makalah empirisme

OFO G RKI@FN[H[FI

6)6

Hfpf Okhfdfic

Mfi{zgf `ghfngdfi dk `{igf gig `kicfi rki{n dkzkmr{iffi( wfic okok`f `kicfi mfdnh{d ng`{r hfgiiwf) Dkzkmr{iffi pkzko{p f`fhfn `gokgdfiiwf fdfh wfic `gc{ifdfi {ip{d okrgdg) @fhfm dkng`{rfi zknfg-nfgiwf( mfi{zgf df`fic mkicfhfmg dkz{hgpfidkz{hgpfi( mgzfh `fhfm nfh kdaiamg dko{p{nfi mfi{zgf wfic pg`fd pkofpfz `gnf`frdfi `kicfi fhfp rkmki{nfi wfic l{mhfniwf pkofpfz wfic fdngiwf mfi{zgf mkijfg fhpkifpgefhpkifpge rkmki{nfi dko{p{nfi zkjff fzgaifh) Dkgizfefi fdfi f`fiwf dkz{hgpfi-dkz{hgpfi mki`aaic afic {ip{d  mkmgdgdfi jffiwf gf okrgdg( zkpf mkikhgpg fzfz-fzfz n{d{m-n{d{m wfic nf{z mkicfp{ rkmgdgfi

mfi{zgf fcf `frfp mkijfrfg dkokiffi .@) S) Rakzrara`la( Z)N `dd4 6777<6?') @kicfi `kmgdgfi pgmo{hfn z{fp{ ghm{ wfic `gzko{p hacgdf) Zkofcfg rkhara ghm{ hacgdf f`fhfn Fgzpapkhkz .:0>-:?? ZM' `kicfi dfwfiwf wfic pkdkifh `kicfi l{`{h Pa Acfiai) Hacgdf okfzfh `fg dfpf W{ifig hacaz( wfic okfpg {jfrfi( dfpf( rkickpgfi( rgdgfi( ghm{) @fhfm eghzfefp ghm{( hacgdf ogfzf `gc{ifdfi dfkif hacgdf mk{rfdfi sfnfif radad  `fhfm dkghm{fi) Zkjff hkdzgdfh( A~ea` @gjpgaifw `fhfm @) Z{sf`g Ki`fzsff( M)N{m .?26?<63:' mki`kegigzgdfi hacgdf zkofcfg ‘ zjgkijk ae kfzaigic( raae( pngidgic( a  giekkijk4 rfpgj{hf zjnkmk ae a pkfpgzk ai pngz4 jnfgi ae kfzaigic( jakjp a gijakjp 

{zk ae frc{mkip( foghgpw gi frc{mkip( frc{mkipz”) @fhfm dfm{z A~ea` l{cf `gzko{pdfi ofnsf fzhgiwf gzpghfn hkicdfr {ip{d hacgdf f`fhfn hacgdk pkdnik( wfic fpgiwf zkig fpf{ dkpkfmrghfi okrgdg) Rkickpfn{fi mfi{zgf okm{hf `fg rkicfhfmfi-rkicfhfmfi daidkp( rkicfhfmfi zkizgpgua-fzgaifh< aolkd-aolkd( dklf`gfi-dklf`gfi fpf{ rkgzpgsf-rkgzpgsf wfic `ghgnfp fpf{ `gfhfmg .@_) S) Rakzrara`la( Z)N( `dd( 6777<6;-65') Fdfh mfi{zgf pg`fd r{fz `kicfi nfiwf {ip{d mkickpfn{g `fi mkikgmf z{fp{ efdpf zflf) Fdfh mfi{zgf fdfi mkijfg mkicfrf efdpf gp{ ogzf pklf`g( frf rkiwkofoiwf( ofcfgmfif dklf`gfi gp{( frf n{o{icfiiwf zfp{ nfh `kicfi nfh wfic hfgi zkngiccf pgmo{h efdpf pkzko{p `fi zkpk{ziwf)Z{fp{ rkilkhfzfi( wfic mki{il{ddfi dfgpfi fpf{ n{o{icfi fipff `{f nfh fpf{ hkogn( wfic fpfz `fzf fhfzfifhfzfi pkpkip{ `fi `kicfi hficdfn-hficdfn pkpkip{ zfmrfg rf`f z{fp{ dkzgmr{hfi dgpf zko{p  rkifhffi!rkmgdgfi!rkiwgmr{h rkiwgmr{hfi) fi) .@_) S) Rakzrara`la( Z)N( `dd( 6777<65zkofcfg z{fp{  rkifhffi!rkmgdgfi!

63') Zfhfn zfp{ pfckp radad rkhflffi hacgdf f`fhfn mkicfifhgzf lfhfi rgdgfi `fg z{fp{ rkifhffi!rkmgdgfi!rkiwgmr{hfi) 6

Rkdkmoficfi zkhfil{piwf `fg rkickpfn{fi f`fhfn ghm{) Mki{{p L{l{i Z) Z{gfz{mfipg( ghm{ mk{rfdfi d{mr{hfi rkickpfn{fi wfic mkmr{iwfg jgg-jgg pkpkip{ wfic mkmok`fdfi ghm{ `kicfi rkickpfn{fi-rkickpfn{fi hfgiiwf .L{l{i Z) Z{gfz{mfipg( ?26?< ;') Oficzf W{ifig mk{rfdfi oficzf wfic rkpfmf dfhg ‘mkikm{dfi” ghm{) Dfkif oficzf W{ifig pkhfn mki{hgzdfi `fi mkikm{dfi rkickpfn{fi-rkickpfn{fi wfic pkhfn `gmghgdg ahkn mkkdf .mf{r{i wfic okfzfh `fg rkickpfn{fi oficzf hfgi' `fhfm okip{d  p{hgzfi wfic pkz{z{i zkjff zgzpkmfpgz) Mki{{p zklffniwf( fzpaiamg mk{rfdfi ghm{ wfic rkpfmf dfhg m{ij{h( d{fic hkogn zklfd pfn{i ?222 ZM( .L{l{i Z) Z{gfz{mfipg( ?26?< 6>'( `fi zklfd zffp gp{ ghm{ mkicfhfmg rkdkmoficfi wfic rkzfp ngiccf zffp gig) Rkdkmoficfi ghm{ pkip{ pg`fd pkhkrfz `fg f`fiwf rk{ofnfi rahf rgdg mfi{zgf) Eghzfefp f`fhfn z{fp{ jff okrgdg wfic f`gdfh `fi mkiwkh{{n( z{fp{ jff okrgdg wfic mkic{rfz zkz{fp{ zk`fhfm-`fhfmiwf .L{l{i Z) Z{gfz{mfipg( ?26?<0-;') Mfieffp eghzfefp `fhfm dkng`{rfi< 6' Zkofcfg `fzf `fhfm okpgi`fd4 ?' Zkofcfg `fzf `fhfm mkicfmogh dkr{p{zfi4 :' [ip{d mkic{ficg zfhfn rfnfm `fi daiehgd4 0' [ip{d okzgfr zgfcf mkicnf`frg zgp{fzg `{igf wfic zkhfh{ ok{ofn .@) Z{sf`g Ki`fzsff( M)N{m( ?26?<0') F`fr{i eghzfefp wfic rkpfmf m{ij{h f`fhfn fzgaifhgzmk `fi kmrggzmk( wfic dkm{`gfi okdkmofic mkilf`g okofcfg fhgfi eghzfefp) @{igf rki`g`gdfi Gi`aikzgf dkmofhg mkilf`g zaapfi rkmokgpffi ifzaifh fpfz rkgzpgsf pksfziwf Fhfsw W{zgfipa R{pf( zkafic rkhflf ZMF 5 Lfdfpf( fdgofp pfs{fi rf`f nfg _fo{ pficcfh ?5 Zkrpkmok ?26? .DAMRFZ)jam') Pfs{fi fipf rkhflf o{dfihfn nfh fikn `g Gi`aikzgf) Mki{{p `fpf dkrahgzgfi( `g Lfdfpf( zkrfilfic pfn{i ?26? .ngiccf o{hfi Zkrpkmok' pkhfn pklf`g 66 dfhg pfs{fi `kicfi daofi lgsf ; afic .DAMRFZ)jam') Nfh gig mkicgi`gdfzgdfi mkicgi`gdfzgdfi f`f wfic zfhfn `fhfm rki`g`gdfi Gi`aikzgf) Mki{{p Rae)_{rkp)J)Ha`ck(”Gi Rae)_{rkp)J)Ha`ck(”Gi pngz zkizk hgek gz k`{jfpgai fi` k`{jfpgai gz hgek ”) Fpgiwf( zkh{{n rki`g`gdfi mk{rfdfi mfzfhfn ng`{r `fi dkng`{rfi mfi{zgf) Dfkif( zkcfhf rkicfhfmfi zkrfilfic ng`{r mkmokgdfi rkicf{n rki`g`gdfi ofcg zkzkafic) Mfdf `frfp `grfnfmg ofnsf mfzfhfn rki`g`gdfi mkmkh{dfi lfsfofi zkjff eghazaegz)Og`fic eghzfefp rki`g`gdfi f`fhfn l{cf mfzfhfn mfzfhfn ng`{r `fi dkng`{rfi mfi{zgf) @kicfi @kicfi mkicfmogh rkickpgfi rki`g`gdfi zkjff h{fz( okfpg mfzfhfn dkrki`g`gdfi mkmr{iwfg {fic hgicd{r wfic h{fz r{hf( mkhgr{pg zkh{{n fzrkd ng`{r `fi dkng`{rfi mfi{zgf) Zkngiccf apamfpgz dk`{fiwf zfhgic okdfgpfi `fi okdkzgifmo{icfi zfp{ zfmf hfgi) Mki{{p Rae)@)Nfzfi Hficc{h{ic( eghzfefp rki`g`gdfi f`fhfn fdpgugpfz rkmgdgfi pkfp{

wfic

mkilf`gdfi

eghzfefp

zkofcfg

mk`gf

{ip{d

mkiw{z{i

rki`g`gdfi(

mkiwkhffzdfiiwf `fi mkicnfmaigzdfiiwf zkpf mkikfrdfi ighfg-ighfg `fi p{l{fi wfic ?

gicgi `gjfrfgiwf .Rae)@)Nfzfi Hficc{h{ic( 6777<:;') Zkofcfg ghm{ wfic mkilf`g lfsfofi pknf`fr raohkmf-raohkmf `fhfm hfrficfi rki`g`gdfi( mfdf eghzfefp rki`g`gdfi `fhfm dkcgfpfiiwf oke{iczg zkofcfg okgd{p< 6)

Mk{m{zdfi `fzf-`fzf `fi p{l{fi rki`g`gdfi( daizkr nfdgdfp rki`g`gdfi `fi nfdgdfp mfi{zgf( `fi gzg mafh rki`g`gdfi)

?) :)

