Viktor Novak ECCLESIA MILITANS АТ W AR WITH ТНЕ IDEOLOGY ОР TYRCH AND LIBELLUS ACCUSATIONS Two omitted chapters from the book MAGNUM CRIMEN Ьу Viktor Novak
Edited Ьу VASILIJE KRESTIC Translated into English Ьу Ilеапа Cosic 2005
Viktor Novak
ECCLESIA MILIT ANS RATUJE S TYRSEVOM IDEOLOGIJOM 1
LIBELLUS ACCUSATIONS Dva izostavljena poglavlja iz knjige Magnum crimen Viktora Novaka -II!!!!!!!!!!!!!~!!!!~~--
Priredio VASILIJE KRESTIC Prevod па engleski Ilеапа Cosic 2005
РRБРАСЕ
Viktor Novak's manuscripts are stored in the Serbian AcademyofSciences and Arts in Belgrade (sign. по. 14.474). In the files containing the written material regarding his book MAGNUM CRIMEN there are also sheets of two chapters not published јп the final version of the book. Опе of these chapters, number XIV, entitled ECCLESIA MILIТANS АТ WAR WIТH ТНЕ IDEOLOGY ОР TYRCH, is printed оп 25 sheets and the other, пит ber ХУ, LIВELLUS ACCUSAТIONIS is printed оп 4 sheets. Professor Novak has corrected аН the errors in these sheets with his own hand. ТЬе shape and dimension of the letters are the same as those јп the book MAGNUM CRIMEN from which they were omitted at the very last moment. Those who know that during the process of writing MAGNUM CRIMEN Viktor Novak was under the pressure of censorship and those who could witness about that are probably по longer among the living. His close friends and associates were familiar with that fact and were not silent about it. Sima Simitch, а respectful publicist and author of several outstanding books оп the ustashi movement and Roman Catholic clericalism, told те that Viktor Novak was compelled to omit the chapter оп the Sokol Movement ип der the pressure of Maks Batche, а hight official of OZNA (Police in Тito's Yugoslavia) from Croatia who was ап extended hand of Vladimir Bakaritch, the supreme political authority in Croatia. This chapter had to Ье omitted Ье cause it completely unmasks the top of the Roman Catholic church revealing that it was anti-Yugoslav, ultra clerical and pro fascist. ТЬе same applies to the chapter LIВELLUS ACCUSAТIONIS, actually а pro memoria don Frano Ivanishevitsh, а great and devoted supporter of Yugoslavism, addressed to Archbishop Stepinec. ТЬе editors of the second edition of MAGNUM CRIMEN were aware of the fact that some chapters had Ьееп omitted јп the first edition under the pressure of the Croatian political top but, unfortunately, they simply could not find the omitted chapters јп over опе hundred big files of randomly stored manuscripts Viktor Novak left as his heritage. Since these chapters, previously omitted for political reasons, have Ьееп discovered, we think that they should Ье published now. With them MAGNUM CRIMEN will Ье Б паНу completed. ТЬе риЫјс will Ье јп а position to get acquainted with their 8
PREDGOVOR
U rukopisnoj zaostavstini akademika Viktora Novaka, koja se cuva u Arhivu SANU u Beogradu (sign. br. 14.474), u materijalima koji se ticu пје gove knjige Magnum crimen, nalaze se sifovi dva poglavlja kojih пета u koпаспој verziji pomenute knjige. Jedno poglavlje nosi naslov Ecclesia militans ratuje s Tyrsevom ideologijom, а drugo Libellus accusationis. Prvo poglavlje oznaceno је brojem XIV а drugo brojem XV. Ecclesia militans ima ukupno 25 sifova а Libellus accusationis 4 sifa. Sifovi-SU korektorski ispravljeni rukom profesora Novaka. Tipovi slova i dimenzije sloga u svemu odgovaraju knjizi Magnum crimen. Nikakve sumnje пета da su ovo odeljci knjige Magnum crimen, koji su iz пје u poslednjem trenutku izostavljeni. Danas verovatno i пета onih ljudi koji znaju da је Magnum crimen Viktora Novaka u samom procesu nastajanja dozivljavao cenzuru. Novakovi bliski prijatelji i saradnici to su zna1i i о tome nisu cutali. Ugledni publicista Sima Simic, pisac neko1iko poznatih knjiga koje se ticu ustastva i rimokatolickog klerikalizma, pricao mi је da је Novak Ыо рriпш1еп da izostavi ро glavlje о sokolskom pokretu pod pritiskom tadasnjeg visokog funkcionera OZN -е iz Hrvatske Maksa Васе, iza kojeg је svojim politickim autoritetom stajao Vladimir Bakaric. Posto је tim tekstom Novak razobliCio vrh rimokatolicke crkve i pokazao koliko је Ыо antijugoslovenski, antislovenski, ultraklerikalan i profasisticki, morao је biti izostavljen. Sada znamo da se to, iz istih razloga, desilo i sa odeljkom knjige Libellus accusationis, u kojem је rec о promemorЏi ирисепој 1934. godine nadbiskupu Stepincu od strane don Frana Ivanisevica, velikog i iskrenog Jugoslovena. Kada је pripremano drugo izdanje Magnum crimen-a znalo se da su neki delovi Novakovog rada, pod pritiskom politickog vrha Hrvatske, bi1i izostavljeni. Medutim, priredivaCi drugog izdanja te knjige tada nisu ima1i mogucnosti da dodu do izostavljenih poglavlja, jer preobimna Novakova rukopisna zaostavstina, koja ima vise od stotinu arhivskih kutija, ni najgrublje nije bila sredena. Sada, kada smo dosli do tih poglav1ja, koja su iz politickih razloga bila izostavljena, smatramo da zasluzuju da budu objavljena. Njima се se Magnum crimen, konacno, kompletirati. Javnost се biti upoznata sa sadrzajem tih izostavljenih poglavlja а nauka obogacena novim sazna9
Viktor Novak
content and science enriched with а пеw knowledge about the attitude of the Croatian Roman Catholic Episcopate towards Yugoslavia and the Yugoslavs, towards the Sokol Movement and the reasons why it (the Episcopate) was so vehemently hostile to it. ТЬе chapter ECCI,ESIA MILIТANS АТ WAR WIТH ТНЕ IDEOLOGY ОР TYRCH has Ьееl1 tound among the manuscripts of Viktor Novak type \vritten. ТЬе differel1ce betweel1 this type written text and the text оп the sheets is negligible. Only some words are Croatized and some minor editing correctioI1 made. Since Novak has with his own hand corrected the already printed text we deem that he has thus authorized it. This is the reason why we decided to publish the thus latest version printed оп the sheets and omitted from the book MAGNUM CRIMEN. Viktor Novak's texts we are publishing are identical with the texts оп the sheets. Nothing has Ьееп changed. 0111y some printing errors have Ьееп corrected. We would like to emphasize that remark по. 29 in the text of ECCLESIA MILIТANS could 110t Ье found either in the type written text or in the text printed оп the sheets. Remarks по. 93 and 103 refer to chapter XVI of MAGNUM CRIMEN entitled ENTHUSIASТIC WELCOME - NDH (Independent State ofCroatia) - AN OLD AND LONG COVETED DREAM. Due to the omission of chapters XIV and XV аН chapters in the book have Ьееп renumbered and some of their titles changed. BLOODY НARVEST was the over title of the chapter entitled NDH-AN OLD AND LONG COVETED DREAM ,vhich ,vas chapter XVIII оп the sheets.
]0
Preface/ Predgovor
njirna о odnosu hrvatskog rirnokatolickog episkopata prema Jugoslaviji i Jugoslovenirna, kao i prerna sokolskom pokretu i razlozirna zbog kojih rnи se odlucno suprotstavio. U zaostavstini Viktora Novaka sacuvan је i pisacorn rnasinorn рrеkuсап tekst Ecclesia militans ratuje s Tyrsevom ideologijom. Razlika izrnedu njega i teksta оdstаrnрапоg па sifovirna је пеzпаtпа. Опа је lektorske prirode ј, Ье zrnalo, svodi se па hrvatizovanje Novakovog jezika. Kako је Novak svojorn rukorn оЬаујо korekturu уес оdstаrnрапih tekstova, srnatrarno da ih је tirne i autorizovao. Zbog toga srno se i odluCiIi da starnparno poslednje verzije sa sifovirna, koje su izostavljene iz knjige Magnum crimel1. Tekstovi Viktora Novaka koje objavljujerno u svernu su isti kao опј sa sifova. U пјјrnа nista пјје mепјапо. Isрrаvlјепе su samo poneke sitne stamparske pogreske. Duzni srno da kazerno da u tekstu Ecclesia militans пароrnепе br. 29 пеrnа пј u rukopisu рrеkuсапоrn pisacorn rnаsiпоm, пiti u tekstu odstarnрапоrn па sifovirna. Napornene pod br. 93 i 103 оdпоsе se па poglavlje koje u knjizi Magnum crimen поsi br. XVI, s паslоvоrn Zanosni docek. - NDH - "Davno sanjani i zeijkovani ideal". Izostavljanjern XIV i XV poglavlja doslo је do prenurneracije odeljaka kпјigе i do izvеsпih prornena u njihovirn па slovirna. Krvava zetva Ыо је паdпаslоv ispod poglavlja паslоvlјепоg s NDH - "Davno sanjani i zeijkovani ideal". То poglavlje odstarnpano u sifovirna nosilo је br. XVIII.
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XIV ECCLESIA MILITANS АТ WAR WITH TYRSH AND HIS IDEOLOGY
ТЪе first SOKOL (FALCON) Society was founded јп Prague јп 1862, soon after the faH of Bach's absolutism and the failure of the policy of nationа} alienation and assimilation of non-German ethnic groups, practiced in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy according to elaborate plans. ТЪе ideologiса} founding fathers of this new organization were Jindriich Fiigner and Dr. Miroslav Tyrsh. This was опе of the тапу organizations founded in Bohemia according to the same pattern within the of national renaissance drive. Their ајт was to геујуе and enhance national awareness and promote the mental and physical health of Czech people through physical and moral education. ТЪе slogan of the Sokols LET US GET STRONGER imp1ied not only physiсаl strength and stamina, but also vigor and toughness of character as spiritual assets, moral awareness, love for the native country, love for freedom and independence. MENS SANA IN CORPORE SANO, а healthy mind in а healthy body, was the slogan adopted in the XIX-th century in the aim of strengthening the ideals of the nationally awakened nation, within the Slavic Renaissance as а much broader movement. In 1871, оп the еуе ofthe Tenth Anniversary of the Sokols, Tyrch spelled out the fundamental aims of the whole movement: "Our first and primary tasks is to safeguard the vita1ity of our people, the kind of vitality that secures their survival and prevents their ехtiпсtiоп, help promote their physical, mental and moral health and thus епаЬЈе them to successfully соре with serious difficulties, including various calamities such as aggression and backwardness, the worst crime of аН inflicted оп а nation."l ТЪе Sokol Movement very quickly emerged јп other Slavic countries. In ЧиЬЈјапа the Sokol Society was founded јп 1863 under the title SOUTHERN SOKOL. ТЪе Austrian authorities dissolved it јп 1867, but it reemerged the following уеаг, in 1868 under а s1ightly altered title: ТНЕ SOKOL I
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"ALL SOKOL RALLY IN PRAGUE IN 1938". (Svesokolski slet u Pragu ) Beograd 1.
XIV ECCLESIA MILITANS RATUJE S TYRSEVOM IDEOLOGIJOM
Prvo Sok01sko drustvo osnovano је и Pragu 1862. ВјЈО је to ubrzo poslije sloma Bachovog apsolutizma i politike odnarodavanja, koju је austrijski sistem sa planom izvodio nad nenjemackim narodnostima Habsburgova carstva. OsnivaCi ideolozi оуе nove narodne ustanove bili su Jindrich Fi.igner i dr. Miros1av Tyrs. Оуо drustvo, kao i druga, koja su se ро njegovu uzoru sta1a osnivati ро Ceskoj, posta1a su sastavnim dije10m opceg narodnog preporoda. СЩ је drustvu Ыо podizanje nacionalne svijesti, oplemenjivanja dusevne i fizicke snage ceskog naroda, putem fizickog i moralnog uzgoja. Sokolska deviza: Јасајто se! znaCila је ne samo za tije10, nego је obuhvatila i duh, mora1, svijest, ljubav ka domovini, ka slobodi i nezavisnosti. Zdrav duh u zdravom tijelu imao је da oce1iCi ideale koje је probudena nacija u XIX. stoljecu, и vrijeme slovenske renesanse, postavila u prvi plan svojih nastojanja. Pred prvu desetogodisnjicu postojanja уес velikog broja drustava, Tyrs је 1871. podvukao osnovnu misao zadatka Sokolstva:
"Nas prvi i opCi zadatak је da smo prije nego itko drugi pozvani da осиуато svoj narod u onoj svestranoj zivahnosti koja ne da narodima da izumru, u оуој stalnoj i svjezoj snazi, u onom tjelesnom, dusevnom i moralnome zdravlju koje ne da da se pojavi bilo kakva propast, ni zastoj, ра ni nazadnjastvo, najgori smrtni zloCin, koji moze da se vrsi nad narodima." 1 Sokolstvo se vrlo brzo ројауНо i u drugim slavenskim zemljama. Уес slijedece godine 186}.osniva se prvo Sokolsko drustvo u Ljubljani kao Juzni Sokol. Austrijske vlasti raspustile su to drustvo 1867., а onda se javlja ponoупо 1868. kao gimnasticko drustvo Sokol u ЧuЫјапј. Prvi sokolski slet slovenskih sokolskih drustava Ыо је odrzan 1888. па koji su dosli i osnivaci sokolstva Cesi. U duhu Tyrsevih gimnastickih nacela razradio је sokolsku ideju u Sloveniji dr. Viktor Murnik devedesetih godina proslog stoljeca. U Zagrebu 1
Svesokolski slet u Pragu 1938. Beograd, 1.
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Viktor Novak GYMNASТIC SOCIETY 1N LJUBLJANA. The FIRST RALLY OF SLAV1C SOKOL SOCIEТIES took place јп 1888, with the participation of the Czechs, as founders of the Movement. 1п the 90's of the X1X-th century Dr. Viktor Muгnik developed in Slovenia the idea of the Sokol Movement, јп the spirit of Tyrsh, his ideology and his principles in gymnastics. 1п Zagreb the first Sokol Society was founded јп 1874. 1п Serbia the Sokol Movement was reorganized јп 1882. 1п Croatia and Slovenia the first Sokol Alliances were founded at the beginning ofthe XX-th century. The Sokol Rallies greatly helped develop so]idarity among the South Slavs and with other Slavs and nationalities. ALL SOKOL RALLIES developed into prominent риЫјс manifestations of Slavic mutuality. 1п 1911 the АН Sokol Rally јп Zagreb brought together the Sokols [rom: Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Poland and Russia. E\Tidently, the Sokol Movement in the Slavic countries greatly contributed to the promotion of the idea of Slavic mutuality and offered to Slavic people the opportunity to get to know better one another. 1п view оЕ the nature of the principles they promote and the importance of their objectives it is understandable why the Bishop of Djakovo Strossmayer liked the Sokol Movement from its very foundation and was giving it not only his love and attention, but also his great support. Strossmayer [иllу ар proved Ље tasks of the Slavic, and within that framework the Croatian Sokol Movement, and generously supported the Yugoslav and Czech Sokols. When the Sokols јп 1stria decided to build their Center (called НО МЕ) he was the first to send his blessing, his contribution and а very significant letter јп which he emphasized the patriotic task the Croatian Sokols are expected to fulfill јп the endangered Istria. 2 Оп their part the Sokols reciprocated the Bishop's favorable attitude towards them Ьу expressing love and respect for Ыт, the great supporter of the idea ofbrotherhood among аН South Slavs. 1п his lifetime Strossmayer epitomized the lofty ideals of the Sokol Movement. Later, his memory was cherished as а national and morallodestar. ActuaHy, Strosmayer's first encounter with the Sokols took place in Prague, only а year after the foundation of the Movement, at the end of October 1863. Оп that occasion the Bishop also met its leaders: Fugner and Tyrsh. Strossmayer was one of the first honorary members of the Czech Sokol. At the celebration оЕ Stossmayer's Jubilee in Djakovo, in 1888, the Slovenian and Croatian Sokols were also present. At the celebration of the second Jubilee јп 1898, јп Djakovo, Dr. Lazar Tzar (Car), оп behalf of the Croatian Sokols, јп his speech expressed some views and ideas which every Catholic Bishop would
2
14
,,fOSIP ТИRAТ STROSSMAYfR", 1850-1900. Zagreb 1904.,791.
МаgШ1111 сгimеп
XIV
је
osnovano prvo sokolsko drustvo 1874. U Srbiji је reorganizirano Sokolstvo 1882. U pocetku ХХ. stoljeca osnivaju se i prvi sokolski savezi II Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Sokolski sletovi pomazu razvijanje svijesti i solidarnosti izmeau juznoslavenskih i ostalih naroda. Svesokolski sletovi postajali su vidne ll1а nifestacije slavenske uzajamnosti. 1911. Ыо је svesokolski slet u Zagrebu па kome su se uz Hrvate паЉ Slovenci, Srbi, Bugari, Cesi, Poljaci i Rusi. Nema sumnje da је Sokolstvo u slovenskill1 zemljall1a uCinilo ogromno шпоgо u propagiranju ideje slavenske uzajall1l1osti i meausobnog upoznaval1ja. _ Sasvim је shvatljivo da је ovakvu ustanovu zavolio aakovacki biskup Strossmayer od samog pocetka poklonivsi Sokolstvu рипи paznju i ljubav, ali i svoju ротос kadgod је stigao, poznavajuCi potpuno ciljeve i osnove па kojima је опо poCivalo. Strossmayer је uistinu pravilno shvatio 1.adatke sveslavenskog, ра tako i hrvatskog sokolstva. Strossmayer је па sve stгапе dijeНо svoje ротосј, ра tako је пјје uskratio l1ј jllgoslavel1skom, kao l1ј ceskom sokolstvu. Kad је istarski sokol u Puli stao graditi svoj dom, prvi dar i prvi blagoslov poslao је Strossmayer sa jednim vanredl1im pisl110m u kome је oznaCio rodoljubni zadatak hrvatskog sokolstva u ugrozenoj Istгi. 2 Zato је i sokolstvo uzvracalo ljubav i postovanje tom velikoll1 propovjedl1iku jugoslavenskog i sveslavenskog bratstva. 1 kao sto је za zivota Strossmayer Ыо veliki ideal sokolstva tako ти је ostao i kasnije trajno kao zvijezda ргеdvо dnica u njegovim nacionalnim i moralnim stгешlјепјill1а. Poznato је da је Strossmayer upoznao sokolstvo odmah, godinu dal1a poslije l1jegova OSl1ival1ja i to u samome Pragu krajem oktobra 1863., gdje је upozl1ao i njegove voae Fugnera i Tyrsa. Strossmayer је теаи prvim pocasl1im clanovill1a се skog sokola. О Strossmayerovu jubileju 1888. nalaze se u Dakovu i predstavnici slovel1skog i hrvatskog sokolstva. О drugom jubileju 1898. u Dakovu је odrzao govor u cast Strossmayera predstavl1ik hrvatskog sokolstva dr. Cazal" Car u kome је iznio i takve misli koje је mogao potpisati svaki biskup katolicke сгkvе. З Jasl10 је bilo za svakoga da l1ј опо staro, kao l1ј mlaae sokolstvo, пјје bila l1eka protuvjerska ustanova. Dosta је l1apomenllti da је veliki broj hrtvatskih i slovenskih svecenika Ыо пе samo аап nego i voaa pojedil1im sokolskim drustvima. Osim toga da se пјје u sokolstvu gledalo l1eko protuvjersko i bezbozl1o drustvo oCigledno izlazi iz toga sto је zboroval1je prvog Euharistickog kOl1gresa godil1e 1900. odrzal1o u Zagrebu u Sokolskom dоп1U. Svakako l1јје bez zl1acel1ja da pri svecal10stima prvog hrvatskog svesokolskog sleta sudjeluje i tadasl1ji l1adbiskup koadjutor dr. Ante Bauer sa izаslапiсiша 2
3
Josip Јuгај Strossmayer. GоdillЗ 1850-1900. Zagreb 1904.,791. Josip Јurај Strossmayer, 829, 842.
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Viktor Novak
readily support. 3 In his speech Dr Tzar emphasizes that the Sokol has never . Ьееп ап anti-religious organization, nor is it now. Оп the contrary. А great number of Slovenian and Croatian Catholic priests are not only its members but also leaders of its local branches. Moreover, the Sokol Center in Zagreb was the уепие of the First Eucharistic Congress held in 1900, which proves that the Sokols were not regarded as ап anti-religious and impious mоуе ment, the proof being the presence at the First Croatian Sokol Rally of Dr. Ante Bauer, at that time Archbishop-Coadjutor, the delegation of the Captol and the parish priests of Zagreb. Еуеп the Chairman of the First Catholic Congress, Count Miroslav Kulmer, attended the event. 4 At that time попе of them viewed the Sokols as ап anti-religious or impious organization. Ву 1911 the Croatian and аll other Sokol organizations јп Slavic соип tries had [иllу adopted the principles established Ьу Miroslav Tyrsh, actually the perennial Sokol principles. It was in 1912, at the ALL SLAVIC SOKOL RALLY, held in Prague that for the first time unification of the Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian Sokols was discussed as а possibility. Теп days Ье fore the assassination in Sarayevo, at the meeting held in the Croatian Sokol Center in Zagreb, the representative of the Slovenian and Serbian Sokols ех pressed themselves јп favor of unification which implied joint work, use of the same terminology, use of the same flags, the same commands, orders, etc. Еуеп соmmоп Rule were drafted in that aim. The First World War was а serious challenge to the Sokol Movement. The THIRD ALL SOKOL RALLY was scheduled for August 1914 in Ljubljana. It never took place, being рro hibited Ьу the Austrian-Hungarian government already оп Јипе 20, 1914. The Serbian Sokols were the most persecuted in Sremski Karlovci, Zagreb, Sarayevo, etc. In Slovenia too. The Sokols were among the first arrested and in а great number. After the end of the First World War The Sokols resumed their activities јп the spirit of the proposals adopted in 1912 and 1914. The Extraordinary Sokol Assembly was held јп Zagreb, оп Мау 11, 1919. Dr. Vlatko Machek (Macek), опе of the speakers, addressing the Assembly said: "We are аН Yugoslavs! Therefore, аН South Slavs, the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Bulgarians should Ье members of the same Slavic organization. The Sokols have nothing to do with politics and this fundamental principle should Ье honored Ьу both the Sokols Ј 4
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"JOSIP JURAJ STROSSMAYER", 829, 842. "TYRSH, ARCHBISHOP BAUER AND ТНЕ SOKOL MOVEMENT" (Tyrs, Nadbiskup Bauer i Sokolstvo). "NOVOSTI", January 21,1933.
Magnum crimen XIV
zagrebackog kaptola i gradskim zupnicima. Stovise, prisustvovao је i nekadasnji predsjednik prvog katolickog kongresa, grof Miroslav Kulmer. 4 Niko od пјЉ nije nasao tada da је sokolstvo nevjerska ili protuvjerska ustanova. Bilo је to 1911. kad је i hrvatsko sokolstvo, kao i sve опо iz ostalih slavenskih zemalja, Ыlо prozeto sokolskim пасеНmа Miroslava Tyrsa, koja su Ыlа pravo sokolsko vjerovanje. О sjedinjavanju hrvatskog i srpskog i slovenskog sokolstva prvi put se raspravljal0 па svesokolskom sletu и Pragu 1912. Deset dana prije sarajevskog atentata odrzana је и domu hrvatskog sokola и Zagrebu sjednica, па kojoj su se predstavnici slovenskog i srpskog sokolstva izjasnili za ujedinjenje koje treba da se manifestira и zajednickom radu, terminologiji, zastavama, naredenjima i t.d. U tu svrhu sastavljena su i zajednicka pravila. Za vrijeme prvog svjetskog rata sokolstvo је imalo da izdrzi паиспа iskusenja. ТreCi svesokolski slet и Ljubljani zakazan za august 1914. Ыо је уес 20. јипа 1914. od vlade zabranjen. Progonima su ЫН izlozeni prije svega srpski sokoli и Sremskim Karlovcima, Zagrebu, Sarajevu i drugdje. А и Sloveniji su stali mеЈи prvima da zatvore рипе, upravo sokoli. Poslije okonсапја rata produZilo se и duhu prijedloga iz 1912. i 1914. Izvanredna glavna sokolska skupstina и Zagrebu Ыlа је 11. mаја 1919. Na toj skupstini govorio је i dr. Vlatko Macek. Оп је mеЈи ostalim rekao: "Svi smo Jugoslaveni! Zato је potrebno da se и slavenskoj sokolskoj organizaciji udruze svi: i Srbi i Hrvati, i Slovenci i Bugari. Nacelo је da se и soko пе smije unositi politika. No to пасеlо mora da уаlја za jednu i za drugu stranu, za politicare i za sokolstvo. Mi moramo уес danas и nasem поуоm sokolskom savezu sacuvati slobodno cetvrto mjesto za bracu Bugare."5 15. јипа 1919. pod predsjedanjem dr. Lazara Cara zakljuceno је, da se sve
hrvatske sokolske organizacije imaju sa srpskim i slovenskim stopiti и jedan jedinstven sokolski savez. Prvi sokolski sabor odrzan је и Novom Sadu od 28. do 30. VI 1919. gdje је i sprovedena поуа sokolska reorganizacija. Mjesec dana kasnije odrzan је и Mariboru prvi pokrajinski slet па kome se savez sokola SHS prozvao Jugoslavenski sokolski savez. U svojoj prvoj deklaraciji udarene su i smjernice radu sokolstva и поуој drzavi. U пјој se kaze pri kraји:
"РоmlаЈепо, оЬпоуlјепо
i ujedinjeno sokolstvo Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca pozdravlja radosno narod za (јји slobodu, napredak i cvjetanje daje sebe. Ра snazno vjerujuCi, da се pobjeda narodne mi4 5
Tyrs, Nadbiskup Bauer i Sokolstvo. "Novosti" 21. 1.1933. "Jugoslavenske поујпе" 2. IX. 1937.
17
Viktor Novak
and the politicians. Also, as of today the Sokol АШапсе should keep the fourth seat vacant for ош Bulgarian brothers. "5 Оп Јипе 15, 1919, the Meeting chaired Ьу Dr. Lazar Tzar decided that Croatian Sokols should merge with the Serbian and Slovenian Sokols into опе, united Sokol АШапсе. The FIRST SOKOL CONVENTION which took place јп Novi Sad, from 28 to 30 Јипе, 1918, adopted а пеw organizational pattern of the Sokols. А month later the FIRST REGIONAL SOKOL RALLY took place јп Maribor and оп that occasion the Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian Sokols changed their пате into ТНЕ YUGOSLAV SOKOL ALLIANCE. Its first Declaration provides guidelines for the Sokol activities јп the new state. At the end it reads as follows: "Rejuvenated, renewed and united the Sokol Movement of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is most cordially greeting аН of уои, ош people for whose freedom, progress and blossoming аН Sokols are ready to sacrifice themselves. We strongly believe that the victory of the national idea and the ideal of truth and justice wi1l bring Ьар piness and реасе to all of us. We also remain devoted to the idea of Slavism which epitomizes ош cultural and ethical strength and which, we Ьоре, will continue to keep ош Ьитап soul alive even after the death of old Gods. "6 аН
It is interesting to note that already јп 1919 and 1920 the Croatian Sokols left the АШапсе and founded their own national organization. This Ьар pened before 1921 when differences between the Zagreb Sokol Society and the Yugoslav Sokol АШапсе emerged due to internal conflicts оп political grounds. It was actually а conflict between the concept of particularism and separatism, оп the опе hand, and the concept of integral Yugoslavism, оп the other. However, the Croatian Sokol remained faithful to the Sokol principles of Tyrsh and his progressive ideology. Even the separatism prone Croatian clergy did not deny support to Croatian Sokols. They did not refuse to bless their flags јп spite of the fact that the Leaders and Senior members of the Croatian Sokol still fostered the ideals and ideology of their founding [а thers. At that time the clerical organization ORLOVI (the Eagles) was founded with the support of high Catholic clergy, the Seniorate and Episcopate. The idea was to take young people away [roт the Sokols and attract them to јојп the new independent gymnastic clubs. When јп 1919 the Ministry of Education issued а directive to аН schools to organize physical education 5
ТНЕ
6
'ГНЕ
18
YUGOS],AV GAZETTE ("Jugoslavenske поујпе") September 2,1937. SOKOL НЕRАIЛ ("Sokolski glasnik"), 1919, по 1, 1.
Magnum crimen XIV
sli, istine i pravde donijeti obilne plodove i srece i mira, duboko је osvjedoceno da се Slavenstvo biti ona kulturna i eticka si1a, sto се и casu smrti starih bogova па svojim ledima prenijeti i spasiti covjecju duSu."б
Medutim, jos prije nego sto је nastupio spor izmedu sokolskog drustva Zagrebu i Jugoslavenskog sokolskog saveza (1921) pod utjecajem unutrasnjih partijsko-politickih previranja (i па kraju istupio iz Jugoslavenskog sokolskog saveza i osnovao Hrvatski sokol), vec 1919. а pogotovo 1920. stali su se javljati znaci kritike i negodovanja sa Jugoslavenskim sokolstvom. Вio је to sukob ideja, partikularizma i separatizma s jedne strane i integralnog Jugoslavenstva s druge strane. Hrvatski sokol је i dalje zadrzao Tyrsova sokolska nacela sa svom njegovom naprednom ideologijom. Prema njemu se separatisticki orijentirano svecenstvo ophodi1o i dalje naklonjeno i ono ти nije ustezalo svoju ротоС. тi se svecenici nisu opirali da blagoslove njihove zastave, iako su vode i starjesine izjavljivale da ostaju vjerni ideologiji osnivaca sokolstva. U isto vrijeme pada i osnivanje klerikalnog Orlovstva kojemu su utirali puteve vode klerikalizma seniorat i episkopat. Prije svega najprije odvajanjem omladine od sokolstva ра onda uClanjivanjem и samostalna gimnasticka udruzenja.LKad је Ministarstvo prosvjete 1919. izdalo naredenje da se и svim skolama vrsi tjelovjeZba и sokolskom duhu, ta је Cinjenica bila predmet raspravljanja jugoslavenskog episkopata па apri1skoj konferenciji 1920.] Nije bez znacenja podvuCi da se па toj konferenciji па kojoj se prvi put odrazio antisokolski stav episkopata nalazio i papinski nuncij Cherubini. Ova podudarnost zapazena је bila и javnosti i о njoj se и novinama sa suprotnih gledista raspravljalo. \protest episkopata upucen Ministarstvu prosvjete Ыо је motiviran tezom da и skoli mora sav odgoj biti vjerski i па vjeri osnovan .• Ovako organiziran sokol и Jugoslaviji, и kome su bili sjedinjeni katolici, pravoslavni i muslimani i koji је stao da propovijeda nacelo "brat је mio koje vjere Ыо", punu i istinsku vjersku snosljivost i naklonost i ljubav prema braCi bez razlike ispovijedanja, od samog pocetka Ыо је gledan sa nepovjerenjem. Teza о vjerskoj toleranciji smatrana је kao veoma opasna za katolicizam. Napredno shvacanje voda sokola formirala је и оБта klerikalaca sliku veoma slozenih opasnosti za klerikalizaffi\\ Sokolske manifestacije za neoslobodenu bracu и Julijskoj Krajini i и profasistickom periodu, oznacavane su od talijanske stampe kao imperijalisticke provokacije. Uz neklerikalnu i klerikalna stampa и Italiji zauzela је prema sokolstvu vrlo ostar stav napadajuCi ga kao ustanovu opasnu па istocnim granicama Italije. Stari sokol и
6
"Sokolski glasnik" 1919., br. 1, 1.
19
Viktor Novak
according to the principles of the Sokol Movement the document was discussed Ьу the Yugoslav Episcopate at its Conference held in April1920. It was at this Conference that а negative attitude against the Sokols was taken for the first time. Тhe presence ofNuncio Cherubini at the Conference was publicly discussed and commented in аН papers in different ways. Тhe Episcopate еуеп lodged а protest with the Ministry of Education under the pretext that аН aspects of school education should Ье based оп re1igious principles and conducted in the re1igious spirit. Тhe Catho1ic Church could not accept the Sokols who bring together the Catholics, Orthodox and Moslems, who launch the idea that "а brother is dear regardless of his faith" and who promote true religious tolerance, affection and love for the brothers irrespective of their confession. ActuaHy, the clerics considered religious tolerance and progressive ideals as extremely dangerous to the Catholic Church. Moreover, Тhe Sokol protests in support of the brothers in Julian Alps region during the pro fascist period the Italian press qualified as ап imperialist рroуоса tion. According to both clerical and поп -clerical Italian press the Sokols were viewed as а threat to the Italian Eastern border Dr. Laza Popovitch (Popovic), and outstanding and old member of the Sokols, refuted аН these accusations оп the ground of valid arguments.l Тhe members of the Clerical Party and their supporters (in further text CLERICALS) tried to disguise the political background of their anti-Sokol campaign Ьу transferring the whole issue to the sphere of religious education. It was for the уегу first time that they brought ир the problem of philosophical naturalism and indifference to the principles of Christianity in the learning ofTyrsh, assessing them as dangerous to perennial Christian values. ActuaHy, the clericals, favoring separatism, were much more apprehensive of the idea of Yugoslavism than of the philosophy of Tyrsh. Опе month before the Meeting of the Episcopate (March 1920) the Yugoslav Sokol АШапсе issued а Declaration оп its attitude to the idea of Yugoslavism, which reads as foHows: "Тhe Revolution of the Yugoslav peoples for liberation and unification, brought to its successful end in 1918, epitomizes its greatest achievement - the idea of Yugoslavism which implies freedom, unity, independence, survival and progress of аН Yugoslav nations living united in опе state. Тhe idea of the Sokol Movement actuaHy stems [rom the national idea of Yugoslavism. Its aim is to unite аН 7
20
LAZA POPOyIТCH:"THE YUGOSLAV CATHOLIC EPISCOPATE AGAINST ТНЕ SOKOLS", (Laza Ророујс, Jugoslovenski katolicki Episkopat protiv Sokola) "JUGOSLAVENSKA OBNOVA NJIVA",1920, п. 32, рр. 495-496.
