a+"/ ,(+#-+, uniformitarianisme. Ja'!- H/""&# '!#%a4a(a# "h! ,(!-!#" +- "h! !$ "& "h! ,a-"3 "!"a,+ d+a '!#%a,*+a-+a# ,(+#-+, +#+ "!(*a*/ a/ da# !(,!#da,a" aha ,(&-!- %!&*&%+ $a#% "!(4ad+ dah/*/ da# -!a(a#% '!',/#$a+ +#"!#-+"a- $a#% -a'a. T!*ah "!(/"+ aha +#"!#-+"a- !4ad+a# %!&*&%+ "+a, a"/ "+da -a'a3 -!,!("+ %*!"-!( ,ada P*!+-"&-!# *!+h !-a( +#"!#-+"a-#$a d+a#d+#% -!a(a#%. 2. S"(/"/( %!&*&%+ ada*ah -a*ah -a"/ ,!#%&#"(&* d&'+#a# da*a' !:&*/-+ ,ada !#"a#% a*a' da# "!(!('+# ,ada da(a"a# "!(-!/". Pada -/a"/ a"/ .M Da:+- '!#%a4a(a# aha -"(/"/(3 ,(&-!-3 da# "+#%a"a# ada*ah )a"&( ,!#%&#"(&* /"a'a ,ada !#"a#% a*a'. T!"a,+ a,a $a#% d+a4a(a# Da:+- "!#"a#% "+#%a"a# //, d+(a%/a# &*!h ,a(a %!&'&()&*&%+-". Ha* $a#% "+da d+(a%/a# ada*ah "!#"a#% ,(&-!- da# -"(/"/(. I-"+*ah -"(/"/( "+da ha#$a '!#a/, *+,a"a#3 !a(3 da# uncomfotmity "!"a,+ 4/%a '!#a/, a(a a%a+'a#a 'a"!(+a* /'+ '!'!#"/ da(a"a# $a#% '!#+#%%a*a# 4!4a $a#% !(!da a#"a(a -a"/ d!#%a# $a#% *a+##$a -!,!("+ -+a, a"/a#3 !had+(a# !a(3 -!-a(3 /#-/( '+#!(a*3 da# -!a%a+#$a. <. Ba#$a (!*+!) ,!('/aa# B/'+ a(!#a ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ !(*a#%-/#% ,ada !!,a"a# $a#% !(!da. A*a-a# /"a'a %(ada-+ ,ada ,!('/aa# /'+ "!(4ad+ -!a(a !(!da ada*ah a"/a# ,ada !(a B/'+ '!'+*++ (a%a' *+"&*&%+ da# -"(/"/( da# &*!h a(!#a +"/ '!#$!aa# ,!(!daa# (!-+-"!#-+ da*a' ,(&-!- %(ada-+. P!(!daa# ,ada &',&-+-+ da# -"(/"/( a"/a# "!(!('+# "+da ha#$a ,ada :a(+a-+ %!&'&()&*&%+ -!a(a (!%+&#a* "!"a,+ 4/%a ,ada "&,&%(a)+ *&a*. S!*a+# *+"&*&%+ da# -"(/"/( ada 4/%a )a"&( *a+# $a#% '!',!#%a(/h+ -!,!("+ -/h/3 !*!'aa#3 !"+#%%+a#3 '+(&*+'a"+3 da# 4/'*ah :!%!"a-+ $a#% '!#/"/,+
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,!('/aa#. P!#%a(/h,!#%a(/h +#+ aa# "a',a ,ada +#"!#-+"a- ,!#%!#da,a#3 *a4/ ,!#%/a,a#3 4/'*ah !'/# "a#ah3 da# -!a%a+#$a. P(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ '!#+#%%a*a# 4!4a h/-/- ,ada !#"a#% a*a'3 da# -!"+a, ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ '!#%ha-+*a# a(a"!( $a#% "!(/',/* ,ada ,!'!#"/a# '/a /'+. P(&-!- $a#% d+'a-/d '!#a/, ,(&-!- )+-+ da# +'+a $a#% "!(4ad+ -aa" '&d+)+a-+ '/a B/'+. B!#"a#% a*a' '!',/#$a+ ,!'!da $a#% !(%a#"/#% ,ada ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ ,ada -aa" ,!'!#"/a##$a -!,!("+ da"a(a# a#4+(3 +,a- a*/:+a*3 da# d!*"a $a#% d+!#"/ &*!h a(/-. M!-+,/# -a#%a" "!,a" aha ,!'!#"/a# !#"a#% a*a' !(a-a* da(+ ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% "!(,+-ah3 "!"a,+ +"a aa# '!#$ada(+ aha !#"a#% a*a' ada*ah ,(&d/ da(+ -!!*&',& ,(&-!-. Ka(!#a a%!# !(&-+&#a* !(!da ,ada ,!('/aa# B/'+3 'aa aa# '!#%ha-+*a# /(/"a# $a#% -!-/a+ d!#%a##$a ,ada !#"a#% a*a'. Ha',+( -!'/a %!&'&()&*&%+-" ,!(a$a aha !#"a#% a*a' '!'+*++ ,(&-!- $a#% "!(a"/( da# !(/(/"a#3 "!"a,+ "+da -!*a*/ '!*!a"+ "aha,a# '/da3 d!a-a3 da# "/a. K&#-!, '/da3 d!a-a3 da# "/a '/#%+# && ,ada "+#%a" da-a( "!"a,+ "+da && !"