Mk{m{zdfi pkag( okip{d `fi zgzpkm rki`g`gdfi) Mk{m{zdfi n{o{icfi fipff fcfmf( eghzfefp( eghzfefp rki`g`gdfi( pkag rki`g`gdfi `fi dko{`fwffi) Dkcgfpfi rkmokhflffi `g dkhfz pg`fd hkrfz `fg okokfrf khkmki wfic zfhgic okdfgpfi

zfp{ zfmf wfic hfgiiwf( zkrkpg c{{( rkzkpf `g`gd( d{gd{h{m( mfpf rkhflffi( mkpa`k rkmokhflffi( mk`gf rkmokhflffi( z{mok okhflf( `hh) Rkzkpf `g`gd mk{rfdfi zfhfn zfp{ khkmki wfic rfhgic {pfmf dfkif `ggiwfhfn wfic okrkfi {ip{d mki`frfpdfi ghm{) Okhflf `gficcfr zkofcfg razkz rk{ofnfi rkghfd{ zkofcfg fdgofp `fg rkicfhfmfi `fi hfpgnfi) Nghcf` `fhfm Rae) @) N) Sgif Zfilfwf( M)R` .?225<66?' mkic{icdfrdfi < ‘ Hkfigic gz pnk rajkzz ow sgjn fi fjpgugpw agcfifpkz a jnfick` pna{cn pfgigic rajk`{z .snkpk gi pnk hfoafpaw a gi pnk ifp{fh kiugaimkipn' fz `gzpgic{gznk` eam jnfickz ow efjpaz iap 

fprgo{pfohk pa prfgigic ‘) Ofcg Nghcf`( okhflf gp{ f`fhfn razkz rk{ofnfi mkhfh{g dkcgfpfi fpf{ razk`{ hfpgnfi ofgd `g `fhfm hfoafpag{m mf{r{i `fhfm hgicd{icfi fhfmgfn) Ofiwfd rfi`ficfi wfic mkmofnfz pkipfic pklf`giwf rk{ofnfi pgicdfn hfd{) Mki{{p Lani Hajdk( mfi{zgf gp{ mk{rfdfi acfigzmk wfic rfzge) @kicfi pkag pfo{hffzfiwf( Lani Hajdk mkicficcfr ofnsf mfi{zgf gp{ zkrkpg dkpfz r{pgn( nki`fd  `gp{hgz frf dkpfz gp{ zficfp pkcfip{ic rf`f afic wfic mki{hgziwf)

6)? _{fic Hgicd{r

Ok`fzfdfi hfpf okhfdfic mfzfhfn `gfpfz( mfdf rki{hgz mkmofpfzg mfdfhfn gig {ip{d  mkilfsfo rkpfiwffi zkofcfg okgd{p< f)

Ofcfgmfifdfn Ofcfgmfifdfn rkdkmoficfi ghm{( zklfd mfzf W{ifig ngiccf zffp gig1

o)

Frfdfn rfnfm fzgaifhgzmk1

j)

Frfdfn rfnfm kmrggzmk1

`)

Ofcfgmfifdfn rkikfrfi kmrggzmk `fhfm rki`g`gdfi .dn{z{ziwf rki`g`gdfi Ghm{ Rkickpfn{fi Rkickpfn{fi Zazgfh1

:

6):

P{l{fi Rki{hgzfi

Mfdfhfn gig `gp{hgz `kicfi p{l{fi< 6)

[ip{d mkickpfn{g ofcfgmfifdfn rkdkmoficfi ghm{ zklfd |fmfi W{ifig ngiccf zkdffic4

?)

[ip{d hkogn mkmfnfmg rfnfm fzgaifhgzmk4

:)

[ip{d hkogn mkmfnfmg rfnfm kmrggzmk `fi rkikfrfiiwf `fhfm rki`g`gdfi

0)

[ip{d mkmki{ng zfhfn zfp{ p{cfz mfpfd{hgfn Eghzfefp Ghm{)

6)0 Zgzpkmfpgdf Rki{hgzfi

Mfdfhfn gig `gz{z{i `kicfi mkicc{ifdfi zgzpkmfpgdf zkofcfg okgd{p< Ofo G( Rki`fn{h{fi

Pk`gg `fg Hfpf Okhfdfic Mfzfhfn( _{fic Hgicd{r( P{l{fi Rki{hgzfi `fi Zgzpkmfpgdfi Rki{hgzfi Mfdfhfn) Ofo GG( Rkikfrfi Kmrggzmk `fhfm Rk`g`gdfi Rkickpfn{fi Zazgfh

Pk`gg `fg Rkdkmoficfi Ghm{( Ghm{ `fhfm Rkf`fofi \fmfi D{ia( Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi W{ifig( Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi _amfsg( Ghm{ `fhfm Rkf`fofi Fof` Rkpkicfnfi( Rapkp Ghm{ Rkickpfn{fi Rkga`k Gzhfm( Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi _kifgizfiz .60-65 M'( Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi Ma`ki .63-67 M'(Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi Daipkmrak( _fzgaifhgzmk( _fzgaifhgzmk mki{{p padan-padan eghzfefp ma`ki( _fzgaifhgzmk mki{{p fhgfi M{‑pf|ghfn . _fzgaifhgzmk Gzhfm ' ( Dgpgd Pknf`fr _fzgaifhgzmk( Kmrggzmk( Rkikfrfi Kmrggzmk @fhfm Rki`g`gdfi GRZ) Ofo GGG Dkzgmr{hfi `fi Zffi

Pk`gg `fg Dkzgmr{hfi( wfic mk{rfdfi gicdfzfi `fg gzg mfdfhfn `fi Zffi ofcg rff rkmofjf mfdfhfn gig)

0

OFO GG KMRG_GZMK @FHFM RKI@G@GDFI GHM[ RKICKPFN[FI ZAZGFH

?)6 Rkdkmoficfi Ghm{

Zkokh{m mkmofnfz mkickifg rkdkmoficfi ghm{( pkhkogn `fn{h{ fdfi `grfrfdfi rkickpgfi ghm{ mki{{p okokfrf fnhg) 6)

Mki{{p Manfmmf` Nfppf< ghm{ f`fhfn rkickpfn{fi wfic pkfp{ pkipfic rkdklffi n{d{m df{zfh `fhfm z{fp{ cahaicfi mfzfhfn wfic zfmf pfogfpiwf( mf{r{i mki{{p dk`{`{dfiiwf dk`{`{dfiiwf pfmrfd `fg h{f( mf{r{i mki{{p ofic{ifiiwf `fg `fhfm)

?)

_fhrn _azz `fi Kikzp Ufi @ki Nffc mkiwfpfdfi< ghm{ f`fhfn wfic kmrggz( fzgaifh( {m{m `fi zgzpkmpgd( `fi dkkmrfpiwf zkkipfd)

:)

Mki{{p Dfh Rkfzai< ghm{ f`fhfn h{dgzfi fpf{ dkpkficfi wfic damrknkizge `fi daizgzpki pkipfic efdpf rkicfhfmfi `kicfi gzpghfn wfic zk`knfif)

0)

Mki{{p Fznhkw Maipfc{( ghm{ f`fhfn rkickpfn{fi wfic `gz{z{i `fhfm zfp{ zgzpkm wfic okfzfh `fg rkicfmfpfi( zp{`g `fi rkjaoffi {ip{d mkikip{dfi nfdgdfp rgizgr pkipfic nfh wfic zk`fic `gdflg)

;)

Mki{{p Nfzala< ghm{ f`fhfn< 6'

Mk{rfdfi fd{m{hfzg rkickpfn{fi wfic `gzgzpkmfpgzfzgdfi4

?'

Z{fp{ rki`kdfpfi fpf{ mkpa`k rki`kdfpfi pknf`fr `{igf kmrggz( wfgp{ `{igf wfic pkgdfp ahkn efdpa {fic `fi sfdp{( `{igf wfic rf`f rgizgriwf `frfp `gfmfpg ahkn rfijf gi`kf mfi{zgf4

:'

Z{fp{ jff mkicfifhgzgz wfic mkicg|gidfi dkrf`f fnhg-fnhgiwf {ip{d mkiwfpfdfi zkz{fp{ rarazgzg `fhfm okip{d< ‘Lgdf‥( mfdf‥”) .Rae) @) Fmzfh Ofdnpgf( M)F)(?26?<6;-65') Mki{{p Ckack L) Ma{hw( rkm{hffi ghm{ `frfp `g{z{p zfmrfg rf`f rkm{hffi

mfi{zgf) Pfd `gfc{dfi hfcg ofnsf mfi{zgf r{of pkhfn mkikm{dfi okokfrf n{o{icfi wfic okzgefp kmrggz wfic mkm{icdgidfi mkkdf {ip{d mkickpg dkf`ffi `{igf) Zk`ficdfi Fmzfh P) Ofdnpgf mkmofcg rkga`gzfzg zklffn rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi mkilf`g kmrfp rkga`k< rf`f |fmfi W{ifig d{ia( rf`f |fmfi Gzhfm( rf`f |fmfi kifgzfiz `fi ma`ki( `fi rf`f |fmfi daipkmrak) ;

?)6)6) Ghm{ `fhfm Rkf`fofi \fmfi D{ia

f) Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi W{ifig

Ckack L) Ma{hw( `gf mkmofcg rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rf`f pfnfr figmgzmk( ghm{ kmrggz `fi ghm{ pkagpgz)Rf`f pfnfr figmgzmk( mfi{zgf mfi{zgf mkilkhfzdfi cklfhf wfic wfic `gpkm{giwf `fhfm dkng`{rfi zkofcfg rko{fpfi `ksf-`ksg( nfip{ `fi okofcfg mfdnh{d nfh{z) Rf`f pfnfr gighfn rahf rgdg mgpazkipgz mfzgn zficfp dkipfh mksfifg rkmgdgfi oficzf W{ifig zkokh{m ok{ofn mkilf`g hacazkipgz) Zkggic `kicfi okdkmoficfiiwf sfdp{( eghzfefp `glf`gdfi zkofcfg hfi`fzfi okegdg ahkn oficzf W{ifig {ip{d mkiccfhg ghm{ rkickpfn{fi( zkngiccf okdkmofic rf`f ckikfzg-ckikfzg zkpkhfniwf) Gighfn pgpgd fsfh mfi{zgf mkicc{ifdfi fzga {ip{d mkikhgpg `fi zkdfhgc{z mkmrkpfiwfdfi `ggiwf `fi fhfm lfcf` fwf) Laikz `fhfm  F Ngzpaw ae Skzpki Skzpki ( mkicfpfdfi ofnsf fsfh `fi fdf dkoficdgpfi eghzfefp `fi zfgiz Offp zkrkpg zkdffic gig f`fhfn sfgzfi gipkhkdp{fh W{ifig) Rff fnhg rf`f |fmfi gp{( mkijaof mkmo{fp daizkr pkipfic fzfh m{fzfh fhfm) Jafd `fi zgefp `fg rkmgdgfiwf {ip{d mkmofic{i mkficdfg ofic{ifi ghm{ okzgefp mgpahacgd .dkpkficfiwf `g`fzfdfi fpfz mgpaz `fi dkrkjfwffi zflf') Ifm{i zkpkhfn f`fiwf `kmgpahacgzfzg ahkn rff rkmgdg fhfm zkrkpg Pnfhkz .5?0-;0> ZM'( Fif~gmkikz .;72-;?> ZM'( Rngpfcafz .;:? ZM'( nkfdhgapaz .;:;-03; ZM'( Rfmgig`kz .;02-03; ZM' zkpf ofiwfd hfcg rkmgdg hfgiwf( mfdf rkmgdgfi eghzfefp okdkmofic zkjff jkrfp dkffn r{ijfdiwf) _fukp| `fhfm o{d{iwf Eghzfefp Ghm{ mkiwko{pdfi( rfhgic pg`fd f`f `{f og`fic dkhgm{fi wfic `grkhflfg wfic rf`f