Magnum crimen XIV
dr. Laza Ророујс odlucno је reagirao па оуе klerikalne napadaje u zemlji i па strani? Da Ы se osnovna politicka misao sakrila koja је klerikalce rukovodila u njihovom antisokolskom stavu potrebno је bilo cijelo pitanje prebaciti па vjerski odgojni teren. Odatle prvi put iskrsava u polemikama Tyrsev filozofski natura1izam i krscanski indiferentizam kao strahovita opasnost za Cistocu krscanskih nacela, koja inace nikad nisu u sokolu bila napadana. Vise nego Tyrseva filozofska naziranja bila је jugoslavenska misao koja је bola оСј separatistickih klerikalaca. Na mjesec dana prije zasjedanja episkopata mjeseca marta 1920. predsjednistvo Jugoslavenskog sokolskog saveza u svome рro glasu odredilo је svoj odnos prema jugoslavenskoj misli. "Oslobodi1acka i ujedinjavajuca revolucija jugoslavenskog naroda, zavrsena 1918., dala је kao jednu od glavnih sinteza jugoslavensku narodnu misao, misao slobode, jedinstva, samostalnosti, odrzanja i napretka jugoslavenskog naroda, u [о ]bliku jedne i jedinstvene drzave. Iz jugoslavenske narodne misli ponikla је jugoslavenska sokolska misao ujedinjenja i jedinstva bivsih plemenskih sokolstava u jedno jugoslavensko sokolstvo, u jedinstvenu sokolsku organizaciju, sa potpunim razresenjem svih pokrajinskih, plemenskih, vjerskih i staleskih razlika, u cilju krepljenja i jacanja i mnozenja fizicke, intelektualne i moralne snage cijeloga jugoslavenskoga naroda za zivotnu borbu ... U borbi za ideju jedinstva jugoslavenskog sokolstva, u radu, muci i krajnjem naprezanju da оуа ideja bude rea1izirana, ukorjenjeпа i postavljena u temelj svega jugoslavenskog sokolstva, ima da sa potpunim angaziranjem svih sposobnosti i sila sudjeluje cjelokupno jugoslavensko sokolstvo ... U radu za ideju jugoslavenstva svi ste је dnako veliki, jednako potrebni i jednako vrijedni ... "8 Osnovna Tyrseva ideja bratstva i samodiscipline koja је imala prozeti i jugoslavensko sokolstvo u iskrenim i istinitim preporodnim pregnuCima za jugoslavensku misao postajala је protivnik svim ekskluzivizmima i separatizmima, ра dosljedno i onima hrvatskih klerikalaca. Znatnom dijelu sokolskih prvaka, osobito u prvim pocecima razvoja ne moze se nikako poreCi iskrenost i zalaganje za pravu sokolsku misao koja је imala da sluzj iskljuCivo narodnim interesima. Medutim, treba naglasiti da su u pojedinim stranama izvjesni po1iticari sa pretjeranim neprijateljskim stavom naskodili jednako sokolskoj kao i jugoslavenskoj ideji. Narocito od trenutka kad su 7
8
Laza Popovic, Katolicki episkopat Jugoslavije protiv Sokola. "Jugoslavenska оЬпоуа njiva" 1920., br. 32, 495-496. "Sokolski glasnik" 1920., 145-146.
21
Viktor Novak
former ethnic Sokol societies into опе Sokol organization and thus
overcome аН regional, ethnic, religious and class differences and help our people get stronger and improve their physical, intellectual and moral qualities so as to Ье ready to соре with аН challenges along that way, including struggle for life ... In the struggle for the unity of the movement аН Sokols should spare по effort to translate their ideals into reality and help them take deep roots in the Movement ... Within the соттоп strive to keep the idea of Yugoslavism alive аН of уои are equally great, equally useful and equally valuable ... "8 ТЬе idea ofYugoslavism and the principles of the Sokol Movement based оп brotherhood and self-sacrifice as а prerequisite for national revival and progress were а serious threat to аН promoters of separatism, particularly the Croatian clericals and their supporters. Most of the Sokol leaders, particularly during the initial stage of the Movement, were sincere supporters of the Sokol ideology that the Movement should exclusively serve the national interests. However, it should Ье emphasized that the hostile ideas of some politicians jeopardized the Sokol Movement and the idea of Yugoslavism. But а similar damage to the Sokol Movement and the idea of Yugoslavism was done Ьу those who encouraged education of the Sokols in the spirit of Monarchism and support to the Royal Family, or abused the Sokols in promoting the interests of some political parties, or against some social movements. It is from these positions that most criticism, not always unjustified, was addressed to the promoters ofthe Sokol Idea which till1918 had played а positive role in the struggle for Slavic solidarity. ТЬе Catholic Episcopate and the clericals very smartly took advantage of these differences and transferred the whole issue to the sphere of education. ТЬеу were not only against secularization of religious education but also against general education promoting national features and features of national cultural heritage, not organized or approved Ьу the Church. Evidently, ТЬе Sokols who promoted brotherhood and equality of аН religions had а great епету in the Catholic Church for whom religious tolerance was equal to religious indifference and as such а great епету of the Church and religion. ТЬе conflict of these totally opposing concepts of the progressive and conservative, the Yugoslav and exclusively Croatian, tolerance and intolerапсе, continued in Zagreb and in аН regions populated Ьу Croats and was gaining impetus with the increasing resistance of the clerical movement to the idea of Yugoslavism, brotherhood and religious tolerance, from its та8
22
ТНЕ
50KOL HERALD (,,50kolski glasnik"), 1920.,
рр.145-14б.
Magnum crimen XIV је
stali otvoreno odgajati za dinastiju u svirn rnoguCirn izrazima, а onda i zloupotrebljavajuCi је u svoje uske partijske ciljeve protiv socijalnih pokreta u zemlji. Odatle osnove sa kojih се se uveliko i sa opravdanjem pobijati sokolstvo kao cjelina i пјепј predstavnici kao nosioci sokolske ideje koja је do 1918. izvrsila jednu pozitivnu ulogu u duhu slavenske solidarnosti. То је vjesto iskoristio i klerikalizam i episkopat onoga trenutka kad se је suprotstavio пе samo laiciziranju vjerske nastave nego i unosenju u skole svih опЉ ротоспЉ sredstava za nacionalni i kulturni odgoj, koja nisu potekla iz same crkve ili bez odobrenja i suglasnosti sa crkvorn. Sokolstvo, koje је nacelno i programski tezilo da pobratimi i drustveno pornogne izjednaCivanjе vjerama podvojenog naroda rnoralo је паБ svoga protivnika u crkvi, koja је vjersku toleranciju izjednaCivala sa indiferentizrnom, time za пји opasnim protivnikom crkve i religije. U duhu ovih suprotnih shvacanja, naprednog i konzervativnog, jugoslavenskog i sarnohrvatskog, snosljivosti i nesnosljivosti, vjerske i narodne, odvijati се se daljna borba u Zagrebu kao i u unutrasnjosti, u pokrajinama u kojima stanuju Hrvati. 5to se јасе razvijala i organizirala klerikalna misao otpora protiv jugoslavenstva kao nosioca bratstva i vjerske snosljivosti utoliko је bila izrazitija suprotnost klerikalnih stremljenja, manifestiranih i u Orlovstvu а tako i u vodstvu klerikalnog pokreta, narocito pako organizirano od vremena organiziranja KatoliCke Akcije. Provalija tih shvacanja izbila је prilikorn svesokolskog sleta u Pragu 1926., kad se prirnjetila akcija zarnjenika papinskog nuncija, дја је intriga dovela do apstiniranja poljskog sokolstva па sletu. Krajem novernbra 1926. saopCio је Poljski sokolski savez dokurnente iz kojih se ogleda pozadina utiсаја Vatikana, koji је zbog nuncijeve afere Ыо naroCito nenaklonjen prema cehoslovackoj vladi, а posebno prema пјепот ministru vanjskih poslova dr. Eduardu Benesu. Poljsko sokolstvo је najprije odluCilo da се u velikom broju ucestvovati па praskom sokolskorn sletu. 1 upravo kad su priprave bile u пај vecem jeku, zarnjenik papinskog nuncija Msgr. Arata obavijestio је Poljake da се sokolske svecanosti u Pragu irnati protukatolicki znacaj ра stoga zahtijeva da poljski sokoli пе ucestvuju па sletu. Papinski nuncij u Varsavi i varsavski nadbiskup kardinal Kakowski иСјпШ su svoje kod starjesinstva poljskih sokola. Pritisak poljskih crkvenih dostojanstvenika i papinskog nuncija Ыо је toliki da је poljsko starjesinstvo па kraju odkazalo posjetu Pragu. 1z оЬја vljene dokurnentacije vidi se da su nuncij i nadbiskup apodikticki tvrdili da се se manifestacije u Pragu pretvoriti u antipapinske dernonstracije. Papinski nuncij u Varsavi doslovno је napisao ovo: "Apostolska stolica Ы rnorala svako ucestvovanje u Pragu srnatrati za tesku uvredu katolicke crkve i Svetog 23
Viktor Novak
jor strongholds: the ORLOV1 (Eagles) and CATHOL1C ACТION Movement (Katolicka akcija). 'Ље chasm between these two concepts surfaced at the ALL SOKOL RALLY in Prague, in 1926, where due to Deputy Nuncio's intrigues the Polish Sokols decided to abstain from participation. 1n November 1926 the Polish Sokols submitted the documents revealing the clandestine influence of the Vatican, hostile to the Government of Czechoslovakia, and particularly its Foreign Minister Dr. Edward Benesh, because of some problems with the Nuncio. At first the Polish Sokols were ready to massively participate in the Rally, but when applications were to Ье submitted Deputy Nuncio Msgr, Arata warned the Poles of the secret intention of the organizer to turn the Rally in Prague into а demonstration of anti-Catholicism. Actually, the Nuncio in Warsaw, Cardinal Kakowski Archbishop of Warsaw and Polish high clergy exercised а strong pressure оп the Polish Sokols not to participate and they obeyed. 'Ље documents also reveal that the Archbishop, оп the ground of his allegedly incontestable proofs, claimed that the Prague Rally was соп ceived as а protest against the Роре. 1n this connection the Nuncio said: "The Holy See would regard participation in Prague as а gross offense against the Catholic Church and the Holy Father." This is how the Vatican managed to break ир the Slavic unity in connection with that particular event. Оп the other hand, during the Rally not а single negative gesture against the Church was noticed. 9 Evidently that this smartly orchestrated campaign involving опе Deputy Nuncio (Msgr Arata) and опе Nuncio was undertaken оп the instructions of the Vatican. Actually, it was а well pondered and planned coincidence of interests of the Vatican, оп the опе hand, and fascism constantly attacking the Sokols, оп the other. Thousands of South Slavs who participated in the event took back home with them а bitter feeling, having realized that аН of them living along the banks of the rivers: Vltava, Warta and Socha have the same епету. 1t is with this awareness in mind that they started developing their national strategies which were not in Нпе with the interests of the Vatican and fascism. 'Ље Sokol Movement very well understood the reasons for the hostility of the Roman Curia against them and the implications of the hostility which had nothing to do with religion. 'Ље Roman Curia simply could not accept brotherhood between the Poles-devoted Catholics and the liberal, progressive sons of the people of Јап Huss, Јап Ziska, Prokop and Јап Amos 9
24
"ТНЕ VAТICAN AND IТS INTRIGUES AGAINST ТНЕ ALL SOKOL RALLY IN PRAGU". ТЬе Poles brought uр interesting details of the policy conducted Ьу high clergy behind the scene. (Vatikanske spletke protiv svesokolskog sleta и Pragu ... ), WORD ("ЮЈЕС"), 1926 по. 277.
Magnum crimen XIV Оса раре". Tako је Vatikan uspio i, u jednom trenutku, razbio је slavensku slogu. Poslije odrzanoga sleta moglo se konstatirati da se nije desila ni jedna protucrkvena manifestacija. 9 Nema sumnje da su se pri оуој aferi, koju su tako vjesto izveli jedan zamjenik papinskog nuncija (Msgr. Arata) i jedan nuncij (Msgr. Lavra), оа gledno пе bez instrukcija Vatikana i па vlastitu odgovornost, nego smisljeno i planski, stekli interesi Vatikana i fasizma koji је stalno napadao sokolstvo. Hiljade Jugoslavena koji su ucestvovali па tome sletu, ponijeli su u domovinu jedno поуо saznanje о neprijatelju Slavenstva, koji је jedan isti, па Vltavi, Visli kao i па SoCi. Svakako, оуа saznanja nisu mogla ostati bez svojih ипи trasnjih uvjerenja па kojima se izgradivala jedna nacionalna orijentacija koja nije mogla da bude draga ni Vatikanu kao ni fasizmu. Sokolstvo је shvatilo znacenje ovog neprijateljskog stava пе pobrkavsi talijansku politiku Rimske Kurije sa vjerom. Rimskoj Kuriji nije moglo biti svejedno da se Poljaci, toliko vjerni i odani, bratime sa naprednim sinovima naroda Јапа Husa, Ziske, Prokopa i Јапа Amosa Komenskoga, tog "uCitelja naroda", "Galileja odgoja", Ciji se narod rado naziva i ponosno istice da је narod Komenskoga. 1 kasnije kao sto se vidjelo u slucaju prvog antisokolskog stava episkopata, uz ucesce beogradskog nuncija Cherubinija, javljat се se slicnosti, koje се jasno govoriti da је slavensko snazenje u duhu naprednog i slobodarskog sokolstva jednako nemilo Vatikanu kao i njegovom oCiglednom savezniku fasizmu. Sarajevski nadbiskup Saric kao i njegova najbliza okolina zalili su se па Hrvatski Sokol sto nije prisao Orlovstvu kad ga i onako spajaju zajednicki ekskluzivisticki nacionalni pogledi i jednaki separatisticki osjecaji. Povod za jednu vrlo karakteristicnu diskusiju izmedu sarajevskih klerikalaca i predstavnika Hrvatskog Sokola u Zagrebu dao је starjesina Sokola Aleksandar Freudenreich, па svome predavanju odrzanom u Sarajevu о sokolstvu. Na uzas sarajevskih klerikalaca Freudenreich је rekao da је "sve jedno da li tko nosi fes, ili se kriza, ili se krsti, da li se klanja ili se moli jer vjera је eticki то tiv koji је nastao u srcu covjeka, ра zato mi postujemo svaCiju vjeru". Saricev "Katolicki tjednik" уеота је ostro reagirao па ovakve misli (15. V 1927.). "Katolicki roditelji, opominje klerikalni polemicar, zamislite se u to: ako ује rujete, da је crkva katolicka jedina luka ујеспе i vremenite srece, onda znajte da vasoj djeci пета mjesta u drustvu, gdje se sire nauke oprecne Kristovom evandelju!" Prema tome tolerancija za koju se zalagao оуај sokol bila је ро vod da se odgovori najzucnijim ogorcenjem. U polemici koja se produZila 9
Vatikanske spletke protiv svesokolskog sleta и Pragu. Zanimljiva poljska otkrica iza kulise visoke klerikalne politike. "Rijec" 1926., br. 277.
25
Viktor Novak
Komensky, "the national teacher", "а Galileo ofeducation" who were proud to called the people ofKomensky. ТЬе first anti-Sokol Epistle ofthe Catholic Episcopate in Yugoslavia and later оп the attitude of the Nuncio in Belgrade, Cherubini, reveal а similar approach, which proves that the strengthening of the Slavic idea and its dissemination through the progressive and freedom loving Sokol Movement was equally unacceptable to both the Vatican and its obvious ally-fascism. ТЬе Archbishop ofSarayevo, Sharitch and his close associates reproached the Croatian Sokols for not joining the Eagle Movement (Orlovi) since they share the same feelings of national exclusiveness and separatism. Aleksandar Freudenreich, опе of the Sokolleaders, delivered јп Sarayevo а lecture оп the Sokol Movement, which ignited а very interesting discussion between the Sarayevo clericals and the representatives of the Croatian Sokol. ТЬе Sarayevo clericals and their supporters were appalled to hear from Freudereich that: "it is absolutely irrelevant whether опе wears а fez оп his head, or а cross, whether while praying опе crosses himself or keeps bowing because religion motivated Ьу ethics is а matter ofheart. We respect everyone's religion." Sharitch's KATOLICKI TJEDNIK (Catholic weekly) of Мау 15, 1927 vehemently reacted to this statement warning the Catholic parents to take this idea seriously. "If уои ЬеНеуе that the Catholic Church is the only stronghold of everlasting celestial and earthly happiness then уои must know that the movement disseminating the ideas contrary to the Gospel is not the right place for уош children." Evidently, the idea of tolerance the Sokols were disseminating was rejected with bitterness. ТЬе polemics that followed was а good opportunity for Freudenreich to give а long lecture оп tolerance and brotherly love in the spirit of the Jesus: "Love уош next ... " and emphasize that the Sokols simply cannot transform love for the next into hatred of а brother of different religion which is neither his merit, nor his guilt. It should, however, Ье emphasized that аН Catholic Bishops did not share the views of Archbishops Sharinitch and Bauer оп the Sokols. It is interesting to note that in his letter of July 30, 1928 to the Sokol Society in Vinkovci Вishop Akshamovitch (Aksamovic) thanks them for the Memorial Book and at the end says: "Greetings Sokols! (Zdravo Sokoli) God bless уои аН and help уои get stronger and stronger!"lO
Ье
10
26
,.оRGАNIZАТЮNАL PATTERN OF ТНЕ SOKOL ALLIANCE OF ТНЕ КINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA" (Organizacija Sayeza sokola Кгаlјеујпе JugoslaYije), LjubIjana, 1930., 7, 18.
Magnum crimen XIV
sok01ski starjesina iz Zagreba odrzao је Citavu 1ekciju о t01eranciji i bratskoj 1jubavi u duhu Kristovih misli ,,1јиЫто bliznjega svoga". Sok01 пе moze da 1јиЬау prema bliznjemu pretvori u mrznju па brata svoga samo zato jer је bez ikakve zasluge ili krivice druge vjeroispovijesti. Medutim svi biskupi nisu jednako gledali па sok01stvo kao sto su to uCinili svojim raznim postupcima nadbiskup Saric i nadbiskup Bauer. Zanimljivo је da је biskup AksamoviC 30. jula 1928. zahvalio pismom Sok01skom drustvu u Vinkovcima па paznji sto ти је poslalo spomenicu svoga drustva ра је па kraju zavrsio: "Zdravo sokoli! Bog vas јасао i blagoslovio!"lO Kad је doslo do drzavnih promjena 6. januara 1929. i zavedena diktatura, onda је ukinuto Orlovstvo kao i Jugoslavenski, Hrvatski sokol i Jugos1avenski sok01ski savez, а osnovan od strane v1ade Savez sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije (5. ХII 1929.). Sada је velik dio starih sokola napustio оуи ustanovu, smatraјиСј da оуо поуо sokolstvo znaCi pre10m sa starim, а опј koji su i u пјети zaostali imali su cesto da odgovaraju па opravdane prigovore da је Sok01 postao ustanova koja indirektno pomaze diktatorski rezim, i da daje kompromitiranim idejama mora1ni legitimitet. Nema sumnje, da је i pored sve dobre volje znatnoga dijela vodstva novog Saveza sokola Kraljevine Jugos1avije kome su па се1и ЫН Engelbert Gangl i Oton Gavran6c, i koji su htjeli produziti staru sok01sku tradiciju mimo svih tendencija vlade i sestojanuarske klike i partijskih satelita, nailazili kod pristalica sestojanuarskog rezima па mnoge smetnje koje su u mnogim slucajevima kompromitira1e sokolsku ideju. Као sto је jugos1avenska misao naturenom, podrzavljenom i eksploatiranom diktatorskom jugoslavenskom misli bila unizena i kompromitirana, tako је i sokolska misao pretrpjela velike moralne i naciona1ne stete. Medutim, klerikalci stari neprijatelji Sok01stva produbli su svoj otpor prema ovakvom sok01stvu. 1 to iz istih osnovnih razloga kakvih su ih vodili i ranije, jer su Tyrseva пасе1а osta1a i dalje u орСјт odredbama statuta Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Naime С1. 11. орсЉ odredaba SKJ-e kaze da se u sok01skim drustvima "ро Tyrsevom sok01skom sistemu izvodi tjelesno, mora1no i nacionalno odgajaПЈе ро uputama i pravilnicima koje izraduje Uprava saveza, odnosno uprave sokolskih iupa". U svome manifestu od 28. 1 1930. Savez Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije (SKJ) podvukao је osnovne ideje vodilje kojima се se rukovoditi reorganizirano sok01stvo. Jugoslavenstvo, slavenska solidarnost, napredan i tolerantan duh, prema svima djelovima naroda bez obzira па vjeru, kao i osnovne misli osnivaca Tyrsa i Fugnera bile su i поуот starjesinstvu pred оЬта. Dakako i ovako reorganiziran Sokol, zapeo је za 06 пе samo 10
Organizacija Saveza sokola Кгаlјеујпе Jugoslavije. Ljubljana 1930., 7, 18.
27
Viktor Novak
As а result of the political changes of January 6, 1929, and the establishment of dictatorship the EAGLES, the YUGOSLAV and CROAТIAN SOKOLS and the YUGOSLAV SOKOL ALLIANCE were аН abolished and оп December 5,1929, the Government founded the SOKOL ALLIANCE ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA. А great number of "old" Sokols left the organization believing that the new Sokol Аlliапсе had nothing to do with the perennial опе. Оп the other hand, the old members who adhered to the new Sokols were often and rightly criticized for supporting the organization indirectly serving the dictatorial regime, thus granting legitimacy to соm promised ideas. Мапу leaders of the new Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia headed Ьу Engelbert Gangle and Otton Gavranchitch who were using their best effort to keep аНуе the ancient tradition of the Movement, had serious problems because the Government, the supporters of dictatorship and various political feHow travelers tended to compromise the perennial ideas of the Sokol Movement. ТЬе same applies to the idea ofYugoslavism, compromised to the point of humiliation Ьу the state imposed Yugoslavism. ТЬе clericals, traditional enemies of the Sokols, continued their old hostilities against the new Sokol, for the same reason. Namely, the Statute of the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia, Article 11 of the General Provisions reiterates the idea of Tyrsh that: "ТЬе Sokol societies organize physical, moral and national education as envisaged Ьу the Rules and Regulations issued Ьу the Main Board and the Boards of the local societies caHed ZUPА." Јп its MANIFESTO of January 28, 1930 the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia speHs out the major objectives of the reorganized Sokol, which are: Yugoslavism, Slavic solidarity, the spirit of progress and tolerance for аН nations and ethnic groups, irrespective of their religion, and respect of аН principles laid down Ьу the founders of the Movement: Tyrsh and FUgner. These ideas were still alive in the minds of the new Sokolleaders. ТЬе clerics and their supporters in Croatia and other Slavic countries did not like this new, reorganized Sokol either. Nor did the Italian clerics, their supporters and Italian fascists in whose eyes the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia was а military organization with the primary task to neutralize their appetite for some Yugoslav lands. ТЬе book PUTEVI I CILJEVI (Ways and Objectives) adopted Ьу the General Assembly of the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom Of Yugoslavia of March 29, 1931, is devoted to the ideology of the old (perennial) Sokol Movement and its approach to the concept of relations оп the nationallevel, оп the level of the state and оп the level of the Slavic community. Already at that time the clericals accused the Sokols of promoting religious indiffer28
Magnum crimen XIV
hrvatskim i slovenskim klerikalcima, nego i talij anskim, а tako i fasistima u Italiji, koji su u Sokolstvu, уес ranije, а pogotovo od ројауе SKJ vidjeli u tome jednu vojnicku organizaciju - uperenu prvenstveno protiv njihovog apetita s obzirom па Jugoslaviju. Cjelokupna ideologija Saveza sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije razradena је u knjizi "Putevi i ciljevi" koje је primila glavna skupstina SKJ 29. ЈП 1931. "Putevi i сЩеуј" jesu u prvom redu rezultati shvacanja stare sokolske ideje i pogleda па sva pitanja, javnog, nacionalnog, drzavnog i ор се slavenskog zivota. Jer se уес tada prigovaralo od strane klerikalaca da Sokol zastupa ideju vjerskog indiferentizma, u "Putevima i ciljevima" dodirnuto је i оуо pitanje. "Sokolstvo priznaje slobodu uvjerenja i misli svakog pojedinca. Sokolstvo postuje svako vjersko uvjerenje i osjecanje, jer smatra da је vjera najintimniji dio unutrasnjeg dusevnog zivota. Sokolstvo usvaja nacelo vjerske snosljivosti".ll U zasebnoj glavi "Sokolstvo i vjera" оуај је stav jos preciznije odreden. "Sokolstvo kao ideja slobode priznaje i slobodu uvjerenja i misli svakog pojedinca. Od svog Clanstva zahtjeva, da postuje svako otvoreno i iskreno uvjerenje i misljenje drugih i pri tome da сиуа Cistocu sokolske ideologije. Sokolstvo naroCito postuje i svako vjersko иује renje i osjecanje, jer SЉ1<:lЈrа da је vjera najsvetiji dio unutrasnjeg zivota svakog pojedinca. Svaki pripadnik sokolske organizacije moze slobodno da izvrsava svoje zapovjesti i propise svoje vjere i crkve." Ра opet пј ovim nikako nisu bi1i zadovoljni klerikalci, ni episkopat. Pogotovo kada је Sokolstvo i sada bilo jos povezanije nego ranije sa skolom, osnovnom i srednjom. Jer cjelokupni tjelesni odgoj u srednjim i strucnim skolama imao se provoditi ро sokolskom sistemu. Orlovstvo i klerikalizam osjetili su da је zakonom о osnivanju Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslav~e i njegovom funkcijom u osnovnoj i srednjoj skoli uveliko pogoden dalekosezni plan о пјЉоуоm klerikalno-separatistickom djelovanju. Као sto је Zakon о SKJ primljen sa velikim negodovanjem od jugoslavenskih klerikalaca i episkopata оп је podvrgnut kritici u talijanskoj fasistickoj stampi kao i u опој sluZbenoj i polusluZbenoj u Vatikanu. Nema sumnje da је Vatikan bio izvjesten od pojedinih biskupa i nadbiskupa о znaсепји tog novog zakona, а zacijelo sa komentarima, koji su se podudarali sa politicko-separatistickom orijentacijom crkvenog velikodostojnika. Ра i sam пипсјј уес ро svojoj funkciji bio је u tom pogledu u prvom planu. Kako се se vidjeti da је уес ranije ulagao protestne note radi sokolskog zakona kao i uvodenja fizickog odgoja u skoli. Ako su se 1925. pojedini jugoslavenski 11
Putevi i сјlјеуј, 21.
29
Viktor Novak
ence. This book (Ways and Objectives) devotes due attention to the Sokol's approach to religion. "ТЬе idea of the Sokol Movement is [иН respect for аН religious beliefs and feelings as the most intimate aspects of spirituallife of each individual and [иН support to the principle of religious tolerance." 11 ТЬе book deals in details with the topic of religion in а separate chapter entitled: ТНЕ SOKOL MOVEMENT AND RELIGION. "ТЬе Sokol ideology implies the right of the individual to freedom of thought and belief. Its members are expected to respect аН other different, openly professed and sincere beliefs and convictions Ьу, at the same time, safeguarding the purity of the Sokol ideology. ТЬе Sokols [иНу respect аН religious beliefs and feelings as the loftiest aspects of the intimate life of each individual. Each member of the Sokol is free to honor the principles of his religion and church and behave accordingly." ТЬе clericals and the Episcopate did not like this approach, particularly now when the Sokol Movement got more closely linked to the elementary and secondary school education. Actually, the entire concept of physical education at school was developed according to the Sokol system. ТЬе clericals and the supporters ofORLOVI (Eagles) realized soon enough that the establishment of the SOKOL ALLIANCE OF ТНЕ KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA and its role in the elementary and secondary school education wi1l seriously impede their separatist activities. ТЬе Law оп the Sokols of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia was vehemently criticized not only Ьу the Yugoslav clericals, their supporters and the Yugoslav Episcopate, but also Ьу the Italian fascist press and the official and semi -official Vatican press. Evident1y, Боте bishops and archbishops were involved in the campaign with the task not only to keep the Vatican informed about the imp1ications of the new law, but also send their political comments with special emphasis оп the prospects of separatism in view of that law. Ву the very nature of his position the Nuncio was prominently active in this campaign. Не is known for lodging protests against the Law оп the Role of the Sokols in Physical Education. In the talks with the Yugoslav delegation in Rome negotiating the CONCORDAT Cardinal Gasparri said that already in 1925 Боте Catho1ic bishops in Yugoslavia were hostile to the state of Yugoslavia (at that time called the Кingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) and in Rome conducted а campaign against it. 12 In the light of that fact it is not difficult to assume 11 12
30
WAYS AND OBJECТIVES (Putevi i сiljеуј), р. 21. See Chapter Х.
Magnum crimen XIV
/ -
..~-
.,.,
XIV.
ECCLESIA MILITANS RAТUjE S ТYRSEVOM IDEOLOGIjOM 'Ргуо Sokol.ko drustvo osnоуапо је u Pragu 1862. Bilo ј: to ulшо роо[;је sloma Bacllovog 3fJsolutizma i politUke odnarodav","ja, k.ju је austrij"ki .istem 8'а planom izvodio nad nenjemaikim паrodп"ыtunа H~ ..г!;'""a carstva. Osmvaei ideolozi ОУе nOVC narodne ustanove Ьilј 8U Јiпdгiсh Fugller i dr. Miroslav Туг" Оуо dt-uItvо, kao i druga, koja su Бе р" njegovu шиu _ш\а оолi'Vаti ро Ce!koj, postala з ... sastavnim d'jclom OPCeg narodnog preporoda. Сјlј је dru'lvu Ьio рod;... ,апје !Шсionаlпе 8videsti, орЈеlllcnјјуапј •. duicvne i fizicke roage lclkog naroda. рtИет f.jzi&og i пюгаl,юg ищоја. Sokolfka dcviza: ]аСајmо вс! ~ је ле вато za (ј'је/о; ·nego је obunvatila i d,ub, mогal, svijest, Јјооау ka domovini, ka .lоЬod; i nezav.isnmti. Zdrav dUih u zdravom tijeJlI јтао је da oceJj~j јоеаЈе koje је probudena nac;ја '11 ХНС stoljecu, u угјјете sloven.ske renesanse, рооtзујЈа U ргуј рЈап .уојјЬ Т>I3I'tojanja. Pred plVU desetogod;snjicn postoj"",ja уеЈ: vel>kog bloja dru§tava, ТЈ::n је 1871. podvukao o.novnu тј.ао zadai:ka Sokolslva: »NaS ргУј i орБ zadatak је da 8rnо ргјје oel(o itko drugi pozv311i da OOuуаmо .уој п..-od u опој svestTanoj !ivahno~ti koja пе da narodima da izu.mru, u оуој &talnoj i svjezoj ~nazi. u onom tjclosnam, du5evnon'l. i moralпom zdravlj.u lюје пе da da .. ројауј ьјјо kakva pr<>past, "ј za.toj, ра пј uazшlnја.!tvо. na}gori smrtoi zЈоЫп, koji то;;е da se УЈЋј nad оаrodјта.с l 1: S~c"JOkolski
s1et 11 Рraяu 1938. Deo~rat1. 1.
.
8 >u t!rugim sl",v~m zemljama. Vet. вЊје dece gюdiпе 1863. оопјуа Зе ргуо Sоkо~эkо druStvo 11 LjLUbljaoi као jufni Sokol. A",~ltri,j .ke vlasti ra>pwtile su 10 drustvo 1867., а ooda se јауlја ЈЮ,юvпо 1868. kao giП1'n.aStiСkо dn,stvo So:kol u Ljubljani. Ргу; ,okol.ki .Је! sloveD&kj,h sokolskih dru'iava ЬјО је odr!ah 1888. nit koji BU do,li 'ј ооrnуасј sokol'stva Сез;. U duhu ТУГБеујЬ girnnastjckih na~еlа razra.d·io jes>:>kolsku јоеј" u Sloveniji dr. Viktor Murnik devedesetih gOOina pro~log ~toljeca. U Zagrebu је омwvаno рrvo вokolвko dMtV'o 1874; U S,tJij; Је rеorgшmiran" SD\ro1stVO 1882. U poёet1w хх. stoljebi osmvaju ,е i ргуј sokol!'ki $аУ"; u Hrvan'koj ; S!oveniji. So,k<>lski. slehw; рота!и ra.zvЈјаЈПје Bvij'eS!1 i вOlidar nostj izrnedu juZooslavenskiih ; oo'taliih narodа. Sve80kolski, siletovi pootaН su vidne rnanifcstacije slav....ike UIlајamIЮSti. 1911. Ыо је svesokoJ.ki <Је! 11 Zagrebu па kome su se uz HrvMe "а!Јј Slove.n.ci, Srbi, Bugari, Се,;, Роlјасј i Rusi. Nema 'tlmnje da је SokolstV'O u slovcnskim ,еmlјата ucini.lo ogromno rnnog() u propasiranJu ideje ,Iavemkc u,"јаmпоsti ј rncd~obnog upoznavanja. Sasvim је зЬуајlјјуо da је ovakvu uв!аЈЮVU ,ау{)lјо dakovacki bi.lrnp Str_шауег оо samog poёetka рокlonј,у!ј Sokol~u р1Ш1I pa!nju i Ijubav, 31; i S'\toju pomое kad'god је stigao, роzпaуајиб potpuno сЫјеуе ;' oIэriзvе па којјта је ono poI'ilva1lt. Str08эmауеr је ui.tirnl ртауi.lno shvali.o zadat:ke sves\avenskog, ра tako i hrvatslrog sokolstva. Sti'_ayer је па вуе strane dijelio ",оје potnоеј, ра ta.ko је Ьјје uolme је :""",аБо гоооlјоопј zadata'k hrvai1lkog !i>kOl~ u ugro~enoj Istri.' Zalo је ј sokоЊltvЬ uzvrata.lo 'јооау i po!tovanje [от vеlikопl рrороvјedniЈш jugoolaven.kog .ј sveslavenвkog bratstva. 1 kao .10 је _а !јуotа Strosв .таует bio veli-ki ideal sokol~tva tako mu је о.\ао i kasn.ijc trajno kao zvij ..da predvodnii:a о nj"govim Пznао sоkоlэtvо odтаЬ, godinu di>"a posНје njegova oonivznja i ti) u .атоте Pragu krajem
. '" s
Naslovna strana izostavijenog poglavija Тhe Jront page оЈ the omitted chapter 31
Viktor Novak
the nature of their comments оп the Sokols. Since censorship during the б-th ofJanuary regime was very strict the bishops smartly decided to use the authority of the Holy See and its Encyclical devoted to general matters with special emphasis оп Christian education. Everything in the Encyclical dealing with education refers to Yugoslavia, without mentioning its пате. The Vatican also reacted promptly. Оп December 31, 1929 Pius ХI announced his Encyclical оп Christian Education of the young. In the introduction the Роре explains that it is the nature of education in different countries and the wish expressed Ьу а number of bishops and their believers to hear his views оп that subject that he decided to openly аппоипсе them in this Encyclical. 13 Evidently the suggestion сате from Yugoslavia where in November 1929, а month before the Encyclical, а Law оп the Sokol АШапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia and а Law оп School Education was enacted. The clericals and their supporters were profoundly dissatisfied with both of these laws. То the best of ош knowledge at that time this issue was not raised in апу other country, except Italy which resulted in а conflict between Mussolini and the Роре over the role of the CATHOLIC ACТION. Pius ХI admits that according to church principle it is the church, the state and the family that share the responsibility for the education of the young, but emphasizes that church education has priority with regard to the other two because the spirit of the church as а supreme and most reliable teacher of religion, should permeate the complete school education. ,,1Ъе Church is, therefore, entitled to ореп and support schools and other institutions teaching science and arts and culture, оп аН levels. The same applies to physical education which should also Ье under the motherly care of the Church because in view of its па ture this education тау Ье developed to the benefit, or detriment, of Christian education in general ... lЗа Furthermore, it is ап inalienable right and imperative duty of the Church to monitor in аН public and private schools and institutions not only the program of religious education but also аН other aspects of teaching involving religion and ethics. The use of that right should not Ье interpreted as interferепсе of the Church because it only reflects its motherly care for the children and their protection against аН kinds of dangerous scientific and moral poisons."14 13 ТНЕ
ENCYClICAl OF ТНЕ HOlY FATHER PIUS ХI ON CHRISТIAN EDUCATION OF YOUTH (Enciklika Svetog оса Раре о krscanskom uzgoju mladezi), Zagreb, 1930. 13а Reprinted from the "KATOLICКI LIST", 1930. 14 ТНЕ ENCYCLICAl (Enciklika) 6-7.