+a ,!#d!a"a# a#%%+h d+*a/a# ,ada !:&*/-+ !#"a#% a*a'. K&',*!-+"a- da(+ !:&*/-+ %!&'&()&*&%+ *!+h *a+' d+a#d+#%a# d!#%a# $a#% -!d!(ha#a. B+a-a#$a !a#$aa# d!"a+* "&,&%(a)+ d+/a" da(+ ,(&-!- -!*a'a -+*/- !(&-+3 -a#%a" 4a(a#% /',/*a# !#"a#% a*a' $a#% "!(!#"/ da(+ -a"/ ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+. H&(!(% 152 '!#%!*&',&a# +#"!(,(!"a-+ !#"a#% a*a' da*a' 5 a"!%&(+ /"a'a 8 -!d!(ha#a ,(&d/ da(+ -a"/ ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% /"a'a3 a',/(a# ,(&d/ da(+ d/a a"a/ *!+h ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ a+ d+,!('/aa# -!,!("+ a#%+# da# %*!"-!( 'a/,/# d+ aah ,!('/aa# -!,!("+ -!-a( da# *a(/"a# a+( aah "a#ah3 '&#&-+*+ '!#%ha-+*a# 4!4a ha#$a da(+ -a"/ -+*/- !(&-+3 *!+h -!d++" d+a#d+#% '/*"+-+*+3 '/*"+-+*+ '!#%ha-+*a# 4!4a *!+h da(+ -a"/ -+*/- !(&-+3 da# ( esurrected landscapes. S!*a+# +"/ ada &#-!, "a'aha# $a+"/ polyclimatic landscapes3 $a+"/ a#$a !#"a#% a*a' $a#% !(!'a#% da*a' &#d+-+ *!+h da(+ -a"/ &#d+-+ +*+' !(-a'aa# d!#%a# :a(+a-+ &#d+-+ d&'+#a# ,ada ,(&-!%!&'&()&*&%+. Resurrected landscapes ada*ah !#"a#% a*a' $a#% "!(!#"/ -!*a'a ,!(+&d! a"/ %!&*&%+ $a#% *a*/3 !'/d+a# "!(//( d+ aah $a#% d+"/"/,+ &*!h a"/a# -!d+'!# a"a/ !/. S!d++" "&,&%(a)+ B/'+ *!+h "/a da(+,ada T!(-+!( da# !a#$aa# "+da ada $a#% *!+h "/a da(+,ada P*!+-"&-!#. A-h*!$ 1<1 '!',!(+(aa# -!"+da#$a 0 ,!(-!# da(a"a# $a#% ada -!a(a#% "!(!#"/ ,ada ,&-"T!(-+!( da# '/#%+# -!+"a( ,!(-!# "!(!#"/ ,ada ,&-""!#%ah M+&-!#. &#"&h#$a -!,!("+ ,!%/#/#%a# H+'a*a$a ,!("a'a "!(*+,a" ,ada a'a# Ka,/( da# ha',+( -!*/(/h "&,&%(a)+ -!,!("+ -!a(a#% "!(!#"/ ,ada P*!+-"&-!#. I#"!(,(!"a-+ $a#% "!,a" ,ada !#"a#% a*a' 'a-a +#+ "+da '/#%+# "a#,a a,(!-+a-+ da(+ ,!#%a(/h ,!(/aha# %!&*&%+ da# +*+' -!*a'a P*!+-"&-!#. G*!"-!( da# diastropishm ada*ah !4ad+a# $a#% -+%#+)+a# ,ada P*!-+"&-!# $a#% '!',!#%a(/h+ !#"a#% a*a' $a#% +"a 4/',a+ ,ada 'a-a +#+. Diastropishm !(,!(a# ,ada ,!'!#"/a# !#"a#% a*a' d+-!+"a( a"a- *!',!#% *a/" ,a-+)+. G*!"-!( $a#% "!(4ad+ ,ada P*!-+"&-!# -a*ah -a"/#$a !(!)! ,ada a(/- $a#% "!(4ad+ ,ada -/#%a+ Oh+& da# M+--&/(+ $a#% +"a *+ha" -!a(a#%. A+( *!*!ha# da(+ a'a# !- d+,!(+(aa# !(!)! ,ada ,!('/aa# B/'+ -!*/a10.000.000 ' 2. A,(!-+a-+ "!(hada, ,!(/aha# +*+' d/#+a d+,!(*/a# /#"/ '!'aha'+ -!a(a "!,a" "!(hada, (a%a' ,!#"+#% da(+ ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% !(!da. Ra%a' +*+' da,a"
'!',!#%a(/h+ &,!(a-+ da(+ ,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ a+ -!a(a *a#%-/#% 'a/,/# "+da *a#%-/#%. P!#%a(/h -!a(a "+da *a#%-/#% ada*ah -!,!("+ +*+' $a#% !(,!#%a(/h "!(hada, 4/'*ah3 4!#+-3 da# d+-"(+/-+ "/'/ha# $a#% '!#/"/,+ !#"a#% a*a'. P!#%a(/h -!a(a *a#%-/#% ada*ah -!,!("+ 4/'*ah da# 4!#+- ,!#%!#da,a#3 +#"!#-+"a-#$a3 h//#%a# a#"a(a ,!#%!#da,a# da# ,!#%/a,a#3 (!#"a#% -/h/ ha(+a#3 da# !!,a"a# da# a(ah a#%+#. 10. G!&'&()&*&%+ "+da ha#$a )&/- "!(hada, !#"a#% a*a' 'a-a +#+3 "!"a,+ 4/%a 'a-a *a*/. G!&'&()&*&%+-" 4/%a da,a" '!#$/-/# -!4a(ah "!#"a#% -/a"/ !#"a#% a*a' $a#+ d!#%a# ,(+#-+, uniformitarianisme . (!)!(!#-+ 8 +**+a' d."h&(#/($)/#d&#!," SE'(R() PERKEM*(+G(+ GEOMORFOLOGI