sfdp{ gp{ mki`kdfpg dkmfrfifiiwf(  rkpfmf( ghm{ dk`adpkfi( rfdpkd wfic zkpg`fdiwf mkijaof mkikfrdfi mkpa`k wfic mkikdfidfi aozkufzg( `fi dk`{f( ckamkpg wfic zk`fic mkic{mr{hdfi zkp{mr{dfi nfzgh `g zkr{pf n{o{icfi-n{o{icfi fipff ghm{ ngp{ic wfic `gz{z{i zkjff dn{z{z) Rkga`k zkpkhfn Zajfpkz `gzko{p `kicfi |fmfi dkkmfzfi dkhgm{fi oficzf W{ifig( dfkif rf`f |fmfi gig dflgfi-dflgfi dkhgm{fi wfic m{ij{h f`fhfn rkrf`{fi fipff eghzfefp fhfm `fi eghzfefp pkipfic mfi{zgf) Padan wfic zficfp mkiailah f`fhfn Rhfpa .0?7-:03 ZM'( wfic zkdfhgc{z m{g` Zajfpkz) Rhfpa f`fhfn zkafic eghz{e kfhgkzp .rfhgic p{f' wfic p{hgzfip{hgzfiiwf mfzgn mkicngfzg `{igf fdf`kmgzg ngiccf zffp gig) Dfwfiwf Pgmfk{z mk{rfdfi dfwf wfic zficfp okrkicf{n `g |fmfi zkokh{miwf) Dkm{`gfi m{ij{h Fgzpapkhkz .:>0:?? ZM') Gf f`fhfn m{g` Rhfpa) Gf mkicficcfr mfpkmfpgdf zkofcfg z{fp{ fozpfdzg `fg dkiwfpffi ghmgfn) @fi gf oknfzgh mkikm{dfi rkmkjfnfi rkzafhfi-rkzafhfi okzf eghzfefp wfic `grkzfp{dfiiwf `fhfm zfp{ zgzpkm< hacgdf( mfpkmfpgdf( egzgdf( `fi mkpfegzgdf) Hacgdf

5

Fgzpapkhkz ok`fzfdfi rf`f fifhgzgz ofnfzf wfic `gzko{p zghacgzmk) Rf`f `fzfiwf zghacgzmk pk`gg `fg pgcf rkmgz) o) Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi _amfsg

Ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic rkifn `gpakndfi ahkn Oficzf _amfsg pg`fd ogzf `ghkrfzdfi `fg ofic{ifi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic pkhfn `gz{moficdfi ahkn oficzf W{ifig) @g `fhfm ofiwfd hgpkfp{ wfic f`f( `gzko{pdfi ofnsf oficzf _amfsg mk{rfdfi oficzf wfic rkpfmf dfhg mkicfrhgdfzgdfi pkag-pkag wfic rkifn `g{m{zdfi ahkn oficzf W{ifig( zkngiccf mfpf fipfg dkhgm{fi wfic m{hfg mkm{`f wfic zkahfn-ahfn r{p{z `fhfm zklffn rkdfmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi oficzf W{ifig mkilf`g p{mo{n dkmofhg) Zkngiccf `g `fhfm hfrficfi giaufzg giaufzg ghm{ rkickpfn{fi( oficzf _amfsg pg`fd ofiwfd mkhfngdfi mkhfngdfi rff rkmgdg wfic {h{ic( daizkrpa wfic nfi`fh( `fi rk{m{z pkag `fhfm ficdf mkhkofdfi zfwfr ghm{ rkickpfn{fi) Ifm{i wfic rkh{ `gjfpfp ofnsf oficzf _amfsg mkmo{fp rkmgdgfi zrkd{hfpge W{ifig mkilf`g rfdpgz `fi `frfp `gpkfrfdfi `kicfi m{`fn) Z{moficfi pkokzf oficzf _amfsfg dkrf`f rkf`fofi mfi{zgf pk{pfmf `fhfm og`fic rkmgdgfi zgzpkm n{d{m `fi hkmofcf-hkmofcf rahgpgd( f`f pgcf okip{d rkmgdgfi n{d{m _amfsg wfic ofiwfd `gf`arzg rff rkmgdg Offp( fipff hfgi <  G{z Jgughk( G{z Ckipg{m( G{z  Ifp{fhk) @fg zkcg rkmgdgfi ghm{ rahgpgd( _amfsg mkmokgdfi rkmfnfmfi pkipfic pkag

gmrkg{m( fipff hfgi< 6)

Dkd{fzffi Dkd{fzffi `fi apagpfz ikcff

?)

Kv{fh gcnpz .Rkzfmffi nfd rahgpgd'

:)

Caukimkipfh Jaipfjp .Daipfd Rkmkgipfn'

0)

Rkicf`frpfzgfi dkd{fzffi `fi dkfcfmffi Rff zklffsfi okzrkd{hfzg pkipfic rkiwkofo dkcfcfhfi afic _amfsg `g og`fic

rkickmoficfi ghm{) F`f wfic mkijaof mkhgnfp rko{`fdfi wfic mkicnfmofp `aaicfi ofcg gi`{zpg( zkofcfg rkiwkofoiwf) ?)6)?) Ghm{ `fhfm Rkf`fofi Fof` Rkpkicfnfi

@amgifzg rff pkahac rf`f mfzf gig mksfifg fdpgugpfz ghmgfn rkckfdfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi) Nfh gig `frfp `ghgnfp `fg zkmoawfi wfic okhfd{ ofcg ghm{ rf`f mfzf gig f`fhfn fijghhhf pnkahacgf fpf{ fo`g fcfmf)) Fcfmf Dgzpki mkilf`g raohkmf dkeghzfefpfi dfkif mkicflfdfi ofnsf sfnw{ P{nfihfn wfic mk{rfdfi dkokiffi zklfpg) Gighfn wfic

3

`gficcfr zkofcfg zfhfn zfp{ rkiwkofo mfzf gig `gzko{p `kicfi Fof` ckhfr . `fd fck') [zfnf-{zfnf mkicng`{rdfi dkmofhg dkghm{fi nfiwf zkzkdfhg `ghfd{dfi ahkn flf-flf okzf zkrkpg Fhek` `fi Jnfhkmfcik) Ifm{i `g Pgm{ pk{pfmf `g sgfwfn dkd{fzffi Gzhfm l{zp{ pklf`g rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic rkzfp) f) Rapkp Ghm{ Rkickpfn{fi Rkga`k Gzhfm

Mki{{p Nf{i Ifz{pgai( dkghm{fi okdkmofic rf`f |fmfi Gzhfm dhfzgd .5;2-6?;2 M') Dkghm{fi gig `grkicf{ng ahkn rkzkrzg pkipfic ofcfgmfif pgiccgiwf dk`{`{dfi fdfh zkrkpg wfic pk`frfp `fhfm fh-V{bfi `fi nf`gz) Rkzkrzg gig okpkm{ `kicfi rkzkrzg wfic zfmf `fg W{ifig mkhfh{g eghzfefp `fi zfgiz W{ifig wfic okf`f `g dapf-dapf r{zfp rkf`fofi W{ifig `g @{igf Gzhfm \fmfi Dhfzgd( zkrkpg Fhk~fi`gf .Mkzg'( L{i`gzwfr{ .Gfd'( Fipfdgf .Zwggf'( `fi Ofjpf .Rkzgf') @fhfm hfrficfi dk`adpkfi m{ij{h ifmf-ifmf pkdkifh zkrkpg < Fh- ḠĆsĤ dfwf fhfh_Ć|Ĥ .>;2-7?:' .>;2-7?:' mk{rfdfi zko{fn zko{fn kizgdhark`g mkickifg mkickifg zkh{{n rkdkmoficfi rkdkmoficfi ghm{ dk`adpkfi zfmrfg mfzfiwf) _nf|fz mkicffic z{fp{ Kijwjhark`gf Kijwjhark`gf ghm{ dk`adpkfi `kicfi  l{`{h Jaipgikiz( Goi{ Zgif .7>2-62:3' mki{hgz o{d{-o{d{ dk`adpkfi .fh-Vai{i' wfic mkilf`g zpfi`f `fhfm ghm{ dk`adpkfi `g Karf) Fh-Dnfsfg|mg .Fhcagzm{z fpf{ Fhcnafgzm{z' mkiw{z{i o{d{ Fhlfof rf`f pfn{i >?; M( wfic mkilf`g o{d{ zpfi`f okokfrf fof` `g Karf) Gf l{cf mki{hgz rkngp{icfi ogfzf . Fgpnmkpgjz  Fgpnmkpgjz'( wfic mkilf`g rkmo{df lfhfi rkicc{iffi jff `kzgmfh `g Karf {ip{d mkiccfipgdfi p{hgzfi _amfsg) Goi{ _{zn` .66?5-667>' zkafic eghz{e wfic mkipklkmfndfi `fi mkicamkipfg dfwf-dfwf Fgzpapkhkz) Fh G`gz .6622-6655' pkhfn mkmo{fp 32 rkpf `fg `fkfn wfic `gdkifh rf`f mfzf gp{ {ip{d `gzfmrfgdfi dkrf`f _flf Oack GG `fg dkflffi Zgjghgf) @fhfm og`fic dgmgf f`f LĆog goi ḠfwwĆi .Ckok' `fi fh fh--OĤŤiĤ .:5?-00? .:5?-00? N!73:-62;2 N!73:-62;2 M') Zkofcgfi dfwf LĆog goi ḠfwwĆi mkmfrfdfi mkpa`k-mkpa`k mkpa`k -mkpa`k rkicahfnfi okofcfg |fp dgmgf mf{r{i mkpa`k rkm{igfiiwf) Zkhfgi `gzgrhgi-`gzgrhgi ghm{ `g fpfz( zkofcgfi {mfp Gzhfm l{cf mkikd{ig hacgdf `fi fh-EĆĆoĤ .s) 7;2 M'( Goi ZĤiĆ fpf{ Fugjkiif .s) 62:3 M'( fh eghzfefp) Zko{p zflf fh-Dgi`Ĥ( fh- Dgi`Ĥ( fhCnf|ĆhĤ .s) 6666 M'( Goi OĆlfn fpf{ Fukmrfjk .s) 66:> M'( Goi Ṩ{efwh fpf{ Fo{ofj k .s) 66>; M'( `fi Goi _{zn` fpf{ Fukakz .s) 667> M') Mki{{p Ekhg~ Dhkgi-Efidk( fh- Dgi`Ĥ  oklfzf mkmo{fp eghzfefp `fi ghm{ W{ifig `frfp `gfdzkz `fi mkmofic{i eai`fzg eghzfefp `fhfm Gzhfm `fg z{mok-z{mok wfic lffic `fi z{hgp( wfic zkofcgfi `g fipffiwf dkm{`gfi Fh-Dgi`Ĥ zficfp gicgi mkmrkdkifhdfi eghzfefp `gpk{zdfi `fi `gdkmoficdfi ahkn fh-EĆĆoĤ) fh- EĆĆoĤ) Fh-

>

`fi zfgiz W{ifig dkrf`f zkzfmf rkmfdfg ofnfzf Ffo) _fzgaifhgzmk Goi _{zn` mkicghnfmg afic Offp rf`f fof` rkpkicfnfi `fi m{hfg mkmofic{i dkmofhg rkf`fofi mkkdf wfic z{`fn pkr{{d okfof`-fof` hfmfiwf wfic pks{l{` `kicfi hfngiwf |fmfi rkijkfnfi fpf{ kifgzfiz) Rf`f |fmfi gp{ oficzf Ffo l{cf mkilf`g rkmgmrgi `g og`fic Ghm{ Fhfm) Z{moficfi zflfif Gzhfm `frfp `gdhfzgegdfzgdfi dk `fhfm pgcf og`fic( wfgp{ < 6)

Mkiklkmfndfi rkigiccfhfi oficzf W{ifig `fi mkiwkofh{fzdfi zk`kmgdgfi {rf( zkngiccf `frfp `gdkifh `{igf Offp zkrkpg zkdffic gig)

?)