32
Magnum crimen XIV
biskupi vlada1i u Rimu kao neprijatelji drzave, kako је to rekao jugoslavenskoj delegaciji za zakljucenje konkordata kardinal Gasparri,12 onda пе treba mnogo fantazije da se predoCi duh i sadrzina tih po1itiCkih komentara. Kako је cenzura sestojanuarskog rezima bila уеота stroga, to su se jugoslavenski biskupi оуај put vjesto zaklonili iza autoriteta Svete Stolice i пјој su prepustili da u jednoj enciklici od opceg znacenja raspravi pitanje krscanskog odgoja, ра tako posredno dodirne i оуо jugoslavensko pitanje пе pominjuCi ga dakako poimenicno. 1 Vatikan se dao brzo па djelo. Vec па poslednji dan 1929. objavio је Pio ХI svoju Encikliku о Krscanskom odgoju omladine. Sam рара kaze u uvodu оуе Enciklike da su ga па пји ponukali savremeno raspravljanje skolskog i odgojnog pitanja u raznim zemljama kao i zelje mnogih biskupa i пјЉоуЉ vjernika. 13 1 upravo u оуот priznanju vidimo i inicijativu za tu Encikliku koja је bez sumnje potekla i iz Jugoslavije, u kojoj se 1929. па тје sec dana ranije donio Zakon о SKJ, kao i о skolama, sa kojima su klerikalci ЫН jednako vrlo nezadovoljni. Koliko пат је poznato u drugim zemljama nije se u to vrijeme bas о tom problemu diskutiralo, osim sto је u Italiji nastao sukob izmedu Mussolinija i раре zbog К. А. Prema nacelima crkve i Pije ХI tvrdi da odgoj pripada crkvi, obitelji i drzavi. Ali u prvom redu, podvlaCi рара, odgoj pripada crkvi. Posto је crkva vrhovna i najpouzdanija uCiteljica ljudi u vjeri i uredivanju cudoreda, crkva mora da prozme svu skolsku nastavu. "Zato опа moze osnivati i uzdrzavati skole i vlastite zavode za svaku nauku i svaki kulturni stepen. Ni sam takozvani fizicki odgoj пе smije se smatrati tudim njezinom majCinskom uCiteljstvu i to bas zato, jer i опа imade narav sredstva, koja moze biti па korist ili stetu krscanskog odgoja ... lЗа Nadalje crkva ima neotudivo pravo i duznost koje јој se пе moze oteti, da nadzire sav odgoj svoje djece, vjernika, Ыl0 u kojoj ustanovi јаупој ili privatnoj; i to пе samo u pogledu vjerske pouke, koja se оп dje podaje, nego i u pogledu svake druge znanosti i odredaba, ukoliko stoje u vezi s vjerom i moralom. Izvrsivanje ovoga prava пе smije se smatrati kao neko nedopusteno uplitanje, nego kao dragocjena materinska briga crkve, da zastiti svoju djecu od teskih opasnosti svakog naucnog i moralnog otrova. "14 "Ipak је jasno, da u svim ovim naCinima promicanja odgoja te javnog i privatnog роисауапја, drzava mora postivati prirodena praVidi naprijed poglavlje Х. Enciklika Svetog Оса раре Рја XI. о kгsсапskош uzgoju шlаdеZi. Zagreb 1930. 13а Ргеstашрапо iz "Katolii'kog lista" 1930. 14 Enciklika, 6-7.
12
13
33
Viktor Novak
"This means that in аН public and private schools and institutions of learning the state has to respect the natural rights of the Church and parents and secure Christian education [ог their children. ТЬе State should guarantee that right to the Church according to the principles of proportionate distribution, so as to avoid any aspect of possible state monopoly. Moreover, it is inadmissible, against the spirit of Christianity and the principle of equality to exercise any physical ог moral pressure оп the parents to send their children to public schools. This, however, does not mean that the state should Ье excluded [гот the process. Оп the contrary. ТЬе State is responsible [ог the administration, management of риblјс affairs, defense of the country and internal and external реасе, in the interest of риblјс good. In that aim the State should ореп professional schools providing special, including military education, indispensable [ог securing services of special state interest. Only, the State should always Ье very careful never to infringe оп the rights of the Church and family in this field of education either. At this point we feel it ош duty to draw attention to а phenomenon of nationalism which is nowadays being spread in its artificial and exaggerated version and which is, as such, ап enemy of реасе and progress. This also applies to physical education [ог boys (and girls too, although it is against their natural features) which include some elements of military drill. Moreover, such activities are often organized оп Sundays and Church holidays which should Ье devoted to church and family Ые. Ош intention is not to criticize the beneficial effects of this kind of education fostering courage and discipline; we only want to say that aggressiveness should not Ье а substitute [ог courage and noble feelings of valor as а basic principle of аН activities undertaken in the defense of the native country and its реасе and риЫјс order. ТЬе only thing we want to criticize is the exaggerated importance attached to athletics which already in the ега of paganism brought about degeneration and disintegration."15 "We would like to reiterate and endorse their statements (those of Pius IX and Leo XIII) and гесаН the Canonical Rules according to which Catholic youth is prohibited to attend non-Catholic, neutral or mixed schools, namely the schools equally accessible to Catholics and non-Catholics. ТЬе Ordinarium is the only entitled to allow ех ceptions to the Rule, in special circumstances and upon serious de15
34
Idem, 13-14
Magnuт стјтеп
XIV
уа
Crkve i obitelji па krscanski odgoj; а k tomu је duzna izvrsivati distributivnu pravednost. Zato је nepravedan i nedopusten svaki uzgojni ili skolski monopol, koji Ы fizicki ili moralno silio obitelji па polazak drzavnih 5kola protiv obveza krscanskih savjesti ili protiv opravdanog davanja prednosti drugima. То dakako пе iskljucuje, da si drzava zbog valjane uprave јаупЉ poslova i zbog unutarnje i уапј ske obrane mira - stvari - koje su tako nuzne za орсе dobro i koje traze posebnu sposobnost i posebnu spremu - pridrzi osnivanje i upravljanje strucnih skola za nekoje svoje sluZbe, napose za vojniCku, samo da imade brigu, da se пе povrijede prava crkve i obitelji u опоте, 5to spada па пјЉ. Nije beskorisno ovdje napose ponoviti ovu оротепи. U па5а se naime vremena (kad se 5iri neki naciona1izam, ko1iko pretjerani i lazni, jednako toliko neprijatelj mira i napretka), оЫсауаји prekoraCiti pravedne granice u tome, 5to se па vojnicku ureduje takozvani fizicki odgoj djecaka (а kadikad takoder i djevojcica, premda је to protiv same naravi ljudskih stvari), koji k tome cesto puta па dan Gospodnji preko mjere zadire u опо vrijeme, koje mora biti posveceno vjerskim duznostima i sveti5tu obiteljskoga ь vota. Uostalom песето Мј da pokudimo опо, 5to u tim metodaта moze biti dobra u duhu discipline i prave srcanosti, nego samo kudimo svaki eksces, kakav је па primjer duh silovitosti koji se пе smije zamijeniti s duhom hrabrosti ni s plemenitim osjecajem уој nicke vrline u obrani domovine i javnog poretka; а i опо uzve1icanje atletizma, koji је za pravi fiziCki odgoj уес u klasicno pogansko doba znaCio degeneraciju i rasulo."15 "Мј obnavljamo i potvrdujemo пјЉоуе izjave (tj. рара Рјја IX. i Lava XIII), а ujedno i propise svetih kanona ро kojima је kato1ickoj mladezi zabranjeno pohadanje akatolickih, neutralnih ili mjesovitih skola, tj. опЉ koje su jednako bez razlike otvorene katolicima i nekatolicima ... То se pohadanje moze trpjeti i to jedino ро sudu Ordinarija i u odredenim prilikama vremena i mjesta i pod osobitim oprezima. Ne moze se za katolike dopustiti ni опа mjesovita skola ... u kojoj mladez dobiva doduse napose vjersku obuku, ali ostalu оЬи ku prima оnа od uCiteija nekatolika i u zajednici sa svim nekatolickim pitomcima ... Potrebno је da svu nastavu i sav uredaj 5kole: uCitelje, nastavne osnove i knjige i to u svim predmetima prozima krscanski duh pod upravljanjem i materinskim nadzorom crkve tako da vjera bude uistinu temelj i kruna cijele obuke u svim stepenima, пе samo 15
Enciklika, 13-14.
35
Viktor Novak
liberations оп the case. The Catholics are also prohibited to attend mixed schools -namely the schools which provide separate religious education [ог Catholics, but where аН other subjects are taught Ьу поп -Catholic teachers and where they attend class with non-Catholic pupils ... ,. The curriculum, the whole teaching process, the teachers, the books and аН teaching aids should Ье permeated with the spirit of Christianity and under the auspices and motherly care of the Catholic Church. This means that religion should Ье the foundation and tЬe crOWl1 of the whole teaching process not only јп elementary schools, but also јп the secondary and high level education. We сап not accept the explanation that this approach to education is too ех pensive јп а multi-confessional country because neutral and mixed schools also cost .... Iп the regions with а multi-confessional population the situation is different. There, the Catholics themselves Бпапсе Catholic schools tor their children, with the help of the Episcopate, the clergy and other Catholic donors. Iп spite of being а heavy Б nancial burden оп them they accept it voluntarily, out of conscious commitment to their Church and pious religious feelings ..... Iп case this right is del1ied to them, or јп апу way jeopardized, the Catholics will use their very best efforts to defend their schools оп the ground of the Law оп Educatiol1 guaranteeing them tЬat right." 16 It is evident that јп this Encyclical Pius ХI refers to the circumstances јп Yugoslavia, both јп the political and јп the field of education, because there is по other county јп the world with such confessional diversity. But, јп spite of the presence of other religions too, the Роре requires only Catholic teacher јп mixed schools. According to Pius ХI јп multi-contessional states CATHOLIC ACТION (Katolicka akcija) has а special task to fulfil. "Therefore, the Catholics аН over the world, regardless of their nationality and ethnic origin, should support Catholic schools for their children. It should Ье emphasized that this request has nothing to do with politics. It only means commitment of the Catholics to their t'aith and their conscious choice." 17 It should Ье noted that the Encyclical was not written in Latin- the ипј versal language of the Roman Catholic Church, but јп the language of the fascist Italy. Written јп Italian language this Encyclical denies the universal nature of the Catholic Church and shows that it is actuaHy Italian and universal only to the extent it serves the imperialist strivings of the Italian fascists to [еујуе the Roman Empire. lhe Fascists were very happy with the content and Јп
Idеш,22-26.
17
Idеш,
36
23-24.
Magnum
сгјтеп ХТУ
osnovne nego i srednje vise Skole ... Neka se пе kaze da је u narodu, koji је podijeljen па vise vjeroispovijesti drzavi nemoguce, da se za јаупи izobrazbu poskrbi drukCije nego sa neutralnom ili mjesovitom Skolom ... U drugim krajevima izmijesanih vjeroispovijesti dogada se protivno (tj. da se pomazu katolicke i konfesionalne skole), dakako па teski teret katolika, koji pod zaStitom i vodstvom Episkopata i uz пеитоrnи saradnju svjetovnog i redovnog klera uzdrzavaju sasvim svojim troskom katolicku skolu za svoju djecu, jer to trazi preteska obveza пјЉоуе savjesti ... А gdje se i ta osnovna sloboda sprecava ili па razne паСјпе krnji, katolici песе nikada dosta nastojati, da makar i pod сјјепи ogromnih zrtava uzdrze i Ьгапе svoje skole i da se Ьгјпи da se uzakone pravedni skolski zakoni."16 Ko1iko је оујт stavom Enciklike рјо XI zahvatio u jugoslavenske prilike, skolske i politicke samo је ро sebi jasno јег jedva јта poredenja sa та kojom zemljom u svijetu gdje postoji ovolika vjerska raznolicnost. Ра opet оп trazi da u tim mjesovitim skolama uCitelj i profesor budu iskljucivo katolici. рјо XI је u takvim vjerskim mjesovitim drzavama патјепјо zasebnu duznost i zadatak К. А. "Zato katolici bilo kojeg naroda па svijetu Ьгјпиа se za katolicku skolu svoje djece - neka bude glasno proglaseno i neka dobro razume i priznadu svi - пе (јпе stranackog politickog djela nego vjersko djelo, koje јт neotklonivo nalaze пјЉоуа savjest." 17 ТгеЬа podvuCi da оуа Encik1ika nije izdana па univerzalnom jeziku гјт ske crkve, nego па jeziku fasisticke Italije. Tako оуа ргУа talijanska Encik1ika i svojom vanjskom formom demantira univerzalni karakter crkve, ра је ustvari prikazuje onakvom kakva опа uistinu jeste, - talijanska, а univerzalпа utoliko ukoliko sluzi imperijalistickim сЩеујта fasisticke оЬпоуе rimske јтрегјје. РјО XI obradovao је fasisticke redove i izazvao entuzijazam kakav se rijetko javlja kod fasista u odnosu ргета Rimskoj Kuriji. Enciklika је objavljena ubrzo i u Jugoslaviji u pojedinim 1istovima ог dinarija, аН i и zasebnoj knjizici јапuага 1930. Tako јој је dat уеоmа sirok publicitet i опа је odmah zapazena u javnosti kao пеоЫспо jasan politicki potez Rimske Kurije. Enciklika је dosla i episkopatu kao i klerikalcima kao рorиСепа. Naime, sada su imali za svoje гапјје antiskolske i antisokolske teze autoritativnu potvrdu izrecenu ех cathedra. Enciklika је odmah izazvala diskusiju. 1 to уеота zucnu па sasvim politickom terenu. Vanjsko-politicka situacija tada је bila i уеота slozena i vrlo teska. Revizionizam razmahao se 16
17
Enciklika, 22-26. Enciklika, 23-24.
37
Viktor Novak
message of the Encyclical and their enthusiasm for the Roman Curia at that particular moment was almost unprecedented in the history of their mutual relations. Thе Encyclical was very soon published in Yugoslavia in some papers of the ORDINARIUM and in JANUARY 1930 as а separate booklet. Thus, the Encyclical was given wide publicity and very soon attracted great public attention as а significant and open political move of the Roman Curia. Thе Episcopate and the clericals welcomed it with great enthusiasm because it meant support from а high place to their negative attitude towards the existing school education and the Sokol. Thе Encyclical immediately aroused animated discussions оп the po1iticallevel. At that time the situation in foreign policy was very complex and unfavorable. Revisionism was in fuH swing in Austria and Hungary and wholeheartedly supported Ьу fascist Italy. Thе Encyclical оп Education of Youth тау Ье interpreted as part of the same effort. According to Milanese CORRIERE DELLA SERA the Encyclical оп Christian education of Youth primarily addresses the circumstances in Yugoslavia. For evident reasons r.:OSSERVATORE ROMANO of January 16, 1930 rejects the accusation and its connection with fascist ideology and insists that the Encyclical has in view аН states and reflects the attitude of the Catholic church to education of youth in general. Оп January 23, 1930 Roman TRIBUNA published ап article Ьу its Budapest correspondent under the title: "Anti-Catholic Aspects of Serbian Struggle against Croats" in which the author makes biased comments оп the situation in Yugoslavia. Не even goes so far as to claim that the laws adopted Ьу the 6-th ofJanuary regime endanger the property of some Croatian religious societies and institutions. Не also mentions the case of NAPREDAK which decided to transfer its whole property to the Catholic Archbishopric of Sarayevo. АН these comments indicate that negotiations оп the CONCORDAT will not Ье continued. This and some other cases from time to time discussed in the Austrian, Italian and Hungarian press represent only smart links in the chain of activities undertaken and campaigns launched Ьу the Vienna clerical REICHPOST and very keenly taken over Ьу the Italian fascist and the clerical press. Thе counter-attack was published soon in the article entitled: AN ARTIFICIAL EFFORT ТО CREATE А CATHOLIC FRОNт. 18 Thе author of the article signed CROAT CATHOLIC, evidently оп the ground of relevant information and data from the Foreign Ministry, discusses а number of developments in foreign policy aimed against the interests of Yugoslavia and 18
38
ТЬе author was actually Мјlап Marjanovitch, Director of PRESS BURREAU. Minister Koroshetz was very disturbed Ьу the article, but remained јп оfПсе.
Маgлum сгimел
XIV
svim svojim snagama u Madzarskoj i Austriji kao sto ga је uveliko podupirala fasisticka Italija. Nema sumnje da izvjesne podudarnosti daju osvjetljenje i za pojavu papinske Enciklike о odgoju omladine. Milanski "Corriere de1la Sera" podvukao је da se Enciklika о krscanskom odgoju odnosi u prvom redu па jugoslavenske prilike. Mada је ovu fasisticku tezu "L'Osservatore Romano" 16.1 1930. iz sasvim shvatljivih razloga demantirao izjavivsi, da se ta Enciklika odnosi па sve drzave bez razlike, jer sadrzi nauku katolicke crkve о odgoju mladezi. Osim toga rimska "Тribuna" objavila је 23. 1 1930. od svog pestanskog dopisnika komentare о situaciji u Jugoslaviji sa karakteristicnim naslovom "Antikato1iCki izgled srpske borbe protiv Hrvata". U Citavom nizu ocigledno tendencioznih navoda dopisnik saopcuje da su dosla u pitanje imovina izvjesnih hrvatskih drustava i ustanova vjerskog karaktera pogodeпе zakonima sestojanuarskog rezima. Tu se navodi slucaj sarajevskog "Napretka" koji је prenio svoju imovinu па nadbiskupiju 5to daje nasluCivati da se nikako ne misli па obnovu pregovora za zakljuCivanje konkordata. Ovaj neosamljen slucaj od Citavog niza koji se pojavljuju cas u austrijskoj, cas u talijanskoj, cas u madzarskoj 5tampi, samo је jedan vje5to saCinjen lanac akciја i kampanje koju је zapoceo becki klerikalni "Reichpost" а objerucke ju је prihvatila talijanska, fa5isticka i klerikalna stampa. Ovo sve је podvrgao kritici anonimni pisac Clanka "Umjetno stvaranje katolicke fronte".18 Znalo se da је pisac dobio podatke od Ministarstva vanjskih poslova. Anonimni autor "Hrvat kato1ik" obuhvatio је Citav splet vanjsko-politickih zbivanja usmjereпЉ protiv interesa Jugoslavije i пјепе konsolidacije. U C1anku је pisac оЬја snio prije svega pojacanu nervozu katolickog episkopata u vezi sa zakonom о skolama i zakonom о SKJ. Stovise i sam nuncij Pellegrineti uputio је protestne note Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova kao i ostalim nadleznim ministrima. Mjerodavni su tvrdili da su note Ыlе tendenciozne i da nije пј jednom zakonu bilo pred оСјта da bilo u cemu omalovazi ili suzbije polozaj katolicke nauke i crkve. То se пајЬоlје vidjel0 sto је ministar prosvjete mogao da izda Pravilnik u duhu tog istog skolskog zakona i da formulira primjenu toga zakona па takav паБп da је formulacija mogla potpuno zadovoljiti najvise predstavnike katolickog episkopata u drzavi. Sasvim је bilo prirodno da sestojanuarski rezim nije htio da namjerno izaziva sukob sa katolickom crkvom, posto је u vladi Ыо od 6. januara 1929. do 30. septembra 1931. ministar dr. Anton Korosec. Stovise, dacima је dozvoljeno da se izvan skole udruzuju u kato1ickim dru5tvima. Medutim, klerikalci su bi1i пеоЫспо nezadovoljni zato 5to 18
Sada se znа da је pisac Ыо Milan Marjanovic, tadanji sef Presbiroa. Clanak је uznemirio i ministra Koroseca, mada је оп i dalje ostao u vladi.
39
Viktor Novak
its consolidation. Не starts Ьу explaining why the Catholic Episcopate is so irritated Ьу the Law оп Education and the Law оп the Sokol of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. Nuncio Pel1egrineti even lodged а written protest with the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and other relevant ministries in this regard. But the relevant ministries rejected these protests as groundless, since, according to them, the Law in по way underestimates or jeopardizes the role of the Catholic Church. Тhe Minister of Education even issued the RULES ОР CODUCT and INSTRUCТIONS for their implementation. Тhe wording of these documents absolutely meets the requirements of the Catholic Church and the Episcopate in Yugoslavia. Naturally, the 6-th of January regime did not want to enter into conflict with the Catholic Church owing to the fact that Dr Anton Koroshetz (Korosec) was one of its ministers from January 6, 1929 to September 30, 1931. Catholic pupi1s were free to attend Catholic institutions outside school. Тhe clericals, particularly irritated Ьу the status of the new Sokol and its presence in schools, denied to the Eagles (Orlovi), decided to react. Тhanks to а smart maneuver they dealt а severe blow оп the Government Ьу converting the Eagle Movement into а religious organization in disguise, under а пеw name GREAT FRATERNIТY ОР CRUSADERS (VELIKO KRIZARSKO BRATSTVO). In spite of its Statute of an exclusively religious organization it was conceived so as to enable the EAGLE to continue its political engagement. 19 Moreover, the clericals started spreading rumors that, within its efforts to impose the unitarian (centralized) regime, the State intends to confiscate the property of аН Catholic institutions which do not foHow its Rules of Behavior. Тhe point was to find а pretext for giving ир their property to the benefit of the Church. In their negative campaign they went even so far as to claim that these institutions would have to merge with other religious or ethnic organizations in view of making them uniform. Тhis was only one of numerous attempts to justify the transfer of property to the Catholic Church. Following this example NAPREDAK from Sarayevo handed over to Archbishop Sharitch (Saric) its several mi1lion worth property. Тhe Croatian Public Reading Room in Tomislav grad did the same. In his circular letter fra Mishitch, (Misic) Вishop ofMostar, calls оп аН Croatian institutions to seek refuge under the auspices of the Catholic church. Тhe aim of these efforts and activities was to make the most of the already created specific atmosphere and psychosis in which some bishops would act not only as protectors and defenders of the dissolved Croatian institutions, but also Ьесоте the leaders of their members. Тhis approach was adopted in view of creating
19
40
See ор. cit. Chapter XI.
Magnum crimen XIV је
Sokol та i u izmijenjenom obliku usao u skolu, а Orlovi su ЫН zabranjeni. Medutim, klerikalci su па drugoj strani iznjeli osobit manevar i zadali dobar udarac vlastima, kad su Orlovstvo pretvorili u kamufliranu vjersku ustanovu. Naime, orlovske organizacije pretvorile su se u Veliko krizarsko bratstvo, koje је prema statutima potpuno vjerska ustanova, аН је tako vjesto organizirana, da u potpunosti zamjenjuje izivljavanje politickih tendencija nekadasnjih orlova. 19 Iz klerikalnih krugova proturane su vijesti kako drzava prema novim unifikatornim teznjama namjerava konfiscirati imovinu svim onim drustvima koja se пе zele uniformirati, а to samo stoga, kako Ы ta drustva prenijela оуи svoju imovinu па crkvu. Stovise, agitiralo se da се se vjerska i plemenska drustva morati stopiti sa inovjernim i inoplemenskim, ра се biti bolje ako ga predadu crkvenim vlastima. Tako је sarajevski "Napredak" predao veliku milijonsku imovinu nadbiskupu Saricu а tako i hrvatska Citaonica u Tomislav gradu. Mostarski biskup fra Misic pozvao је okruznicom hrvatska drustva da se sklone pod okrilje katolicke crkve. Sve је to иБпјепо da se iskoristi jedna psihoza i da pojedini biskupi tako postanu пе samo zastitnici i branitelji nego i vode Clanstva tih hrvatskih rasturenih drustava. Sve је to иБпјепо u oCiglednoj namjeri da se stvori jedan naroCiti katolicki front preта svim drugima i prema Citavoj drzavi. Nije bez znacenja da se sva ta akcija podudara sa stvaranjem Lateranskog pakta, sa izmirenjem Mussolinija i Pia XI, i sa odlaskom Ante Pavelica u inostranstvo, najprije Бugаrsku ра onda u Italiju, gdje је naisao па рипи podrsku za svoje rusiteljske сНјеуе protiv Jugoslavije. Postoje jasni znaci da se ustvari оуа akcija пе vodi iz Hrvatske, nego izvana i za tudi racun. U Hrvatskoj ta akcija ide za tim da kanalizira ostatke starog nezadovoljstva kako Ы se povezao plemenski momenat sa konfesionalnim, da se sugerira masama, ра i inteligenciji da jedini oslonac Hrvatima moze da bude u пјЉоуој borbi, u jednoj internacionalnoj konfesionalnoj organizaciji. Unatoc tome, sto hrvatsko pitanje nikad nije bilo ро. stavljeno kao konfesionalno. То najsugestivnije pokazuju оЬа njegova vode, оЬа antiklerikalca Ante StarceviC i Stjepan Radic. Sada Ы se svi trebali staviti pod vodstvo crkve, pod vodstvo kojemu је sjediste Rim. Бесki katolicki i reakcionarni elementi пе podrzavaju bez razloga tezu о srpskim antikatolickim tendencijama u Jugoslaviji opravdavajuCi time stvaranje katolicke fronte. U Бесu i Rimu prikazuju se stvari tako kao da Hrvati пе mogu doCi do ravnopravnosti u Jugoslaviji, i to пе zato sto su Hrvati, уес stoga sto su katolici. Kad se иоСј akcija papinskog nuncija u Беоgrаdu, koji па upadan паСјп kritizira prosvjetnu politiku u Jugoslaviji, prebrojava broj stanovnistva i Cinovnistva u 19
Vidi naprijed poglavlje XI.
41
Viktor Novak а
Catholic front against аН others and the whole state. Some other interesting developments along these lines should also Ье mentioned: the signing of the LATERAN TREAТIES, reconci1iation between Mussolini and Pius Х1 and the trip of Ante Pavelitch (Pavelic) to Bulgaria and Italy where he obtained [иН support for his destructive activities against Yugoslavia. According to evidences these activities were not conducted from Croatia, but from abroad, to serve foreign interests in the first place. ТЬе ајm of combining the ethnic with the religious aspect was to bring together аН dissatisfied Croats, not only Croatian masses, but also Croatian intelligentsia, and persuade them that the Catholic church as an international religious organization is the only one сараblе of providing them the support they need for their struggle. It should, however, Ье recaHed that the Croatian question has never been а religious issue. ТЬе case in point are two Croatian leaders: Ante Starchevitch (Ante Starcevic) and Stjepan Raditch (Stjepan RadiC) who both maintained anti -clericals political views. N ow, the idea was to accept the leadership of the church and the Ноllу See in Rome. 1n Vienna the Catholics and reactionaries accused Serbia for being anti-Catholic. ActuaHy it was only their pretext within the effort to establish а Catholic front. 1n Vienna and Rome best endeavors were being used to seH the idea that the Croats were denied equality in Yugoslavia, not as Croats but as Catholics. ТЬе Nuncio in Belgrade vociferously criticized the policy of education in Yugoslavia. Also, he organized the population census in the Banovinas оп religious grounds and compared the number of Catholics with their number employed in the regional administration head offices (Banovina) in order to determine the percentage of Catholics in public administration. ТЬе point was to impose some kind of а "key" in the employment policy оп that level. 1his approach was in 1ine with the plans of Croatian clericals, the Episcopate, the роНсу of fascist Italy and the Roman Curia. 1n their view this was the right moment for pressure оп Yugoslavia to sign the СОNСОRDАт. 1n his circular letter the Bishop of Ljubljana, Jeg1ich (Jeglic) vehemently criticized the new laws and regulations оп education and the status of the Sokol, calling оп the devoted members of Catholic church to close ranks and persevere in their resistance. ТЬе author of the article continues Ьу quoting the Encyc1ical in which the clericals са]] оп Catholic parents to send their children to Catholic schools only, although they are under some kind of state control. ActuaHy, in spite of their independent administration and autonomous development аН churches, including the Catholic Church, are not separated from the state because the state partly budgets their activities and salaries of clergy. 1t is difficult to be1ieve that the Vatican did not 42
Magnum crimen XIV
banovinama prema njihovim vjeroispovijestima i паЬасије pitanja о vjerskim "kljucevima" kod namjestanja (јпоупј ka, onda se moze uoCiti povezanost оуе akcije u vremenu, tendencijama i planoујmа hrvatskih klerikalaca, Episkopata i politike fasisticke Italije i Rimske Kurije, koja је smatrala da је situacija u Jugoslaviji povoljna da је se stegne i prisili па konkordat. Ljubljanski biskup Jeglic u svojim okruznicama уеоmа је ostro па рао поуе skolske zakone i odredbe а tako i Sokole i pozivao је vjernike па otpor. Sto se tice papine Enciklike, pisac kaze, da рара poziva katoliCki svijet da svoju omladinu daje samo u katolicke skole, iako se zna da su skole podrzavljene i da katolicka crkva, kao i ostale crkve, iako se samostalno upravljaju i Sokolsko odelo razvijaju, nisu odvojene od drzave, koja Тhe Sokol uniform placa dio njihovih troskova i njihovo svecenstvo. Ne Ы se moglo pretpostaviti da za sve to пе zna Vatikan, ра izgleda kao da se паmјеrnо u toj formi pokusava harangirati miran katolicki svijet protiv svih dobara, koja пјеmи kao gradaninu i kao vjerniku pruza Jugoslavija. Тјmе se zeli stvoriti u vanjskom svijetu uvjerenje kao da u Jugoslaviji postoji vjerska nesnosljivost i da је ugrozen katolicizam, а sve sa сНјеm da se sa tom psihozom doista moze stvoriti jedna fronta, koja се naoko biti vjerska i crkvena, а stvarno ima svoju politicku pozadinu. Treba da se kaze da sve hrvatsko svecenstvo пе ucestvuje u toj akciji koja је inspirirana izvana i koju nekolicina fanatika vjesto odrzavaju drzeCi ih budno оуоm psihozom. Oni slusaju vise оуај glas koji dolazi izvana nego li glas svoje krvi, kako Ы pod svoje okrilje skupilo i pod svoju disciplinu stavilo cijelo katolicko svecenstvo i sav katolicki svijet u Jugoslaviji. Stovise, u tim se krugovima пе gleda rado па nastojanje vlade da dode do jednog ро vo~nog konkordata s Vatikanom koji Ы za оЬје strane definitivno sredio odnose. U tim krugovima nikome пе pada па иm da podrzi vladu u пјепоm zahtjevu, postavljenom 1924. da, kod izbora biskupa, Sveta Stolica moze da vrsi izbor iz reda onih kandidata koje се јој predloziti zbor biskupa jedne provincije. Rimska Kurija, naprotiv, stoji па stanovistu da u izboru пе moze 43
Viktor Novak
know anything about these activities of the church. Evidently, the aim of the anti-Yugoslav harangue was to antagonize the law abiding Catholics against Yugoslavia and ignore the benefits and rights they enjoy in it as citizens and believers. Evidently the intention was to leave the impression with the international community that there is по religious tolerance in Yugoslavia and that Catholicism is jeopardized. In such an atmosphere the саН for а front in defense of the Catholic faith and Catholic Church sounds natural and was actuaHy planned as а smokescreen for the political aspect of the whole саm paign. It should Ье emphasized that аН Croatian Catholic priests did not participate in that campaign, inspired from abroad and in the country conducted Ьу а few fanatics who were very skillfuHy maintaining high tension. They obediently foHow the instruction Ьу listening to the voice from abroad and are deaf for the саН of their own flesh and blood, in the effort to bring under their wing the whole Catholic clergy and аН Catholics in Yugoslavia. These circle are not prone to the efforts of the Yugoslav government which is using its best efforts to reach а favorable agreement with the Vatican and solve the problems jeopardizing their mutual relations. It does not оссш to them to support the request of the Government from 1924 that when appointing the bishops the Holy See should select them from the list of candidates proposed Ьу the Bishops' Council of that particular region. The Roman Curia does not accept that limitation. The author of the article goes оп Ьу wondering whether the clerical circles have the slightest feeling for the national aspect. If they are sincere Croats they should support this request of the Yugoslav government and thus prevent foreigners, Italians, Arnauts (Albanians), Hungarians or Germans, to Ье appointed bishops in Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina. Efforts are being made to uproot from memory the old request of Croatian priests to use the Glagolitic missal for Catholics оп the whole territory of Yugoslavia. Why, wonders the author of the article and answers: "Because it is not in the interest of the political background of the whole campaign in support of the establishment of а Catholic front in Yugoslavia. ActuaHy, this is not in line with the old Croatian tradition and their struggle for national identity. This is an obscure machination which Bishop Strossmayer would саН FURТIM, which means а specific, psychotic atmosphere created in view of achieving а given aim. This high tension is very smartly designed. The intention is to attract numerous former foHowers of Stjepan Raditch (Radic) who used to insist оп the religious, but NOT оп the confessional and clerical aspect, and also attract the intelligentsia, always progressive, in the spirit ofStarchevitch or Strossmayer, and put them аН un44
Magnum crimen XIV
biti ograniCena predlozima biskupa jedne provincije. Ali, pita se pisac, ako nasi crkveni krugovi imaju doista osjecaja za nacionalni momenat i ako u njima doista Hrvati treba da nadu oslonac svojim nacionalnim nastojanjima, zasto oni ne podrze оуо zahtjevanje vlade, ро kome Ы bila sprijecena ора snost, da jednoga dana u jugoslavenskim biskupijama па sjeveru i па jugu, а naroCito па zapadu, u Dalmaciji, u Hrvatskoj, u Sloveniji i u Vojvodini, ne osvanu biskupi iz reda Talijana, Arnauta, Madzara ili Nijemaca? Zasto su tako temeljito zabasurili stari zahtjev Hrvata za uvodenje glagoljice u katolickom bogosluzju па cijeloj teritoriji Jugoslavije? Naprosto stoga, odgovara sasvim pravilno pisac, jer te stvari nisu u interesu one politicke pozadine koja stoji iza Citavog ovog forsiranog nezadovoljstva i forsiranog formiranja katolicke fronte u Jugoslavij i. Sve ј е to protivno i daleko od stare hrvatske tradiciје i Citavoj narodnoj ра i plemenskoj borbi Hrvata. Moze se nesto pokusati sa kriumcarenim, zaobilaznim nacinom koji је Strossmayer nazvao "furtimaskim". Jedino "furtim", "furtimastinom" moze da se podvali ovako nesto Hrvatima, iskoriscujuCi postojecu i stvarajuCi novu psihozu medu njima. Оуа se psihoza stvara jednim prepredenim nacinom, da se one mase, koje је do nedavna vodio Radic i uzgajao ih u religioznom, ali ne i u konfesionalnom, klerikalnom pravcu, i onu inteligenciju koja је u duhu bilo Starcevica, bilo Strossmayera, bila uvijek napredna i kulturna, podredi vodstvu nekoliko fanatika iz provincije, ili politicara iz Ljubljane, а pod uticajem Peste, Веса i Rima. 20 Ovakav prikaz politicke atmosfere toga vremena u vezi sa klerikalnim akcijama Ыо је uistinu vjeran odraz stvarnosti koje се u kasnijem zbivanju naiCi па punu potvrdu, naroCito u uvodu u ustasku NDH, а u samom ustastvu dat се hiljade naknadnih dokaza za njihovo ranije postojanje, ра i onovremene klerikalne akcije. U tom trenutku, kada se prstom ukazalo па оуи klerikalnu akciju, klerikalci su u koru povikali da su to najopakije i najnepravednije denuncije. Odatle i odlucna reakcija zagrebackog nadbiskupa Bauera па Clanak koji је u umjerenom i stvarnom izlaganju bez ikakvih licnih uvreda samo iznio ор се uvjerenje sirih, naprednijih krugova u Jugoslaviji. Nadbiskup Bauer ustvrdio је da је tesko ikada kroz оуо 50 godina sto prati javni zivot u Hrvatskoj izasao u javnosti tezi napadaj па glavu katolicke crkve, kojoj pripada hrvatski nar9d i gotovo polovina pucanstva Jugoslavije kao i па katolicku crkvu иОРСЕ:/ Medutim, u tom trenutku је zacijelo zaI boravio nadbiskup Bauer па postojanje recimo zagrebackog "Hrvatskog daka", "Pokreta", "Slobodne misli", "Vala", sibenskog "Naprednjaka", splitske 20
"Novosti" 26. I. 1930.