G!&'&()&*&%+ -!4a aa* aad 1 "!*ah d+!#a* d+ #!%a(a#!%a(a !(!'a#% da# -!a%a+ d+-+,*+# aad!'+ +(a+(a '/#/* -!!*/' aad ! 17. P!(!'a#%a# $a#% ,!-a" da(+ %!&'&()&*&%+ "!(4ad+ ,ada aa* aad ! 20 d+ #!%a(a#!%a(a !(!'a#%3 -!da#%a# d+ I#d&#!-+a %!&'&()&*&%+ a(/ d+!#a* ,ada aa* aad ! 20. Aa* ,!(!'a#%a##$a %!&'&()&*&%+ *!+h !(-+)a" aad!'+3 -!a%a+ +*'/ ,!#d//#% %!&%(a)+ da# %!&*&%+3 "!"a,+ da*a' da-aa(-a "!(ah+( +#+ %!&'&()&*&%+ '/*a+ d+(a-aa# a("+ ,!#"+#%#$a da*a' ,!'a#%/#a# 'a/,/# da*a' ,!#%!*&*aa# *+#%/#%a# h+d/,. G!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% +"a ,!*a4a(+ -!,!("+ -aa" -!a(a#% +#+ "!*ah '!*a*/+ ,!#%a*a'a# ,a#4a#% da*a' '!'a#%/# &#-!, da-a( da# '!"&d&*&%+#$a. Ada 5 )a-! ,!(!'a#%a# %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% da,a" d+"!*/-/(+3 $a#% 'a-+#%'a-+#% /(a+a##$a ada*ah -!a%a+ !(+/"8 $. Fase pertama -se!elm a!ad ke $ Fa-! +#+ '!(/,aa# )a-! ,!*!"a da-a( ,!'++(a# %!&*&%+ da# %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% "!*ah d+'/*a+ *+'a aad -!!*/' Ma-!h+ Th&(#/($3 15=. Pa#da#%a# /#& $a#% "!(a+" d!#%a# %!&*&%+ da# %!&'&()&*&%+ -!,!("+ d+!'/aa# &*!h H!(&d/"/- =5=25 SM3 A(+-"&"*! <=<22 SM3 S"(a& 5= SM ? 25 M da# S!#!a SM ? 65 M.H!(&d/"/-3 '!#%a'a"+ ,!#+'/#a# %!*/h (loam) da# *!',/#% (clay) &*!h S. N+*3 -!h+#%%a '!'!(+a# 4/*/a# M!-+( ada*ah ,!'!(+a# S. N+*. Pa#da#%a# H!(&d/"/- $a#% *a+# ada*ah ,!(/+"a# d+ M!-+( $a#% '!#%a#d/#% !(a#%3 ,ada 'a-a *a',a/ ,!(#ah d+ aah ,!('/aa# *a/". A(+-"&"*!3 !(,a#da#%a# aha a+( $a#% !*/a( da(+ 'a"a a+( +"/ !(a-a* da(+ a+( h/4a# $a#% '!#%a*a'+ ,!(&*a-+ ! aah ,!('/a# "a#ah a+( $a#% ada d+ da*a' /'+ !(a-a* da(+ &#d!#-a-+ d+ /da(a $a#% 'a-/ ! ,!('/aa# /'+3 da# a+( $a#% !(ada d+ da*a' /'+ '!#%/a, d!#%a# !(a%a+ 4a*a#. S"(a&3 '!#%a'a"+ da# '!#a"a" ada#$a ,!#!#%%!*a'a# *&a* da# '/#/*#$a da(a"a#. S"(a& !(,!#da,a" aha Va*! &) T&',! '!(/,aa# a-+* %!',a /'+3 -!*a+# +"/ 4/%a '!#%a"aa# aha G. V!-/:+/- ada*ah %/#/#%a,+3 '!-+,/# -!'a-a h+d/,#$a %/#/#%a,+ "!(-!/" !*/' ,!(#ah '!*!"/-. Pa#da#%a# S"(a& $a#% *a+# ada*ah aha d!*"a da(+ -/#%a+ !(:a(+a-+ '!#/(/" da!(ah a*+(a# -/#%a+#$a d!*"a $a#% !-a( "!(!#"/ +*a da!(ah $a#% d+a*+(+ */a- da# a"/a##$a *!'ah3 da# ,!'!#"/a# d!*"a "!(,!#%a(/h &*!h ,a-a#% -/(/" da# a*+(a# -/#%a+. S!#!a3 '!#%!#a* %!',a /'+ *&a* a*a'+3 "!"a,+ 'a-+h '!#%a#%%a, aha %!',a /'+ "!(4ad+ -!a%a+ a+a" !#a#a +#"!(#a* da(+ a#%+# da(a"a#. S!#!a 4/%a !(a#%%a,a# aha