Mkmrkh{fz rkicfmfpfi `fhfm hfrficfi ghm{ dk`adpkfi( aofp-aofpfi( fzpaiamg( ghm{ dgmgf( ghm{ o{mg( `fi ghm{ p{mo{n-p{mo{nfi)

:)

Mkikcfzdfi Mkikcfzdfi zgzpkm `kzgmfh `fi `fzf-`fzf fhlfof)

?)6):) Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi _kifgizfiz .60-65 M'

_kifgzfiz mk{rfdfi kf zklffn wfic rki{n `kicfi dkmfl{fi `fi rk{ofnfi wfic mkicfi`{ic fpg ofcg rkdkmoficfi ghm{) _kifgzfiz f`fhfn rkga`k rkdkmoficfi rkf`fofi wfic pkhkpfd `g {l{ic fpf{ zkz{`fn fof` dkckhfrfi zfmrfg m{ij{h fof` ma`ki) Jgg {pfmf kifgzfiz wfgp{ n{mfigzmk( gi`gug`{fhgzmk( zkd{hkgzmk( kmrggzgzmk( `fi fzgaifhgzmk) @fg rkcf{hfi `kicfi rkf`fofi Gzhfm ( m{ij{h dfficfi-dfficfi dfficfi-dfficfi zrkd{hfpge  zk`knfif pkipfic eghzfefp ghmgfn) Fof` dk-6: mkiwfdzgdfi ok`ggiwf {igukzgpfz `fi |fmfi dkokzffi rkickpfn{fi zdahfzpgd) Ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic okdkmfic mfl{ rf`f mfzf gig f`fhfn og`fic fzpaiamg) fzpaiamg) Padan-padaniwf wfic wfic pkdkifh fipff hfgi < _ack Ofjai( Jarkigj{z( Cfhghka Cfhghkg) Ofjai okrki`frfp ofnsf mfpkmfpgdf mk{rfdfi zwffp m{phfd  {ip{d mkicahfn zkm{f rkickpfn{fi) Rki`frfp Jarkigj{z okdkiffi `g og`fic fzpaiamg wfgp{ o{mg `fi rhfikp zkm{fiwf mkickhghgicg mfpfnfg( zkngiccf mfpfnfg mkilf`g r{zfp .nkhgazkipgzgzmk') Cfhghka Cfhghkg mkikgmf rki`frfp pkipfic rgizgr pfpf z{wf wfic nkhgazkipgzgzmk) Zkhfgi gp{( gf mkmo{fp zko{fn pkaraic ogipfic wfic pkokzf rf`f mfzf gp{ `fi mkicfmfpg okokfrf rkgzpgsf ficdfzf zkjff hficz{ic) Hficdfn-hficdfn wfic `ghfd{dfi ahkn Cfhghka `fhfm og`fic gig mkififmdfi rkicf{n wfic d{fp ofcg rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi ma`ki( dfkif mki{il{ddfi okokfrf nfh zkrkpg < rkicfmfpfi .aozkufpgai'( rkiwgicdgfi .khgmgifpgai'( zkcfhff nfh wfic pg`fd pkmfz{d  `fhfm rkgzpgsf wfic `gfmfpg( rkgzpgsf pkzko{p( rkicfmfhfi . rk`gjpgai'( rkic{d{fi .mkfz{kmkip '( '( `fi rkjaoffi . k~rkgmkip ' {ip{d mkic{lg pkag wfic `g`fzfdfi rf`f fmfhfi mfpkmfpgd)

7

?)6)0) Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi Ma`ki .63-67 M'

Rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi rf`f |fmfi ma`ki gig zkz{ic{niwf z{`fn `ggipgz  rf`f mfzf _fifgzzfijk( wfgp{ rf`f fof` ^GU( `fi `gmfpficdfi ahkn ’ckfdfi‑ F{edhfk{ic `g fof` dk-6>) @g `fhfmiwf f`f `{f gi`gdfzg wfgp{(  rkpfmf( zkmfdgi okd{ficiwf dkd{fzffi Ckklf( dk`{f( zkmfdgi okpfmofniwf dkd{fzffi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi) f) Fof` dk-63 zfmrfg 6> .fof` dhfzgd-F{edhfk{ic'

Rf`f fof` dk-63 pklf`g rk{m{zfi dkmofhg wfic f`gdfh pknf`fr aolkd-aolkd `fi e{iczg-e{iczg rkickpfn{fi fhfmgfn) Rf`f fof` gig( sfjfif krgzpkmahacg rf`f ghm{ rkickpfn{fi mki`frfp rknfpgfi rkipgic `fhfm zklffniwf) [ip{d mkilfsfo rkpfiwffirkpfiwffi wfic okzgefp krgzpgmahacgz gig( mfdf `{f fhgfi eghzfefp wfic mkmokgdfi  lfsfofi okok`f( ofndfi zfhgic okpkipficfi) Fhgfi F hgfi eghzfefp egh zfefp pkzko{p gfhfn fzgaifhgzmk `fi kmrkgzmk) Mkilkhfic fof` d-6>( m{hfghfn kuah{zg gi`{zpg wfic mkipfizeamfzgdfi Karf `fg mfzwffdfp fcfgz mkilf`g mfzwffdfp rkdapffi4 rf`f fdng fof` gighfn pklf`g _kuah{zg Rkfijgz( fdpgugpfz ghm{ mkicfhfmg rk{ofnfi-rk{ofnfi wfic zk`kmgdgfi {rf) Cfwf `amgifi ghm{ `g |fmfi kuah{zg f`fhfn mfpkmfpgz) @fhfm rkikfrfiiwf( mkpa`kmkpa`k wfic `gc{ifdfi ok{frf fzgaifhgzfzg Zkhfil{piwf padan rkikm{ `g og`fic zfgiz rf`f |fmfi ma`ki( dn{z{ziwf rf`f fof` dk-63-6> M( wfgp{ < Zg Gzffj Ikspai .650:-63?3 M'( Hkgoig| .6505-6365 M'( Lazkrn Ohfjd  .63?>-6377 M'( Lazkrn Rkzphkw .63::-6>20 M'( Fipaigk Hf{kip Hfuagzk .630:-6370 M'( `fi L)L) Pnamrzai .6>73 M') Ikspai f`fhfn rkikm{ pkag cfugpfzg( rkngp{icfi jfhj{h{z( `fi arpgdf wfic mki`fzfg ghm{ fhfm) Rf`f mfzf Ikspai( ghm{ wfic okdkmofic f`fhfn mfpkmfpgdf( egzgdf( `fi fzpaiamg) L)L) Pnamrzai mkikm{dfi khkdpai) @kicfi rkikm{fiiwf gig( mfdf {ip{nhfn ficcfrfi ofnsf fpam f`fhfn ofnfi pkdkjgh `fi m{hfghfn ghm{ of{ `fhfm dkficdf dgmgf-egzgdf wfgp{ egzgdf i{dhg) o) Fof` dk-67

Fof` dk-67 mk{rfdfi fof` kmfz `fhfm rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi) Ghm{ mkh{fz mkilf`g og`fic-og`fic rkikhgpgfi `fi zficfp oknfzgh) Rkh{fzfi gp{ mkhgr{pg rkiccfo{icfi mfpkmfpgdf `kicfi kdzrkgmki egzgdf( rkikfrfi pkag dkrf`f kdzrkgmki `fhfm dgmgf( `fi kdzrkgmki wfic pkdki`fhg `fhfm ogahacg) Rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rf`f fof` dk-6> pkhfn mkhfngdfi ghm{ zkrkpg pfdzaiamg( kdaiamg( dfhd{h{z( `fi zpfpgzpgdf( zkmkipff

62

rf`f fof` dk-67 hfnghfn rnfmfdahacg( ckaegzgdf( ckamarnahacg( rfhfkipahacg( fdkahacg( `fi zazgahacg) Rf`f pfnfr zkhfil{piwf( ghm{-ghm{ ghm{-gh m{ |fmfi ma`ki mkmkicf{ng rkdkmoficfi ghm{ |fmfi daipkmrak) ?)6);) Ghm{ rf`f \fmfi Daipkmrak

\fmfi daipkmrak f`fhfn kf rkdkmoficfi pkfdng wfic pklf`g `fg fof` ?2-fi ngiccf zkdffic) Rkdkmoficfi ghm{ `g |fmfi gig mkicfhfmg dkmfl{fi rkzfp( zkngiccf zrkzgfhgzfzg ghm{ zkmfdgi zkmfdgi mkigicdfp) mkigicdfp) Nfmrg zkh{{n og`fic ghm{ `fi pkdiahacg( ghm{-ghm{ zazgfh zkrkpg zazgahacg( fiparahacg( rzgdahacg( kdaiamg( n{d{m( `fi rahgpgd zkpf ghm{-ghm{ kdzfdpf zkrkpg egzgdf( dgmgf( `fi ogahacg zkpf frhgdfzg-frhgdfzgiwf `g og`fic pkdiahacg kdfwfzf ckikpgdf( gieamfzg( `fi dam{igdfzg) Mki{{p zkl{mhfn rkicfmfp rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi ofnsf |fmfi daipkmrak g`kipgd `kicfi kdaizp{dzg( `kdaizp{dzg( `fi giaufzg-giaufzg pkdiahacg `g okofcfg og`fic) Pkdiahacg mk{rfdfi o{fn `fg rkdkmoficfi rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic `gdkmoficdfi `fg ckikfzg dk ckikfzg) Rkdkmoficfi GRPKD rf`f |fmfi gig `gpfi`fg ahkn f`fiwf kipkpfi pkm{fi-pkm{fi of{ zkrkpg pkm{fi pkipfic hgzpgd  .Mgjnfkh Eff`fw'( cfwf khkdpamfcikpgd .Lfmkz Jhkd Mf~skhh( 6>32' `fhgh pkm{fi Zgif-^ .Nkiw Ofjv{kkh') @g fsfh |fmfi daipkmrak gig( ghm{ rkickpfn{fi ofiwfd `gnfzghdfi ahkn ghm{fi Offp) Nfh gig m{hfg mkij{fp dkpgdf Offp oknfzgh mkijgrpfdfi oai fpam wfic `gficcfr mk{rfdfi zfhfn zfp{ ‘ra`{d ckmghfic” GRPKD( `fi mkikhfi daofi fp{zfi go{  lgsf mfi{zgf `g Ngazngmf Ngazngmf `fi Ifcfzfdg Ifcfzfdg rf`f pfn{i 670;) Ifm{i zkggic `kicfi sfdp{ oklfhfi( rkk`ffi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi m{hfg pg`fd zflf okdgohfp dk Offp zflf( pkpfrg dgig ghm{ rkickpfn{fi m{hfg `gdkmoficdfi `g okofcfg Ikcff( dn{z{ziwf Ikcff-ikcff Ikcff-ikcff Fzgf( zkrkpg Lkrfic( Jgif( Dakf( Gi`gf( `fi Gfi) Ofndfi( L{ifh Ikszjgkipgzp mkm{fp nfzgh rkikhgpgfi Zjgkijk-Mkpg~( zko{fn rk{zfnffi `g Mapkfh( Dfif`f wfic mkhfd{dfi kufh{fzg fpfz rkdkmoficfi `fi ra`{d ghm{ rkickpfn{fi zkpf pkdiahacg `g okofcfg ikcff) @fhfm hfrafi nfzgh rkikhgpgfiiwf( Zjgkijk-Mkpg~ mkiwko{pdfi ofnsf dkmfl{fi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi `g ikcff Gfi zkokhfz dfhg hkogn jkrfp `gofi`gicdfi `gofi`gicdfi ikcff-ikcff ikcff-ikcff hfgiiwf `g `{igf) Rk{zfnffi gp{ mkicfmfpg f`fiwf ‘rkckzkfi ckarahgpgz `fhfm og`fic ghm{ rkickpfn{fi `fi dfwf” wfic `gnfzghdfi ikcff -ikcff `g `{igf) Mki{{p Zjgkijk-Mkpg~( ofiwfdiwf dfwf-dfwf ghmgfn wfic `gm{fp `g Sko ae  Zjgkijk mki{il{ddfi ofnsf zpfi`f rkp{mo{nfi dfwf ghmgfn `g Pgm{ Pkicfn( dn{z{ziwf