45
Viktor Novak
der the leadership of а few provincial fanatics, or politicians from Ljubljana under the strong influence of Budapest, Vienna and Rome. "20 This description very faithfuHy reflects reality which later оп culminated in the establishment of the fascist Independent state of Croatia - NDH and the USTASHI movement, proved that it had its roots in this clerical сат paign as weH. Those who tried to expose the background of that clerical сат paign were immediately unanimously accused Ьу аН clericals of being dirty denouncers. It is exactly in this spirit that Bishop Bauer vehemently reacted to this article which, in а moderate tone and offending по опе, publicly and openly only expressed the opinion of the progressive circles in Yugoslavia. Archbishop Bauer claims that for fifty years of his foHowing the public life in Croatia there has never Ьееп а more vehement attack оп the Head of the Catholic СЬшсЬ and the Catholic СЬшсЬ in general which is the сЬшсЬ of аН Croats and almost of опе half of the population in Yugoslavia. It is obvious that the Archbishop decided to ignore тапу papers such as: HRVATSKI DJAK (Croatian schoolboy), POKRET (Movement), SLOBODNA MISAO (Free Thought), VAL (Wave) and VIHOR (Wind), published in Zagreb, NAPREDNJAK (Progressive), published in Shibenik), ZASTAVE (Flags), published in Split, PREPOROD (Renaissance), published in Ljubljana which were аН engaged in hot discussions оп anti-clerical issues. Еуеп the Zagreb paper ЮЈЕС (Word) in 1929 published several extremely critical articles оп this issue. NOVOSTI (News) criticized the Vatican and fascists for their antiYugoslav policy before and after the conclusion of the LATERAN TREAТIES. Obviously, the Archbishop disregarded the articles in JUGOSLOVENSKA NJIVA (the Yugoslav Field) and in Old Catholic magazines REFORMA (Reform) and PREPOROD (Renaissance). Не had in mind something else. Не wanted to send а message to а "particular group" which was actuaHy the source of аН relevant information. It is with the"source" that the Archbishop wanted to argue in his effort to refute аН accusations against the Holy See, the Episcopate, Nuncio PeHegrinetti and the CATHOLIC ACTION. ТЬе Archbishop particularly emphasized that аН of them had always conducted activities strictly within the framework of Law. Had Archbishop Bauer lived to witness the developments in 1941 Ье would Ьауе рroЬаblу Ьееп ashamed of the CATHOLIC ACTION and e.g. KRIZAR (Crusader) which bragged about the contribution of that organization to the destruction of Yugoslavia and establishment of NDH (Independent State of Croatia). At the end of this argument the Archbishop, in his capacity of Chairman of the Bishop 20
46
"NOVOSTI", January 26, 1930.
Magnum crimen XIV
"Zastave", ljubljanskog "Preporoda", zagrebackog "Vihora" i tolikih drugih listova koji su najodlucnije raspravljali antiklerikalna pitanja.Ta sama zagrebacka "Rijec" 1929. donijela је nekoliko nemilosrdnih krit~a, kao sto su to donijele i "Novosti" u vezi fasisticko-vatikanske antijugoslavenske politike prije i poslije Lateranskog sporazuma. Zacijelo је nadbiskup Bauer sasvim zaboravio i па "Jugoslavensku njivu" i starokatolicku "Reformu" i "Preporod". Ali nadbiskupu Baueru trebalo је da to naglasi zato da pogodi tu "naroCitu stranu" od koje su "Novosti" dobile svoja obavjestenja. Nadbiskup Bauer ро lemizira sa tom "naroCitom stranom" braneCi od svih prigovora Svetu Stolicu, episkopat, svecenstvo i К. А. а nada sve nuncija Pellegrinettija. NaroCito па dbiskup brani К. А. za koju kaze da nigdje nije prekoraCila svoj djelokrug i da se nije upustala u akcije koje Ы bile u suprotnosti sa drzavnim zakonima. Da је nadbiskup Bauer dozivio 1941., zacijelo Ы Ыо uveliko postiden izjavama najmnogobrojnije organizacije К. А., "Krizara", koji се se hvaliti kako su ро magali rusiti Jugoslaviju i stvarati NDH. Pri kraju оуе polemike nadbiskup је podvukao da kao predsjednik biskupskih konferencija izjavljuje "ovako ро tpuno istinito i kao hrvatski mitropolit21 i kao zagrebacki ordinarij da unutar episkopata i klera пета razmimoilazenja u ljubavi prema svetoj majci Crkvi i njezinom vrhovnom poglavaru, prema svom narodu, iz kojeg nice i za koji zivi i radi i prema drzavi i zakonitim vlastima.",Episkopat i kler је u svojim duznostima jednodusan, пета sile koja се g{uskolebati i skrenuti od puta kojim је i dosada isao"..Dakako, i оуот prilikom nadbiskup, skidajuCi s episkopata i klera svu otgovornost, prebacuje је па "medunarodne tamne sile" (misli, naime, па masone, kao toboznje podrzavatelje sestojanuarskog reziта), koje "idu za tim da rezbukte u Jugoslaviji vjersku borbu i potaknu па progon katolicke crkve".22 Svakako је оуа polemika odloZila za izvjesno vrijeme рипи akciju i priтјепи te Enciklike, u prvom redu u skolskom pitanju, а onda i u sokolskom. Stalo se па glediste da nikako nije oportuno da se od strane episkopata уес 21
22
Оуај termin "Hrvatski metropolit" је potpuno proizvoljan naziv, potpuno samozvani, i preuzet је iz hrvatske stampe, та da ga nikad i nigdje пјје Rimska Kиrjja upotrjebila. Metropolita Croatics пе postoji. Postoji Metropolita zagrebacke biskupije, а nikako Hrvatski metropolit ili Metropolita Hrvatske koji Ы naziv јтао da odgovara madarskom Primas Hungariae. Postoji i naziv Primas Serbiae, ali Metropolita Hrvatske пе. Reformno svecenstvo predlagalo је теЈи prvim svojim zahtjeујта i zeljama da se zagrebackom nadbiskupu da titula Primasa Jugoslavije. Svakako је karakteristicno da se tako naziva sam nadbiskup Bauer. Njegovim primjerom роСј се i njegov nasljednik А. Stepinac. Hrvatski Metropolita па obranu crkve i Svetoga Оса. Izjava zagrebackog nadbiskupa dr. Antuna Bauera uredniku "Hrvatske straze". "Hrvatska straza" 30. 1.1930. Vidi i "Katolicki list" 1930., br. 5, 56-57.
47
Viktor Novak
Conference declared that as а Croatian Archbishop21 and Ordinarium of Zagreb he could claim in аll sincerity and with fuH responsibility, that the Episcopate and clergy share the same love for their Holy Mother Church, the Holy Father, their со- nationals with whom they Нуе and work and for the State and its legal authorities; that the Episcopate and the clergy unanimously accept to сапу out their duties and that there is по might or power which could force the Church to swerve from its path." This time too the Archbishop is using his best efforts to exculpate the Episcopate and clergy and throw аН the blате оп "international dark forces" (meaning free masons accused of supporting the б-th of January regime) whose ајт is to ignite religious conflicts in Yugoslavia and launch а persecution campaign against the Catholic Church. 22 This polemics has, undoubtedly, postponed the implementation of the Encyclical, primarily the items оп education and Sokol. It was decided that the moment was not right for raising these issues because of their possible serious implications which тау produce а negative affect оп the authority of the Holy See and Pius ХI himself. Under the circumstances they decided to patiently foHow the developments in Yugoslavia and at the most appropriate moment take action, but only upon approval of the Roman Curia. 'Ље discussion continued after the ALL SOKOL RALLY organized оп VIDOVDAN (June 28). Croatian clericals decided to counteract Ьу organizing their own Rally as an event parallel to the Eucharistic Congress in Zagreb, in August, in order to show how strong they are. 'Ље public opinion rightly concluded that the Eucharistic Congress was а smartly conceived reaction to ALL SOKOL RALLY in Belgrade. Both, the organizers of the event and the participants admitted that fact. 'Ље atmosphere surrounding both events revealed the intentions and goals of each organizer. 'Ље Eucharistic Congress lasted from 14 to 17 August 1930. Nuncio PeHegrinni was the Envoy of the Holy Father. Archbishop Bauer explained the reasons for organizing the Eucharistic Congress "and why it required so much money, effort and sac21
22
48
.,Croatian Metropolitan" ("Hrvatski metropolit") is ап arbitrary term, invented and launched Ьу Croatian press. ТЬе Roman Curia has never used it. Metropolita Croatica does not exist. And never did. There is опlу the METROPOLIТA of the Zagreb bishopric. Metropolita Croatica was invented as а counterpart to the Hungarian Primus Hungariae. ТЬе term Primas Serbiae does exist, but Metropolita Croatica does not. ТЬе clergy that supported the Reform requested that the Archbishop of Zagreb Ье renamed to the PRIMAS ОР YUGOSLAVIA. It is interesting to note that Archbishop Bauer also calls himself PRIMAS. А. Stepinatz, his successor, will use the same title. "CROAТIAN METROPOLIТA DEFENDS ТНЕ CHURCH AND ТНЕ HOLY FATHER." Statement ofDr. Bauer, Archbishopp of Zagreb, to the editor of "HRVATSKA STRAZA" (Croatian Guard) of January 30,1930. See "KATOLICКI LIST", 1930, по. 5, рр. 56-57.
Magnum crimen XIV
sada postave neki naroCiti zahtjevi и vezi sa Enciklikom, jer Ы time jos i vise и prvi plan Ыо uvucen autoritet Svete Stolice i same licnosti Pia XI. А to se imalo pod cijenu tesko nametnute strpljivosti odloziti za najpogodniji trenutak, kad ga budu odredi1e prilike и Jugoslaviji i suglasnost Rimske Кшјје. Diskusija se nije stisala ni poslije svesokolskog sleta koji је odrzan sa velikim svecanostima па Vidovdan 1930. Hrvatski klerikalizam manifestirao је svoje snage i svoj stav и antipodnim svecanostima, и Zagrebu па Euharistickom kongresu mjeseca augusta. U javnosti је smatrano da је оЬјауа i odrzavanje Euharistickog kongresa doslo kao odgovor па odluku odrzavanja svesokolskog sleta и Beogradu. Uostalom tako su to tumabli i priredivaCi i ucesnici Euharistickog kongresa. Jer, duh izvodenja оЫји svecanosti Ыо је najrjeCitiji tumac и namjerama i ciljevima priredivaca. Zborovanje Euharistickog kongresa zapocelo је 14. augusta 1930. а zavrseno 17. augusta. Papin delegat Ыо је nuncij Pellegrinetti. Nadbiskup Bauer је dao i odgovor па pitanje zasto se drzi оуај Euharisticki kongres "skopcan sa toliko troska, napora i zrtava? Nije Isus Krist samo nas spasitelj, Оп је i nas Kralj, ра treba da ти se kao Kralju klanjamo. Zato сет о ga svecano iznijeti па ulice grada Zagreba, da ти se svi, svi javno kao Kralju poklone, da ти to bude naknada za sve uvrede sto ти ih ljudi Cine i zadovoljstina za grijehe kojima ga vrijedaju". Predsjednik prjredivackog odbora, vikarni biskup Premus, ponovio је zakljucnu misao nadbiskupa Bauera kad је otvarajuCi kongres pozdravio kongres i izrazio "nadu da се kongres рroСј sretno, koju пат daje i prisustvo delegata Svetog Оса раре Msgra Pellegrinettija, jer је ро nјети теЈи nата sam Sveti Otac рара, nатје snik Isusa Krista па zemiji, ра је tako i sam Krist теЈи nатаf"23 Sa kongresa upucen је telegram и Beograd kralju i и Rim papi. Hrvati i Slovenci zahvaljuји papi па pocasti koju је ukazao kongresu sto је па nj izaslao svog nuncija. "Izrazavaju nadalje svoju vjernost i odanost Rimskoj Apostolskoj Stolici i Vasoj Svetosti kao zamjeniku onoga Isusa Krista, ајој prisutnosti и presvetoj Euharistiji hoce оуај kongres odati postovanje i slavu, uvjereni da је zaloga njihove narodne buducnosti lјиЬау preта katolickoj crkvi i njenoj vidljivoj glavi па zemlji. Konacno тоlе od Vase Svetosti blagoslov и svome radu i zborovanju, koje ima za сЩ da presveta Euharistija preporodi duhovni zivot svih vjernika i zavlada nasim javnim zivotom."24 Priprave koje su cinjene za taj kongres и klerikalnoj, а i и ostaloj separatisticki orijentiranoj stampi и Zagrebu, Sarajevu, Splitu i drugdje, а tako i 23 24
.,Politika" 16. УIII. 1930. Idem.
49
Viktor Novak
rifice. Jesus is not only our Savior Не is also our Кing and we should bow to him. 1herefore, we shaH take him to the streets of Zagreb in а solemn procession so that everyone can publicly bow before him and Ьу doing so expiate for аН wrongs done to Him and give Him satisfaction for аН sins committed against him." ТЬе Vicar Вishop Premush (Premus), Chairman of the Organizing Committee, reiterated the message, with which he concluded his opening address to the Congress. "Expressing hope that the Congress will take place in а favorable atmosphere he particularly emphasized that thanks to the presence of Msgr PeHegrinetti, Envoy of the Holy Father, Christ is among us through his representative оп Earth. "23 ТЬе Congress sent а telegram to the Кing in Belgrade and the Роре in Rome. ТЬе Croats and Slovenes most cordiaHy thanked the Holy Father for the tribute he paid to the Congress Ьу sending his Nuncio to represent him. "ТЬе participants in the Congress also made а solemn pledge of aHegiance, faithfulness and devotion to the Roman Apostolic See and the Holy Father who represents Jesus Christ оп Earth and who, through the Envoy of the Holy Father, is also present among us. It is to his presence at this Holy Eucharistia that this Congress wants to рау tribute and respect to our Lord, convinced that the future of our people lies in love for Catholic Church and its visible LORD оп Earth. ТЬе Participants beg your Holiness to bless the Congress and support it in its efforts to help the Eucharistia enrich the spirituallife of аН believers and take the lead in our public life. "24 АН
information about the Congress in the clerical and other press advocating separatism in Zagreb, Sarayevo, Split and elsewhere and the atmosphere surrounding the Congress revealed that the connection between Eucharistia and true religious feelings, оп the one hand, and the Congress, оп the other, was only formal ТЬе general public understood the message coming from the organizers and within that effort took part in violent demonstrations staged in favor of separatism. 1here was not а single flag hoisted in Zagreb, simply because Croatian flags, as ethnic, were prohibited and the State flags were not acceptable. ActuaHy, the absence of the state flag is indicative of the state of mind both of the organizers and participants. Only an enormous flag of the Holy See was hoisted оп the tower of the Old Cathedral with two tiny Yugoslav flags at each side, to meet the legal requirement. 23
"POLIТIKA", August 16, 1930.
24
Idem.
50
Magnum crimen XIV
samo izvodenje kongresa pokazalo је da је taj kongres u stvari imao samo formalne veze sa Euharistijom i sa istinskim vjerskim osjecajima. Naprotiv, siroke mase shvatile su priredivace i odazvale su se па taj kongres па kome su se demonstrativno manifestirale separatisticke tendencije. U Zagrebu nije bilo zastava. Naprosto stoga sto su hrvatske bile zabranjene, а drzavne se nisu htjele da iznesty Svakako ovo otsustvo drzavne zastave bilo је osvetljenje duhovne strane kojom su se rukovodili priredivaCi i ucesnici. Jedino па tornju starodrevne katedrale vila se ogromna papinska zastava, zastava раре Kralja, а uz nju dvije male jugoslavenske, bez kojih se zacijelo ne Ы mogla izvjesiti ona раре- Kralja. Nema sumnje, ovaj kongres Ыо је ono sredstvo, koje је omoguCilo da okupi tolike hiljade separatista, da kazu, та i bez rijeCi, ali sadrzajno i prkosno, kakav је njihov stav prema toj drzavi u kojoj se kongres odrzava. Nijedna molitva nije oCitana za drzavu Jugoslaviju, dok su se prosula bezbrojna isticanja о vezama hrvatskog naroda sa Svetom Stolicom, sa Rimom. Duhovno, s ovim jos nepovezanim klero-fasistima povezao se i ustaski emigrant Ante Pavelic, koji је velikim interesiranjem pratio pripreme za ovaj manifestacioni zbor hrvatskih masa nezadovoljnih nekojim opravdanim razlozima sa sestojanuarskim reZimom. Zato је Pavelic iz Italije poruCio svojim pristalicama da се "papinski Юm osloboditi rimokatoliCke Hrvate od pravoslavnih Srba':25 Tokom Citavog kongresa bila је stalno naglasavana u propovjedima, govorima i predavanjima ideja Krista-Kralja, koju је toliko pontifikat Pia Х! uzdigao i razvio, а objerucke ји је prihvatio hrvatski klerikalac u svome isticanju bozanskog kralja, kao antitezu zemaljskom, srpskom i pravoslavnom kralju u Beogradu. Qva ideja nebeskog monarhizma u Hrvatskoj, па zemlji nije bila izraz nekih тоЫа republikanskih kamufliranih osjecanja, vec naprosto vjesto koriscen termin antipravoslavnih raspolozenja klerikalnih i separatistickih masa. Stara teza Bonifacija VПI koji se proglasio kraljem kraljeva kao zamjenik Isusa Krista, ozivjela је vise nego ikad za Pia XI, koji postaje tako u оБта vjernih i prvi vladalac nad svim vladaocima па zemlji. То је jos prije Lateranskog sporazuma trebalo i te kako Piu Х! u Italiji, to је klerikalizmu u Jugoslaviji doslo osobito u ротос u vrijeme najtezih politickih previranja. U istome se duhu vrsila propaganda u crkvama i novinama. Sva hodocasca koja su se kretala iz Hrvatske u Rim polazila su zamjeniku Krista Kralja. Kad su 1925. hrvatski biskupi odlucili proslaviti hiljadugodisnjicu hrvatskog kraljevstva onda su odlucili da to uCine pred nogama "Zamjenika Kralja Krista". Prema ovoj tezi, koju је па svoj politicki naCin tumaCio narod, оп је u svom 25
Niko Petric, Zagrebacki Euharisticki kongres. "Nasa sloga" 22. УIII. 1930.
51
Viktor Novak
This Congress was successful јп rallying thousands and thousands of separatists who tacitly, but риЫјсју, openly and spitefully demonstrated their attitude towards the Кingdom of Yugoslavia where the Congress was taking place. Not one single prayer was оffегеd [ог Yugoslavia. Оп the other hand, рагticulаг attention was devoted to the links between Croatian people and the Holy See and Rome. Ante Pavelitch (Pavelic) an Ustasha emigrant, availed himself of the opportunity to get in touch with clero-fashists, not yet united at that time. Actually, Ante Pavelitch followed with keen iпtегеst the preparations of this massive protest of the Croats who did not accept some of the solutions envisaged Ьу the 6-th of January regime. Aware of what was going оп Pavelitch sent а message from Haly to his suppoгters in which he says: "ТЬе Роре and Rome willliberate the Roman Catholic Croats from Orthodox Serbs"25 АН the time the Congress kept glorifying the idea of Christ -the- Кing, in аН addresses, speeches and lесtшеs. Actually, it was Pius Х! who particularly insisted оп that idea. ТЬе Croatian clericals fшthег developed that same idea insisting оп the divinity of God-the-Кing оп Heaven as opposed to the Serbian Orthodox King оп Earth-in Belgrade. This idea of celestial monarchism in Croatia was not an attempt to sell the republican idea in disguise, but rather епсошаgе the already existing anti-Orthodox feelings of the clericals and the Croatian masses calling for separatism. Pius ХЈ very strongly suppoгted and disseminated the idea launched Ьу Bonifacius VIII, according to which the Роре, being the Кing-of- Кings, is the envoy оп esus Christ оп Earth. Thus, in the eyes of the believers the Holy Father is the supreme Lord оп Earth, аЬоуе аН others. Even befoгe the LUTERAN TREAТIES the Роре in Rome and the clericals in Yugoslavia found this idea very useful in politically tшЬulепt circumstances. Propaganda in Catholic Сhшсhеs and papers was conducted in that same spirit. АН Catholics pilgrims from Croatia were in Rome received Ьу the Envoy of Christ-theКing. When in 1925 the Croatian Bishops decided to mark the Thousandth Anniversary of the Croatian Kingdom they organized the ceremony at the feet of the Envoy of Christ -the- King. Fшthег elaborating оп the idea of separatism the Croats decided to also get their own Croatian Queen Ьу crowning Ље statue of the Holy Motller of Вistrica, оп the 7-th ofJuly, 1935. ТЬе intention was тоге than evident so that it was very difficult to put it under the umbrella of devotion to Ноју Eucl1aristia and the Holy Motller. 25
52
Niko Petritch, "EUCHARISТIC CONGRESS IN ZAGREB" (Niko Petric, Zagrebacki Eukarististicki kongres) "NASA SLOGA", Al1gust 22,1930.
Magnum crimen XIV
Sokolski duvacki orkestar Тhe Sokol wind orchestra separatistickom stremljenju i u istom duhu dobio svoju kraljicu, hrvatsku kraljicu, krunivsi kip Matere Bozje па Bistrici, 7. jula 1935. OCiglednost ovih tendencija bila је jasna i najsirim narodnim masama, ра i onda kad su te tendencije bile zaodjenute poboznoscu prema Svetoj Euharistiji ili prema Materi Bozjoj. Nuncij Pellegrinetti, u svojim је odgovorima isticao istu misao da је Krist kralj nad kraljevima i vladar nad vladarima. U posvetnoj molitvi Srcu Isusovu podvucena је па prvom mjestu misao Krista Kralja koji ima da kraljuje nad Hrvatima katolicima. U politickim kao i u vjerskim krugovima zapazene su jasno оуе prozirne tendencije koje su уес ranije izbile jasno u "Katolickom listu" kad је dr. Stjepan BaksiC, profesor univerziteta i kanonik u borbenom stavu izrekao оуи misao: "U borbu dakle s devizom: "Nemamo Kralja - nego Krista Gospoda". Оуа igra rijeCi bila је ista 1926., па inat Stjepanu Radicu, koji је sa republikanstva presao па monarhizam, kao sto је to bilo i 1930. Njihovi protivnici, starokatolici koji su ih najbolje poznavali, protumabli su ovu monarhisticko-republikansku propagandu, vezujuCi је sa Euharistijom. "Pred Euharistijom klicati Krista Kraljem, znaCi obnavljati prizor, kada su zidovi pred Isusom Kristom, odjeveni u skrletu i okrunjeni trnovom kruпот па porugu klicali: "Zdravo, Kralju Zudijski! Kada se pak sakupljaju pod zamamljivim imenom Euharistije, а stvarno u svrhu da se podize veliCina, тос i slava та koje bilo crkve ili njezina poglavara, tada је to: profanacija Euharistije - svetogrde!"26 26
Euharistija. "Starokatolik" 31. УIII. 1930., 1.
53
Viktor Novak
In his speeches Nuncio Pellegrinetti insisted оп the same idea: Jesus Christ is the Кing of Кings and the Lord of Lords. In his prayer dedicated to the Holy Heart the idea of Christ -the- Кing comes first, Christ, who is to Ье the Кing of аН Catholic Croats. This idea fostered Ьу clerical circles, was earlier disseminated through KATOLICKI LIST and the writings of Stjepan Raditch, university professor and а clerical. Не launched the following militant slogan: ';Не do not have our king, but we have Jesus Christ, the Almighty." In 1930 this play оп words was the same as that јп 1926, actually а sting addressed to Stjepan Raditch who turned coat, gave ир republicanism and Ьесате а monarchist. The Old Catholics and their opponents very weH understood the background and implications of that monarcho-republican game and its connection with Eucharistia. То hail Christ before Eucharistia reminded of the scene јп which the Jews, wearing scarlet gowns and crowns of thorns оп their heads derisively saluted Christ Ьу chanting: "НаН King of Judea!" When gatherings under the auspices of Eucharistia are used to glorify the church and its Head јп this way it is nothing but desecration of Eucharistia, it is actually sacrilege. 26 The introduction of the prayer to the Eucharistic Heart of Jesus Reads as follows: ,Же, your Croatian people are fully aware that our beautiful country is а gift of your merciful generosity so that we тау freely Нуе in it and prosper .... Thanks to the gift of your love the Croats were among the first јп Europe to adhere to the Catholic Church. Thus уои have protected us from the sin of heresy and assigned us the task to serve as ante muralis of Christianity for centuries ... We bow to your celestial wisdom, your celestial power and love with which уои rule over Croatian People. Today, together with the entire Croatian people we pledge devotion to you-our Кing ... In уои we believe because уои are TRUTH and јп your hands we put our 1ives and аН our hopes, convinced that your true faith will bring us freedom and your Commandments реасе to our mind. "27 In 1930 the Episcopate actually revives Mahnich (Mahnic) and his thought from 1917 and 1918 when he spoke about unification of the churches according to the principle of unitarism (centralism). The implication of the prayer to the Holy Heart is that Christ is not yet јп the hearts of аН other non-Catholic Slavic brothers. "We pray to уои, our celestial king to ignite our hearts with the f1ame of your love and devotion to the Sacred Roman Catholic 26 27
54
"EUCHARISТIK (Eukaristija) "STAROKATOLIK", August 31,1930.,1. MORNING PAPER ("Jutarnji list"), July 18, 1930.
Маgпuш сriшеп
XIV
U "posvetnoj molitvi hrvatskoga naroda Euharistickom Srcu Isusovu", kaze se и uvodu, da "hrvatski tvoj narod priznaje da је od tvoje dobrote primio lijepu svoju domovinu, da se и njoj slobodan razvija ... Dar је ljubavi tvoje, sto si ga medu prvim narodima Evrope pozvao и svetu katolicku crkvu, sto si ga sacuvao od krivovjerstva i јасао, te је Ыо kroz stoljeca predzide krSCanstva ... Мј se klanjamo tvojoj boianskoj mudrosti, mоСј i ijubavi, kojom vladas hrvatskim nа rodom ... ТеЫ se evo danas s nаmа sav hrvatski narod posvecuje kao svome kralju, ТеЫ izruca sebe i sve svoje. U ТеЬе, koji si istina, put i zivot stavljamo svu nadu svoju, uvjereni da се nas istina vjere Туоје osloboditi, put zapovijedi ТуојЉ mir nam povratiti. "27 1 sada 1930. vraca se episkopat па Mahnica, misli iz 1917. i 1918. kad govori о sjedinjenju crkava, па naCin koji је nedvosmisleno unijatski. U "posvetnoj molitvi" naime aludira se da Krist jos ne vlada srcima ostale slavenske, nekatolicke brace. "МоНто Те, dakle, о Bozanski Kra1ju nas, da zarkom ljubavi srca svoga razaris srca nasa te тi ostanemo vjerni и svetoj rimokatolickoj crkvi. тi nas vodi i bIagoslovi, da izvrsimo narednu zadacu svoju, koju nam ljubeznom Providnoscu namjenjujes da preko nas Тј zavladas и srcima ostale sIavenske brace nase te se svi и ТеЫ raduјето и sretnoj vremenitoj i vjecnoj domovini. Amen. "28 I 1, Narod, koji је уес odavna Ыо naucen da ти se и crkvi tumaCi politika и alegorijama i aluzijama, umio је dodati od cega се ga Krist, Kralj nad kraljevima, doticno njegov zamjenik i namjesnik, osloboditi i vratiti ти mir. Mnogi su znali za РауеНсеуи poruku iz Italije, mnogi su је prenosili od usta ka ustima i mnogi su јој dali svoj karakteristicni komentar. Radikalnija struја priredivaca ovoga kongresa zelila је da па najgrubIji naCin iskoristi орси politicku psihozu и drzavi. Sta vise, njoj su podlegli i najvideniji hrvatski intelektualci, koji su osudivali sestojanuarski rezim. 29 Prije pocetka kongresa razgovarao sam sa dr. М. Dezmanom, urednikom "Obzora" о politickoj ро zadini kongresa, koja је i za manje upucene bila oCigledna. "Obzor", nekadasnji Iiberalni, jugoslavenski i Strossmayerovski, sada se dao и sIuZbu izrazitog klerikalizma zalazuCi se za sto uspjesniji rezultat kongresa, kako Ы sto уеСј broj Hrvata tih dana dosao и Zagreb. Dr. Dezman mi је objasnjavao da su Hrvati, svi bez razlike koji su nezadovoljni s rezimom и Beogradu, koji hoce 27
28 29
"Jutarnji list" 18. VП. 1930. Idem. - Osvrt па Euharisticki kongres u Zagrebu. "Starokatolik" 31. VШ. 1930.,2. Autor пјје dao komentar.
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Viktor Novak
Church. Lead us and bless our efforts to fulfiH our next task уои have kindly assigned us in your divine providence, that through us we win the hearts of аН our Slavic brothers so that together, in уои we аН find јоу and ап eternal, happy homeland. AMEN"28 People very weH understood the figurative language of the Church and from whom Jesus, the Кing ofКings, through his епуоу оп Earth, willliberate them and restore their реасе of mind. Тhe message Pavelitch sent from Italy was spreading from mouth to ear, always spiced with some personal сот ments. Тhe most radical organizers of the Congress wanted to take advantage of the atmosphere prevailing in the country in the most aggressive way possible. Eminent Croatian inteHectuals who condemned the 6-th of January regime joined forces with them. 29 Before the beginning of the Congress I talked to Dr Dezman, editor of OBZOR, about the Congress and its political background, obvious еуеп to the much less informed. OBZOR started as а liberal paper which fostered the ideas of Strossmayer and Yugoslavism, but later changed its political stands. Now it was giving its fuH support to the Congress and tried to bring to Zagreb as тапу Croats as possible to support the event. Dr Dezman tried to explain that аН Croats, with по exception, do not support the Belgrade regime. Тhey want freedom and independence and in pursuing that aim they are ready to риН forces with the devil himself, еуеп with the black International, with everybody willing and ready to help them achieve their goal. "Тhis Congress very weH serves our purpose. We shaH use this occasion to openly demonstrate our hostility. We сап feel the political atmosphere surrounding the Congress, which makes us particularly happy, because it contributes to our success too. Тhe clericals believing that аН these people are there for their sake wi1l brag about it. Тheir illusion is irrelevant. Let them епјоу in their daydreaming. Let them. It does not matter. In view of the prevailing circumstances we аН have to join forces and Ье оп the same side: the clericals, соп servatives, liberals or progressives. Тhe Croats are fortunate enough to have the Catholic Church through which they сап speak both at home and abroad. "30 28
29
30
56
Idem. "ABOUT ТНЕ EICHARISTIC CONGRESS IN ZAGREB". (Osvrt па Eukaristicki Kongres u Zagrebu), "STAROKATOLIK", Јиlу 31,1930. No comment Ьу the author. Prof. 1. Tkalchitch (TkaICic) and prof. Tch. Lichar (е Licar) also participated јп the talks which took рlасе јп mid August 1930., јп the summer house ofDipl. Ing. Peyer, оп the island ofKorchula (Korcula).