a+( h/4a# //, /#"/ '!#%+-+ -/#%a+-/#%a+3 da# 4/%a !(,a#da#%a# aha "!#a%a a*+(a# -/#%a+ da,a" '!#%++- *!'ah*!'ah#$a. A:+!##a I#/ S+#a3 710<7 !(,a#da#%a# aha a-a * '/*a ,!%/#/#%a# da,a" d+!daa# '!#4ad+ d/a !*&',& $a+"/ ,!#%a#%a"a# -!,!("+ $a#% "!(4ad+ &*!h %!',a /'+3 da# &*!h ,!#%a(/h a+( $a#% '!#%a*+( da# !'/-a# a#%+# $a#% '!'!#"/ *!'ah*!'ah ,ada a"/a# */#a. L!&#a(d& da V+#+ 1=521510 !(,a#da#%a# aha *!'ah "!(++- &*!h -/#%a+ da# -/#%a+ "!(-!/" '!#%a#%/" 'a"!(+a* da(+ -/a"/ "!',a" d+ ,!('/aa# /'+ da# '!#%!#da,a##$a d+ 'a#a -a4a. Da*a' )a-! ,!("a'a +#+ -!a%+a# !-a( ,a#da#%a# '!'!(+a# "!&(+ da-a( "!(/"a'a "!#"a#% ,(&-!- !(da-a(a# ,!#%a'a"a# *&a*3 da# !(/-aha '!'!(+a# ,!#4!*a-a# a%a+'a#aah -/a"/ )!#&'!#a a*a' "!(-!/" "!(4ad+. Pada )a-! +#+ +*'/ %!&'&()&*&%+ !*/' '/#/*3 "!"a,+ ,a#da#%a#,a#da#%a# $a#% d+!'/aa# -!a%+a# 'a-+h (!*!:a# d!#%a# &#-!, $a#% !(*a/ h+#%%a -aa" +#+. /. Fase keda -(!ad $ dan $0. Pada )a-! +#+ ada d/a &#-!, $a#% '!#&*3 $a+"/ &#-!, a"a-"(&)+-'! da# &#-!, /#+)&('+"a(+a#+-'! K+#%3 176. K&#-!, a"a-"(&)+-'! d+!'/aa# &*!h A(aha' K+"*& !##!( 17117. K&#-!, "!(-!/" '/#/* a"a- da-a( ,!#%a'a"a# !##!(,ada -"(a"a a"/a# $a#% "!(#$a"a -!"+a, -"(a"/' *a,+-a# '!'+*++ -+)a" $a#% ha-. Ha-+* ,!#%a'a"a# "!(-!/" d+)&('/*a-+a# '!#4ad+ &#-!, *ah+(#$a /'+ $a#% !(a-a* da(+ a-+# *a/"a# $a#% !-a(. !##!( !(,a#da#%a# aha -!"+a, -"(a"/' a"/a# "!(4ad+ ,ad- -/a"/ da-a( "//h ,!(a+(a# $a#% */a- !'/d+a# '!#%!#da,a# -!d+'!##$a d+ a"a- -"(a"/' $a#% ada -!!*/'#$a. Ma"!(+a* $a#% *!+h 'a',a" "!(!#da,a# &*!h *a(/"a# $a#% ,!a";!#"a*. Pada a"/ 'a"!(+a* -!a(a !(a#%-/(a#%-/( d+!#da,a#3 *a/" -!a(a !(a#%-/(a#%-/( '!#$/-/" -!h+#%%a "!(!#"/ da!(ah $a#% -!a(a#% +#+. Pa#da#%a# !##!( *a+# $a#% "!(a+" d!#%a# &#-!, da-a( %!&'&()&*&%+ ada*ah8 1. a"/a# da-a( $a#% !(/,a a"/a# %(a#+" "+da !()&-+* 2. -!"+a, %(ad+!# -/#%a+ aa# '!#a,a+ "+#%a" !-!+'a#%a#3 da# %(ad+!# -/#%a+ '!(/,aa# )/#%-+ da(+ !!,a"a#3 d!+" da# '/a"a# -!d+'!# <. -!*/(/h -+-"!' -/#%a+ '!(/,aa# -/a"/ -+-"!' $a#% "!(+#"!%(a-+. 1. Fase Ketiga -(2al a!ad $3. Pada )a-! ! "+%a da(+ ,!(!'a#%a# %!&'&()&*&%+ ada "+%a "&&h $a#% "!(!#a* $a+"/8 S+( ha(*!- L$!** 1771753 D!a# +**+a' B/*a#d 17=1560 da# L&/+- A%a--+ 107 17<. L$!** -!!#a(#$a *!+h a#"/-+a- da*a' %!&*&%+ da(+,ada ! %!&'&()&*&%+3 d!#%a# /"+ a($a#$a $a#% !(4/d/* “Principle of Geology” S/'a#%a# ,!'++(a##$a da*a' %!&'&()&*&%+ ada*ah "!#"a#% ,!(!'a#%a# !#"/*aha# $a#% *a'a" aha# '!*!+h+ a"/ %!&*&%+. M!-+,/# L$!** a#$a '!#%adaa# ,!#%a'a"a# "!(hada, '/a"a# -/-,!#-+3 d!+" da# ,!/ah,!/ah *a+##$a3 "!"a,+ '!'!(+a# -/a"/ &#-!, $a#% '!#da-a(. Da*a' ,!#%a'a"a##$a "!(hada, %*!"-!( !-3 L$!** "+da '!',!(a$a+ a,a-+"a- da$a a#%/"#$a da*a' '!'+#daha# &#%ah da# !#da,a# %*!"-!(. B/*a#d3 -a#%a" -!"/4/ d!#%a# -+*/h+d(&*&%+3 aa# "!"a,+ "+da !%+"/ '!#%!("+ '!#%a,a -/#%a+ da,a" '!'!#"/ *!'ah#$a -!#d+(+. B/ah )++(a# B/*a#d $a#% *a+# ada*ah8 1. (!*+!) '!(/,aa# a-+* da(+ -"(/"/( %!&*&%+ da# /a# &*!h ,(&-!- !(&-+
2.