`g Gfi `fi P{dg( iwfgz mki`kdfpg ficdf kmrfp dfhg hkogn jkrfp `fg fpf-fpf rkp{mo{nfi `g `{igf)

66

?)?

_fzgaifhgzmk

?)?)6

_fzgaifhgzmk mki{{p padan-padan eghzfefp ma`ki

_fzgaifhgzmk mk{rfdfi fhgfi efhzfefn wfic okrfi`ficfi ofnsf `fzf `fi z{mok rkickpfn{fi( fpf{ zkjff {m{m efhzfefn( f`fhfn fdfh fpf{ fzga) F`fhfn fdfh( wfic ogzf `glf`gdfi `fzf zkdfhgc{z z{mok rkickpfn{fi( zkngiccf oknfzgh mkmrkahkn rkickpfn{fi wfic pkpfr `fi rfzpg( zkpf fozah{p `fi {igukzfh) Zkofcfg

zko{fn

krgzpkmahacg(

fzgaifhgzmk

mkicc{ifdfi

fdzgamf-fdzgamf(

rkickpgfi-rkickpgfi rkickpgfi-rkickpgfi fpf{ rgizgr-rgizgr {m{m fzgaifh wfic okzgefp f-rgag( zkofcfg ofzgz rkickpfn{fi zkdfhgc{z zkofcfg z{mok) Frf wfic okzkz{fgfi `kicfi rgizgr- rgizgr `gmfdz{` gig( `fi zkcfhf nfh wfic `frfp `g`k`{dzgdfi `fg rgizgr-rgizgr pkzko{p( gp{hfn rkickpfn{fi ofcg dfhficfi fzgaifhgzmk) Zkz{fp{ wfic pg`fd `g`k`{dzgdfi `fg rgizgrrgizgr f-rgag( fpf{ pg`fd zkz{fg `kicfi rgizgr-rgizgr pkzko{p( gp{ o{dfihfn rkickpfn{fi( gf nfiwfhfn zkdk`f argig) F`fr{i zkofoiwf pg`fd f`f mkpa`k okegdg wfic rfzpg) @kzjfpkz mkickm{dfdfi mkpa`k of{ wfgp{ mkpa`k dkfc{-fc{fi) Lgdf afic fc{ pknf`fr zkz{fp{( `fhfm dkfc{-fc{fi dkfc{-fc{fi gp{ lkhfz gf zk`fic okegdg) Zkofo wfic zk`fic okegdg gp{ pkip{ f`f `fi  lkhfz pkfic oki`kfic) oki`kfic) Jacgpa Kca Z{m zfwf okegdg( mfdf lkhfzhfn ofnsf f`f)  _fzgaifhgzmk  _fzgaifhgzmk mkicfpfdfi ofnsf rkickifhfi wfic zficfp zklfpg okfzfh `fg fzga(

zkngiccf rkickifhfi rkickifhfi gi`kfsg mk{rfdfi z{fp{ okip{d rkickifhfi wfic dfo{) Hkogn `kpfgh( _fzgaifhgzmk f`fhfn mk{rfdfi efnfm fpf{ fhgfi wfic ok`fzfdfi fzga( g`k-g`k wfic mfz{d fdfh) Zkhfgi gp{ pg`fd f`f z{mok dkokiffi wfic nfdgdg)zflf) nfdgdg)zflf) _fzgaifhgzmk mki{{p Jngzpgfi Sahhe) mkmofcg hfrficfi rkickpfn{fi mkilf`g pgcf og`fic wfgp{ frf wfic gf zko{p `kicfi < dazmahacg fzgaifh( rzgdahacg fzgaifh( `fi pka`gahacg fzgaifh )

6)

Dazmahacg _fzgaifh f`fhfn rkickpfn{fi wfic okficdfp `fg rkmgz( mgzfhiwf < @{igf gig pkofpfz `fhfm {fic `fi sfdp{( `fi rf`f nfdkdfpiwf pk`gg `fg dkzfp{fi-dkzfp{fi wfic pg`fd `frfp `grgzfn-rgzfndfi) @fg rgizgr gig dkm{`gfi rkickpfn{fi pkipfic `{igf `g`k`{dzgdfi) `g`k`{dzgdfi)

?)

Rzgdahacg fzgaifh f`fhfn rkickpfn{fi wfic okn{o{icfi lgsf) Rkickpfn{fi gig okficdfp `fg rkmgz ofnsf {n gp{ f`fhfn z{opfizg wfic pg`fd pkofcg-ofcg( ofpngigwfn( zk`knfif `zp) @fg rkmgz gig dkm{`gfi rkickpfn{fi pkipfic lgsf `g `k`{dzgdfi zgefpiwf( dkmfmr{fiiwf( `fi dkfof`gfiiwf)

6?

:)

Pkahacg fzgaifh( `fhfm rkickpfn{fi gig( Sahhe mkickm{dfdfi rgizgr( ofnsf p{nfi f`fhfn kfhgpfz wfic zkz{icc{niwf( wfic rfhgic zkmr{if) @fg rgizgr gig dkm{`gfi `g`k`{dzgdfi {l{`-Iwf `kicfi `{igf `zp)

Padan-padaniwf

6) _kik @kzjfpkz .6;75 -65;2' ?) Igjnahfz Mfhkofijnk .65:> -633;' :) O) @k Zrgia|f .65:? -6533 M' 0) C)S)Hkgoig| .6705-6365' ;) Jngzpgfi Sahee .6537 -63;0' 5) Ohfgzk Rfzjfh .65?: -655? M' Mki{{p@kzjfpkz( mfpkmfpgdf m{icdgi mkhfd{dfi gp{ hfipffi gf mkmr{iwfg `{f rkicarkfzgfi mkipfh) @g mfif `kicfi `{f nfh gp{hfn( rkickpfn{fi wfic zkz{icc{niwf fdfi ogzf `gfgn) Rkpfmf( gip{gzg) Gip{gzg mk{rfdfi rkmfnfmfi dgpf fpfz rgizgr o{dpg `gg) Mgzfhiwf

rkzfmffi fgpmfpgdf ofnsf( ? $ ; = 3) Rkmo{dpgfi fdfi dkokiffi rkzfmffi gig f`fhfn mkicc{ifdfi rkmgdgfi fpf{ fdfh( `gfzgadfi) @fhfm nfh gig( mfpkmfpgdf mkmr{iwfg rgizgr-rgizgr wfic dkokiffiiwf dkokiffiiwf pkhfn `gfd{g `fhfm fdfh( wfic `grfnfmg ofnsf gp{ okif) Dk`{f( `k`{dzg) @k`{dzg wfic `gmfdz{` `g zgig gfhfn rkmgdgfi fpf{ dkzgmr{hfi hacgz

wfic `gp{{idfi `fg rgizgr o{dpg `gg) Rkzfmffi fgpmfpgdf `g fpfz mgzfhiwf( `kicfi rkzfmffi gp{ dgpf ogzf mki`k`{dzgdfi( mki`k`{dzgdfi( wfdig mki{{idfi dkzgmr{hfi-dkzgmr{hfi hfgi wfic zk{rf) Rkikc{nfi dfhficfi fzgaifhgz ofnsf nfiwf fdfh wfic mkilf`g ofzgz `fi z{mok rkickpfn{fi( o{dfihfn okfpg ofnsf dfhficfi gig mkifegdfi rkicfhfmfi zkjff papfh zkrki{niwf) Fpgiwf( fzgaifhgzmk mfzgn pkpfr mkmfi`fic rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg zko{fn d{fhgpfz wfic okighfg( mkzdgr{i df`f ighfg gp{ pkip{iwf pg`fd zkpgiccg fdfh fpf{ fzga) Ofcg dfhficfi fzgaifhgz( rkicfhfmfi `frfp mkilf`g rkhkicdfr ofcg fdfh)

?)?)? _fzgaifhgzmk mki{r{p mki{r{p fhgrfi M{‗pf|ghfn

. _fzgaifhgzmk Gzhfm '