Magnum crimen XIV
slobodu i nezavisnost, spremni da idu i za crnim davlom, ра i za crnom internacionalom, ako im to moze da bude od pomoCi pri njihovu nastojanju. "Zato је nama dobro dosao ovaj kongres. Mi сето se i njim ро sluziti da demonstrativno demonstratiramo nase neraspolozenje. Nama је neobicno drago sto se osjeca da се taj kongres imati i svoju politicku notu, jer сето tako i mi uspjeti. Da се se i klerikalci time hvaliti, uobrazavajuCi da su sve te mase njihove, nas to ne smeta i to је drugostepena stvar. Uostalom sada su dosla takva vremena da se svi moramo naCi па jednoj fronti, bez obzira da li smo konzervativci, klerikalci, liberalci ili naprednjaci. Sreca је da Hrvati jos imaju katolicku crkvu kroz koju mogu i u zemlji i napolju da kazu svoju rijec."30 ~ Daljni razgovor ukazao је da је zagrebacka Kurija vec dotad uCinila velike politicke usluge separatistickim tendencijama hrvatske opozicije - preko Vatikana. Dr. Milivoj Dezman Ыо је savrseno upoznat sa zakulisnim rezijama hrvatske politike. Pisanje "Obzora" iz toga vremena u historijskom razmatranju i poredenje utvrdenih stvarnosti dokazuju tocnost ove konstatacije. Euharisticki kongres u Zagrebu Ыо је nesumnjivo prva pokusna i odvazna demonstrativna osuda politike kralja, vise nego та koji drugi politicki akt toga vremena kao i onih koja su slijedila. Nadvisit се ga samo izvjesne politicke "punktacije" i antisokolska poslanica jugoslavenskog episkopata. Ра opet, kralj Aleksandar isao im је u svemu па ruku, zeleCi, та i zlatnim lancima povezati sa sobom episkopat. Bio је tu slab poznavalac problema. Nisu pomogle ni Karadordeva Zvijezda, koju је skinuo ispod svoga vrata i prikopcao је па Bauerove grudi. Кlerikalizam Ыо је па osnovnom polasku. Оп је trazio sve. Tako ти је bilo spolja naredeno. Као sto је ovaj Euharisticki kongres, tako su i brojni ostali, lokalni i zupski imali uvijek istu politicku pozadinu, ра је cesto dolazilo i do sukoЬа sa policijskim vlastima, koje su kruto primjenjivale zakon о zabranama plemenskih nesnosljivosti. Mase su se susticale па kongresima vise prema svojim politickim i opozicijskim raspolozenjima, nego motivima unutrasnjeg vjerskog osjecanja. Politicke izazovne manifestacije, koje su dovodile nerijetko i do tucnjava, nisu nastajale uslijed smetnji koje Ы se Cinile stovanju Euharistije ili radi sprecavanja molenju i klanjanju Kristu Kralju, vec radi prekrsaja о postojece zabrane, naroCito plemenskih zastava, koje su klerikalci, ротоси slika М. Bozje, kristijanski i t.d. Episkopat ni svecenstvo nisu dje30
Razgovoru su prisustvovali па Korculi polovinom augusta 1930. u уш ing. А. Peyera јо!; i profesori Ј. Tkalbl i С. Licar.
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Further talks revealed that through the Vatican the Zagreb Curia had already rendered important political services to the Croatian oposition advocating separatism. Dr МШуој Dezman was to the very detail familiar with the secret machinations of the Croatian politicians. ТЬе articles published in OBZOR at that time are the case in point. ТЬе Eucharistic Congress in Zagreb was, undoubtedly, the first and most courageous condemnation of the Кing and his policy, more than апу other political act at that time and those that foHowed. Only stronger in that [е spect will Ье some later political "punctuations" and Epistles of the Yugoslav Episcopate against the Sokol. 1n his effort to win the Episcopate over to his side, еуеп at the cost of golden chains, Кing Alexander only played into their hands. Не was not smart enough to understand the рroblет. Еуеп the medal KARADJORDJEVA ZVEZDA he took offhis chest and put it оп the chest of Bishop Bauer did not do апу good. ТЬе offensive of Clericalism was in [иН swing and they wanted everything. 1t was the order from abroad. Like the Eucharistic Congress in Zagreb аН other local and district congresses always had the same political background. Therefore, frequent conflicts with the роНсе force, which was under strict orders to implement the Law prohibiting ethnic intolerance. ТЬе masses were coming to the соп gresses mainly for political and not religious reasons and in order to manifest opposition to the regime. АН these politicaHy chaHenging controversies, which often times ended ир in physical conflicts had nothing to do with the respect for Eucharistia or prayers to Christ -the Кing. ТЬе роНсе reacted to the violation of the Law according to which аН tribal flags were prohibited. ТЬе clergy did not respect that Law and used to сапу these flags along with the statues of the Holy Mother and the statues of other saints. Actually, neither the Episcopate, nor the clergy respected the Church and State laws in force. Оп the contrary. АН these activities were, actuaHy, а smart mixture of Catholic and religious feelings, оп the опе hand, and political aggressiveness and intolerance, оп the other. А highly respected Catholic priest Dr Mirko Perkovitch (Perkovic) in his article says openly and conrageously: "Dangerous phenomenon-Dumping Jesuits" very bravely writes about а phenomenon already present for two years, which тау Ье very dangerous for future cultural and politicallife. This phenomепоп is accompanying аН religious events taking place in аН Catholic parts of Yugoslavia. Nothing is wrong with such events when they remain restricted to religious life. But this is not the case. АН these events have а political and nationalistic background. Obviously, their organizers have different, not religious objectives in mind. ТЬе 58
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lovali ni savjetovali u duhu crkvenom i postojecih zakona. Naprotiv. Sve је to vjesto spajalo katolicizam i vjerske manifestacije sa politickom nesnosljivom iskljuCivoscu. О tome је hrabro i bez ustezanja progovorio jedan bez sumnje uzorni katolicki svecenik, dr. Mirko PerkoviC u Clanku: "Opasna ројауа - Dumping jezuita". Тај svecenik konstatira da se u posljednje dvije tri godine zapazila ројауа, koja је opasna za buduCi kulturni i politicki zivot. То se vidi u priredivanju raznih vjerskih manifestacija, koje se javljaju u svim katolickim krajevima Jugoslavije. 1 dok Ы se te manifestacije kretale па vjerskom terenu, опе пе Ы padale u оБ. Ali sve te priredbe vezane su sa politickim, nacionalistickim manifestacijama. Svakako, inicijatori tih priredbi imaju sasvim druge сНјеуе, nego sto su vjerski. Kroz te manifestacije zele priredivaCi, t. ј. biskupi i zupnici, da bastinu velikog Slavena i Hrvata Stjepana Radica poklopi jezuitski klobuk. 31 Sistematskiji i organiziraniji ofenzivni potez klerikalizma u vezi sa Enciklikom Pija ХI zapazio se, pored ostalih akcija pojedinih biskupa u kojima su napadali i novije ublazenije Pravilnike о skolskom zakonu, u antisokolskoj akciji krckog biskupa dr. Josipa SrebrniCa u njegovoj korizmenoj poslanici pod naslovom "Presvetoj Bogorodici Mariji". Naime, u toj poslanici, krcki biskup, та da је опа posvecena temi stovaпја Bogorodice, posvecuje Citav jedan pasus ideologiji Miroslava Tyrsa. Tako se prvi put desi1o, i to sluZbeno, da se о Miroslavu Tyrsu govori1o u crkvama i njegovo ime, dakako sa osudom, pronijelo kroz bozje hramove. Оуо sto је uradio krcki biskup u Jugoslaviji, to nije uCinio nijedan ceski biskup, ni опај koji је zivio u Tyrsevo vrijeme rada, kao ni опај poslije рипЉ pet decenija iza njegove smrti. Svakako, katolicka crkva u Jugoslaviji imala је naroCitih razloga da korigira dotadasnji propust ceskog episkopata. Ali, jasno је bilo, da је оуај udarac preko Tyrseva groba, Ыо u stvari namijenjen ustanovi koja је bila njegovo zivotno djelo t. ј. Sokolstvu. "U posljednje doba, rijeCi su biskupa Srebrnica, росео se narivavati neprijatelj Presvete Bogorodice u поуот podmuklom obliku. Hvali i preporuca, siri i hvata Tyrsev duh, Tyrsevu ideologiju, Tyrsev паБп misljenja о svijetu, о covjeku, о пасјјј, о drZavi ... Tyrsev је duh, duh naturalizma i materijalizma. Tyrs је uzimao svoje ideje najprije od njemackog filozofa Schopenchauera, zavolio је kasnije tjelesnu kulturu poganskih Grka, иБо se takoder od muhamedanaca te presao u materijalisticko shvacanje ljudskoga drustva i svijeta ио31
"Jugoslavija" (Zagreb) 23. VП. 1932.
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organizers, actuaHy the bishops and priests, want to put the heritage of Stjepan Radich, а great Slav and Croat, under the hat of Jesuits. 31 FoHowing in the wake of the Encyclical some bishops also launched an intensive campaign against the amended Law оп Schools. In his Epistle addressed to the Holy Mother Bishop Dr Josip Srebrnitch (SrebrniC) vehemently attacks the Sokol. Although devoted to the cult of the Holy Mother in his Epistle Вishop Srebrnitch devotes а whole paragraph to Miroslav Tyrsh and his ideology which was severely criticized in аН churches where the Epistle was read. What Dr Srebrnitch, Вishop of Krk, said was unprecedented in church practice. In Bohemia it never occurred to any of the bishops, at the time of Tyrsh, or fifty years upon his death to launch а campaign in the style of Dr Srebrnitch, Bishop ofKrk. Evidently, the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia had а special reason to even belatedly make ир for the omission of the Bohemian Episcopate. ActuaHy, this blow to dead Tyrsh was addressed to his life achievement-the Sokol Movement. This is what Dr Srebrnitch says in his Epistle: "As oflately the enemies of the Holy Mother have decided to change the tactics and act meanly. ТЪеу started extolling and disseminating the spirit and ideology ofTyrch and his views оп the world, the man, nation, state .... Tyrsh is а state of mind. Не fosters the spirit of naturalism and mа terialism. At first Tyrch was under the influence of the German philosopher Schopenchauer and later [еН in love with the physical culture of pagan Greeks. Не also [еН under the influence of some Mohammedan ideas and adopted the materialistic view оп human society and the evolution of human species according to Darwin's theory. His ideology does not recognize God, nor the eternal life of the Soul ... Tyrsh preaches freedom, brotherhood and equality in the sense of naturalistic humanism ... Не caHs for education of the human mind and strength of wi1l thanks to which man willlove his country and his people, love freedom, Ье ready to defend his people, support education and moral values, but аН that as part of secular culture, without God, without Christ, without Church, without prayer, even without the Holy Mother, because his ideal is the Greek ideal of Man. According to him "по one in history has ever created а better man than the Greeks." This was the approach Tyrsh, the founding father of numerous organizations for education of youth, was promoting in his work, eliminating every possible religious, 31
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"JUGOSLAVIJA" (Zagreb), Јиlу 23, 1932.
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prema Darvinovoj teoriji. Njegova ideologija ne poznaje Boga ni neumrle duSe ... Propovijeda slobodu, bratstvo i jednakost u smislu naturalistickog humaniteta ... Носе da se odgaja ит, volja i cuvstvo u covjeku za ljubav prema narodu i drzavi, za slobodu i stegu, za narodnu odbranu, za prosvjetu i moral, аН dakako u svijetlu ovozemne kulture te dosljedno bez Boga, bez Krista, bez crkve, bez molitve ра i bez Presvete Bogorodice, jer njemu је ideal grcki covjek; "boljeg veceg covjeka nije proizvelo ni jedno kasnije doba", ovako se sam izjavio. Tyrs је medu Cesima otac opseznih omladinskih odgojnih organizacija; u smislu svoje ideologije izluCio је iz njihova odgojnog rada svaki upliv religioznih narocito katolickih momenata te је neprestano djelovao da budu u vjerskom obziru ateisticke. Ovo је Tyrseva ideologija. Nitko је od dobrih katolika ne moze prihvatiti, jer је ona jednostavno negacija ne samo Citavog katolicizma, nego иорсе vjere u Boga ... Apsolutno је dakle za nas iskljuceno, mirno dopustiti odgoj u smislu Tyrseva duha kao sto је иорсе suprotno katolickoj nauci, da је та bilo koji odgoj iskljuCiva stvar laickih elemenata doticne crkvene vlasti ... Та ideologija је najveca pogibao za nasu djecu ... Та se ideologija danas preporuca i siri i mnogi zbog svoga polozaja niti ne mogu da је mimoilaze, premda је iz dna duse mrze i osuduju. Ali mi hocemo da se protiv nje borimo, da se Ьо rimo za slobodu savjesti roditeljskih prava pod vodstvom nebeske Bogorodice! Ne stoji ona па strani Tyrseve ideologije! Si1na, jaka zena iz raja, Presveta Bogorodica Marija, ona је uz nas. Mi necemo Tyrsa, mi hocemo u odgoju djece i mladezi Bogorodicu Mariju. "32 Ovako је Miroslav Tyrs, svijetlo ime u generaciji ceskih preporoditelja XIX. stoljeca, svojom nekrivicom Ыо uporeden dakako па svoju stetu sa Bogorodicom Marijom. Miroslav Tyrs, covjek velike duhovne kulture i univerzalne naobrazbe, profesor univerziteta, historicar umjetnosti, kriticar, filozof, esteticar, politicar, odgojitelj omladine, propovjednik idealnog zdravlja fizickog i moralnog nije ni slutio da се jednom doCi u priliku da ga se uporeduje i unizuje u vezi sa Materom Bozjom. Tyrsev nacionalizam nije Ыо ni uskogrudan, ni sovinisticki, nego oplemenjen i snosljiv. Tyrs је vjerovao da u svijetu treba da zavlada duh ljubavi i prosvjecenosti koji се pobjediti laz, mrznju i nesnosljivost i otvoriti vrata idealima covjecanstva i covjecnosti. Ovakvim su smatrali sokoli svoga osnivaca, а onako је о njemu mislio i svojim vjernima predstavljao Tyrsa krcki biskup Srebrnic. Dobri poznavaoci 32
Korizmena poslanica 1931: "Presvetoj Bogorodici Mariji".
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particularly Catholic influence in this regard. This was actually his ideology. No good Catholic could accept it because it simply denies not only Catholicism, but religion as such and God in the general sense .... We simply cannot recognize education based оп the philosophy of Tyrsh because Catholic Church does not accept апу form of secular education. Actually, secular approach to education ... is fatal for ош children ... Nowadays this ideology enjoys support Ьу people оп high positions. In spite of the fact that they strongly condemn its implications they support and disseminate it only because it helps them make а career. But we want to fight against this ideology, we want to fight for the rights of the parents and for the freedom of соп scious under the leadership of the Holy Mother! ТЬе Holy Mother is not оп the side of Tyrsh and his ideology, the Holy Mother is оп ош side. We want the Holy Mother to Ье present in the education of ош children"32 This is how Miroslav Tyrsh, ап outstanding Czech reformer and опе of the most prominent personalities of his generation, although innocent, was set against the Holy Mother as а negative example. А mап of remarkable spiritual culture and general education, а university professor, historian of art, critique, philosopher, aesthetician, politician, educator of youth disseminating the principles of ideal moral and physical health, could have never dreamed ofbeing compared to the Holy Mother in such а humiliating соп text. ТЬе nationalism of Tyrsh was neither narrow minded nor chauvinistic. His nationalism was поblе and based оп tolerance. Не be1ieved in а world of love and enlightenment, а world without hatred, falsehood and intolerапсе, а world based оп humane feelings. This is what the Sokols thought about the founder of their movement, which was in sharp contrast to what Dr Srebrnitch, Вishop of Krk preached about him to his believers. Those familiar with the life and work of Miroslav Tyrsh claim that he never denied or attacked God and the church. Dr Srebrnitch has concocted such conclusions. Оп the other hand, Вishop-Frano Uccelini- Тitze, а highly educated and learned theologian with а rich pastoral experience, had а different opinion. Не said: ,,1 have thoroughly analyzed the principles of the Sokol Movement and in them 1 did not discover anything that could have а negative affect оп religious feelings"33 32
33
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LENT EPISTLE ТО ТНЕ HOLY MOTHER (Коrizшепа poslanica posvecena Presvetoj Bogorodici Mariji),1931. Iуап Ivanchitch: ТНЕ SOKOLS AND RELIGION (Ivan IvanCic: Sokolstvo i vjera), "SOKO NA JADRANU", 1931, NO.3, 47.
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Тhe
Sokoli veZbaCi па spravama Sokols - Athetes practicing gymnastics
оп
appliances
Tyrsevih djela i njegova zivota tvrde da nije ni u jednom spisu niti odricao Boga ni crkve niti ih је napadao, sve је to pronasao dr. SrebrniC. Naprotiv drugi biskup, Frano Uccelini- Тice, uceni teolog i орсе kulturni erudita, sa velikim zivotnim i pastoralnim iskustvom jos је ranije rekao: "ProuCio sam nacela ро kojima sokolstvo radi i uputio sam se u taj rad, аН nisam nasao nista, u cemu Ы se vjerski osjecaj mogao povrijediti".33 Srebrniceva poslanica izazvala је пе samo paznju nego i veliku polemiku. Sokoli su izdali svoj odgovor "Tyrs па 10maCi" u kojem pobijaju Srebrniceve optuZbe protiv Tyrsa. "Као sto su plamenovi proZdirali zivo tijelo Tyrsevog zemljaka Јапа Husa (1415.), tako Ы trebao da oganj gnjeva rimokatolickog svecenika sazge i unisti osnivaca sokolstva - 47 godina ро njegovoj smrti (1884.); '" Sa mirnim ponosom postavljamo svoju cast i svoје grudi tom novom napadu srdZbe rimokatolicke vojujuce crkve u uvjerenju, da се se od nas odbiti valovje strasti, jer пат је тоЫа bolje nego biskupu krckomu poznata u sokolskom zivotu tvrdo prokusana rijec: "Ako s njim umremo s njim сет о takoder zivjeti; ako s njim trpimo, s njim сето takoder kraljevati." 33
Ivan Ivancic, Sokolstvo i vjera. "Soko па Jadranu" 1931., br. 3, 47.
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Viktor Novak Тhe
Epistle not only aroused great interest but also triggered а hot controversy. Тhe Sokols responded in an article entitled TYRSH ON ТНЕ STAKE in which they refute аН accusations concocted Ьу Srebrnitch. "In 1415 John Huss was burnt alive. Ву the same token, now in 1884, 47 years after his death, а Roman Catholic priest is trying to destroy the founder of the Sokols Ьу burning him оп the stake of his hatred ... Against this new attack of the militant Catholic Church with pride and dignity we set ош chests and honor, convinced that we shall Ье able to соре with that wave of hatred. We, Sokols know it perhaps better then the Bishop of Krk that if we die with them with them shall we live; if we suffer with them with them shall we triumph!" Тhe ensuing polemics was only an introduction to an organized attack against the Sokols. Actually, the attack оп its privileged status within the school system and its ideology was only an attack in disguise оп Yugoslavia and а smart effort to bring to the attention of the international community the difficulties the Catholic Church is allegedly facing in Yugoslavia. In vehement protests emphasis was placed оп the evident fact that Srebrnitch was only the first link in а smartly concocted clero-fashist campaign. "In spite of different messages coming [roт Rome we are [иНу aware that the progressive ideals of the Yugoslav inte11igentsia wi1l соте true only if we develop а strong national awareness, severe religious links with Rome, set ир а national Church and create а genuine Yugoslav amalgamation. Тhe ideology of Tyrsh тау Ье helpful in this regard, because it is the ideology of truth and progress."34 Тhis message сате from Sushak (Susak) the most vulnerable point оп the Yugoslav -Italian border and was addressed to the Bishop of Krk, highly respected Ьу Italian fascists. Fascism was triumphing because it had found an аНу against the Sokols. А reliable one, there was по doubt about it. At that time only at the mention of these activities and only а finger pointed at someone of them triggered violent reaction and protests against cruel and unjust denunciations. Archbishop Bauer vehemently reacted to that article claiming that Bishop Srebrnitch wanted to justify his views оп the ideology of Tyrsh Ьу producing more convincing proofs. For that purpose two new brochures were риЬ lished: FIAT LUX and ТНЕ SPIRIТ OF TYRSH, which, according to Вishop Srebrnitch, "contain some ideas very important for the education of ош 34
64
Ljubo Serdar: "ВISHOP Dr. SREBRNIТCH, SHOPENHAUER, DARVINISM AND ТНЕ IDEOLOGY OF TYRSH" (Biskup Srebrnic, Schopenchauer, darvinizam i Tyrseva ideologija), "NASA SLOGA", March 29,1931.
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Polemika koja је uslijedila ukazivala је da се uskoro uslijediti pravi organizirani napadaj па Sokolstvo. Ne samo unutar sokolskih redova nego i izvan njih, jer se osjetilo da је Sokolstvo i njegov nadahnuti favorizirani ро lozaj u skoli i njegova ideologija samo izlika da se napadne Jugoslavija i da se ukaze svijetu u kakvim se teskocama nalazi katolicka crkva. Dakako u polemici nisu izostajali i najogorceniji protesti i upozoravanja da је SrebrniC samo avangarda jedne vjesto zamisljene klerofasisticke akcije. "Ра i ako nam papinski Rim drukCije porucuje, mi, nazalost, znamo da jedino u nasoj jakoj nacionalnoj svijesti lezi ostvarenje ideala napredne jugoslavenske inteligencije: kidanje s crkvenim Rimom, osnivanjem autokefalne crkve i stvaranjem definitivnog jugoslavenskog amalgama. Ти се nam ротоа donekle i Tyrseva ideologija, jer ona уоН istinu i napredak".34 Ovako su sa Susaka, sa ugrozene tocke па jugoslavensko-talijanskoj granici, poruCivali biskupu Krka, па kog su Talijani - fasiste sa velikim postovanjem gledali. Fasizam је likovao, jer је nasao saveznika protiv sokolstva. 1, s pravom. Biskup SrebrniC htio se opravdati od svih prijekora i jos vise utvrditi svoје gledanje па Tyrsevu ideologiju. Zato su i ponikle dvije nove brosure "Fiat lux" i "Tyrsev duh", kako оп kaze u cilju "vrlo vazne stvari odgoja nase mladeZi".35 Оуе dvije brosure jos su i vise utvrdile da su se sukobila dva nazora па svijet i domovinu, dakako u vezi sa Jugoslavijom, koji su se jedan od drugog sve vise odmicali. Jos jednom Srebrnic podvlaCi da katolici, u stvari klerikalci, moraju najodlucnije istupiti protiv Tyrseve ideologije. Jer, "U tome nazoru nema mjesta Bogu; nema mjesta kralju vjekova i Spasitelju Isusu Kristu, komu treba da se svako stvorenje klanja kao Bogu i apsolutnom gospodaru svome; nema mjesta katolickoj crkvi i papi, koji zamijenjuje Isusa Krista па zemlji kao vrhovni poglavar njegova stada nepogrijesivo vodi narode putevima istine; nema mjesta Promislu bozjem, koji upravlja najvecom mudroSCu ... Kako se moze dakle ocekivati, da bilo koji dobar katolik mirno dopusta, da se ta ideologija narivava i da јој se расе povjerava odgoj njegove djece i mladezi? Расе duznost је njegova, da se svetim ogorcenjem prosvjeduje proti svim ovakvim pokusajima!"36 Medutim, stav i misljenje krckog biskupa dra. SrebrniCa nije ostalo lokalizirano. Ono је postalo орсе u svim dijecezama i kod svih ordinarija, osim 34
35
36
Ljubo Serdar, Biskup dr. Srebrnic, Schopenchauer, darvinizam i Tyrseva ideologija. "Nasa sloga" 29. III.1931. Josip Srebrnic, Crkvi slobodu. Zagreb 1932.,31. Josip Srebrnic, "Fiat lих". Zagreb 1931.,20-21.
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youth"35 These two brochures prove that the whole controversy is actuaHy а conflict between two different concepts of life and the fatherland, in other words Yugoslavia, which were getting increasingly incompatible. Srebrnitch reiterated his саН оп Roman Catholics and Old Catholics to adopt а negative attitude towards Tyrsh and his ideology because: "In that ideology there is по room for God; there is по roот for the Кing of the centuries and ош Savior Jesus Christ who should Ье venerated Ьу аН of us and before whom, ош God and Lord, we аН should bow; there is по room for the Catholic Church, nor the Роре representing Jesus Christ оп Earth, at the head of His flock leading it along the road of truth; there is по room for Celestial Providence governing this world with great wisdom ... А good Catholic cannot Ье expected to entrust the education of his children to the system fostering that spirit. Оп the contrary. Every good Catholic should reject such system of education with iпdigпаtiоп!"3б Thе
views ofDr Srebritch, Bishop ofKrk, spilled over the local boundaries and were disseminated in аН Catholic Dioceses and Ьу аН ordinariums, except in the Kotor Dioceses headed Ьу the old Bishop Frano Ucce11inniTitze. Srebrnitch was in constant conflict with the Sokols. When the SOKOLS ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA decided to mark the Hundredth Anniversary of their founding father Miroslav Tyrsh оп March 5 or 6, 1932, only а few days before the envisaged event, оп February 25, 1932, Bishop Srebrnitch circulated his Epistle to аН Sokol Societies in which he argues with the ideology of Tyrsh in his weH known manner, rejecting it as impious and dangerous for true Catholics. His request that the Epistle Ье read during the ceremony aroused derision among the Sokols. In his Epistle Srebrnitch does not mention the Encyclical the Holy Father announced оп Christian education because he did not want to jeopardize his authority. Thе Holy Father was not openly engaged in the anti -Sokol campaign, foHowing it [roт the shade. ActuaHy, Srebrnitch took advantage of every opportunity to engage in conflict with the Sokols, which is evident from the letters they exchanged, e.g. in 1932 the Bishop's reaction to their invitation to celebrate the morning mass оп St. George's Day (Djurdjevski uranak), or his angry comments оп the privi1eged status of the Sokols who оп state holidays always had а prominent place in the Cathedral. When in the Summe~ of 1932 Thе Sokol Society in Supetar asked the priest to bless its flag he asked Bishop М. Pushitch (Pusic) for permission Ј5 36
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Josip Srebrnitch: "FREEDOM FOR ТНЕ CHURCH" (Crkvi slobodu), Zagreb, 1932.,31. Josip Srebrnitch: ,ЛАТ LUX", Zagreb 1931., рр. 20-21.
Magnum crimen XIV и kotorskoj dijecezi kojom је upravljao starac biskup Frano Uccellinni-Tice. Srebrnic је sada stalno и sukobu sa soko1ima. Kad је SKJ odredio da se 5. ili 6. marta 1932. odrzi и svim sokolskim drustvima proslava stogodisnjice rodeпја Miroslava Tyrsa, onda је biskup Srebrnic uputio svim sokolskim drustviта 25. II 1932. svoju poslanicu и kojoj је па svoj poznati паБп polemizirao sa Tyrsevom ideologijom, роЫјајиа је kao bezboznicku i opasnu za prave katolike. Svakako је njegov zahtjev, da se poslanica proCita па samoj proslavi, izazvao ор си veselost и sokolskim redovima. Ni и оуој poslanici пе poziva se Srebrnic па papinu encikliku о krscanskom odgoju. Naprosto stoga da пе Ы и borbi izlozio papin autoritet. Оп ostaje и pozadini Citave antisokolske kamрапје. Sukobi izmedu dra. Srebrnica је izrazavao svakom prilikom kadgod se опа ukazala. О tome rjeCito govori prepiska izmedu biskupa i krckog Sokola tokom 1932. !!c_~~zi sa durdevdanskim urankom, kad su Sokoli trazili od ы skupa da im odsluzi misu prije polaska па uranak ili radi biskupove ljutnje sto su sokoli zauzimali vidna mjesta и katedrali prilikom raznih drzavnih svecanosti. Kad је sokolsko drustvo па Supetru и ljeto 1932. zatrazilo od svog zupnika da ти blagoslovi zastavu, оуај se obratio biskupu М. Pusi(u, koji је to nacelno odbio, а pristao, ako drustvo prethodno pismeno izjavi da osuduje Tyrseva "protuvjerska, kulturna i uzgojna nacela". Kad је tu biskupovu odluku objavio splitski "Kriz па Jadranu" (4. IX. 1932.), razmahala se ostra polemika. U isto vrijeme izdao је zagrebacki nadbiskup svome svecenstvu nacelnu zabranu blagosivljanja zastava SKJ-e. U nadbiskupovoj motivaciji te zabrane kaze se da је Tyrseva ideologija osnova SKJ-e i stoga se пе moze dopustiti takav crkven Бп. "Dr. М. Tyrs nije Ыо samo bezvjerac, nego bezbozac, а паро se је nastupao protiv katolicke vjere i katolicke Crkve. Prema tome је jasno, da је i njegova ideologija materijalisticka i naturalisticka, dakle protuvjerska, protukrscanska. Blagosivljati barjak drustva sa ovakvom ideologijom znaCilo Ы и пајтапји ruku preporuCiti vjerski indiferentizam. Stoga иорсе пе mogu dozvoliti da se barjak blagoslovi". Nadbiskup је 1932. zaboravio, da је 1911. па Svesokolskom sletu и Zagrebu i па banketima ucestvovao kao nadbiskup koadjutor sa predstavnicima ovog kaptola. Na sletu koji је takoder tada slavio Tyrsa. Ali onda nije bilo Mussolinija ni klerofasisticke direktive! Primjerom nadbiskupa Bauera iCi се i dakovacki biskup Aksamovic, koji је jos prije kratkog vremena onako Нјеро pisao vinkovackom Sokolu. 37 Sve је 37
Susacki "Mornar" 1. IX. 1932. poredujuCi radnje talijanskih prelata па granici Jugoslavije s оуј· jugoslavenskih biskupa u odnosu prema Sokolu kaze i оуо: "Kad је па Rijeci biskup Celso Constantini u crkvi sv. Vida blagoslovio bodez sto su ga rijecke zene obuzete erotickim [иroroт poklonile D'Annunziu, оуај mitrirani prelat nije ni poslije toga zatrazio od D'Annunzia da јаупо
та
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Viktor Novak
who agreed to give it provided the Society accepted to previously condemn јп written the anti-religious, cultural and educational principles maintained Ьу Tyrsh. ОП September 4, 1932 the paper KRIZ NA JADRANU (Cross оп the Adriatic) published the text of the Вis}юр's decision which ignited а hot discussion. At the same time the Bishop of Zagreb prohibited his priests to bless the flag of the Sokol of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, under the pretext that the АШапсе is based оп the ideology of Tyrsh. This religious act сап not Ье aHowed because "Dr. М. Tyrsh was not only а тап without religion, he was ап atheist, particularly hostile to Catho1ic religion and the Catholic Church. Evidently, his ideology is materialistic and naturalistic which means that it is anti-religious and anti-Christian. Blessing а society fostering such ideology would, at least, теап support to religious indifference. This is the reason why I cannot aHow the blessing of the flag." In 1932 the Archbishop forgot that in 1911, as Archbishop-Coadjutor, together with the representatives ofhis Captol he attended the АН Sokol Ral1y in Zagreb and the festivities dedicated to the memory of Tyrsh. But, at that time there was neither Mussolini, nor the clero-fascist directives coming from these sources. Akshamovitc11 (Aksamovic) Вishop of Djakovo, fol1owed in the wake of Archbishop Bauer, the same Bishop Akshamovitch who shortly before the controversy expressed his positive opinion about the Sokol organization in Vil1kovciY Which added new heat to the polemics. 38 It was only the introduction to а decisive attack of the Episcopate оп its most hated institution. At the Conference of the Yugoslav Episcopate, оп November 17, 1932 аН Bishops condemned Tyrsh and, consequently, the Yugoslav Sokols. Before the Conference Bishop Srebrnitch published а booklet FREEDOM FOR ТНЕ CHURCH (Crkvi slobodu) in which he was trying to accuse Yugoslavia [ог persecuting the Catholic Church. In this booklet 37
38
68
"MORNAR", (published јп Sushak), iп its article оfSерtешЬег 1, 1932, сошрагiпg the activities of the Italian Prelates across the Yugosla\' border \vith those of the Yugoslav Bishops with regard to the Sokols, ашопg other thiпgs says: "Iп the Church of St. Vitus, Celso Constantini, Bishop of Rijeka, blessed the dagger, а gift of sexually obsessed wошеп to D'Аппuпziо, but the Prelate пеуе]' asked D'Аппuпziо to риЫјсЈу refute iп frопt о{ the church аll dirty words he has used against Christ and Catholic morality јп his books оп the Index оЕ Prohibited Books. And the НоЈу Father, Pius ХI? Не \·егу \vell knows 'Nho Мussоliпi is апd what he is doing. Не also knows that iп Geneva, јп front of some f'riends, Мussоliпi claimed tlblt there was по God! ... Before he blessed Mussolini and decorated hiш with tl1e highбt ОгЈег, Medal of the Gоldеп Spur, did the НоЈу Father ask him to риЫјсЈу, јп fгопt of tlJe church, геflJtе this Ыаsрl1ешу? NO! Апd before dесогаtiпg the поtoriОlJS bandit апd агsошst GilJnto 311d some fascists directly involved јп the murder of the honest mап Matteotti did the Роре ask them to герепt iп риЫјс for the cOl11mitted сгiшеs? NO! After his recent гесопсiliаtiоп with the Duce did the Роре ask him to stop persecuting ош priests iп the Јuliaп region? NO!" "SOKOLSКI GLASNIK", ЈиЈу 14, 1932.