'a"!(+a* $a#% "!(a#%/" da(+ h/*/ da# '!*a*/+ *!'ah -/#%a+ aa# "!(!#da,a# d+ *a/" <. ,a-a#% -/(/" '!(/,aa# "!#a%a /"a'a da*a' "(a#-,&("a-+ 'a"!(+a* d+ aah ,!('/aa# a+( *a/". A%a--+3 "!(!#a* d!#%a# "!&(+ %*a-+a*#$a3 !(-a'a-a'a d!#%a# B/*a#d '!#%adaa# ,!(4a*a#a# ! S+--. M!(!a '!#%adaa# ,!#%a'a"a# "!(hada, ,a#"a+ da-a( %*a-+a*3 $a#% ah+(#$a '!#%ha-+*a# )&('/*a-+ "!#"a#% -"(/"/( !#da,a# %*a-+a*3 !#da,a# “till “, a(a"!(+-"+ “moraine”, -"(+a-+ da# %(a:!* %*a-+a*. 4. Fase ke empat -(k"ir a!ad $3. Pada )a-! ! !',a" +#+ ,a*+#% "+da ada *+'a "&&h $a#% "!(!#a*3 $a+"/8 S+( A#d(! Ra'-!$ G.K. G+*!(" J.. P&!** .G. G(!!#&&d da# J.B. J/!-. S/'a#%a# )++(a# Ra'-!$ 11=11 da*a' %!&'&()&*&%+ "!(/"a'a da*a' ,(&-!- %*a-+a*. P!#da,a" ,!#"+#% da(+ Ra'-!$3 a#"a(a *a+#8 1. ada h//#%a# ,!#"+#% a#"a(a "!&(+ %*a-+a* d!#%a# "!&(+ )*/:+a* "!(/"a'a /#"/ '!#%!"ah/+ "!#a%a %*!"-!( /#"/ '!#%!(&-+ 2. !4ad+a# da#a/ d+ da!(ah !(%*!"-!( "+da da,a" d+4!*a-a# d!#%a# ,(&-!- )*/:+a*3 "!"a,+ da,a" d+4!*a-a# d!#%a# ,(&-!- %*a-+a* <. "!#a%a !(&-+ da(+ %*!"-!( "!(/"a'a "!(da,a" ,ad- a%+a# aah =. ada h//#%a# a#"a(a (!"aa#;*!#"/(a# d!#%a# a(ah -/#%a+. P&!** 1<=102 a#$a '!'!(+a# &#-!, da-a( da*a' %!&'&()&*&%+3 a#"a(a *a+# 8 1. ,(+#-+, da(+ “base le!el” $a#% '!#$a"aa# aha “base le!el” ah+( ada*ah ,!('/aa# a+( *a/" 2. ,(&-!- !(&-+ +"/ '!'+*++ ,&"!#-+ (!*a"+) <. '!#%/-/*a# d/a *a-+)+a-+ *!'ah -/#%a+3 $a+"/ a"a- da-a( h//#%a# a#"a(a -"(a"a *!'ah da!(ah $a#% d+*a*/+ da# *a-+)+a-+ *!'ah '!#/(/" %!#!"+#$a. G+*!(" 1=<113 '!'!(+a# da-a(da-a( %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% h+#%%a +#+ 'a-+h d+%/#aa#. G+*!(" "!(!#a* -!a%a+ ,!#/*+- '!"&d! +*'+ah da# '!')&('/*a-+a# ,!'++(a# ,!'++(a# +#d/"+) da# d!d/"+) da*a' a#a*+-+- %!&'&()+. K&#-!,&#-!, %!&'&()&*&%+$a#% d+!'/aa# G+*!("3 a#"a(a *a+#8 1. "!&(+ “grade” $a#% '!#/#4/a# ada#$a -/a"/ (a#%a+a# h//#%a# a#"a(a ,(&-!- da# !#a',aa#3 $a#% !'/d+a# d+a-&-+a-+a# d!#%a# &#-!, ,!#$!-/a+a# d+#a'+- 2. ,!#%a#%/"a# 'a"!(+a* d+ -/#%a+ '!*+,/"+ ,!#%a#%/"a# 'a"!(+a* ha-+* !(&-+3 !(&-+ da-a( -/#%a+ da# ,!#%/(a#%a# //(a# 'a"!(+a* da-a( &*!h ,(&-!- %!-!a#;!#"/(a# <. *!(!#% '!(/,aa# )a"&( $a#% -a#%a" !(,!#%a(/h "!(hada, "(a#-,&("a-+ 'a"!(+a* &*!h a+( =. !("a'ah#$a d!+" */ah aa# '!#$!aa# '!#+#%a"#$a !!,a"a# a*+(a# $a#% -!*a#4/"#$a '!',!(!-a( !!,a"a# ,!#%a#%/"a# 5. da*a' ,!#$!*+d+a# &',&#!# )+-+a* ha'- d+*a#da-+ d!#%a# )&('/*a-+ "!&(+"!&(+. G(!!#&&d 17<175 ada*ah ,!#d//#% H/""&# da# P*a$)a+(. K&#-!, $a#% d+!'/aa# &*!h G(!!#&&d ada*ah8 1. ,(&-!- d!#/da-+ d+ -/a"/ *aha# da,a" d+4!*a-a# d!#%a# h/4a# da# -/#%a+ a+( h/4 a# $a#% 4a"/h d+ ,!('/aa# /'+ '!'aa 'a"!(+a* ha*/- d+ -!,a#4a#% *!(!#% '!'!#"/ a*/(a*/( da# ah+(#$a '!'!#"/ -/#%a+-/#%a+ !+*