_fzgaifhgzmk f`fhfn zko{fn dkjki`k{icfi rkmgdgfi wfic okagkipfzg rf`f {rfwf mkifezgdfi fhfm `fi zkcfhf ekiamkifiwf( mfi{zgf `fi rko{fpfiiwf( `kicfi okp{mr{ rf`f zkl{mhfn pkag) Fhgfi fzgaifhgzmk pg`fd pkhkpfd rf`f rkickmofhgfi zkcfhf zkz{fp{ dkrf`f daizkr zkmfpf( mkhfgidfi rf`f {rfwf mkifezgdfi cklfhf-cklfhf( ofgd fhfm fpf{r{i 6:

mfi{zgf( zkz{fg `kicfi dfg`fn-dfg`fn fzgaifh)Dfkifiwf( m{icdgi zflf dkjki`k{icfi fzgaifhgz f`f `fhfm zgzpkm dkrkjfwffi frfr{i( zkhfmf rkmo{dpgfi pkdz-pkdz dk fcfmffi `ghfd{dfi `kicfi `fhgh-`fhgh fzgaifh) M{‑pf|ghfn f`fhfn mf|nfo fzgaifhgzmk `fhfm rkmgdgfi Gzhfm) Fhfzfiiwf( o{dfi dfkif mkkdf mkmo{dpgdfi dkrkjfwffi-dkrkjfwffi wfic nfiwf dgpf pkgmf hksfp rkfipfffi sfnw{ `kicfi fc{mki-fc{mki fzgaifh( pfrg l{cf dfkif mkkdf mkmrkjfwfg fdfh ngiccf rf`f hkukh Kdzpkm( zkrkpg lgdf zko{fn pkdz .ifzn' fcfmf okpkipficfi `kicfi fdfh mfi{zgf( mfdf M{‑pf|ghfn fdfi okrgnfd dkrf`f fdfh( `fi pkdz fcfmf gp{ nf{z `g pfezgdfi) Mfi{zgf( mki{{p M{‑pf|ghfn( lgdf okfdfh `fi okrgdg rfzpg mkmghgdg rkickpfn{fi pkipfic P{nfi( zkdfhgr{i sfnw{ okh{m `g p{{idfi dkrf`fiwf) Rki{hgz o{d{ fh-mfsfvge( fh-glg( mkikficdfi zgdfr fzgaifh M{‑pf|ghfn `fhfm mfzfhfn rko{fpfi) Mki{{piwf( raohkmfpgdf ofgd  .nfzfi' `fi o{{d  . vfogn ' zkrkpg `g`gzd{zgdfi `fhfm rkmgdgfi M{‑pf|ghfn mkicfi`{ic pgcf fpg
Okofcfg dgpgdfi wfic `ghaipfdfi `fg rff eghaz{e pknf`fr rfi`ficfi fzgaifhgzmk wfic fdngiwf ok`fmrfd okpfmofniwf rfi`ficfi rfi`ficfi of{ fipff hfgi < 6) Rkickpfn{fi Rkickpfn{fi fzgaifhgzmk `gokip{d ahkn g`k wfic pg`fd `frfp `ghgnfp mf{r{i `gfof) ?) Kdzgzpkizg g`k wfic z{`fn rfzpg `fi ofsffi ofsffi okh{m `frfp `gd{fpdfi `gd{fpdfi ahkn dkd{fpfi `fi dkwfdgifi wfic zfmf) :) Pk`frfp rkok`ffi rki`frfp `gfipff df{m fzgaifhgzmk mkickifg dkokiffi `fzf wfic

mkilf`g

hfi`fzfi

`fhfm

mkifhf)

Rhfpa)Zp)Fc{zpgik(

`fi

@kzjfpkz

mkickmoficdfi mkickmoficdfi pkag fzgaifh zkjff zki`gg `fi okok`f) 0) Df{m

fzgaifhgzmk

`gficcfr

fdfi

mkikm{dfi

mfzfhfn

wfic

okzf

`fhfm

mkicfmoficdfi rfi`ficfiwf `fhfm dkng`{rfi wfic rfdpgz) Dkjki`k{icfi pknf`fr fofdzg `fi dkjki`k{icfi `fhfm mkfc{dfi zkpf mkiwficdfh zfniwf rkicfhfmfi dkgi`ffi pkhfn `gdgpgd afic nfogz-nfogzfi ;) Df{m fzgaifh mkmrkhfd{dfi g`k fpf{ daizkr zkfdfi-fdfi mkkdf f`fhfn oki`f wfic aolkdpge) _fzgaifhgzmk zkofcfg z{fp{ mkpa`k wfic zficfp mkfc{dfi `fhfm mkmrkahkn

60

rkickpfn{fi wfic `frfp `gfi`fhdfi)Pkag fzgaifh cfcfh mkilfhfzdfi rk{ofnfi `fi rkpfmofnfi rkpfmofnfi rkickpfn{fi mfi{zgf zkhfmf gig) 5) Ofiwfd g`k wfic z{`fn rfzpg pfrg z{fp{ sfdp{ dkm{`gfi ok{ofn rf`f sfdp{ wfic hfgi) L{l{i Z)Z{gfz{mfipg .?26? < 6:0-6:;') Ifm{i `kmgdgfi( raohkm `fi dgpgd fpfz fzgaifhgzmk pkzko{p( pkip{iwf o{dfi okfpg ofnsf fzgaifhgzmk pg`fd mkmr{iwfg fpg fpf{ mfieffp zfmf zkdfhg) Zkofhgdiwf( zkofcfg zko{fn fhgfi efhzfefn zkdfhgc{z zko{fn krgzpkmahacg( dgfiwf fzgaifhgzmk pkhfn oklfzf ofiwfd ofcg zklffn efhzfefn)Mkhfh{g ofrfd daipgikipfhiwf( fzgaifhgzmk pkhfn mkilf`g rgip{ {pfmf ofcg dkhfngfi efhzfefn ofofd ma`ki( wfic rf`f cghgfiiwf pkhfn oknfzgh mkhfngdfi okofcfg fhgfi-fhgfi efhzfefn hfgiiwf( pkmfz{d fhgfi wfic mkikipficiwf) ?):

Kmrggzmk

@fhfm dkng`{rfi( mfi{zgf `fg sfdp{ dk sfdp{ zklfd |fmfi `{h{ zfmrfg zkdffic fdfi zkhfh{ mkijfg rkickpfn{fi wfic okzgefp m{phfd `fi rfzpg) Ifm{i zklfd |fmfi Fgzpapkhkz `fhfm mkijfg rkickpfn{fi m{hfg `g`fzfdfi dkrf`f rkicfhfmfi mfi{zgf) Dfpf kmrggzmk okfzfh `fg ofnfzf W{ifig kmrkgf wfic okfpg rkicfhfmfi) Lf`g kmrggzmk mk{rfdfi zko{fn rfnfm wfic mkicficcfr ofnsf rkicfhfmfi f`fhfn z{mok rkickpfn{fi) Kmrggzmk l{cf okfpg zko{fn rfnfm wfic mkicficcfr ofnsf rkicfhfmfi rkicfhfmfi mfi{zgf `g`frfp `fg rkicfhfmfi-rkicfhfmfi wfic iwfpf `fi efdp{fh) Rkicfhfmfi wfic iwfpf pkzko{p `g`frfpdfi `fg pficdfrfi rfijfgi`f mfi{zgf) Zkngiccf rkickpfn{fi wfic `g`frfp mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfi mk{rfdfi zko{fn d{mr{hfi efdpf-efdpf) Df{m kmrggz mkmkcfic pkc{n rki`frfp ofnsf rkickpfn{fi rkickpfn{fi mfi{zgf `frfp `grkahkn hksfp rkicfhfmfi) Pk`frfp okokfrf fzrkd `fhfm pkag kmrggz mki{{p L{l{i Z) Z{gfz{mfipg .?26?<6:5-6:3') Rkpfmf f`fhfn rkok`ffi fipff wfic mkickpfn{g `fi wfic `gdkpfn{g) Wfic mkickpfn{g f`fhfn z{owkd zk`fic oki`f wfic `gdkpfn{g f`fhfn aowkd) Dk`{f( dkokiffi fpf{ rkic{lgfi dkokiffi `fg efdpf fpf{ aowkd `g`fzfdfi dkrf`f

rkicfhfmfi mfi{zgf) Mki{{p df{m kmrggz ofnsf rkiwfpffi f`f fpf{ pg`fd f`fiwf zkz{fp{ nf{zhfn mkmki{ng rkzwffpfi rkic{lgfi r{ohgd) Fzrkd wfic dkpgcf f`fhfn rgizgr dkpkfp{fi wfgp{ rkickpfn{fi pkipfic fhfm `g`fzfdfi rf`f rkzkrzg mkickifg jff wfic pkfp{ pkipfic pgicdfn hfd{ zkz{fp{) zkz{fp{) Rf`f `fzfiwf `fzfiwf fhfm f`fhfn f`fhfn pkfp{) Fzrkd  dkkmrfp  wfgp{ rgizgr dkzk{rffi) Fpgiwf oghf pk`frfp cklfhf-cklfhf wfic `g`fzfdfi rkicfhfmfi f`fhfn g`kipgd fpf{ zfmf)

6;

Lani Hajdk zkofcfg padan df{m kmrggz( `fhfm pkagiwf wfic pkdkifh wfgp{ pfo{hffzf( okrki`frfp ofnsf rgdgfi mfi{zgf rf`f zffp hfng `gficcfr zkofcfg zkhkmof dkpfz hghgi wfic hgjgi `g mfif `fpf wfic `gpficdfr rfijfgi`kf hfh{ pkcfmof `gzgp{( mfdgi hfmf mfdgi ofiwfd dkzfi rfijfgi`kf wfic pkcfmof) Lani Hajdk mkicficcfr ofnsf rgdgfi zkofcfg fhfp wfic mkikgmf `fi mkiwgmrfi zkizfzg rkicfhfmfi) Flffi-flffi radad `fg kmrggzmk( wfgp{< 6) Rfi`ficfi ofnsf zkm{f g`k fpf{ cfcfzfi mk{rfdfi fozpfdzg wfic `gokip{d `kicfi mkiccfo{icdfi frf wfic `gfhfmg) ?) Rkicfhfmfi gi`kfsg f`fhfn zfp{-zfp{iwf z{mok rkickpfn{fi( `fi o{dfi fdfh fpf{ fzga) :) Zkm{f wfic dgpf dkpfn{g rf`f fdngiwf okcfip{ic rf`f `fpf gi`kfsg) 0) Zkm{f rkickpfn{fi p{{i zkjff hficz{ic( fpf{ `g zgmr{hdfi zkjff pg`fd hficz{ic `fg `fpf gi`kfsg .dkj{fhg okokfrf dkokiffi `kegigzgaifh hacgdf `fi mfpkmfpgdf') ;) Fdfh o{`g zki`gg pg`fd `frfp mkmokgdfi dgpf rkickpfn{fi pkipfic kfhgpfz pfirf fj{fi rf`f rkicfhfmfi gi`kfsg `fi rkicc{iffi rkicc{iffi rfijf gi`kf dgpf) Fdfh o{`g mki`frfp m ki`frfp p{cfz {ip{d mkicahfn ofnfi ofnfi wfic `g rkahkn `fg rkicfhfmfi) 5) Kmrggzmk zkofcfg eghzfefp rkicfhfmfi( mkicfd{g ofnsf rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg zfp{zfp{iwf z{mok rkickpfn{fi)

?)0 Dgpgd pknf`fr kmrggzmk

F`fr{i dgpgdfi pknf`fr fhgfi kmrggzmk `fhfm o{d{ L{l{i Z) Z{gf Z{mfipg .?26?<6:>' zkofcfg okgd{p < 6)

Kmrggzmk `g`fzfdfi rf`f rkicfhfmfi) Pkpfrg frfdfn rkicfhfmfi gp{1 Zkdfhg sfdp{ `gf nfiwf ficzficfi rfijfgi`kf hfgi sfdp{ m{ij{h zkofcfg zko{fn zkizfzg `gpfmofn `kicfi rkighfgfi) Dgpgd{z df{m kmrggz mki{i{ddfi ofnsf efdpf pfd mkmr{iwfg frfr{i wfic okzgefp rfzpg) Rkicfhfmfi mk{rfdfi rkickpgfi wfic pkhfh{ zfmf {ip{d  `glf`gdfi `fzf ofcg zko{fn pkag rkickpfn{fi wfic zgzpkmfpgz)

?)