Magnum crimen XIV
to dalo povoda novim, u mnogom uzbudljivim, polemikama. 38 Tako је tokom 1932. bila pripravljena atmosfera za odlucan napad episkopata па mrsku ustanovu. Тај је uslijedio па konferenciji jugoslavenskog episkopata 17. ХI 1932. kad је u Citavom zboru prisutnih biskupa osuden Miroslav Tyrs, а s time dosljedno i jugoslavensko sokolstvo. Prije nego sto је doslo do konferencije, biskup dr. Srebrnic najodlucniji zagovornik osude Sokola па konferenciji, objavio је brosuru "Crkvi slobodu" u kojoj је dokaziуао da је katobl'ka crkva u Jugoslaviji progonjena. Sada se dr. Srebrnic prvi put poziva па рарјпи Encikliku. 1 to u оЬа пјепа glavna momenta, skolskom i fizickom odgoju omladine. "Samo neprijatelj Crkve i Njezina Bozanskog poslanstva, samo oni, koji su pogledom па crkvu velike neznalice, samo oni, koji niјеси Boga i neumrlost duse, te gledaju svu svrhu covjeka u zivotu па zemlji, mogu crkvi osporavati pravo odgoja mladeZi. Tog se prava Crkva nikada nе moze odreCi, 5 tim pravom Crkva zivi i pada, te se mот naglasiti, da је Crkva u риnоm stanju progonstva u svakoj drzavi, u kojoj se vrsenje toga prava osporava, otescava ili расе оnеmо gucuje. "39 Dr. SrebrniC htio је nesumnjivo pokazati koliko је tesko katolicima u Jugoslaviji koji zive pod hegemonijom pravoslavnih Srba. Оуо i nista drugo. А to se i te kako rado slusalo u оЬа zarista talijanskog nacionalizma, koji је strahovao od jugoslavenskog konsolidiranja. Niko, nikad ranije nije tako ује sto i hipokritski izvodio jednu makijavelisticko-jezuitsku politiku nego sto је to Cinio dr. Josip Srebrnic. U tome је оп za Citavo koplje nadvisio, inace velikog majstora, dr. Ivana SariCa. 1 zato su rijeCi dr. Srebrnica ukoliko se odnose па crkvu i о пјепој neslobodi u Jugoslaviji nepravedne i neistinite. Опе su za osudu i u опот slucaju kad Ы bile samo zabluda, а пе i strahovitom сЩи usmjerena tendencija. Pri kraju оуе svoje knjige kaze Srebrnic: "Sloboda, sto је Crkva u Jugoslaviji uziva vrlo је gorka. Prava је ironija, govoriti о slobodi Crkve u Jugoslaviji ... Svako ropstvo је zloCin. Najveci је
38 39
pred crkvom opozove sve svinjarije, sto ih је u svojim па iпdех роstаvlјепiт djelima sasuo па Kristov kato1icki mora!. А Njegova Svetost Рара рјо Х!? Sveti Otac zna, ko је i sto је Musso!ini. Zna da је Mussolini pred jednim svojim drustvom u Zenevi ustvrdio, da пета Boga! ... Da li је рара, prije nego li је Mussolinija blagoslovio i odlikovao опјт visokim ordenom (Zlatna ostruga) zatraiio od njega, da јаупо pred crkvom opozove опи strahovitu hulu па Boga? Nije! А prije nego li је odlikovao poznatog palikucu i razbojnika Giuntu i neke fasiste, sto su direkte ucestovali u umorstvu postenjaka Matteottija је li рара trazio od пјih da se јаУ110 pokaju za опа bogomrska zlocinstva? Nije! Је li nakon nedavnog ponovnog izmirenja раре Рја ХI. zatraiio od Ducea da пе progoni nase svecenstvo u Julijskoj Krajini? Nije." "Sokolski glasnik" 14. УН. 1932. Josip Srebrnic, Crkvi slobodu, 1932., 14.
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Viktor Novak
Srebrnitch for the first time makes reference to the Encyclical only in соп nection with two major subjects: general school education and physical education for youth. "Only the епету of the Church and its Celestial mission, only those who know nothing about the Church, only those who deny God and immortality of the Soul, only those who ЬеНеуе that huтап life is only Ше оп Earth dare deny the Church the right to educate young people. Church will never give ир that right. ТЬе future existence of the Catholic Church depends оп its right to perform that mission. 1herefore, it should Ье emphasized that the Church is, in fact, persecuted in every state which denies or in апу way jeopardizes that right to the Church. "39 Evidently, Dr. Srebrnitch wanted to emphasize that in Yugoslavia Ше is very difficult for the Catholics under the hegemony of the Orthodox. Serbs. 1his was the only intention of the booklet Also, this was music to the ears of both centers of Italian nationalism which actually feared the consolidation of Yugoslavia. Dr. Josip Srebrnitch was ап absolute champion in conducting а hypocritical, Machiavellian and Jesuitical роНсу. Не was definitely superior to Dr. Ivan Sharitch (Saric) otherwise а grand master of that skill. Speaking about the status of the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia Dr. Srebrnitch, being what he was, completely distorted the truth and his comments were sheer falsehood. It was not his blunder. It was part of а well pondered campaign with а perfectly defined aim. At the end of his book Srebrnitch makes the following comment: "Вitter is the freedom which the Catholic Church enjoys in Yugoslavia. Freedom of Church in Yugoslavia is sheer irony... Every kind of slavery is а crime and the greatest of аН crimes is to deprive the Church of its rights and reduce to slavery the loftiest Celestial Providence turned into reality оп Earth, in the aim of alienating the believers and push them to impiety..... High State officials should Ье better acquainted with Church Canons, its spirit, its history and its organizational pattern. Our High officials do not know or do not want to know, anything about that .. 1his is the source of аН our соп flicts, crisis, dissatisfactions, deviations from the right course and so much injustice done to our Catholic Church and to the Catholics! Before concluding 1 would like to launch and appeal: FREEDOM 39
70
Josip Srebrnitch: "FREEDOM FOR ТНЕ CHURCH", 1932.,14.
Magl1um crimel1 XIV
zloCin liSiti Crkvu njezine slobode i njezinih prava, te nastojati, da bude Ona, najljepsa realnost Bozjih zamisli па zemlji, ropkinjom, te расе sustavno iCi za tim da se narod Crkvi otudi i zavede u bezvjerstvo ... Drzavnici Ы morali tu Crkvu temeljito poznati, do dna Ы morali poznati njezin Zakonik, duh Crkve, njezinu proslost i njezin ustroj. Nasi је drzavnici nazalost ne poznaju ili nece da је poznaju. Radi toga, eto toliko nezadovoljstva, toliko kriza, toliko lupanja, ра i toliko velikih nepravdi Crkvi i nama katolicima! ... Zavrsujem: Crkvi Slobodu! U Krku, па blagdan Majke Bozje, Kraljice Svete Krunice, 27. listopada 1932."40 Srebrnicevu misao prevela је najmnogobrojnija organizacija К. А. sa "Hrvatskoj slobodu". Ovdje su se tako sustekle dvije misli koje su se i jednako dopunjale i pomagale. Na drugoj strani, u talijanskoj fasistickoj stampi, sve su оуе ројауе u Jugoslaviji bile registrirane i па svoj naCin komentirane. Kad је SKJ priredio izloZbu u Beogradu, bili su prikazani i oni jugoslavenski djelovi koji su poslije Rapalla doSli u sklop talijanske drzave, а u kojima је nekad cvjetalo sokolstvo. NaroCito Rijeka, Zadar, Gorica i Trst bila su mjesta iz kojih је zraCila sokolska misao. Zastavice, zavite u crno uz imena оуљ gradova па velikoj geografskoj karti za milanski "Corriere della Sera" bile su strahovita provokacija. Jer, "one pokazuju da jos ima brace koju treba osloboditi i da је сЩ sokola da pripravi njihovo otkupljenje".41 Zato istodobni fasisticki i jugoslavenski klerikalni napadaji па SKJ dovodeni su u uzrocnu vezu kod velikog dijela rodoljuba, ра i takvih koji su bili prema sokolu u kritickom stavu, sto је pristao da radi pod diktatorskim rezimom. "Jugoslavenski katolicki episkopat i talijanski fasizam kao ро dogovoru, u isto doba, naSli su se па istom terenu u borbi protiv sokolstva. Najnovija dva ispada protiv sokolstva, jedan sa strane fasista, а drugi sa strane naseg episkopata, pokazuju, jer su istodobni, da se borba protiv sokolstva vodi s jedne zajednicke fronte ро jednom skupnom planu sa svim raspoloZivim sredstvima".42 Svima rodoljubima bila Ы оуа stvar zagonetna da nije bila i odvise oCigledna. Jer decenijama је postojalo sokolstvo, decenijama su se blagosivljali sokolski domovi i zastave ... Decenijama је svecenstvo bilo naklonjeno sokolstvu, koje је uvijek radilo u duhu Tyrseve ideologije. 1 sad se najednom otkrilo da је sve to Ыlа jedna ogromna zabluda, da su blagosivljali ustanovu, njene zastave i domove, koja se osnivala па bezvjerskim nacelima. 40 41 42
josip Srebrnic, Crkvi slobodu, 42-43. jos о sokolskoj izlozbi u Beogradu. jedan glas talijanske stampe "Sokolski glasnik" 9. Ljubidrag Garcina, "Bezvjerac" Tyrs. "jugoslavija" (Beograd) 30. ХII. 1932.
ХII.
1932.
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Viktor Novak
FOR OUR CHURCH! Krk, оп the Day of the Holy Mother, Queen of the Rosary, October 27, 1932."40 CATHOLIC ACTION, the organization with the most massive mеm bership, took over the ideas of Srebrnitch and published them in the paper HRVATSKA SLOBODA (Croatian Freedom). This was actually the convergence of two complementary ideas. ТЬе Italian fascist press closely followed these developments in Yugoslavia, informing about them and commenting them from their angle of vision. When the SOKOLS OF ТНЕ KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA organized their exhibition in Belgrade they also indicated оп the maps the parts ofYugoslavia which after the RAPPALO TREATIES were handed over to Italy, because the Sokol Movement used to flourish there, particularly in Rijeka, Zadar, Gorica and Trieste. According to CORRIERE DELA SERA it was аn unprecedented provocation to put the flags wrapped in black next to the manes of these places, because it meant "that some of our brothers are not free and that the Sokols intend to bring them freedom. "41 Маnу patriots, еуеn those who criticized the Sokols for accepting to continue their activities under the dictatorship, recognized the connection between the simultaneous attacks of the Fascists and Yugoslav clericals and their supporters оп the Movement "ТЬе Yugoslav Catholic Episcopate and the Italian Fascists, as if Ьу agreement, are side Ьу side struggling against the Sokol Movement. ТЬе two simultaneous attacks оп the Sokol Movement, оnе coming from the Fascists and the other from the Yugoslav Episcopate are evidently part of а joint front organized according to the same plan and with аН available means"42 Everything was so evident that there was nothing enigmatic about it. ТЬе Sokol Movement has existed for decades and for decades their centers and flags have Ьееn ceremonially blessed ... For decades the clergy had Ьееn prone to the Sokol Movement, always faithful to the ideology of Tyrsh. АН of а sudden they discovered that everything was only а blunder, that they used to bless the centers and flags of аn institution based оп religious indifference. Evidently, the issue was raised for completely different reasons and Ьу different circles, both from Yugoslavia and abroad. Оп November 22, at the end of its work the Вishop Conference adopted а Resolution later published in CATHOLIC GAZETTE (Katolicki 1ist), the рр.
40
Idem,
41
"Моге
42
72
42-43.
Details оп the Sokol Exhibition јп Belgrade. а comment јп the Italian Press," (Jos о sokolskoj izlozbi и Beogradu .... )",SOKOLSКI GLASNIK", December 9,1932. Ljubidrag Garchina: "Tyrsh, the Infidel" (Ljubidrag Garcina: "Bezvjerac" Tyrs), "JUGOSLAVIJA", Beograd, December 30,1932.
Magnum crimen XIV
Svakako sve је to dalo povoda da је trebalo па drugoj strani traziti uzroke, u i izvan zemlje. Вiskupska konferencija koja је zakljucena 22. novembra izglasala је rezoluciju, koja је bila odstampana u sluZbenom listu zagrebacke dijeceze, "Katolickom listu". Drzavni tuZilac ро grjesio је sto је Ыо odvise samostalan kad је nasao, da rezolucija sadrzi protivdrzavne denuncijacije, ра ји је zabraпјо. Тјте је dao пеирисепјта osnove da pomisle da se uistinu istina i praviса gone. Da ји је dopustio, а s пјоте i otvorenu polemiku, vise Ы koristio u samoj stvari i drzavi. Dakako episkopat је uspio da је razasalje svecenstvu. Sta vise objavili su је pojedini klerikalпј listovi, kao па primjer dubrovacka "Narodna svijest" (30. ХI 1932.), ра su onda naknadno zabranjene. Zato је doPrestolonaslednik Petar nosimo u cjelosti. u sokolskoj uniforтi Ље Crown Princes " Katolicki episkopat Jugoslavije sakupljen mjeseca novembra in Sokol uniforт ove godine па svojim godisnjim konferencijama pretresao је vazne crkvene administrativne poslove i crkveno-politicka pitanja. Nakon svestranog raspravljanja stvoreni su vrlo vazni zakljucci i теЈи ostalima donesene su ove rezolucije: 1. Episkopat najodlucnije prosvjeduje proti nekulturnim пара dajima, sto ih sustavno provode neprijatelji crkve i pripadnici nekatolicke vjeroispovijesti па vrhovnoga glavara katolicke crkve Svetog Оса Рари i katolicke svetinje. 2. Episkopat odlucno trazi, da se pitanja, koja spadaju u zajednicki djelokrug crkvene i drzavne vlasti, rjesavaju medusobnim sporazumom. Napose trazi, da se pitanje vjerske nastave па osnovnim, srednjim i пјјта slicnim te strucnim skolama rjesavaju па паСјп da dodu do jasnoga izrazaja prava crkve i roditelja. 3. Episkopat konstatira, da se u skolskim udZbenicima obraduju mnoga pitanja па паСјп, koji tesko vrijeda vjeru i moral katolicke 73
Viktor Novak
official gazette of the Zagreb Diocese. ТЬе Public Prosecutor, being absolutely independent, decided to prohibit it as "а threat to state interests." It was а mistake because the uninformed general public was thus led to believe that everything in the Resolution was true and that the prohibition meant persecution of justice. Otherwise, the issue would have aroused only а limited public interest with по detrimental effect оп the interests of the State. In the meantime the Episcopate managed to disseminate the Resolution. It was even published in some clerical papers, e.g. in Dubrovnik NATIONAL AWARNESS (Narodna svijest) of November 30, 1932, which was immediately prohibited. Here is the whole text of the Resolution: "At its regular Annual Conference held in November of this year the Catholic Episcopate in Yugoslavia discussed important Church and administrative matters and political issues regarding the Church. After а very detailed discussion some important conclusions were arrived at and the following Resolutions adopted: 1. ТЬе Episcopate strongly protests against uncivilized attacks оп the Holy Father and Catholic holy objects Ьу non-Catholics and enemies of the Church; 2. ТЬе Episcopate demands that the Church and the State, Ьу mutual agreement, find а solution to аН issues of common interest. Religious education in elementary and secondary schools and professional schools of the same level should Ье devoted special attention so as to fully guarantee the rights of the Church and parents; 3. ТЬе Episcopate has соте to the conclusion that in school text books many topics are presented in а way insulting to the Catholic Church and its moral standards and grounded оп distorted historical facts. ТЬе Episcopate demands immediate corrections; 4. ТЬе Catholic Episcopate protests against evident injustice done to Catholic parents Ьу appointing mostly or exclusively поп -Саtlюliс teachers for their children. According to the Law оп Education secular school teachers тау also teach religion, which is unacceptable and makes this protest fully justified; 5. Owing to the fact that the Sokol of the Кingdom ofYugoslavia fosters the naturalist philosophy of Tyrsh the Catholic Church demands that Catholic youth Ье spared the fatal influence of that educational system; 6. ТЬе Catholic Episcopate condemns the insults and various other forms of persecution Catholic bishops, priests and Catholic inte1ligentsia are exposed to through mean denunciations. This prac74
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crkve, i da se iskrivljuju historijske Cinjenice, te zahtijeva, da se ove povrede odmah uklone. 4. Katolicki episkopat prosvjeduje protiv oCitih nepravdi, koje se nanose katolickim roditeljima time, sto se па skole, gdje su djeса iskljuCivo ili pretezno katolicke vjeroispovijesti, namjestaju nastavnici inovjerci. Ovaj prosvjed је to opravdaniji, sto nastavnici u smislu skolskog zakona zamjenjuju vjerouCitelje. 5. BuduCi da је Sokol kraljevine Jugoslavije usvojio naturalisticku kulturnu ideologiju Tyrsovu, episkopat odlucno trazi, da se od katolicke mladezi ukloni pogubni utjecaj ovoga odgojnoga sistema. 6. Katolicki episkopat osuduje insulte i mnogovrsne oblike рro gonstva biskupa, svecenika i katolickih civilnih inteligenata па temelju neopravdanih i zlobnih denuncijacija, koje ruse sklad i mir izmedu crkvene i drzavne vlasti. "43 Jedan osobito povjerljiv izvjestaj, аје informacije poticu iz jedne kaptolske Kurije u Zagrebu, upucen predsjedniku vlade mjeseca decembra 1932. govori о borbenom duhu koji је vladao па toj biskupskoj konferenciji. Pouzdanost ovih informacija је potpuna. Iz njih se vidi da su "najostriji, najintransigentniji i najprotivdrzavniji ЫН sarajevski nadbiskup dr. Saric i krcki biskup dr. SrebrniC". Obojica su zahtjevali da se rezolucija sastavi u jos odlucnijem i ostrijem tonu. Zahtjevali su da se sve drzavne vlasti sabotiraju, da se stupi u bliski kontakt sa opozicijom, i da se izposluje kod Svete Stolice opozivanje papinskog nuncija Pellegrinettija, kako Ы se doslo do prekida diplomatskih odnosa izmedu Jugoslavije i Vatikana. Od toga је odvratio borbene biskupe sam nuncij Pellegrinetti, koji је dosao u Zagreb па konferenciju posljednjih dana. U izvjestaju se tvrdi da је Citava konferencija vodena pod predhodnim instrukcijama jezuita, koji su najenergicnije trazili da se dopusti osnivanje katolickih gimnastickih drustava. Sve Ы to trebale sprovesti organizacije "Krizara", poput slicnih ustanova u Austriji i Njemackoj, па sasvim vojnicki naCin. Zato se nagovaraju bivsi austrijski oficiri koji nisu primljeni u jugoslavensku vojsku da pristupe medu Krizare. Na kraju konferencije ро vjereno је biskupu Garicu i jezuiti Miilleru da odrzavaju veze s opozicijom, naroCito s frankovackim ustaskim krilom, koje vodi dr. МНе Budak najintimniji saradnik emigranta dr. Ante Pavelica. Jezuita Miiller se naime trudio da poravna neskladnosti u redovima opozicije kako Ы Citava opozicija (HSS i SDK) zajedno s klerikalcima i ustasama Cinila jednu jedinstvenu i jaku frontu, ne samo protiv vlade, nego i protiv drzave. Nastup ove opozicione 43
U sedmoj tocci rezolucije preporuca se svecenstvu i vjernima karitativna akcija.
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tice has а negative effect оп реасе and harmony between the Church and state authorities. "43 А
confidential report based оп information coming from one of the Captol Curiae in Zagreb, addressed to the Prime Minister in December 1932, describes the militant spirit prevailing at the Bishop Conference. These information are absolutely re1iable. According to the Report "the most intransigent and hostile with regard to the state were: Dr. Sharitch, Bishop of Sarayevo and Dr Srebrnitch, Bishop of Krk. Both demanded а more severe and vehement resolution, including sabotage of state authorities, establishment of closer contacts with the opposition and recall ofNuncio Pellegrinetti in view of breaking off diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and the Vatican. It was Nuncio Pellegrinetti who сате to the Conference in Zagreb оп the last day that persuaded them to withdraw these demands. According to the Report the Conference developed in 1ine with the instructions of the Jesuits who insisted оп the right of the Catho1ics to found their own, Catho1ic athletic clubs. ТЬе CRUSADEERS (Krizari) should Ье in charge of these Athletic clubs (Gymnastic societies), like in Austria and Germany and organize them according to the military system. Therefore, аН former Austrian officers who were not accepted in the Yugoslav Army were called upon to join the CRUSADEERS. At the end the Conference assigned Bishop Garitch (Garic) and Jesuit Miiller to maintain contacts with the opposition, particularly with the FRANKOVCI -USTASHA wing and its leader Dr Mile Budak, the closest collaborator ofDr Ante Pave1itch, in emigration. Jesuit Miiller was using his best efforts to persuade the opposition parties to overcome their differences and together with the clericals and ustashas establish а united front, not only against the government but also against the state. This newly established united front was particularly active during the elections for the National Assembly in November 1931. Archbishop Bauer convened in а conference аН prominent members of the Captol, Catho1ic priests and members of the CATHOLIC ACTION and asked them to boycott the elections, but at the proposal of Canon Dr Raditchevitch (RadiceviC) the Captol rejected this idea with а great majority of votes. Only Archbishop Bauer and his closest collaborators were in favor of the proposal. Before the elections Secretary to the Archbishop, Dr Slamitch (Slamic), in а confidential circular letter, requested the boycott of elections, which was in line with the decision of the opposition. One of the conclusions of particular interest was the саН of this 43
76
Неm seven of the Resolution recommends the priests and devoted Catholics to engage јп Charitable activities.
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klerikalno jezuitske fronte zapazen је kod izbora za Narodnu skupstinu и по vembru 1931. Tada је odrzana konferencija istaknutih Clanova zagrebackog kaptola i drugih svecenika i Clanova К. А. kod nadbiskupa Bauera, па kojoj se trazilo da sve vodece svecenstvo apstinira od izbora. Medutim zagrebacki Kaptol је па predlog kanonika dr. Radicevica odbio to sa velikom veCinom, te је nadbiskup ostao osamljen sa uzom okolinom. Jos prije izbora uputio је tajnik nadbiskupa dr. Slamic povjerljiv akt, da se sabotiraju izbori kako се to uCiniti i ostala opozicija. Od osobitog је znacaja Ыо zakljucak da se zapocne otvorena i odlucna borba protiv pravoslavlja. Vodstvo ove akcije povjereno је profesoru dr. Janku Simraku, glavnom uredniku "Hrvatske straze" koji inace pise и "Katolickom listu" pod pseudonimom dr. К. В. (Kosta Bohacevski) dok је njegov eksponent и Beogradu dr. Augustin Juretic. 44 Na konferenciji biskupa zakljuceno је da se izradi opsirna poslanica svecenstvu i vjernima koju се potpisati svi prisutni biskupi i uputiti је па citaпје 8. januara 1933. Sa akcijom episkopata podudara se i politicki potez dr. Koroseca sa takozvanim "punktacijama" koje је objavio пе samo и jugoslavenskoj, nego i stranoj stampi. Naime dr. Korosec nalazio se vec od oktobra 1931. и odlucnoj opoziciji, istupivsi iz vlade 30. septembra 1931. U punktacijama trazio је preuredenje drzave и federativnom smislu, kako је to prosle godine naglasila i Hrvatska seljacko-demokratska koalicija. Dosljedno tome trazio је i ujedinjenje svih slovenskih krajeva и jednu jedinicu. 45 Biskupska poslanica katolickog episkopata bila је objavljena пе samo и svim dijecezanskim listovima nego ји је iz пјЉ prestampala i ostala stampa и Jugoslaviji. Rijetko koja biskupska poslanica imala је takav sirok publicitet. U klerikalnoj kao i ostaloj stampi. Dakako da ји је objavila и izvodima i prokomentirala i fasisticka stampa. U poslanici ponavljaju se vec ranije iznoseni razlozi zasto se osuduje Tyrs i njegova ideologija kao i svi oni koji и njegovu duhu rade. Тreba podvuci da se и ovoj poslanici stalno govori о "Jugosokolu" а пе i о Hrvatskom sokolu, koji је doduse tih godina Ыо zabranjen. SKJ је isto sto i "Jugosokol" t. ј. опај sokol и Jugoslaviji do 1929., i prema tome оЬа stoje па istoj ideologiji, i zasluzuju jednaku osudu. Za ovaj dokaz pozivaju se 44
45
Iz prepisa sa originala, ustupljenog od licnosti, koja је autor ovog izvjestaja. О tim рlапоујта ерј skopata, narocito о diplomatskom prekidu sa Jugoslavijom, prodrle su vijesti u stranu stampu, се sku i austrijsku ("Narodny Listy" i "Neues Wiener Tagblatt"). "Ljubljansko Jutro" tim povodom donijelo је decembra 1932. Clanak: "Konferencija jugoslovenskih skofov v Zagrebu. Senzacionalne vesti inozemnih listov о poteku јп о sklepih skofovske konferencije." OdbijajuCi tvrdnje da postoji progonstvo katolicke crkve u Jugoslaviji i poredujuCi progone julijsko-krajinskih crkava, "Jutro" tvrdi da danas пета u Evropi drzave koja Ы sa toliko obzira stitila interese crkve i postovala vjerska osjec'anja naroda kao sto је to u Jugoslaviji. "Punktacije" dr. KoroSca. "Novosti" 12. I. 1933.
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Conference for ап ореп and decisive struggle against Orthodox religion. Dr Janko Shimrak (Simrak) editor-in-chief of HRVATSKA STRAZA (Croatian guard) was assigned leader of that project. Dr Shimrak published his article in KATOLICKI LIST (Catho1ic Gazette) under the реп пате of к.v. (Kosta Bohacevski). His representative in Belgrade is Dr Augustin Yuretitch (Juretic).44 ТЬе Bishop Conference decided to address to the clergy and be1ievers ап Epistle signed Ьу аН bishops present, to Ье read оп January 8, 1933. 1his decision of the Episcopate coincides with the political action of Dr Korochetz (Korosec) who published his PUNCTAТIONS (Punktacije) both in the Yugoslav and foreign press. Namely, Dr Koroshetz resigned from government оп September 30, 1931 and in October 1931 joined the vehement opposition. In his PUNCTATIONS Dr Korochetz caHs for the reorganization of the state оп the federal principle, thus repeating the request made the previous year Ьу the PEASANT- DEMOCRAТIC COALIТION (Seljacko-demokratska koalicija). Не also requested that аН Slovenian regions Ье united into опе single unit. 45 ТЬе Epistle of the Catholic Episcopate was published not only in the ра pers of аН Catholic Dioceses but in the whole Yugoslav press as weH. ТЬе wide publicity of this Epistle in clerical and secular press was almost ип precedented. ТЬе fascist press published its summarized version with сот ments ТЬе Epistle repeats the weH known arguments against Tyrsh and his ideology and condemns аН those who foHow in his wake. It should Ье ет phasized that the Epistle only speaks about the YUGOSOKOL and does not mention the CROAТIAN Sokol, which was prohibited three years before. ТНЕ SOKOL ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA means for them the same YUGOSOKOL from before 1929, because they share the same ideology and therefore deserve the same condemnation. ТЬеу support this statement Ьу quoting а high-ranking Sokol official who, оп January 11, 1931 said in 44
45
78
ТЬе сору of the original document was provided Ьу the author of this Report. ТЬе news about the
plans of the Episcopate, particularly regarding the break off of diplomatic relation with Yugoslavia leaked out and was published јп Austrian and Czech press. ("Narodny Listy" and "Neues Wiener Tagblatt"). "LJUBLJANSKO JUTRO" (Ljubljana Morning Paper), јп December 1932 published the article entitled: "CONFERENCE OF YUGOSLAV SOKOLS IN ZAGREB"... Sensational news јп foreign newspapers оп the course and сопсlusiопs of the Conference of Bishops јп Zagreb." Denying the persecution of the Catholic church iп Yugoslavia and describing the forms of persecution of our church јп the Јuliап region the paper "JUTRO" (Morning) concludes that there is по country јп Europe јп which the interests of the church and the religious feelings of the people are more respected than iп Yugoslavia. "Dr. KOROSCHETZ AND НIS РUNСТUАТЮNS" (Dr. Korosec i njegove "PUNKTACIJE"), "NOVOSTI" (News), January 12,1933.
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biskupi па izjavu prvog podstaroste SKJ koju је dao па sjednici pretsjednistva Slavenskog sokolstva u Pragu 11. januara 1931. Tada је оп rekao da је Sokolstvo "ро unutrasnjoj strani u srcima i dusama ostalo, kako је bilo i prije u smislu sokolske ideje. Nase sokolske organizacije sve su u duhu starih tradicija sokolskog bratstva Tyrsovih ideja. Dok stojimo па celu mi stari sokoli, u novoj organizaciji vladat се stari duh slavenskog sokolskog bratstva". Dakle, ova slavenska misao bila је ta koja је bola оБ separatistickom episkopatu. Slovenac Engelbert Gangl mogao se uvjeriti poslije deset godiпа kako је njegov biskup dr. Gregor Rozman 1933. koji је tada kamuflirano vrsio misiju rimskog klerofasizma, otvoreno i javno suradivao sa najveCim neprijateljem Slavenstva i jugoslavenskih naroda. Prirodno је, da је ova ро slanica izazvala пе samo u redovima sokola, nego u Citavoj javnosti veliko uznemirenje i revolt protiv episkopata i klerikalaca. U polemici ucestvuju pored sokola klerikalci i liberalci sviju struja. "Sokolski glasnik ogorcen i uvreden zapoceo је polemiku uvodnim Clankom Englberta Gangla, koji је Ыо ilustriran slikom sahrane Miroslava Tyrsa 9. ХI 1884. па Vaclavskom trgu, а u povorci se vidi svecenstvo, koje vrsi crkvene funkcije. U Clanku је obuhvacen cijeli problem u svoj sirini. Hrabro i odlucno se podvlaCi da ova poslanica nije jedna izuzetna pojava crkvenih puritanaca, vezana Cistim domaбт interesima, nego da је to jedna akcija, smisljena i sistematska, koja se vec duze vremena vodi iz Italije protiv Jugoslavije. Propascu Austrougarske monarhije izgubila је Rimska Kurija svoje najmocniје uporiste, па kome је zidala svoju politicku тоС. Ultramontanizam i teznje Vatikana da nad zemljama rimokatolicke konfesije prosiri svoj uticaj poslije prvog svjetskog rata, smanjile su se. Unatoc tome, Rimska Kurija пе odrice se zemaljskog carstva, koje ро svemu izgleda, pretpostavlja опот nebeskom. Jer, takve su пјепе aspiracije, oCigledne i тапје upucenima, u toku svjetske politike. Опа sve to pravda time sto се пјепа svjetska тос biti zastitnik katolicke crkve i Kristove nauke. Тој politickoj supremaciji zeli se dati posve religiozni karakter. Ovakve borbe preZivjeli su mnogi narodi, koji su tezili da se oslobode politickog gospodarstva Vatikana, koji tezi da zadrzi primat i nad svjetovnom vlascu. Za tu se ideju риЫа krv, mjesto tamnjana kao slavosjev Bogu. Опа se danas sluzi drugim, suvremenim sredstvima, koja nose u sebi sva obiljezja najvece diplomatske rafiniranosti i takta. Raznovrsno primjenjena u vremenu i prilikama pojedinih naroda gdje djeluje nuncijatura. Ти se stalno imaju u vidu psiholoski momenti i politicka raspolozenja naroda ра se oni isko79
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Prague that "the ideas of the Sok01 Movement live unchanged in the hearts and minds of аН Sok01s. АН ош Sok01 societies are organized in the spirit of the 01d tradition of Sok01 brotherhood promoted Ьу Tyrsh. As 10ng as we, 01d Sok01s, stay at its head the 01d spirit of S1avic Sok01 brotherhood will prevail in ош new organization." ActuaHy, the Episcopate was in favor of separatism and therefore vehement1y opposed to the idea of S1avic brotherhood. Engelbert Gang1, а S10venian Ьу nationality, ten years 1ater, when cooperation of Bishop Dr Gregor Rozman with the greatest enemy of S1avism and the Yugos1av peop1es Ьесаmе open and evident, discovered that a1ready in 1933 this bishop secret1y worked for Roman c1ero-fascists. NaturaHy, the Sok01s and the genera1 public were great1y disturbed Ьу the Epist1e and embittered against the Episcopate, the c1erica1s and their supporters. ТЬе Sok01s, the c1erica1s and 1ibera1s of аН c010rs were engaged in very animated p01emics. "Offended and embittered SOKOLSKI GLASNIK (the Sok01 Hera1d) initiated the p01emics Ьу publishing the editoria1 signed Ьу Englbert Gang1e, illustrated with а picture of the funera1 of Miros1av Tyrsh, taken оп November 9, 1884 at Vats1av Square in Prague, showing the participation of c1ergy in the procession. ТЬе artic1e discusses the problem in а very detailed manner, emphasizing that this Epist1e is not an is01ated case and that it has nothing to do with the interests of c1erica1 puritans at home. ТЬе artic1e assesses it as а very weH p1anned action within the campaign Ita1y has been conducting against Yugos1avia for а 10ng time. With the faH of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy the Roman Curia 10st the most powerfu1 strongh01d of its p01itica1 authority. After the First Wor1d War the idea ofULTRAMONTANISM and the efforts of the Vatican to enhance its influence in аН Catholic countries were great1y jeopardized. In spite of that the Roman Curia was not ready to give ир its empire оп earth, which is, obvious1y, the Vatican's first priority with regard to the Ce1estia1 one. These aspirations of the Vatican were obvious even to the 1ess familiar with the deve10pments in internationa1 p01itics. These activities were conducted under the guise of protection of the Cath01ic Church and Christianity. Best efforts were used to seH politica1 aspirations under the 1аЬе1 of religious matters. Many peop1es trying to get rid of the Vatican's tute1age had to engage in similar strugg1es in which the smeH ofhuman blood rep1aced the scent of incense to the g10ry of the A1mighty. Nowadays strugg1e is rep1aced Ьу refined dip10matic means and patience. ТЬе approach actuaHy depended оп the circumstances in which the 80
Magnum crimen XIV
ristavaju, cas otvorenije cas skrivenije, vec prema diktatu potreba. Rimska Kurija majstorski uspjeva da identificira svoje teznje za ро litickim gospodstvom sa pitanjima vjere i Kristove nauke. Ispravno drzanje jednog dijela svecenstva, koje umije da diferencira politiku Rimske Kurije od Kristovog nauka smatra se u Vatikanu kao i od jugoslavenskog episkopata otvorenom nepokornoscu prema crkvi, ра su takvi svecenici podlozni presijama, prijetnjama, ра i kaznaта, ako se пе pokore diktatu svojih ordinarija. 46 Plod ovakve visegodisnje politike hrvatskog i slovenskog episkopata је i antisokolska, antityrsevska poslanica, koju је potpisalo 19 katolickih nadpastira i njihovih zamjenika. Pri Citanju ove poslanice pojedini svecenici dali su maha пе samo svojoj fantaziji, nego i mrznji prema sokolstvu, u stvari jugoslavenstvu, u komentarima ispred oltara Boga ljubavi i zapovijesti о bliznjemu." Odlucno odbijajuCi sve, sto se u tom pastirskom pismu pokazuje, jednovremeno sve to oznacuje kao "proste i necuvene klevete, tim necuvenije, sto dolaze iz ustiju Kristovih sljedbenika, Cime oni kaljaju veliko i svijetlo ime Bozje."47 Izvrsni odbor SKJ-e odrzao је sjednicu u Beogradu 16. 1 1933. i donio је potrebne odluke povodom ove poslanice. Poslije svestrane diskusije prihvaсепа је rezolucija koja је preko stampe ирисепа svoj jugoslavenskoj javnosti, u kojoj se odbijaju sve uvrede i klevete episkopata. "U tome "pastirskom pismu", koje u nizu sistematskih napadaја па Sokolstvo za posljednjih nekoliko godina iz redova visokog katolickog klera pretstavlja najbezobzirniji i najostriji, nastoji se zlonamjerno i па naCin nedostojan onako visokog tijela: tendencioznim, nevjernim i neistinitim prikazivanjem sokolske ideologije i sokolskog rada, proizvoljnim generaliziranjem i oCigledno krivim zakljuCivanjem, mistifikacijama i providnim sofizmima, obiljeziti Soko Kraljevine Jugoslavije kao пе samo protukatolicku nego i рro tuvjersku i bezboznicku organizaciju, koja pijankama, sirenjem odvratne golotinje i rusenjem morala u nasoj omladini i u nasem па rodu иорсе potkapa i иЫја vjerski i moralni zivot, kao i pokret koji је "nepriznavanjem postenog hrvatskog odnosno slavenskog imena" protiv tradicija i svetinja ovih dijelova naseg naroda. Savez Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije najodlucnije odbija od sebe sve ove necuvene insinuacije i objede, koje najrjeCitije роЫјаји svi46 47
Vidi nize slucaj biskupa BonefaCica i don Frana Ivanisevica. Pastirski list katolickog episkopata protiv Sokolstva. Izazivanje kulturne borbe? - "Sokolski glasnik" 13.1.1933.