2. *!'ah da# *!(!#% '!(/,aa# -/a"/ -+-"!' $a#% "!(+#"!%(a-+. J/!- 111163 '!#%!'/aa# ,a#da#%a##$a aha !(&-+ 'a(+# "+da da,a" '!'!#"/ *!'ah. J/!- ada*ah &(a#% ,!("a'a $a#% '!#%+d!#"+)+a-+a# ,!(a#a# :!%!"a-+ da*a' ,!'!#"/a# !#"/aha#. 5. Fase ke lima -(2al a!ad /% Da*a' )a-! *+'a +#+ "&&h $a#% ,a*+#% "!(!#a* ada*ah +**+a' M&(+- Da:+- 1501<=. T!&(+ $a#% ,!("a'a d+!'/aa# ada*ah S+*/- G!&'&()+ $a#% d+"!(+"a# "ah/# 1 da*a' 'aa*ah#$a $a#% !(4/d/* “"he ri!ers and !alleys in Pennsyl!ania” Da*a' -+*/%!&'&()+ "!(-!/" d+-!/"a# aha -!'/a !#"/*aha# aa# !(!'a#% '!#/(/" "+%a -"ad+/'3 $a+"/ 8 -"ad+/' '/da3 d!a-a3 da# "/a. K&#-!, Da:+- *a+##$a $a#% "!(!#a* ada*ah "(+*&%+. K&#-!, "(+*&%+ "!(-!/" '!#4!*a-a# aha !#"/aha# d+"!#"/a# &*!h -"(/"/(3 ,(&-!- da# -"ad+/'. a*"h!( P!# da*a' "ah/# 120 da# 1<0 '!#%!'/aa# !!(a"a##$a "!(hada, "!&( + Da:+-. P!(!daa##$a "!(*!"a ,ada ,a#da#%a##$a "!(hada, ,!(!'a#%a# !#"/*aha#. M!#/(/" P!# ,!(!'a#%a# !#"a#%*aha# "!(%a#"/#% &*!h ,!#%a(/h "!"&#+ $a#% a"+) da# +*+'. Ah+(#$a P!# '!#$ada(+ aha ,!#d!a"a# $a#% d+*a/a##$a !(-+)a" %!&*&%+-3 -!da#%a# ,!#d!a"a# Da:+- *!+h !(-+)a" %!&%(a)+-.
S!"!*ah ,!(+&d! Da:+- da# P!# a#$a // "!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% "!(+"3 aa# "!"a,+ h+#%%a "ah/# 160 a# -!a%+a# !-a( 'a-+h '!#%+/"+ &#-!, Da:+-3 a#"a(a *a+#8 L&! 1<3 Th&(#/($ 15=3 &&*d(+d%! 15 da# S,a( 160. S!"!*ah "ah/# 160 a# //// "!- %!&'&()&*&%+ da,a" d+!*&',&a# '!#4ad+ !',a" a"a- da-a( ,&& aha-a##$a -!a%a+ !(+/". 1.
K!*&',& "&,+a*3 $a+"/ $a#% '!#!a#a# ,ada -a*ah -a"/ a-,! %!&'&()&*&%+ -!,!("+ ,(&-!- ,!*a,/a# O+*+!(3 163 ,(&-!- )*/:+a* L!&,&*d3 !" a*3 16=3 M&(+-aa3 16 da# R+ha(d3 12 %/#/#%a,+ O*+!(3 16 da# ,a#"a+ P!"h+3 17 2. K!*&',& '!"&d! da# "!h#+ ,!#!*+"+a# da*a' %!&'&()&*&%+ -!,!("+ K+#% da# G&/d+! 113 103 Da&'! 1< da# V!(-"a,,!# 176 <. K!*&',& ,!'!"aa#3 $a+"/ $a#% '!#!a#a# ,ada "!h#+ ,!'!"aa# '&()&*&%+ da# %!&'&()&*&%+3 -!,!("+ V!(-"a,,!# da# Va# C/+da' 1663 173 K*+''a-!-+ 173 D!'! 170 da# D&(-!- da# Sa*&'! 17< =. K!*&',& "!(a,a#3 $a+"/ $a#% '!#!a#a# ,ada "!(a,a# %!&'&()&*&%+ /#"/ !(a%a+ "/4/a# -!,!("+ da*a' +da#% !:a*/a-+ *aha#3 !(!a$a-aa#3 &#-!(:a-+ *aha#3 !:a*/a-+ -/'!(da$a 'a"!(+a* da# da*a' +da#% *+#%/#%a#3 -!,!("+ Va# C/+da'3 !" a*.3 173 &&!3 !" a*.3 17=3 123 V!(-"a,,!# 1<3 Ma+"&( P!-+ 153 H&&! 13 V+*!- da# S,!#!(3 153 Pa#+a 16 da# O$a3 2001.
Da*a' //// "!- %!&'&()&*&%+ -!"!*ah "ah/# 160a# a#a*+-+- %!&'&()&*&%+- -/dah ada !!#d!(/#%a# ! a#a*+-+- /a#"+"a"+). Ha* "!(-!/" d+'/#%+#a# &*!h !'a4/a# "!#&*&%+ da*a' '!'/a" +#-"(/'!# $a#% *!+h ,(a"+- da# *!+h "!*+"+. Da*a' //#$a L!&,&*d !" a*.3 160 $a#% !(4/d/* “#lu!ial Processes in Geomorphology” a#$a '!#$a4+a# da"a d!+" $a#% d+a+"a# d!#%a# ,a(a'!"!( *!'ah -/#%a+ da# !-a( '/a"a# -!d+'!#3 K+#% 1603 G&/d+! 16 da# Da&'! 1< '!'!(+a# ,!"/#4/ ,(a"+- da*a' '!#%//(3 '!#%*a-+)+a-+a# a-,! %!&'&()&*&%+ -!a(a '!#da*a'3 "!('a-/ a#a*+-+- 'a"!(+a* a"/a# ,!#$/-/#. M!"&d! ,!'!"aa# %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% -!'/*a a#$a d+!(4aa# -!a(a "!(!-"(+a*3 -!"!*ah ,!(+&d! "ah/# 160a# '/*a+ '!'a#)aa"a# )&"& /da(a da# a"a/ +"(a ,!#%+#d!(aa# 4a/h $a#% *a+#3 aha# ,ad- da-aa(-a "!(ah+( +#+ ,!'!"aa# %!&'&()&*&%+ "a#,a '!#%%/#aa# "!h#+ ,!#%+#d!(aa# 4a/h d+(a-a /(a#% '!'ada+.