Zko{fn pkag wfic mkigpgdokfpdfi rf`f rkzkrzg rfijfgi`kf dgfiwf mkh{rfdfi dkiwfpffi ofnsf rfijfgi`kf mfi{zgf f`fhfn pkofpfz `fi pg`fd zkmr{if) Rfijfgi`kf dgpf zkgic mkiwkzfpdfi `gmfif nfh gig `gzf`fg zki`gg ahkn df{m kmrggz)

:)

Kmrggzmk pg`fd mkmokgdfi dkrfzpgfi) Frf wfic `gzko{p rkickpfn{fi wfic m{icdgi zkokifiwf mk{rfdfi rkickpfn{fi wfic zkh{{niwf `gfc{dfi

65

?);

Rkikfrfi Kmrggzmk @fhfm Rki`g`gdfi GRZ

Rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg z{mok ghm{ rkickpfn{fi `fi dkd{fpfi `fhfm rkmofic{ifi mfi{zgf z{`fn pfmrfd zklfd fsfh fof` GU ZM) Cfcfzfi rki`g`gdfi okofzgz rkicfhfmfi .k~rkgkipgfh k`{jfpgai ' fpf{ wfic `gzko{p ‘ hkfigic ow `agic ” mkmghgdg zklffn rfilfic) Fsfhiwf( rff c{{ a{p`aa mkiwko{p k~rkgkipgfh k`{jfpgai zkofcfg cfwf okhflf `g h{f {ficfi) Zkif`f `kicfi gp{( racfm rki`g`gdfi rkp{fhficfi( wfic okhficz{ic `g h{f {ficfi .a{p`aa '( '( mkmfieffpdfi rkicfhfmfi `g `{igf iwfpf {ip{d mkijfrfg p{l{fi okhflfiwf) Rkmgdgfi mkickifg rki`g`gdfi okofzgz rkicfhfmfi zkmfdgi okdkmofic `kicfi m{ij{hiwf dfwf Lani @kskw .67:>' wfic mkic{icdfrdfi rkipgiciwf rkmokhflffi mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg hfi`fzfi `fhfm mkikpfrdfi rki`g`gdfi eamfh) Ma`kh rki`g`gdfi gig pk{z okdkmofic( ngiccf rf`f pfn{i 6733 ok`gg  Fzzajgfpgai  Fzzajgfpgai ea   K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh K`{jfpgai K`{jfpgai .FKK' .Nfmmkmfi( ?226')  K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic mk{rfdfi efhzfefn `fi mkpa`ahacg `gmfif rki`g`gd pkhgofp

hficz{ic `fhfm mkmapgufzg rkzkpf `g`gd `fi kehkdzg `gead{zdfi {ip{d mkigicdfpdfi rkickpfn{fi( mkickmoficdfi dkpkfmrghfi) K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic mki`aaic zgzsf `fhfm fdpgugpfziwf {ip{d okrgdg hkogn ofiwfd( mkickdzrha( okpfiwf( mkmo{fp dkr{p{zfi( `fi mkikfrdfi frf wfic pkhfn mkkdf rkhflfg)  K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic f`fhfn z{fp{ rki`kdfpfi wfic `gr{zfpdfi rf`f zgzsf wfic

`gm{hfg `kicfi hfi`fzfi rkmgdgfi ofnsf afic-afic okhflf pkofgd gp{ `fg rkicfhfmfi( `fi {ip{d rkicfhfmfi okhflf wfic fdfi okif-okif kekdpge( nf{z mkicc{ifdfi zkh{{n a`f okhflf( `fg rkicfp{fi p{l{fi( mkhfd{dfi aozkufzg `fi kdzrkgmki( mkmkgdzf {hfic( `fi rkkijfiffi pgi`fdfi) Frfoghf razkz gig pkhfn `ghfh{g mkm{icdgidfi zgzsf {ip{d okhflf dkpkfmrghfi of{( zgdfr of{ fpf{ ofndfi jff okrgdg of{) @fhfm mkfijfic rkhfpgnfi k~rkgkipfh hkfigic( f`f 0 pfnfrfi wfic nf{z `ghfh{g wfgp{< 6 K~rkgkijgic( pfipficfi rgof`g fpf{ dkhamrad( ?) _kugksgic< mkiccfhg gi`gug`{ {ip{d mkicdam{igdfzgdfi mkicdam{igdfzgdfi rkmokhflffi `fg rkicfhfmfi wfic `g`frfp( :) Jaijh{`gic mkiccfmofdfi dkzgmr{hfi `fi dfgpfi fipff mfzf hfh{ `fi zkdffic( zkpf 0) Rhfiigic< mkikfrdfi nfzgh rkmokhflffi wfic `gfhfmgiwf) Mki{{p Mf`fif .?22;' okhflf `fg rkicfhfmfi mkijfd{r dkpkdfgpfi fipff oko{fp `fi okrgdg) Lgdf zkzkafic pkhgofp fdpge `fhfm razkz okhflf mfdf afic gp{ fdfi okhflf  lf{n hkogn ofgd) Nfh gig `gdfkifdfi `fhfm razkz okhflf pkzko{p rkmokhflf zkjff fdpge  okrgdg pkipfic frf wfic `grkhflfg `fi dkm{`gfi ofcfgmfif mkikfrdfi frf wfic pkhfn `grkhflfg `fhfm zgp{fzg iwfpf)

63

Zk`ficdfi

Fpnkpai

.?22?'

mkickm{dfdfi

ofnsf

`fhfm

daipkdz

okhflf(

rkmokhflffi okofzgz rkicfhfmfi `frfp `g`kzdgrzgdfi zkofcfg razkz `gmfif rkicfhfmfi okhflf `gkehkdzgdfi zkjff mki`fhfm `fi `fg zgig m{ij{h rkmfnfmfi of{ fpf{ razkz okhflf) Ma`kh rkmokhflffi zkmfjfm gig mkmokgdfi dkzkmrfpfi dkrf`f zgzsf {ip{d  mkhfd{dfi dkcgfpfi-dkcgfpfi okhflf zkjff fdpge) Hkogn hfil{p( Nfmfhgd mkiwfpfdfi ofnsf rkmokhflffi ok`fzfdfi rkicfhfmfi mkmokg zkrkficdfp fpf{ zkficdfgfi zgp{fzg okhflf `fhfm

okip{d

dkpkhgofpfi

rkicfhfmfi

zkz{icc{niwf

wfic

`gfijfic

ahkn

c{{

.Nfmfhgd(?226' Jff gig mkicffndfi rff zgzsf {ip{d mki`frfpdfi rkicfhfmfi hkogn ofiwfd mkhfh{g dkpkhgofpfi zkjff fdpge `fi rkzaifh( `gofi`gicfi oghf mkkdf nfiwf mkmofjf z{fp{ mfpkg fpf{ daizkr) @kicfi `kmgdgfi( okhflf ok`fzfdfi rkicfhfmfi hkogn pkr{zfp rf`f rkicfhfmfi okhflf zgzsf wfic okzgefp pko{df `fi zgzsf mfmr{ mkmogmogic `ggiwf zki`gg) Ok`fzfdfi rki`frfp `g fpfz `frfp `grfnfmg ofnsf rkikfrfi ma`kh k~rkgkipgfh hkfigic `frfp mkmofip{ zgzsf `fhfm mkmofic{i rkickpfn{fiiwf zki`gg .@kr`gdifz(

?22?') Zkrkpg nfhiwf ma`kh rkmokhflffi hfgiiwf( `fhfm mkikfrdfi ma`kh k~rkgkipfh hkfigic c{{ nf{z mkmrkofgdg razk`{ fcf rkmokhflffiiwf oklfhfi `kicfi ofgd) Nfmfhgd .?226'( mkic{icdfrdfi okokfrf nfh wfic nf{z `grknfpgdfi `fhfm ma`kh rkmokhflffi k~rkgkipfh hkfigic f`fhfn zkofcfg okgd{p < 6)

C{{ mk{m{zdfi zkjff zkdzfmf z{fp{ kijfif rkicfhfmfi okhflf wfic okzgefp pko{df .arki mgi`k`' wfic mkmghgdg nfzgh-nfzgh pkpkip{)

?)

C{{ nf{z ogzf mkmokgdfi ficzficfi `fi mapgufzg)

:)

Zgzsf `frfp okdklf zkjff gi`gug`{fh fpf{ okdklf `fhfm dkhamrad-dkhamrad  dkjgh!dkzkh{{nfi dkjgh!dkzkh{{nfi dkhamrad `g `fhfm okhflf ok`fzfdfi rkicfhfmfi)

0)

Rff zgzsf `gpkmrfpdfi `gpkmrfpdfi rf`f zgp{fzg-zgp{fzg iwfpf( iwfpf( mfdz{`iwf mfdz{`iwf zgzsf mfmr{ mkmkjfndfi mfzfhfn `fi o{dfi `fhfm zgp{zg rkiccfipg) Jaipaniwf < @g `fhfm dkhamrad dkjgh( zgzsf mkmo{fp maogh-maoghfi `kicfi mkicc{ifdfi rapaicfirapaicfi dfw{( o{dfi mkijkgpfdfi jff mkmo{fp maogh-maoghfi) maogh -maoghfi)

;)

Zgzsf fdpge okrfpgzgrfzg `g `fhfm rkicfhfmfi rkicfhfmfi wfic wfic pkzk`gf( mkmo{f dkr{p{zfi zki`gg( mkikgmf dazkd{kizg ok`fzfdfi dkr{p{zfi pkzko{p)

5)

Dkzkh{{nfi Dkzkh{{nfi dkhfz mkijkgpfdfi dkmofhg pkipfic frf wfic `gfhfm zkn{o{icfi `kicfi mfpf rkhflffi pkzko{p {ip{d mkmrkh{fz rkicfhfmfi okhflf `fi rkmfnfmfi zgzsf `fhfm mkhfdzfifdfi rkpkm{fi wfic ifipgiwf fdfi mkmofnfz okmfjfm-mfjfm rkicfhfmfi pkzko{p) 6>

Zkhfgi okokfrf nfh wfic nf{z `grknfpgdfi `fhfm ma`kh rkmokhflffi k~rkgkipfh hkfigic( c{{ l{cf nf{z mkmrknfpgdfi mkpa`k okhflf mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfi gig( wfgp{ mkhgr{pg pgcf nfh `g ofsfn gig) 6)

Zpfpkcg okhflf mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfi rkicfhfmfi okr{zfp rf`f zgzsf `fi okagkipfzg rf`f fdpgugpfz) Rkikdfifi `fhfm zpfpkcg okhflf mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfi f`fhfn razkz okhflf( `fi o{dfi nfzgh okhflf)

?)