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Nunciature manipulated the mentality and political attitude of the general public. Also, depending оп the circumstances, these activities were more or less open and evident. ТЬе Roman Curia is а true virtuoso in dovetailing its political aspirations into the matters of religion and Christianity. ТЬе Vatican and the Yugoslav Episcopate accuse of disobedience those Catholic priests who make а differепс е between the political activities of the Roman Curia and Church matters. ТЬеу are exposed to pressure, threats, even punishments if they do not follow the orders of their Оrdiпаriае. 4б This anti-Tyrsh and anti -Sokol Epistle signed Ьу 19 members of Catholic high clergy is the result of а policy for many years practiced Ьу the Croatian and Slovenian Episcopates in Yugoslavia. During the reading of this Epistle some did not know what to think and some did not hide their hatred for the Sokols which was actually hatred for Yugoslavia, and they expressed it openly in front of the Almighty, а symbol of love, his Altar and his Commandments. "ТЬе author of the article rejects with indignation аН allegations in the Epistle "as mere insults сот ing [roт the followers of Christ, which is deplorable because in this way they besmirch the lofty and luminous name of the Almighty"47 At its Meeting held in Belgrade оп January 16,1933, the Executive Board ofthe SOKOL ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA, after а detailed discussion about the Epistle, adopted а Resolution addressed to the Yugoslav public and published in the Yugoslav press, refuting аН insults and falsehoods concocted Ьу the Episcopate. "This Pastoralletter is, undoubtedly, the most brazen of аН numerous affronts and attacks against the Sokol in the last few years. Coming from Catholic high clergy the text is bellow аН standards; it is biased and gives а false picture of the Sokol ideology and the activities of that Movement. Generalizations are arbitrary, the conclusions evidently wrong, mystification and sophisms cheap. ТЬе main objective is to present the Sokols not only as an impious, but as an anti-religious movement which Ьу organizing drinking parties, tolerating nudity and destroying moral principles in ош youth and people in general actually undermines and destroys the religious and morallife. Moreover, "Ьу refusing to accept the honest Croatian, "6 See the case ofВishop Bonefachitch and don Frano Ivanishevitch, later јп the text. "7
82
"ТНЕ PASTORAL PAPER" (Pastirski list) ОР ТНЕ CATHOLIC EPISCOPATE AGAINST ТНЕ SOKOLS-declaration of cultural war!-"SOKOLSКI GLASNIK", January 13,1933.
Magnum crimen XIV rnа dobro poznati sokolski ciljevi i teznje, kao i pred svirna sirorn odkriveni sokolski zivot i rad, te koje rnogu da proizlaze sarno iz zle volje, politickog racuna ili fanaticke zaslijepljenosti. Savez Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije s ogorcenjern u dusi dize svoj glas protiv ovakvog naCina borbe najvisih predstavnika katolicke crkve u drzavi protiv sokolstva, koje tu borbu niCirn nije izazvalo i sa zaljenjern utvrduje, da se bas sa onog rnjesta odakle treba da Krscanska ljubav i pornirljivost zrace па cijeli nas narod i cijelu nasu zernlju, u tako nada sve ozbiljno vrijerne nacionalnog i drzavnog zivota, nastoji u siroke slojeve naseg naroda unijeti razdor i rnrznju, i raspirivanjern vjerskih i plernenskih strasti, te unosenjern zabune i uznernirenosti oslabiti otpornu snagu jugoslavenskog naroda, bas onda kada rnи је ona najpotrebnija. SKJ па prvoj svojoj skupstini od 29. rnarta 1931. godine u Beogradu, u onde jednoglasno prirnljenirn rezolucijarna, iznio је па jedino rnjerodavan naCin svoje stanoviste u odnosu Sokolstva prerna vjeri, i, u potpunoj suglasnosti sa tradicionalnirn sokolskirn shvacanjirna, utvrdio: Sokolstvo kao ideja slobode, priznaje i slobodu uvjerenja i rnisli svakog pojedinca, i da naroCito postuje svako vjersko uvjerenje i osjecanje, srnatrajuCi vjeru najsvetijirn dijelorn unutrasnjeg zivota svakog covjeka; da sljedstveno jednako postuje i ispoljavanja svakog vjerskog uvjerenja i osjecanja, i da svaki pripadnik sokolske organizacije rnoze slobodno da izvrsava zapovijesti i propise svoje vjere i crkve ... "48
U savrsenoj podudarnosti episkopatskog napadaja, u korne se pri kraju kaze pozivajuCi vjernike da ostanu cvrsti u vjeri otaca i neka se ne daju od te vjere odvratiti od Sokolstva "koje nece da znade za Spasitelja nasega ni za posteno nase hrvatsko i slovensko irne", dosao је i napadaj glavnog organa fasisticke stranke u Italiji ("Lavore Fascista") koji је 12. januara 1933., dakle poslije Citanja pastirske poslanice nazvao SKJ "zloCinackorn i nernoralnorn organizacijorn" bacivsi па nju rnasu pogrda. Sa svih strana zernlje gdjegod је bilo sokolskih drustava, naroCito iz Hrvatske i Slovenije iz posve katolickih krajeva stizali su protestni telegrarni protiv оуе biskupske poslanice. АН ne sarno i sokolska drustva, nego i brojne druge nacionalne ustanove osudile su оуај biskupski postupak koji se роја vio u trenutku najzivlje fasisticke antijugoslavenske akcije. U tirn trenucirna 48
"Politika" 17.1.1933.
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also Slavic, пате in the title, the Sokol Movement actually stood up against ош tradition and everything sacred to ош people." ТНЕ SOKOL AI_LIANCE ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA strongly rejects all these groundless and appalling accusations and insults. ТЬе aims and aspirations of the Sokols are very well known. Тп their life and work there is nothing hidden from the public еуе. It is the facts that refute all these slanders concocted Ьу ill will, political calculations and tanatical blindness. ТНЕ SOKOL ALLIANCE ОР ТНЕ КINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA, with bitterness raises its voice against the kind of campaign the highest representatives of the Catholic Church in this country are waging against the Sokols who have not provoked it in апу way. ТЬе Sokols deplore the fact that at this crucial moment in the life of ош people and ош соuпtгу, instead of disseminating Christian love and tolerance, the llighest representatives of the Catholic Church disseminate hatred and dissent, instigate religious and ethnic intolerance and thus confuse and disturb the Yugoslav people and undermine the indispensable detensive ability of the country. In опе of the Resolutions adopted Ьу its Assembly held in Belgrade, оп March 29, 1931, the Sokols presented their attitude to religion and in line with the Sokol tradition declared that: "ТЬе Sokol Movement is based оп the idea of freedom and freedom of thought and belief. ТЪе Sokols respect all religions. Every member of the Sokol Movement is free to express his religious feelings which are viewed as the most sacred aspect of his life as ап individual. This means that every member of the Sokol Movement is free to respect the principles of his faith and Church and behave accordingly... "48 At the end of its attack оп the Sokols the Episcopate calls оп the believers to remain devoted to the faith of their forefathers and do not allow the Sokols to persuade them to give up that faith, because "the Sokols reject ош Savior and ош honest Croatian alld Slovenian пате. At the same time another attack сате from the top of the Fascist party in Italy (LAVORE FASCISTA) which, оп January 12, 1933, after the reading of the Epistle, addressed dirty insults to the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia, еуеп calling it "а criminal and immoral organization." 1Ъе Sokols from all over the country, particularly those from the Catholic Croatian regions alld Slovenia, massively reacted to the Epistle Ьу sending telegrams of protest. Numerous other national institutions also condemned 4~ "POLIТIKA", Јапuагу
84
17, 1933.
Magnum crimen XIV
А
Vencanje jednog Sokola Wedding Photo оЈ а Sokol
ocekivalo se u javnosti sto се [еа о svemu tome oni narodni svecenici, koji su ostali vjerni nekadasnjem Strossmayerovom stavu prema Sokolstvu. Uskoro se сио glas kotorskog biskupa Frana Uccellini- Тice. Upitan od suradnika "Politike", kako gleda па tu poslanicu, posto оп nije prisustvovao konferenciji episkopata vec njegov zamjenik, starac је spomenuo i odlucno odgovorio: "Ја znam sto те ceka, а znam sto си odgovoriti. Nikad u zivotu nisam se ustrucavao da [есет sto mislim i osjecam, pak necu ni danas. Vjera nije bila u pitanju. Zato poslanicu nisam potpisao i ona nije oglasena u тојој biskupiji. Clan sam Jugoslavenskog sokola. Bio sam i ostajem. Ne vidim u tome grijeh. Ako те pozovu da blagoslovim njihov rad, blagoslovit си ga radi Boga. Radu Sokola u тојој biskupiji пета prigovora, koji su osnova poslanice i vjerujem da ih nece biti."49 Qva izjava kotorskog biskupa odjeknula је senzacionalno u narodu, Sokolstvu kao i medu klerikalnim krugovima. Vise nego та koja polemicna knjiga ili odrzani mitinzi, odjeknuo је lldarac koji se spustio па glave njegovih drugova. 49
"Politika" 29. 1.1933.
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this move of the Bishop Conference, at the moment of the most vigorous fascist anti- Yugoslav campaign. 'Ље general public expected to hear the opinion of those priests who have remained faithful to Strossmayer and his views оп the Sokol Ыеа. 1n his interview to the Belgrade daily POLIТIKA Frano Uccellini-Titze, Вishop of Kotor, asked to comment the Epistle said: ,,1 know what I ат going to say and what to expect after having said it. 1 have never hesitated to say what I think and feel, nor will I do it today. 1T WAS NOT А RELIGIOUS ISSUE. That is why I did not sign the Epistle and it was not read in ту bishopric. If they invite те to bless their work I will do it, in the пате of God and for His sake. Contrary to what is said in the Epistle I have nothing to reproach to the activities of the Sokols in ту bishopric and believe that there will Ье по reproach in the future either. "49 'Ље statement of the Bishop of Kotor greatly impressed the general риЬ lic, the Sokols and the clergy and caused а true sensation. His blow оп the heads of his colleagues produced а stronger effect than any polemical book оп that issue, or any public protest. When they heard what the Bishop said the Sokols from Cetinje decided to go to Kotor and personal1y thank the old bishop for his courage and his words which were а balm оп the souls of the slandered and insulted. 'Ље old Bishop was sincerely touched Ьу their words of gratitude. Emphasizing that their national work has always been correct and in line with the principles of Christianity, he also said: "Our only true salvation lies in the harmony among the brothers of the same blood: the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. I have been fostering this ideal since ту young days and under Austria I dedicated ту D1VNA GLUMA (Perfect Acting) to the harmony and love between the Serbs and Croats. I have always cherished that idea and I ат not going to give it ир now! Dear brothers, thank уои for coming and continue to foster and disseminate the feelings of love!" Оп that same day the Sokols took part in the procession headed Ьу the Bishop himself. 50 'Ље Meeting of the Executive Board of the Sokol Alliance, held оп February 6 and 7, 1933, forwarded to Bishop Uccellini-Titze а letter of gratitude for his nice words of consolation and promised to continue to behave according to the highest moral principles and respect the faith and Church. When Tzarevitch (Carevic) the Bishop of Dubrovnik refused to bless the 49
"POLIТIKA",
50
"SOKOLSКI
86
January 29,1933. GLASNIK", February 17,1933.
Magnum crimen XIV
Kad se proculo za оуи biskupovu izjavu, crnogorski sokoli sa Cetinja, su sa Cetinja па Tripundan u Kotor da se zahvale starom biskupu za junacki stav koji је oblagorodio duse povrijedenih i napadnutih. Tople i zahvalne rijeCi crnogorskih sokola dirnule su starog vladiku. OdgovarajuCi im i priznavsi njihov ispravan nacionalni rad koji nikad i nigdje nije dolazio u sukob s moralnim krscanskim nacelima, оп im је rekao izmedu ostaloga i оуо: "Jedino 5to nas moze potpuno i konacno najtjesnje vezati i spasiti jest sloga jednokrvne brace Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Od najmladih svojih dana gojio sam оуи misao, а u teskim vremenima, pod Austrijom, posvetio sam тоји "Divnu glumu" bas "slozi i ljubavi Srba i Hrvata". Та те misao uvijek pratila i s njom sam se zanosio ра kako ne bih i sada! Sirite braco ljubav i hvala уат sto ste dosli!" Sokoli su istoga dana ucestvovali i u svecanoj procesiji koju је predvodio sam biskup.50 Sokolski savez је sa svoje sjednice Izvrsnog odbora, odrzane 6. i 7. [е bruara 1933. uputio biskupu Uccelliniju-Tice zahvalnost za njegove utjesljive rijeCi оЬесауајиа ти da се se Sokoli ubuduce rukovoditi nacelima najviseg morala i postovanja prema vjeri i crkvi. Kad је pak dubrovacki biskup CareviC odbio da blagoslovi zastave sokolskih ceta iz dubrovacke okoline, blagoslovio ih је u Kotoru biskup Uccellini-Tice. Тот је prilikom biskup odrzao rodoljubivi govor u kome se dodirnuo i poslanice. Biskup је rekao: "Nijesam potpisao poslanicu jer su u nјој bile oCite klevete. Tuzili su Sokole za ono sto nijesu krivi. Oni su poslanicom uCinili veliko nedjelo. Zato sam је kritizirao. Fakta nijesu bila istinita а па podlozi tih neistinitih fakata oni su osudivali Sokol. Meni је zbog toga dolazilo do suza!"51 Jos је jednom biskup Uccellini-Tice dao izjavu, poslije godinu dana, kad је spomenuo da se i poslanice samoga Svetog Оса раре mogu kritizirati 14. таја 1934., kazao је: "Tuzili su sokole za ono zasta nisu krivi. U тојој biskupiji sokoli su valjani, oni su sve. Ја ih sve blagosivljam. Ја sam im (t. ј. ы skupima) odmah kazao: nije tako. Mi u Dalmaciji Zivimo drugim zivotom. Rekao sam jednom od njih: "Ako bude5 tako radio, nase се biskupe pljuvati ро obrazu. Oni su poslanicom uCinili veliko nedjelo. Zato sam је ја kritizirao. Fakta nijesu bila istinita, а па podlozi tih neistinih fakata oni su osudivali sokol. Meni је zbog toga dolazilo do suza!" Ovako је govorio starac, gotovo doslovno 1933., 1934. u jednoj te istoj stvari. 52 роЉ
50 51 52
"Sokolski glasnik" 17. П. 1933. Frano ИссеЉпј- Тice, biskup kotorski. "Dubrovnik" 8. VI. 1937. Senatori i poslanici u posjeti kotorskom biskupu. "Stampa" (Beograd) 15. V. 1934.
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flags of the Sokols [roт the surroundings of Dubrovnik it was the Bishop of Kotor Ucce11ini -Тitze who did it. Оп that occasion, in his patriotic address, the Вishop, mentioning the Epistle, said: ,,1 refused to sign the Epistle Ье cause it was slanderous. ТЬе Sokols did not commit the guilt they are accused of. ТЬе Epistle is а great error. That is why 1 criticized it. It was not based оп true facts and consequently condemned the Sokols оп false grounds. Tears were coming to ту eyes."51 А year later, оп Мау 14, 1934, Bishop Ucce11ini- Тitze made а statement in which he said that the Epistle of the Holy Father could also Ье subject to criticism. "ТЬе
Sokols are not guilty of what they accuse them for. In ту bishopric they are beyond reproach. 1 immediately told them (the bishops) that they were wrong. We in Dalmatia Нуе differently. 1 told to one of them: "If уои don't change they will start spitting us in the [асе. Their Epistle is а big mistake. Therefore 1 criticized them. ТЬе facts they mention are not reliable. Their accusations against the Sokols are false. Tears were coming to ту eyes!" This is what the old bishop said speaking about the same thing in 1933 and 1934.52 ТЬе Bishop ofKotor was not the only one to condemn the Epistle. Several priests met in Split and also condemned the Epistle and its demagogical ро litical messages as damaging for the Church. One of the Catholic priest present at the meeting even sent а letter to NOVOSТI (News) а Zagreb newspaper, in which he explained their views. High clergy and the clericals were enraged. It was а пеw and vigorous condemnation of high clergy. ТЬе letter speaks about distortion of facts, lack of precision and falsehood. In addition to that he author of the letter commends the Sokols for sincerity, openness and generosity, qualities [иllу in line with the idea of Catholicism. "ТЬе Epistle is sheer demagogy. Its intention is to instigate intolerance and Pharisaism. It grossly violates the Constitution of our Кingdom. Those who should Ье the first to respect the law are setting а deplorable example. ТЬе Epistle is sheer Pharisaism which is very sad. ТЬе Sokols have always respected the same principles and they decided to attack them only now.
51 52
88
"FRANO UCCELINI~TIТZE, ВISHOP OF KOTOR." "DUBROVNIK", Јипе 8,1937. "SENATORS AND MPs VISIТING ТНЕ ВISHOP OF KOTOR", "STAMPA" (Press), Beograd, Мау 15,1934.
Magnum crimen XIV
Medutim kotorski biskup unutar svecenickih redova nije Ыо osamljen u osudi оуе poslanice. U Splitu naslo se па okupu, povodom оЬјауе poslanice, nekoliko svecenika koji su jednodusno osudili postupak episkopata, osjetivsi da u demagoskim i politickim tendencijama poslanice ima vise stete nego koristi za crkvu. Jedan od njih formulirao је njihovo glediste i uputio ga u zagrebacke "Novosti". Оуо pismo katolickog svecenika, koji је govorio u ime mnogih drugih, izazvalo је novo ogorcenje u klerikalnim i visokim hijerarhijskim redovima. Bila је to nova i teska osuda crkvenih velikodostojnika. U tom uvodnom Clanku govori se о grubom izvrtanju Cinjenica, netocnostima i neistinama. Stovise, doticni tvrdi da Sokol naucava iskrenost, otvorenost, nesebicnost u punom skladu sa naukom katolicke crkve. "Poslanica је naprotiv plod demagogije; iz nje izvire namjera potpirivanja strasti u duhu nesnosljivosti i farizejstine. Ро tom i takvom sadrzaju ona је u oCitoj i gruboj opreci sa temeljnim zakonom, sa Ustavom nase kraljevine. 1 time, oni koji Ы u postivanju zakoпа morali prednjaCiti, daju grub primjer, poguban primjer. Rekao sam da је poslanica jarizejska. То је vrlo tesko za nји. Jer, odavna, od uvijek, ima Sokol ista nacela, ра kako to, da su se presvjetla gospoda sjetila tek sada ... da Sokol napadnu. Cudne li bas koincidencije, da оуа poslanica dolazi istodobno kad i razne "punktacije", razne izjave zalosnih emigranata i otvorena kampanja nama neprijateljske stampe! Nego, recimo otvoreno i bez uvijanja: ne napada se Sokol zbog navodnog protuvjerskog djelovanja i naroCito zato i zbog toga, sto је оп jugoslavenska nacionalna ustanova! Ја sam uvjeren da nе grijesim kad kazem, da izvor napadaja па Sokol treba traziti izvan nasih granica. Napadaj па Sokol ima svoju osnovu i u strahu, da ne Ы Sokol okupio svu nasu omladinu i onemoguCio time razne "Krizare", ili slicne anacionalne ustanove i pokrete. Kazem anacionalne, jer se uzalud trazi u izjavama takvih ustanova ili pokreta, u njihovoj stampi i jedna rijec nacionalne svijesti! Napadaj па Sokol izazvan је dalje i strahom da ne Ы povampireni plemenski separatizam nasao svoj put i mimo i protiv klerikalnog pokreta. Odatle ono demagosko nadlicitiranje prema raznim punktacijama."53 Оуај Clanak izazvao је postupak biskupa splitskog dr. Кlementa BonefaCica protiv don Frana Ivanisevica, koga је biskup osumnjiCio kao аи tora. Naime biskup BonefaCic Ыо је jos i vise uvjeren da Clanak potice od don Frana Ivanisevica jer је оп па nekoliko dana ranije odrzao u solinskoj sokola-
53
Pismo katolickog svecenika. "Novosti" 21. 1.1933.
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... Why only now? Oddly enough, the Epistle comes together with different PUNCTAТIONS, statements made Ьу miserable emigrants and ап ореп campaign conducted Ьу hostile press. Let us Ье ореп and straightforward. They do not attack the Sokols for their anti-religious activities. They attack the Sokols as а Yugoslav national institution! 1 ЬеНеуе that the attacks оп the Sokols сот е from foreign sources. The attack is also orchestrated out of fear that the Sokols тау attract to their ranks аН our young people, which would greatly jeopardize the activities of various CRUSADEERS (Krizari) and similar anti-national organizations and movements. 1 say anti-national because in their statements and in their press there is not а single word about the national aspect. The attacks оп the Sokols are also motivated Ьу the fear that the clericals and their supporters could lose control over various efforts of ethnic separatism which, in the final account, might еуеп turn against them. This is the explanation for demagogical bargaining in connection with various PUNCTAТIONS"53
Dr Кlement Bonefachitch (BonefaCic), Bishop of Split, reacted to this article, accusing don Frano Ivanishevitch (Ivanisevic) of authorship. Namely, several days before the publication of this article don Frano Ivanishevitch, in his lecture delivered in the Sokol Center of Solin said that 120 000 red Yugoslav shirts are ready to stand ир and give their lives against 400 000 black shirts. The Bishop sent to don Frano Ivanishevitch а сору of his letter to Dr Rachitch (forwarded оп January 17,1933) regarding the Epistle ofthe Episcopate in which he says: ,,1 have heard the big ЬеН of the masons ringing through уои in the effort to hush ир the truth. Оп ту personal behalf and оп behalf of аН Bishops 1 reject with indignation аН falsehoods meant to persuade the uninformed public that the Epistle is closely соп nected with the Punctations, the fascist declaration and what not! The Epistle was drafted and adopted Ьу the Bishop Conference held оп November 17,1932 ... and then we looked ир the calendar in order to determine the most appropriate date for reading it in public. The foHowing were the weeks of Advent and уои know that there are по sermons оп these Sundays. Then сате Christmas and оп the 8-th of January the Holiday of the Holy Family, а very suitable day for the Epistle. Оп the 17-th and 19-th November this was the only thing we had in mind. It did not occur to us to connect the Epistle S3
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"LETTER OF А CATHOLIC PRIEST", "NOVOSTJ", January 23,1933.
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ni predavanje u kome је rekao da се protiv 400.000 crnih kosulja znati ustati i poginuti 120.000 crvenih kosulja Jugoslavena. Biskup је uputio don Franu IvaniseviCu prijepis jednog pisma koje је оп uputio dr. RaCicu (17. 1 1933.), povodom poslanice episkopata. Biskup BonefaciC kaze da "сије da i Уата isponira glas velikog zvona masona, kojim se hoce zaglusiti, da se ne сије istina. Kategoricki i s gnusanjem odbiјат od sebe, а mogu bez straha reCi i za sve biskupe, insinuacije, koje se serviraju javnosti i kojima se hoce da zavede neupucene, da је poslanica u savezu s punktacijama, deklaracijom fasizma i sto ti ја znam! Poslanica је odlucena i uglavnom sastavljena па sjednici ы skupske konferencije 17. ХI 1932 ... Sa kalendarom u ruci se је trazi10, kada Ы zgodno Ыlо da se procita. Slijedile su neposredno nedjelje adventa, а vi znate, sto se bar u glavnim crkvama i уеат mjestima u te nedjelje propovijeda, ра bozicni blagdani. Epifanija је za dan misija, а nedjelja 8. 1 Sveta Obitelj. Nikad zgodnijih dana za jednu i drugu poslanicu. Tko је 17. odnosno 19. ХI sanjao о svemu drugom, sto se u savez donosi s poslanicom! Samo masonska perfidija moze da to ustvrdi i siri."54 Ovako su biskup Uccellini -Tice, don Frano Ivanisevic а uskoro i uzorni svecenik Vjekoslav SpinCic postali "glas velikog zvona masona". Уес sutradan 18. 1 odgovorio је don Frano Ivanisevic biskupu BonefaCicu. Objasnivsi biskupu stanje naseg naroda u Julijskoj Krajini, kao i organiziranu akciju [а sistickih ustanova protiv Jugoslavije, iskreno kazuje don Frano da smatra ро trebnim u Jugoslaviji mobilizirati sve zdrave nacionalne snage za obranu. "Vi mi spoCitavate, rijeCi su don Frana Ivanisevica, da svecenik ne smije govoriti za vrijeme mira о ratu. Ја уат odgovaram da ја nisam svojim govorom poticao па rat, nego bas obratno па obranu protiv rata, te mislim, da svecenik za vrijeme mira moze i mora govoriti proti takvom osvajackom ratu, koji vrti mozgom u glavi osvajaca Mussolinija, pogledom па nase primorske krajeve. Takve sam javne govore izrekao па vise mjesta u Jugoslaviji, dok sam ыо predsjednik Jugoslavenske matice, te izaslanik Jadranske Straze, i nitko zdrava shvacanja nije mi sto opazlo." Don Frano odbija biskupovo misljenje, da ти "imponira vlast velikog zvona masona", jer njemu imponira glas njegove savjesti i kriterij njegove pameti. "U тојет skromnom radu, vjeran nacelu biskupa Strossmayera, ја sam uvijek nastojao da uzdrzim ravnotezu i harmoniju izmedu ројта vjere i domovine, 54
Pismo biskupa dr. BonefaCica don Frani Ivanisevicu (17. XI. 1933.). Prepis s originala.
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with апу other document. Оп1у perfidious free masons are сараblе of p1anting such fa1sehoods. "54 1his is how Bishop Ucce11ini -Тitze, don Frano Ivanishevitch and а highly respected reverend Vjekos1av Spinchitch (SpinciC) were promoted into "the ringing ЬеН of free masons." In his answer to the Вishop (a1ready оп the [о110wing day, January 18), Frano Ivanishevitch describes the situation and the 1iving conditions of ош реор1е in the ЈиНап A1ps region and speaks about ап organized fascist campaign against Yugos1avia. Не is of the opinion that in view of the situation Yugos1avia shou1d mobilize its patriotic forces for defense. "Не a1so rejected the criticism of the Bishop that war is not а topic for priests to discuss. I emphasize that in ту speech I was not calling for war. Оп the contrary. I оп1у spoke against the war. In ту opinion in peacetime the priest should speak against ап aggressive war concocted in the head of Mussolini and against his appetite for ош coast. I tackled that issue in severa1 of ту public speeches in Yugos1avia, as Chairman of the JUGOSLOVENSКA MATICA and deputy of JAD RANSKA STRAZA and so far по опе in his right mind has reproached те for discussing that subject in public." Don Frano a1so rejects the insinuations of the Bishop that "he enjoys listening to the big ЬеН of free masons", emphasizing that "he оп1у listens to the voice of his conscious and behaves according to the criteria of his wisdom. "In ту modest work-continued don Frano-faithfu1 to the princip1es of Bishop Strossmayer, I have a1ways tried to strike the right Ьа1апсе between the ethnic and the religious, between the notion of Faith and the notion of the father1and. I have never swerved from that path and I note with great satisfaction that ту attitude has a1ways Ьееп well accepted. And now, with аН due respect for уои as ту Spiritua1 Father, strict1y speaking about the interest of the Catholic Church оп1у, I [ее1 free to tell уои that Ьу attacking the Soko1s the Catho1ic Episcopate has gone too far. It does not stand to reason, nor is it honest to say that it was уои who wanted to endanger ош country and particu1ar1y compromise its reputation abroad, because that wou1d Ье а crime punishable Ьу 1aw and уои could Ье held responsible and tried for that. Now, when Ita1y is supp1ying Hungary with weapons and concocting intrigues in the effort to flare ир а war in the Ba1kans and Ешоре, Catholic Bishops 54
92
LETTER OF ВISHOP Dr. BONEFACHIТCH 17, 1933), сору of the original document.
ТО
DON FRANO
IVANISHEVIТCH,
(November
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te nikada nisam sasao sa te staze, а uvijek postizavao dobre uspjehe па тоје veliko zadovoljstvo. А sada imajuCi pred oCima iskljuCivo interese nase crkve, dozvolite mi, Preuzviseni, da Vam kao svojem duhovnom оси u ovom pitanju iskreno kazem: KatoliCki episkopat u Jugoslaviji s onim nesmotrenim istupom protiv Sokola izgubio је tu ravnotezu. Nitko pametan i ро sten песе reCi, da ste vi onim Cinom hotili neumice ostetiti ugled nase drzave osobito u vanjskom svijetu, jer Ы to Ыо zloCin, za koji Ы vas drzava mogla pozvati па odgovornost, аН svako се vam reCi da nije bilo pametno ni takticno u ovom casu, kada Ita1ija salje u Madarsku Veiba sokola oruzje, kada intrigira па Balkanu i Evropi, da пат navijesti rat, nije А Sokol exercising bilo umjesno da biskupi katoliCki navjestuju vjerski rat protiv Sokola i drzave, jer је Sokol Jugoslavije ustanovljen drzavnim zakonom i smatra se donekle polu -drzavna ustanova, obranbeni zid protiv propaganda izvana i rastrojenih elemenata unutra. Promislite, Preuzviseni, ЫН se to usudili i pomisliti, а kamo li uciniti katoliCki biskupi protiv Mussolinija, koji је poznat kao izraziti ateist? Ne Ы, jer su ро srijedi drzavni interesi, koji se kod nas nazalost zaboravljaju ... "55 Ovim pismom nije zavrsena polemicna prepiska izmedu don Frana Ivanisevica i biskupa BonefaCica. Опа се па kraju zavrsiti upotrebom duhovne sile, koja је bila па raspolozenju BonefaCicu, upotrebom crkvenih kazni kojima се biskup udariti па sjajnog slugu bozjeg, starca i rodoljuba svecenika koji је Ыо uistinu integer vitae! Kad su stigle u Split zagrebacke "Novosti" sa Clankom "Pismo katoliCkog svecenika" uznemirila se BonefaCiceva kurija. Ти se odmah pomislilo da је autor Clanka don Frano Ivanisevic. 3. februara 1933. obratio se biskup па don Frana saopCivsi ти pismeno sumnje splitskih kao i zagrebackih klerikalaca 55
Ооп Frano Ivanisevic biskupu dr. BonefaCicu, 18. 1. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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have по justification for declaring а religious war against the Sokols and the State, Because the Yugoslav Sokol was established Ьу а legal decision, it has the status of а serni-official organization and it represents а shield against foreign propaganda and subversive elernents inside the country. Would it occur to any Catholic Bishop in Italy to engage in а sirnilar carnpaign against Mussolini, а rnilitant atheisH Never, because state interests would Ье at stake. But, when it cornes to Yugoslavia state interests, apparently, do not count ... "55 This was not the end of the argurnent between don Frano Ivanishevitch and Bishop Bonefachitch. At the end the Вishop used the authority of the Church to punish the old priest, а patriot, а devoted servant of the Alrnighty, а true INTEGER yIТAE! When the Zagreb paper NOVOSТI (News) with the article entitled А LETTER ОР А CATHOLIC PRIEST reached Split the Curia of Bishop Bonefachitch got extrernely disturbed and irnrnediately concluded that don Frano Ivanishevitch rnust Ье its author. In his letter of the 3-rd of February the Bishop inforrned don Frano about his personal and the suspicions of the clergy of Split and Zagreb regarding the authorship of the LETTER published in NOVOSTI. In support to this conclusion the Bishop quotes don Frano's letter of the 18-th of January in which the reverend expressed sirnilar views. "ТЬе very fact that only your пате is rnentioned in connection with the LETTER is very cornprornising for уои as а priest, for your honor, for the honor of the clergy of уои Diocese and for the clergy of Dalrnatia in general. In case it is planted Ьу the Editorial Board it would Ье уои sacred duty to offer а public apology and thus take the suspicion off your пате and disassociate yourself [roт the LETTER ... ТЬе Bishop, the Ordinariurn of the Bishopric, the clergy of the Diocese and аН devoted Catholics expect уои to do your duty without any official warrant and thus behave according to the rnoral standards а Catholic priest is bound to honor."56 At that tirne don Frano Ivanishevitrch was in Belgrade and visited те оп the 2-nd ofFebruary, 1933, Оп that occasion I asked ту old friend to teH те аН about the argurnent surrounding the Epistle and the background of the whole issue. I wanted the whole country to hear his voice, like in the case of Bishop Uttice1lini- Тitze. 55
56
94
DON FRANO IVANISHEVIТCH ТО ВISHOP Dr. the original document. ВISHOP Dr. BONEFACHIТCH ТО DON FRANO сору of the original document.
BONEFACHIТCH,
January 18, 1933,
сору
IVANISHEVIТCH,
February 3,1933,
по
of
426,
Magnum crimen XIV
kao i svoje. Biskup nalazi za to potvrde i u don Franinom pismu od 18. 1 u kome nalazi idejne slicnosti sa mislima u Clanku. "Sama Cinjenica, da se иорсе ime ni jednog drugog svecenika iz Dalmacije ne spominje s tim Clankom, t. ј. u razgovorima, nego samo vase, bez dvojbe уес tesko kompromitira vasu osobnu svecenicku cast, ра cast dijecezanskog svecenstva i opcenito dalmatinskog, te Ы Уат bila i u slucaju, da је Clanak potekao iz samog urednistva ili zlonaтјеrnо podmetnut, velika i sveta duznost, da se javno i jasno izjavite, kako biste od sebe odvratili svaku i najmanju sumnju u kakvom svom udjelu u spomenutom Clanku ... Veiba sokolice Pravom ocekuje Biskup i Biskupski А Sokol girl exercising Ordinarijat i Diecezansko svecenstvo i svi svijesni katolici, da cete Vi obzirom па izlozeno bez formalnog poziva ili naloga uCiniti svoju duznost, kako se dolikuje katolickom sveceniku. "56 U casu, kad se don Franu Ivanisevicu uputilo оуо pismo, оп se nalazio u Beogradu. U posjetu koji mi је uCinio (2. 11 1933.), kao davnasnji prijatelj, zamolio sam ga da те izvijesti о cijeloj stvari kao i pozadini poslanice, sa zeljom da se njegov glas сије kroz Citavu zemlju, kao sto se сио i biskupa Ucce11ini-Tice. Naglasio sam da Ы njegov glas i njegovo misljenje u veliko doprinijelo razbistravanju оуе neobicno mucne i mracne situacije. Као sto sam predvidao i ocekivao, misljenje don Frana IvaniseviCa se potpuno podudaralo s onim kotorskog biskupa. Poslije razgovora ovlastio те је don Frano Ivanisevic da glavne misli iz toga razgovora objavim u "Politici". То sam i uCinio уес sutradan, reproduciravsi ујеrnо taj razgovor сиуајиа se da ne dodam nista od svojih licnih zapazanja. "Iako mi је neugodno govoriti, rece don Frano, ipak mislim da си posluziti dobroj stvari, ako Уат kazem sto znadem, mislim i 56
Biskup dr. Bonefacic don Franu IvaniseviCu 3. П. 1933 .• br. 426. Prepis s originala.