Geomorfologi Kota Mo6okerto
Pada "/%a- '+#%%/ !2 /*+ah A*a#- +#+3 -a$a d+!(+ "/%a- /#"/ '!#4!*a-a# "!#"a#% ,(&-!G!&'&()&*&%+ &"a a-a* 'a-+#%'a-+#%. Ka(!#a -a$a !(d&'+-+*+ a-*+ M&4&!("&3 'aa -a$a aa# '!#4!*a-a# "!#"a#% ,(&-!- G!&'&()&*&%+ K&"a M&4&!("&.
G!&'&()&*&%+ -!#d+(+ '!(/,aa# -/a"/ -"/d+ ,/-"aa $a#% '!',!*a4a(+ a-a* "!(!#"/#$a ,!('/aa# /'+ a"a/ "&,&%(a)+ a+a" da(+ ,!#%++-a# a"a/ ,!#a'aha# 'a"!(+a* ,!#$/-/# /'+3 a"a/ "a#ah. K&#-!, da-a( aa# %!&'&()&*&%+3 '!#4!*a-a# aha !#"/ ,!('/aa# a"a/ !#"a#%a# /'+3 d+&#"(&* &*!h < )a"&( /"a'a $a+"/ -"(/"/(3 ,(&-!- da# "aha,a# ,!'!#"/a# '/a /'+. S!a(a "&,&%(a)+ K&"a M&4&!("& !(ada ,ada !"+#%%+a# 22 '!"!( da(+ ,!('/aa# *a/" da# !'+(+#%a# "a#ah 0 ? <. D!#%a# d!'++a# da,a" d+,!(*+ha"a# aha K&"a M&4&!("& '!',/#$a+ ,!('/aa# "a#ah $a#% (!*a"+) da"a(3 -!h+#%%a a*+(a# -/#%a+; -a*/(a# '!#4ad+ (!*a"+) *a'a" da# ha* +#+ '!',!(!,a" "!(4ad+#$a ,!#da#%a*a# $a#% ,ada ah+(#$a "+'/* !!#d!(/#%a# ada %!#a#%a# ,ada !(a%a+ a%+a# &"a a,a+*a "!(4ad+ h/4a#. A,a+*a d+*+ha" -!a(a %!&%(a)+- +*a$ah K&"a M&4&!("& !(ada d+ "!#%ah"!#%ah Ka/,a"!# M&4&!("&3 "!(!#"a#% ,ada 7<< LS da# 1222 BT d!#%a# */a- +*a$ah 62315 ' 2 +*a$ah M&4&!("& !#d!(/#% "+#%%+ d+a%+a# +*a$ah -!*a"a# da# /"a(a. Pada +*a$ah -!*a"a#3 ,!'!#"/a# "a#ah#$a d+ d&'+#a-+ &*!h *a#d)&(' :/*a#+3$a#% d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h %/#/#% ,!#a#%%/#%a#. Da# ,ada +*a$ah /"a(a3 ,!'!#"/a# "a#ah#$a d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h *a#d)&(' a(-"3 d+ -!+"a( da!(ah Daa(*a#d&#%3 a(!#a !(d!a"a# d!#%a# +*a$ah *a'&#%a# $a#% d+ d&'+#a-+ 4/%a &*!h *a#d)&(' a(-"3 !%+"/ ,/*a d!#%a# +*a$ah G(!-+3 $a#% -!*a+# !(*a#d)&(' a(-" 4/%a d&'+#a# '!'+*++ *a#)&(' Ma(+#. +*a$ah K&"a M&4&!("& '!',/#$a+ !!(a,a da!(ah a*+(a# -/#%a+ $a#% 'a#)aa"#$a //, !-a( a%+ !h+d/,a# ,!#d/d/3 h/-/-#$a /#"/ !,!(*/a# +(+%a-+ ,!("a#+a#. P&"!#-+ h+d(&*&%+ $a#% "!(da,a" d+ K&"a M&4&!("&3 +a*ah -/#%a+3 -/'!( 'a"a a+(3 -!("a '&d!* ,!#%a+(a##$a. M!#/(/" Ba*+"a#%320113 K&"a M&4&!("& d+*a */+ &*!h = !',a" /ah -/#%a+ $a#% //, ,&"!#-+a* $a+"/8
S/#%a+ B(a#"a- d+ -!!*ah /"a(a &"a -!,a#4a#% <35 K' a(ah a*+(a##$a ! "+'/(.
S/#%a+ B(a#%a* d+ -!!*ah a(a" &"a -!,a#4a#% 2325 K' a(ah a*+(a##$a
! /"a(a. S/#%a+ Sada( d+ -!!*ah "+'/( &"a -!,a#4a#% 2300 K' a(ah a*+(a##$a ! /"a(a. S/#%a+ G!d!% d+ -!!*ah a(a" &"a -!,a#4a#% 2300 K'.