C{{ `frfp mkicc{ifdfi zpfpkcg gig `kicfi `kicfi ofgd `g `fhfm dkhfz mf{r{i `g h{f h{f dkhfz) dkhfz) Ahkn dfkif gp{( ma`kh rkmokhflffi k~rkgkipfh hkfigic `gz{z{i `fi `ghfdzfifdfi

`fg nfh-nfh wfic `gmghgdg ahkn rkzkpf `g`gd) Rgizgr gigr{i okdfgpfi `kicfi rkicfhfmfi `g `fhfm mkhfdzfifdfi p{cfz `fi rkdklffi zkpf `fhfm jff-jff okhflf wfic ogfzf `ghfd{dfi ahkn rkzkpf `g`gd .Z{`lfif( ?22;') Mkpa`k gig fdfi okmfdif pfpdfhf rkmokhflf okrkfi zkpf `fhfm mkhfd{dfi dkcgfpfi( dkm{`gfi mkkdf mki`frfpdfi rkmfnfmfi zkpf mki{ficdfiiwf `fhfm okip{d  hgzfi fpf{ p{hgzfi zkz{fg `kicfi p{l{fi rkmokhflffi) Hficdfn mkifipfic ofcg c{{ `fhfm k~rkgkipgfh hkfigic f`fhfn mkmgdgdfi fpf{ mkfijfic fdpgegpfz rkicfhfmfi okhflf zkrkpg frf wfic nf{z pklf`g rf`f `gg zgzsf ofgd  gi`gug`{ mf{r{i dkhamrad) Fdpgegpfz rkmokhflffi nf{z okead{z rf`f rkzkpf okhflf .zp{`kip-jkipkk` hkfigic') @kicfi `kmgdgfi( frf wfic nf{z dgpf hfd{dfi( frf wfic nf{z mkkdf hfd{dfi( frf wfic nf{z dgpf zfmrfgdfi nf{z zkjff `kpfgh dgpf fijfic `kicfi ofgd) Okcgp{ r{hf `kicfi mk`gf `fi fhfp ofip{ rkmokhflffi hfgi wfic wfic `go{p{ndfi l{cf nf{z

okif-okif

pkhfn

pkzk`gf

`fi

zgfr

{ip{d

`gc{ifdfi

._akm

(67>5')

 K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic pg`fd nfiwf mkmokgdfi sfsfzfi rkickpfn{fi daizkr-daizkr Mkpa`k K~rkgkipgfh

zflf) Ifm{i( l{cf mkmokgdfi rkicfhfmfi wfic iwfpf wfic fdfi mkmofic{i dkpkfmrghfi mkhfh{g rki{cfzfi iwfpf) Zkhfil{piwf( mkpa`k gig fdfi mkicfdama`fzg `fi mkmokgdfi razkz {mrfi ofhgd zkpf kufh{fzg fipff nfzgh rkikfrfi `kicfi frf wfic zknf{ziwf `ghfd{dfi) @kicfi `kmgdgfi( `fg rkiwfpffi-rkiwfpffi `g fpfz `frfp `gfmogh zko{fn rkickpgfi ofnsf k~rkgkipgfh hkfigic f`fhfn z{fp{ mkpa`k razkz okhflf mkicflf wfic mkicfdpgedfi m kicfdpgedfi rkmokhflf {ip{d mkmofic{i rkickpfn{fi `fi dkpkfmrghfi mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfiiwf zkjff  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic mkicc{ifdfi rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg dfpfhgzfpa hficz{ic) @fhfm nfh gig(  K~rkgkipgfh

{ip{d mkmofip{ rkmokhflf mkickmoficdfi dfrfzgpfz `fi dkmfmr{fiiwf `fhfm razkz rkmokhflffi zkngiccf rkmokhflf pkogfzf okrgdg dkfpge) Rkfi c{{ `fhfm rkmokhflffi gig f`fhfn zkofcfg efzghgpfpa)

67

OFO GGG DKZGMR[HFI @FI ZF_FI

:)6

Dkzgmr{hfi

Rkickpgfi ghm{ mki{{p mki{{p mki{{p Manfmmf` Nfppf< ghm{ f`fhfn f`fhfn rkickpfn{fi rkickpfn{fi wfic pkfp{ pkipfic rkdklffi n{d{m df{zfh `fhfm z{fp{ cahaicfi mfzfhfn wfic zfmf pfogfpiwf( mf{r{i mki{{p dk`{`{dfiiwf pfmrfd `fg h{f( mf{r{i mki{{p ofic{ifiiwf `fg `fhfm) Fmzfh P) Ofdnpgf mkmofcg rkga`gzfzg zklffn rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi mkilf`g kmrfp rkga`k< rf`f |fmfi W{ifig d{ia( rf`f |fmfi Gzhfm( rf`f |fmfi kifgzfiz `fi ma`ki( `fi rf`f |fmfi daipkmrak)Ckack L) Ma{hw( `gf mkmofcg rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rf`f pfnfr figmgzmk( figmgzmk( ghm{ kmrggz kmrggz `fi ghm{ pkagpgz) pkagpgz)

Fsfh `fi fdf dkoficdgpfi dkoficdgpfi

eghzfefp `fi zfgiz Offp zkrkpg zkdffic gig f`fhfn sfgzfi gipkhkdp{fh W{ifig) Oficzf _amfsg mk{rfdfi oficzf wfic rkpfmf dfhg mkicfrhgdfzgdfi pkag-pkag wfic rkifn `g{m{zdfi ahkn oficzf W{ifig) Rf`f fof` rkpkicfnfi `amgifzg rff pkahac rf`f mfzf gig mksfifg fdpgugpfz ghmgfn rkckfdfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi)Ifm{i `g Pgm{ pk{pfmf `g sgfwfn dkd{fzffi Gzhfm l{zp{ pklf`g rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi wfic rkzfp) _kifgzfiz mk{rfdfi kf zklffn wfic rki{n `kicfi dkmfl{fi `fi rk{ofnfi wfic mkicfi`{ic fpg ofcg rkdkmoficfi rkdkmoficfi ghm{)Rkdkmoficfi ghm{)Rkdkmoficfi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi rkickpfn{fi rf`f |fmfi ma`ki ma`ki

z{`fn

`ggipgz rf`f mfzf _fifgzzfijk( wfgp{ rf`f fof` ^GU( `fi `gmfpficdfi ahkn ’ckfdfi‑ F{edhfk{ic `g fof` dk-6>) @g `fhfmiwf f`f `{f gi`gdfzg wfgp{(  rkpfmf( zkmfdgi okd{ficiwf dkd{fzffi Ckklf( dk`{f( zkmfdgi okpfmofniwf dkd{fzffi ghm{ rkickpfn{fi) rkickpfn{fi) _fzgaifhgzmk mk{rfdfi fhgfi efhzfefn wfic okrfi`ficfi ofnsf `fzf `fi z{mok rkickpfn{fi( fpf{ zkjff {m{m efhzfefn( f`fhfn fdfh fpf{ fzga) F`fhfn fdfh( wfic ogzf `glf`gdfi `fzf zkdfhgc{z z{mok rkickpfn{fi( zkngiccf oknfzgh mkmrkahkn rkickpfn{fi wfic pkpfr `fi rfzpg( zkpf fozah{p `fi {igukzfh) kmrggzmk mk{rfdfi zko{fn rfnfm wfic mkicficcfr mkicficcfr ofnsf rkicfhfmfi f`fhfn z{mok rkickpfn{fi) Kmrggzmk l{cf okfpg zko{fn rfnfm wfic mkicficcfr ofnsf rkicfhfmfi mfi{zgf `g`frfp `fg rkicfhfmfi-rkicfhfmfi wfic iwfpf `fi efdp{fh) Rkicfhfmfi wfic iwfpf pkzko{p `g`frfpdfi `fg pficdfrfi rfijfgi`f mfi{zgf) Rkicfhfmfi zkofcfg z{mok ghm{ rkickpfn{fi `fi dkd{fpfi `fhfm rkmofic{ifi

?2

mfi{zgf z{`fn pfmrfd zklfd fsfh fof` GU ZM)  K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic hkfigic mk{rfdfi efhzfefn `fi mkpa`ahacg `gmfif rki`g`gd pkhgofp hficz{ic `fhfm mkmapgufzg rkzkpf `g`gd `fi kehkdzg `gead{zdfi {ip{d mkigicdfpdfi rkickpfn{fi( mkickmoficdfi dkpkfmrghfi) :)?

Zffi

Kmrggzmk `fhfm `{igf rki`g`gdfi `gficcfr zkofcfg eghzfefp rki`g`gdfi wfic okzgefp razgpge) @gmfif eghzfefp gig mkiwfpfdfi ofnsf rkzkpf `g`gd f`fhfn zkrkpg dkpfz r{pgn wfic `frfp `ggzg ahkn frf zflf) Dfgpfiiwf `kicfi razkz rki`g`gdfi( mfdf eghzfefp kmrggzmk mkikdfidfi f`fiwf rkicfhfmfi okhflf wfic okmfdif `kmg pkjfrfgiwf p{l{fi rki`g`gdfi .`fhfm nfh gig p{l{fi rkmokhflffi GRZ') @g`fhfm eghzfefp kmrggzmk( rkicfhfmfi mk{rfdfi z{mok rkickpfn{fi ofcg mfi{zgf) @kmgdgfi r{hf `kicfi rki`g`gdfi) Razkz rkmokhflffi nf{z mkmokgdfi rkicfhfmfi wfic ofgd ofcg rkzkpf `g`gd)  K~rkgkipgfh  K~rkgkipgfh hkfigic f`fhfn z{fp{ mkpa`k razkz okhflf mkicflf wfic mkicfdpgedfi rkmokhflf {ip{d mkmofic{i rkickpfn{fi `fi dkpkfmrghfi mkhfh{g rkicfhfmfiiwf zkjff hficz{ic) Mfdf dfmg mkiwffidfi dkrf`f kdfi-kdfi c{{< 0) Mkmfnfmg `fi mkicc{ifdfi eghzfefp zkofcfg hfi`fzfi zkpgfr dkcgfpfi rki`g`gdfi wfic fdfi `ghfdzfifdf `gh fdzfifdfi) i) ;) Mkicc{ifdfi Mkicc{ifdfi mkpa`k rkmokhflffi k~rkgkipfh hkfigic ( `fhfm razkz rkmokhflffi `g dkhfz( {ip{d mkmokgdfi rkicfhfmfi okhflf wfic of{ `fi hkogn okighfg dkrf`f rkzkpf `g`gd)

?6

@FEPF_ R[ZPFDF

6)

Ofdnpgf( Fmzfh P)( Rae)@)( M)F) ?26?) Eghzfefp Ghm{) Lfdfpf< _flfCfegi`a Rkzf`f)

?)

Ki`fzsff( Z{sf`g( ?26?) Eghzfefp Ghm{ < Daizkr( Zklffn( `fi Rkickmoficfi Mkpa`k  Ghmgfn) Wacwfdfpf < J F R Z)

:)

Zfilfwf( Sgif( ?225) Zpfpkcg Rkmokhflffi Okagkipfzg Zpfi`f Razkz Rki`g`gdfi) Lfdfpf < DKIJFIF

0)

Rkzrkdpge< Zko{fn D{mr{hfi Dfficfi Z{gfz{mfipg( W{w{i Z) ?26?)  Ghm{ @fhfm Rkzrkdpge< Pkipfic Nfdkdfp Ghm{) Lfdfpf < Wfwfzfi R{zpfdf Aoa Gi`aikzgf)

;)

S) Rakzrara`la(  Hacgdf Ghm{ Mkifhf < @fzf-`fzf @fzf-`fzf Okrgdg Pkpgo( Hacgz( Dgpgz(  Fifhgpgz( @gfhkdpgz) @gfhkdpgz)Ofi`{ic < JU R[ZPFDF C_FUGDF

5) nppr) npprz
??