J!#+- "a#ah $a#% "!(da,a" d+ +*a$ah K&"a M&4&!("& -!a%+a# !-a( "!(d+(+ da(+ a*/:+a* 62.7= da# %(/'&-&* <7.26. Da(+ &#d+-+ "!(-!/" 4!#+- "a#ah d+ K&"a M&4&!("& '!(/,aa# "a#ah $a#% //, a+ /#"/ /-aha ,!("a#+a# "!(/"a'a /#"/ 4!#+- "a#a'a# 'a$&(+"a- ,ad+3 ,&*&+4& 'a$&(+"a- 4a%/#% da# "a#a'a# "!/. P(&-!- ,!'!#"/a# "a#ah d+ M&4&!("&3 d+ d&'+#a-+ d!#%a# ada#$a ,!#%a(/h ,!%/#/#%a# :/*a#+ $a#% !(ada ,ada +*a$ah -!*a"a# da!(ah M&4&!("& $a+"/ %/#/#% P!#a#%%/#%a# -!("a &',*!- ,!%/#/#%a# A(4/#a!*+(a#%3 $a#% !"+a '!*!"/- a/ :/*a##$a +/" "!(aa a*+(a# *aha( -!("a h!'/-a# a#%+# h+#%%a ! +*a$ah ,!(a"a-a# a#"a(a M&4&!("& Ma*a#%3 M&4&!("&Pa-/(/a#. S!h+#%%a ha* +#+ '!',!#%a(/h+ ,!'!#"/a# "a#ah $a#%
!(ada d+ +*a$ah M&4&!("&. S!*a+# +"/ ada 4/%a -!d++" ,!#%a(/h ,!%/#/#%a# a,/( $a#% !(ada d+ da!(ah U"a(a M&4&!("&. S!da#%a# ,ada a%+a# "!#%ah3 a#$a d+,!#%a(/h+ &*!h a*+(a# -/#%a+ B(a#"a-3 $a#% aa-a##$a "!(-!/" d+-!/" Da!(ah A*+(a# S/#%a+ B(a#"a-. Ha* "!(-!/" d+,!(/a" d!#%a# a#$a d+"!'/a##$a "a#ah a#d+-&* da# L+"&-&* d+ !!(a,a a%+a# M&4&!("&. J!#+- "a#ah +#+ ada*ah 4!#+- "a#ah $a#% /'/(#$a 'a-+h '/da3 !(a-a* da(+ aha# :/*a#+-3 ,&(&-+"a- -!da#%3 '!#aha# a+( d!#%a# a+3 '/dah *&#%-&(3 d+'a#)aa"a# /#"/ ,!("a#+a# d!#%a# "!(a-!(+#%. Ta#ah "!(-!/" a#$a d+"!'/a# d+ Pa!"3 G&#da#%3 Ja"+(!4& da# T(aa-. Ba#$a 4/%a d+"!'/a# "a#ah &',*! M!d+"!(a# '!(ah /#+#% da# L+"&-&* d+'a#a !(a-a* da(+ a"/a# !(a,/(3 a"/a# !/ a-+- -a',a+ +#"!('!d+!( da# a"/a# '!"a'&(). Ba#$a d+"!'/a# d+ S!a%+a# Pa!"3 T(aa-3 G&#da#%3K/"&(!4&3 N%&(&3 P/#%%+#%. Geomorfologi dan Geologi K&#-!, Da-a(8 D!)+#+-+ da# L+#%/, Ka4+a# G!&'&()&*&%+ R!*+!) da*a' G!&'&()&*&%+
1. 2. <. =. 5. 6. 7.
T&,&%(a)+ P(&-!- G!&'&()&*&%+ B!#"a#%*aha# da# B!#"/*aha# B!#"a#%*aha# &%$aa("a B!#"a#%*aha# Jaa T!#%ah K&#-!, G!&*&%+ da# S"(/"/( Ma"!(+a* ; J!#+- Ba"/a#
G!&'&()&*&%+ Geo $ %orpho $ &ogos I*'/ $a#% '!#%/(a+a# "!#"a#% !#"/ /'+3 d!#%a# -a-a(a# /"a'a (!*+!) ,!('/aa# /'+. 7idam and 8an9elado -$33, $305 “Geomorphology is the study 'hich describes landforms and the processes 'hich arrange their formation, and in!estigates the interrelationship of these forms and processes, and their special arrangement” :erstappen, ).T" -$301 “Geomorphology can be defined as science dealing 'hich landform making up the earth surface, both abo!e and belo' sea le!el and stressing their genesis and future de!elopment, as 'ell as their en!ironment conte*ts”
GEOMORPHOLOG a SIENE d!a*+#% +"h8
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La#d)&('- 'a+#% /, "h! !a("hQ- -/()a!3 &"h a&:! a#d !*& -!a *!:!* S"(!--+#% "h!+( %!#!-+- a#d )/"/(! d!:!*&,'!#" A- !** a- "h!+( !#:+(&#'!#"a* &#"!>".
*entkla"an, Proses dan Tenaga Geomorfologi B!#"/ *aha# '!(/,aa# !#"/a# ,ada ,!('/aa# /'+ -!a%a+ ha-+* da(+ ,!(/aha# !#"/ ,!('/aa# /'+ &*!h ,(&-!-,(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ $a#% !(&,!(a-+ d+,!('/aa# /'+.
P(&-!- %!&'&()&*&%+ ada*ah -!'/a ,!(/aha# )+-+ 'a/,/# h!'+- $a#% "!(4ad+ d+,!('/aa# /'+ &*!h "!#a%a"!#a%a %!&'&()&*&%+. T!#a%a %!&'&()&*&%+ ada*ah '!d+/' a*a'+ $a#% 'a',/ '!(/-a da# '!#%a#%/" ,a("+!* /'+ da(+ -/a"/ "!',a" ! "!',a" *a+#.
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