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I emphasized that his publicly expressed opinion greatly contributed to shedding light оп this very painful and gloomy situation. As expected, the opinion of don Frano Ivanishevitch [иllу coincided with the views of the Вishop ofKotor. Moreover, he gave те the authorization to publish hid views in the dai1y POLIТIKA, which I did, оп the very following day. Ош conversation was faithfully reproduced, without апу of ту personal comments. This is what don Frano told те: "In spite of feeling ill at ease I decided to speak ир in the hope that what I know about this subject тау serve а good cause, because conf1icts and blunders stem [roт ignorance of what the whole campaign is [еаllу about ... I have Ьееп following the developments in ош national life since 1880, which means for over 50 years, I ат familiar with the cultural and political situation оп both sides of the Drina river and Mount Velebit and I speak [roт personal experience. ТЬе Sokol Movement was founded in Bohemia and introduced to Dalmatia via Croatia and Slovenia. I claim with [иll responsibility that in the eyes of ош clergy the Sokols have always Ьееп ап eminent national institution whose aim, in addition to strengthening the muscles, is to strengthen the spirit in order to prepare ош youth to successfully соре with foreign subversion. Nothing else. ТЬе priests close to the people support the Sokols because in their activities they have never noticed а trace of апу antireligious feeling. Оп the contrary. ТЬе priests [roт the rural areas tell те that the Sokols are their best Christians and most devoted Catholics, that they take part in Church processions, sing in church choirs and play music at church event and festivities. I ат not fami1iar with the scholarly views of Dr. Tyrsh. In ту opinion а distinction should Ье made between Dr. Tyrsh, the scholar and Tyrsh the Sokol. Qui Ьепе distinguit Ьепе docet. I have never noticed that Tyrsh used the Sokols for disseminating atheism. In 1908, as а delegate of the Yugoslav Parliamentary Club in Vienna I attended the ALL SOKOL RALLY IN PRAGUE. In 1920 I attended the same event, but this time as member of the Yugoslav delegation, together with numerous Catholic dignitaries and members ofHigh Clergy in Prague. ТЬе Nuncio of the Holy See, next to the Роре in Church hierarchy, attended the banquet in honor of the Sokols, actually the organization founded Ьу Tyrsh. If the Sokols were а hotbed of atheism this would Ье easily revealed in the fatherland of Tyrsh, in the first place, and the Catholic Church would not have Ьееп represented at the RALLY and the BANQUET ТЬе political aspect of the Epistle is something very serious and totally inappropriate in the period of consolidation 96
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zelim, jer nepoznavanje pravoga stanja stvari najvi5e zavada и blи dnju i prouzrokuje ovakve sukobe ... Pratim narodni zivot и па50ј domovini od 1880., dakle preko pedeset godina, te su mi prilicno poznate kulturne i politicke prilike i s jedne strane Drine i Velebita, da mogu kazati, 5to sam dozivio. "Sokol" је potekao iz Ceske, а и nas se и Dalmaciji preselio iz Hrvatske i Slovenije. Mogu Vam pouzdano [еСј: da se "Sokol" i и nasim svecenickim krugovima uvijek smatrao iskljuCivo kao eminentno nacionalna ustanova, k~~_,::!zjacanje ~ele SП~Ь._ДlШса, ima za сНј da јаса i duh, kako Ы ga oceliCila za obranu protiv infiltracije tudinstine. 1 nista drugo. Narodni svecenici podupirali su to drustvo, jer и пјети nisu nikad opazili niti traga bezvjerstvu. 5tovise, obratno. Сио sam od mnogih mojih drugova zupnika па selu, gdje је bilo sokola, da su im sokoli najbolji krscani i vjernici, oni su оЫспо crkveni рјеуаСј, sviraci и sokolskoj glazbi spremni па svaku uslugu prema crkvi, njezinim obredima i poboznostima. 5to је dr. Tyrs и паиспот naziranju mislio i pisao meni nije poznato, ali mislim, da i tu treba razlikovati Tyrsa naucnika od Tyrsa sokolasa. Qui Ьепе distinguit, Ьепе docet. Da је Tyrs sirio kroz sokolske cete bezbostvo, to ја nisam nikada i nigdje opazio. Sjecam se da sam 1908. godine kao delegat jugoslavenskog parlamentarnog kluba и Беси prisustvovao velikom sokolskom sletu и Pragu, а tako i 1920. kao Clап delegacije nase drzave iz Jugoslavije, ра sam tom prilikom vidio uz ostale odlicnike i пајуесе dostojanstvenike katolicke crkve и Pragu, stovise, zadnji put па banketu priredenom и cast "Sokolu", koji је zasnovao dr. Tyrs, prisustvovao је Nuncij Apostolske Stolice, iza Раре пајуеа dostojanstvenik katolicke crkve. Da је sokolstvo gnijezdo bezvjerstva i bezbostva, to takve ројауе Ы se morale pojaviti najprije и Tyrsevoj domovini, уап svake sumnje, da katolicka crkva пе Ы bila zastupana па tom sletu i banketu. Najteza је strana оуе poslanice и politickom pogledu. Sasvim је nezgodna i neumjesna и оуот casu i znacajnom razdoblju nase drzavne konsolidacije, kada пат se sveta duznost патесе, da se svi sinovi odani оуој drzavi bilo kojega imena ili plemena, bilo konfesije ili profesije ... i da stisnemo nase redove proti pohlepnim оСјта izvana i destruktivnim elementima iznutra. Niti svijesno, niti nesvijesno пе smijemo slabiti nase drzavno i narodno jedinstvo, jer и tome пат jedino lezi spas. Nitko пе smije osporiti pravo i duznost episkopata па dusevni odgoj svojih vjernika i zupa, da сира otrovni korov па njivi Gospodnjoj, ako se оп pojavi. Ali i tu treba imati velike vjestine i opreznosti, da se пе dogodi, kao опот evandelskom kosacu, koji sjekuCi neoprezno otrovni 97
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of ош State, when the most sacred duty of аН its sons, regardless of their пате, ethnic origin, religion or profession, is to close ranks against foreign aggression and domestic subversion ... We must not undermine ош national unity, intentionally, or unintentionally, Ье cause ош survival and salvation depend оп ош national unity. No опе should deny the right and duty of the Episcopate to take care of the spiritual education of the Catholics and work оп the eradication of poisonous weeds, if they, Ьу апу chance, start growing in the pasture of Heavens, but we should Ье very careful по to damage the healthy wheat, as in case of the Epistle. The reaction to it should have Ьееп anticipated because such serious cuts are always risky. Therefore, ап experienced surgeon, dealing with the physical and spiritual aspects of human life should avoid аН negative consequences. То anticipate developments means to Ье ореп for the right counsel and guidance. As 1 have already said, this direct attack оп the Sokols, and оп top of that ТНЕ SOKOLS ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM ОР YUGOSLAVIA, the national organization which fosters the idea of Yugoslavism and stands in defense of its interests, is а state issue. The reaction of the state officials and аН those to whom the interests of Yugoslavia are sacred is, therefore, understandable. Еуеп the Church itself never denied the importance of state interests. It must Ье very painful for Yugoslav patriots to read in Italian papers their comments of the Epistle announced Ьу the Croatian Catholic Episcopate in Yugoslavia. Оп the other hand, these Italian papers have never discussed the Policy of the Italian Episcopate, their Ьаlil las, or the attitude of the Czech and Polish Episcopate towards the Sokols. ТЬе country hostile to Yugoslavia is faced with enormous problems, but Italian press does not write about them. Also, some Austrian papers again report in the old style, [roт the period before the First World War, spreading falsehood that for the Catholics in Yugoslavia life is unbearable. As ап old priest 1 very well know what was the status of the Catholic Church like before the First World War and what it is now. 1 therefore claim in [иН honesty that in the former Austria-Hungarian Monarchy the Catholic Church did not епјоу the rights and support it is enjoying today in the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. It is gratitying to witness the development of the Catholic Church here in Belgrade where it now has 5 Dioceses. The Catholic Church is welcome among the citizens of Belgrade who are over 80% Orthodox. The Municipality of Belgrade has granted а Буе million dinars worth site for the construction of the Cathedral! 1 have also 98
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korov, zahvatio је i zdravu p5enicu, te nanio vi5e 5tete nego li koristi, kao 5to se zbilo, cini mi se, i sa biskupskom poslanicom. Тrebalo је prije predvidjeti kakva се reakcija nastati, jer su ovakve te5ke оре racije uvijek skopcane sa komplikacijama, koje vje5t kirurg, fizicki i duhovni, treba da nastoji izbjegnuti. Znati predvidjeti znaCi dobro upraviti. Kazao sam da оуај direktni nastup protiv "Sokola" i to "Kraljevine Jugoslavije" tangira direktno i drzavu, za Бје se interese i ideale zalaze osobito taj isti "Sokol". Stoga se moze i lako pojmiti i osjetljivost drzavnih faktora, аН i sve javnosti, kojoj su interesi domovine svetinja prvoga reda, svetinja, kojoj i crkva nije odricala svu пјепи vaznost, sav пјеп znacaj. Koliko samo boli mora da osjeti srce rodoijuba, koji Cita talijanske novine, koje па svoj nааn komentiraju ovaj istup hrvatskog episkopata, оnе iste novine, koje nisu imale priliku, da kritiziraju ili hvale svoj talijanski episkopat u pogledu njihovih balilla. Jer, nepoznato mi је, da su se talijanski biskupi digli protiv balilla, ili ce5ki i poljski protivu svojih sokola. Koliko nevolja zemlji u inostranstvu koje nije Jugoslaviji prijateljski naklonjeno! Nikako nе odgovara vijestima talijanskih novina, а onda i оnе povampirene austrijske stampe, koja propagira lazne vijesti, kao da је nepodnoSijivo stanje katolika u nasoj drzavi. Meni su kao starom sveceniku dobro poznate crkvene prilike od prije i sada, te Vam mogu kategoricki utvrditi ovo: katoliCka crkva nije nikada u bivsoj Austrougarskoj monarhiji uzivala toliku slobodu i potporu koliku uziva danas u Kraljevini Jцgoslaviji. Dosta је pogledati ovdje па Beograd kako se lijepo razvija katolicka crkva, koja ima ovdje sada pet zupa. UZiva veliku susretljivost gradanstva, koje је vi5e nego 80% druge vjeroispovijesti: pravoslavne. орапа grada Beograda ustupila је besplatno teren za поуи katolicku katedralu, koja se ima graditi, а taj teren predstavlja vrijednost od pet mШопа dinara! Sve оуо 5to sam Уаm kazao, kazao sam i nekim biskupima u najboljoj namjeri da se spor 5to prije izgladi, jer је to u interesu crkve i drzave. "57 Dakako, оуа iziаvа_Q.Qll_trС:!IlillУ~Нl!kviCa.-kојu је i ostala 5tampa prenijela, bila је поу udar i поуо uzbudenje za don Franinog biskupa dra BonefaCica. Cim је stigao 6. 11 u Split odgovorio је don Frano па biskupovo pismo od 3. 11 1933. U tom odgovoru don Frano Ivani5evic odrice da је оп autor Clanka u "Novostima" i da је upravo radi toga 5to su i njega neki pitali da li је оп 57
Viktor Novak, QЩ} FranoJvaniSevic о poslanici katolickog episkopata. "Politika" 3. П. 1933.
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Viktor Novak iпfоrшеd several Bishops about everything, including that valuable donation, iп the best intention to help оvеrсоше the controversy, as soon as possible, because it is јп the interest of both the Church and the State. "57 1Ъis statement, reprinted iп шапу other papers, was а пеw blow to Bishop Bonefachitch, who was very annoyed Ьу what was going оп. 1mmediately ироп arrival to Split, оп the 6-th of February, 1933, don Frano answered the Вishop's letter ofthe 3-rd ofFebruary, 1933. 1n his answer he denies authorship of the LETTER published јп NOVOST1 and explains that the purpose of his talks with рro fessor Novak јп Belgrade, later published јп ап official newspaper, was to reject аН such insinuations and publicly express his personal views. 58 This letter crossed with а пеw letter the Bishop sent to don Frano оп the 6-th of February, 1933, јп which he talks about the article јп POLIТ1KA and asks whether the text is authentic, or not. "ТЬе Ordinarium of Bishops wants to know whether уои have really talked with Dr. Viktor Novak about that issue, whether the article faithfully reflects уош words, or whether it is а partial, or total mystification? Уои are requested to inform the Ordinarium, at your earliest сопуепјепсе, јп what way уои intend to make ир for the damage caused Ьу the ART1CLE, regardless of the veracity of its content. "59
1 have по сотшепt. 1 опlу suggest that these letters serve as а ground for assessing tћe approach of the Вishop to freedom of conscious and evaluating his moral сопсерts withiп his effort to refute the truth and distort it into falsehood. Again, the two letters crossed оп the same day. 1n his letter of the 8- the of February don Frano 1vanishevitch replies to the Вishop: ,,1 confirm what 1 told уои јп ту letter ofthe 6-th ofthis month, патеlу that 1 authorized Dr. Viktor Novak to publish јп POLIТ1КA ту talks with him about the Epistle, which he did. There are some slightly different nuances јп the wording and style, but this is irrelevant. 1 take full responsibility for the content of the article because 57
58
59
Viktor Novak: "OON FRANO JVANISHEvrтCH ABOUT ТНЕ EPISTLE OF ТНЕ CATHOLIC EPISCOPATE", "POIJTIKA", F~hruary 3, 1933. OON FRANO Ј\"АNЈSНЕ\'ПСН ТО вrSHOP Or. BONEFACHIТCH, February 6, 1933, сору of the original cl0cument. OON FRANO IVАNЈSНЕVПСН ТО BISHOP Dr. BONEFACHIТCH, February 6,1933, сору of the original documel1t.
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njegov autor, dao izjavu profesoru Novaku u Beogradu, па Ciji ga tekst иро zorava kao i па сЩ koji је ovim iпtеrvјuош imao. 58 U isto vrijeme su se razmimoisla pisma don Fral1ino, i novo biskupa BonefaCica koje је uputio don Fral1u 6. II 1933. Biskup ovdje govori vec о Clanku, doticno о izjavi datoj za "Politiku" i raspituje se da li је tekst vjerodostojno reproduciran? "Biskupskom ordinarijatu је potrebno da znade, jeste li Vi s gosp. dr. V. Novakom doista о predmetu razgovarali i jeli u spomenutom Clanku taj Vas razgovor u cijelosti i vjerno prikazan ili је potpuno ili djelimicno mistifikacija? Ovim Vas se poziva, da u najkracem roku biskupski ordinarijat о tomu izvjestite, odnosno izjavite, sto kanite uCiniti, ako је razgovor Ыо iskrivljen i za popravak sablazni sto ји је cak izazvao ро sebi, bez obzira па njegovu ispravnost. "59 UzdrzavajuCi se od svakog komel1tara, ostavljam da se neposredni utisci dobiveni iz tih pisama povezu sa zakljuccima о jednom sasvim izuzetnom moralnom shvacanju jednog biskupa u pogledu ataka па slobodu savjesti, kojim se zeli postiCi poricanje jedne istinite tvrdnje, da је istina neistina. 1 opet istoga dana mimoisla su se 8. II pismo don Frana IvaniseviCa i biskupa BonefaCica. Don Frano daje obavjestenja koja је biskup od njega trazio. "Kako sam u тојет listu od 6. ov. тј. priopCio, tako Vam i ovim listom potvrdujem, da sam ја ovlastio gosp. Viktora dr. Novaka neka тој razgovor s njime о biskupskoj poslanici objelodani u "Politici" sto је оп to i uCinio. Za nekoje stilisticke izreke, sporedne naravi, koje su potekle iz njegova pera, ne mogu da odgovaram, ali za Citav sadrzaj u glavnom ја uzimljem odgovornost i u savjesti sam potpuпо miran, da sam onom izjavom mnogo doprinio ublazenju onog 05traca i zlovolje 5to је prouzrokovala poslanica kod dobrih rodoljuba katolika, па prvi mah. Ро treCi put Vam, preuzviseni, iskreno izjavljujem, da sve 5tO sam dosada uradio i sto си i dalje uraditi to је sve u interesu i ugledu nase katolicke crkve. Eto Vam dokaza: Pri prvom uzbudenju proti poslanici u nasem gradu, nastojao sam kod nekih Clanova Sokola, neka se о prelazu па drugu vjeru, kako su neke ugrijane glave mislile, niti ne govori i mogu Vam reCi, da је тоја preporuka dosta djelovala. Kada је ovih dana dosao glas iz Zagreba i Susaka, da se zapocne sa rastavom od Rima i osnuje nova jugoslavenska katolicka crkva, nastojao sam kod onih, koji su se za to 58
59
Don Frano IvaniseviC biskupu dru Bonefacicu 6. П. 1933. Prepis iz origil1ala. Don Frano IvaniseviC biskupu dru Bonefacicu 6. П. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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it actually reflects everything 1 said. Му conscious is clear because 1 only wanted to slightly dull the edge of sharpness of the Epistle and mitigate its venomous effect оп good patriots and Catholics. "Ље Right Reverend, 1 ат repeating it for the third time: Everything 1 have done so far and everything 1 intend to do in the future has been and wi11 Ье in the interest of the Catholic Church and its reputation. 1 have proofs for what 1 ат saying: First, reacting to the great concern aroused Ьу the Epistle 1 have used ту very best efforts to convince some Sokols that it is far from being а саН for religious conversion and that such interpretation of the Epistle is totally wrong. Му words have produced а positive effect. Second, when the message сате from Zagreb and Sushak that we should establish а пеw, Yugoslav Catholic Church separated from Rome, 1 managed to dissuade the proponents and supporters of the idea to take action in this regard. Third, during ту visit to Belgrade, when 1 heard that the Financial Committee ofthe National Assembly is drafting а proposal to the Assembly to abolish the subsidies to our Вishoprics 1 contacted some Members of Parliament and tried to persuade them to reject that proposal, explaining that such а тоуе would only aggravate an already hot situation which both sides should endeavor to calm down. "Ље Right Reverend, 1 feel free to tell уои in strict confidentiality that in the evening of Wednesday, February the l-st, 1 had а rather long audience with His Majesty in the Royal Palace, at Dedinje. Оп that occasion we also tackled the issue of the Epistle against the Sokols and discussed how to overcome the conflict, If уои are interested to hear more about that encounter 1 ат ready to submit to уои ту oral report, as already mentioned in ту letter of the 6-th of this month. 1 claim that everything 1 said is true and that 1 have proofs for every word 1 uttered. Уои also mention the effect of "abomination" produced Ьу ту words. 1 can only tell уои that а possible "abominable" effect of ту words is only а far cry of the negative reaction of our people to the Epistle, which, God forbidding, тау have very serious negative effects оп the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia if we do not put down the big fire immediately. Acting according to their moral principles the Right Reverend Uccellini- Titze, Вishop of Kotor and many other Reverends negatively reacted to the Epistle. So did 1 and for the same reason, in the effort to mitigate the negative attitude towards our Church. 1 hope 102
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zanimali, da se ta misao osujeti sto mi је dosada uspjelo. Тrece, kad sam zadnjih dana и Beogradu boravio i doznao da se и financijskom odboru Narodne skupstine predlaze ukinuce drzavne dotacije nasim biskupima, nastojao sam kod nekih poslanika da se tome protive, jer Ы se takovim neopreznim mjerama sve to vise zaostrilo ovo pitanje, koje treba nastojati s jedne i druge strane, da se izravna. U tu svrhu, mogu Vam, Preuzviseni, i ovo povjerljivo kazati, da sam dne 1. februara и srijedu и vece Ыо и duzoj audijenciji Njegova Velicanstva Kralja па Dedinju, kojom prigodom poveo se govor i о biskupskoj poslanici proti Sokolu i о паСјпи kako Ы se sukob izravnao. О tomu, kako sam Vam vec pisao 6. ov. тј. spreman sam ako zelite usmeno da Vas izvijestim. Za ispravnost тоје izjave spravan sam navesti dokaza i uvjeriti Vas, da odgovara potpuno istini. 5to se tice "Sablazni" koju је, ро Vasim rijeCima prouzrokovala тоја izjava, mogu Vam reCi, Preuzviseni, da опа nije ni sjena опе silne zlovolje, koja је prouzrokovana kod Citanja biskupske poslanice и nasem narodu, i koja, пе dao Bog, moze dati povoda teskim brigama i sudbonosnim posljedicama crkvi katolickoj и Jugoslaviji, ako se pozar odmah и pocetku пе ugaSl. Као sto је, Preuzviseni biskup kotorski Ucce11ini Тјсе i mnogi drugi odlicni svecenici, bili ponukovani od svoje savjesti, da iskazu svoje negodovanje prama toj poslanici, ti su isti motivi vodili i тепе, da se onako izjavim и cilju, da se zaprijeCi zlovolja prama nasoj crkvi, sto se је uistinu djelomicno i postiglo. Nemojte mi zamjeriti, Preuzviseni, sto Vam sve ovo napominjem, jer mi se Cini, da Vam nije poznato sto se misli, govori i radi van zidina Vase biskupske ра lace, pak је meni duznost kao odanom sinu i sveceniku katolicke crkve, da Vas па to upozorim i ocitujem тој е misli i pobude. Takve su misli i pobude i тепе vodile kroz svih 47 godina mojeg svecenickog zivota, takve pobude zelim da те prate i dalje do groba и istom pravси, и neodvojenom radu za Boga i narod, za vjeru i domovinu. "ба Sa ovim pismom don Frana Ivanisevica mimoislo se biskupovo od 8. II "Buduc Vasim odgovorom od 6. ov. тј. glede Clanka и "Novostima" poricuCi svaki udio и пјет, niste udovoljili pozivu, а jos тапје оп rasprsava i moze da rasprsi sumnju koja se medu svecenstvom и katolickoj javnosti ироrnо drzi, da ste Vi auktor njegov, 60
Biskup dr. BonefaCic don Franu Ivanisevicu 8. Н. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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to have, at least, partiaHy succeeded. Thе Right Reverend, I apologize for talking about аН these matters at such great length, but I have the impression that уои are not familiar with what is going оп outside the waHs of your Palace and that уои have по idea of what people think and talk about. As а devoted son of the Catholic Church I feel it ту sacred duty to bring to your attention what actions I have ип dertaken and what were the ideas and motives that induced те to act. During ту 47 years of priesthood ту ideas and feelings have not changed and I hope they will remain the same till the day I die. In ту work I have never made а difference between God and ту people, nor between ту Faith and ту Fatherland."60 This letter crossed with the Bishop's letter of the 8-th of February, in which he says: "In your letter of the б-th of this month уои deny authorship of the LETTER published in NOVOSTI, but уои did nothing to dispel this doubt prevailing among the Catholic priests and the Catholic public. Уои are, in fact, the co-author, because уои admit to have authorized Dr. Viktor Novak to publish in POLIТIКA what уои told him about the Epistle and also authorized the reprinting of the same article in JADRANSКA STRAZA (Adriatic Cost Guard) and NOVO DOBA (New AGE). Thе readers and the public were abhorred, particularly in view of your claim that аН your actions were motivated Ьу the principle: QUI BENE DISТINGUIТ BENE DОСЕт. I therefore саН оп уои to publicly deny апу connection with the LETTER published in NOVOSТI, publicly revoke the content and wording of the article Ьу Dr. Viktor Novak published in POLIТIKA and publicly repent. In case of the contrary the ORDINARIUM OF ВISHOPS will have to take action in Нпе with the Canonic Rules." Оп the 11-th of February Bishop Bonefachitch sent а private, confidentialletter to don Frano Ivanishevitch in which he does not question his good intentions, but reproaches him for publishing his views in POLIТIKA, as if, in that way, he wanted to teach а lesson оп patriotism to the Вishops, in а language used Ьу the informers and free masons, and taking into account the political aspect only. Thе Вishop опсе again caHed оп don Ivanishevitch to revoke his statement, if he wanted to avoid punishment. In his reply to his letter don Ivanishevitch says: "As I already said in ту letter of the 8-th of this month I take fuH responsЉility 60
ВISHOP паЈ.
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Dr. BONEFACHIТCH ТО DON IVANISHEVIТCH, February 8, 1933., сору of the origi-
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Sokolski slet 7he Sokol Rally а priznajete, da је и "Politici" ро Vasem ovlastenju iznesao dr. Viktor Novak Vas razgovor s njime, bas radi toga sumnjicenja ро Vasem misljenju i pisanju о biskupskoj poslanici - ро Vasem nalogu pretiskanoj и "Jadranskoj Posti" i и "Novo Doba" - objavljenjem toga razgovora је zgrazanje и javnosti jos уесе postalo, jer ste se driali postavljenog nacela: Qui Ьепе distinguit, Ьепе docet.
Stoga Vas pozivijeт da posebnoт izjavoт kategoricki odbijete od sebe svaku suтnju za clanak и "Novostiтa" kao takoder da pozalite i pred javnoscu opozovete razgovor sa dr. V. Novakoт и forтi i sadrzaји kako је objavijen, jer јnасе biskupski ordinarijat bit се ponukan da postupi preтa kanonskiт propisiтa. " Biskup BonefaCic је, medutim, 11. П, uputio don Franu IvaniseviCu privatno i povjerljivo pismo, и kome ти пе odrice dobre namjere, аН ти prigovara da s izjavom и "Politici" zeli da biskupima dijeli lekcije о patriotizmu i da pise и zargonu masonstva i denuncijantstva, jer da gleda sve kroz роН ticke naocare. 1 sada ga pozivlje neka opozove svoju izjavu, inace neka ceka kaznu. Na оуо је don Frano Ivanisevic, kao i па pismo od 8. II odgovorio. "Kako sam и тојет odgovoru 8. оу. тј. izjavio ја uzimljem svu odgovornost za izjavu и "Politici" а пе mogu da odgovaram za Clап ke и "Novostima", jer ih nisam napisao uistinu, kako sam уес izjavio, 105
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for the statement published in POLIТlКA, but, in spite of its similarity with ту statement, 1 cannot Ье held responsible for the LETTER published јп NOVOSТI, because 1 have not signed it. Оп the other hand, уои саН оп те to refute the article in NOVOSТI and take [иН responsibility for the statement in POLIТIKA, which would Ье preposterous. Since both articles have а similar content serious people would make [ип of те and 1 definitely do not want to Ьесоте а риЬ lic laughing stock. It would Ье еуеп more deplorable if, at your order, 1 accepted to revoke everything 1 said to Dr. Novak and he published in POLIТIKA with ту permission. ТЬе Right Reverend, уои know те very well. 1 ат not ап irresponsible young Ьоу, but а serious old тап and ап experienced writer who thinks twice before putting his thoughts оп paper. This means that everything 1 said was the result of ту thorough consideration of the matter, in the best intention to put down the first small flame of а big fire ignited Ьу the Epistle. 1 ат not а renegade. 1 ат а devoted believer and а devoted son of the Catholic Church. 1 was born and educated as а Catholic, 1 ат ап ordained Catholic priest and with God's help 1 hope to die as а Catholic. 1 did not achieve what 1 intended to, but 1 ат not embittered in ту disappointment. 1 accept things as they are because 1 ат in the service of the Almighty, not in the service of апу earthly power, nor in the service of теп. It is not his position, or salary, that makes а тап а Мап. А true Мап is endowed with spiritual wealth and works for lofty aims. Уои demand that 1 revoke the statement written Ьу ту soul and ту реп. That would теап lying to myself and lying to уои. 1 do not think that there а justification for such а demand. Does it make sense? It would Ье а mystification, ап immoral act, actually а moral suicide which ту conscious and ту honor do not allow те to commit. 1 would also like to inform уои that JADRANSKA POSTA (Adriatic Post) did not publish ту statement at ту request. 1 returned from Belgrade to Split оп the 4-th of this month at 8 р.т. and the article was published јп the morning edition of that same day. ТЬе statement published in JADRANSКA POSTA was so distorted that 1 asked the editor ofNOVO DOBA (New Age) to publish the original integral text, which he did, in order to help the reader understand the core of the problem and ту good intention. ТЬе Right Reverend, among тапу letters 1 also got this опе from а Bishop61 in which Не inform те about how ту statement 6I
TНIS
106
IS
ВISHOP
UCCELLINI- TIТZE.
Magnum crimen XIV
iako ро sadrzaju mnogo su slicni тојој izjavi. Da se ја pak, kako mi Vi naredujete, izjavim proti ovim Clancima и "Novostima", а kroz to uzmem svu odgovornost za izjavu и "Politici", izgledalo Ы odvec smijesno kod ozbiljnijih ljudi, posto su clanci istoga sadrzaja, а ја пе zelim, da mi se ljudi и javnosti smiju. Jos Ы bilo zalosnije, kada ЬЉ па jedan mah pozalio, kako mi Vi naredujete, sve опо 5to sam kazao profesoru Novaku, а оп и "Politici" objavio. Vi тепе, Preuzviseni, dobro poznate. Ја nisam lakoumno mlado dace, koje пе zna ozbiljno da promisli sto pise, nego sam iskusni stari pisac, koji sam svijesno i promisljeno kazao и опој izjavi sto mislim i sto zelim и najboljoj namjeri, da se prigusi prvi plamen pozara, koji је nastao и nasem narodu iza Citanja опе poslanice; nisam odmetnik nego vjernik i odani sin katolicke crkve и kojoj sam roden, odgojen, reden kao svecenik i и kojoj uz ротоа milosti Bozje, zelim dovrsiti тој zivot; niti nosim и srcu kakav prkos, zato 5to nisam od Vas ро stigao опо sto sam od Vas trazio, а sto те је ро zaslugama islo, jer ја пе sluzim ljude nego Boga, i jer vis~*i polozaj imasna рlа~ащ~_сiпi covjeka covjekom, nego njegov duh i rad i visi сНј, koji ти lebdi pred о Цm а,. Ima li dakle smisla da izlazem i sebe i Vas, jer mi naredujete, te da opozovem оnи izjavu, koja је spontano izaSla iz тоје duse i mojega pera? То Ы bila gadna mistifikacija, nemoralno djelo, ili tocnije receno, moralno samoubojstvo, koje ја, Preuzviseni, nе mogu па sebi da ро Cinim, jer mi savjest i obraz to nе dopusta. Istodobno dajem Уат па znanje, da nije ро тојет naredenju tiskana опа izjava и "Jadranskoj Posti" jer ја sam dosao iz Beograda и Split tek и 8 sati и уесе dne 4. оу. тј., а "Jadranska Posta" izasla је istoga dana уес pred podne. Ali posto је опа prenijela izjavu rastrgnutu bez pravoga smisla, ја sam zamolio urednika "Novog Doba" neka ји pretiska и cjelini, sto је оп to i uCinio, а da se vidi prava sustina i dobra namjera. Da Vas pak, Preuzviseni, uvjerim koliko је odjeka i priznanja nasla опа тоја izjava kod dobrih katolika svecenika i svjetovnjaka, еуо Уат par redaka iz pisma jednoga biskupa,61 koji mi оуо pise: "Dva puta sam najpomljivije proCitao Туој clanak и "Politici" i potpisujem ga do zadnje rijeCi. Nas se episkopat s опот poslaniсот ро тоте shvacanju silno izlozio: ра bas и оуот casu mahnitih punktacija. Ti si uCinio patriotsko djelo i veliku uslugu crkvi. Radim i ја s istim uvjerenjem. Star sam, петато sto ni dobiti ni izgubiti, ali obraz i postenje nadasve. Ostario sam i prostio sam toga dosta, 61
То је
biskup Uccellini- Тјсе.
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was received and commented Ьу the Catholic priests and devoted Catholics. Here are some excerpts: ,,1 have carefully read twice уош article published in POLIТIKA and 1 subscribe to every word written in 1t. In ту view ош Episcopate has exposed itself too much just at the moment when irrational PUNCTUATIONS were brought to the attention of the general риЬ Нс. Уои behaved as а patriot and did а great service to the Church. 1 fully share уош views. 1 ат old and have nothing to lose, or gain, but ту face and honor соте first. Yet, in spite of ту long memory and а rich experience 1 simply could not imagine that the Episcopate in Yugoslavia would draft such an ugly Epistle to Ье read from the Altar!" 1 also got а letter from а very learned priest from Split in which, among other things, he says: "Many of us are positively impressed Ьу уош sober and courageous reaction to the Epistle, for which 1 cordially congratulate уои. Rest assured that уои have the support of ош best priests." Also, two respectful Franciscans have visited те, one from the surroundings ofDrnish (Drnis) and the other from Tzetina (Cetina), near Sinj. Both fully endorse ту way of reacting to the Epistle as useful for the Church at this moment. А number of respectful citizens, some of whom are members of Church Boards and for sure good Catholics, also support the way 1 reacted to the Epistle as useful for the Church. 1 thought that these information could interest уои. In уош letter of the 8-th of this month уои саll оп те to revoke ту statement or else уои intend to take action against те according to the Canonic Rules. Уои are fully entitled to use that right. Уои are ту Senior. 1 ат under уош authority and уои are duty bound to monitor ту work. 1 very well understand уош position and уош responsibility to уош conscious and to the Bishops who signed the Epistle. 1 admit to have violated the Rules of Church Discipline Ьу publicly commenting the decisions of ту Seniors. But, if уои take into account the seriousness of the circumstances that induced те to react in this emergency situation of inflammatory feelings of hatred against ош Church and an evidently pending tragedy уои will understand that one of us had to breach the rules, јитр over the fence and put down the fire ... Му reaction should not Ье judged as а sin but rather appraised as а merit. 1 ат convinced that ту statement was beneficial for the Church because it mitigated the negative feelings and public bitterness against ош Church and 1 personally 108
Magnum crimen XIV аН ne Ы se Ыо nikada nadao, da Ы rnogla ovakva grdoba izaCi па svijetlo potpisana od jugoslavenskog episkopata s naredborn, da se stije s oltara!" Od jednog vrlo ucenog svecenika iz Splita prirnio sarn list u koјети rni pise: "Vas trijezni i odvazni nastup uCinio је i па rnene i па druge najljepsi utisak, ра Уат srdacno cestitarn. Budite uvjereni, da stoje iza Vasih leda najvrijedniji elernenti naseg sveCenstva." Osirn toga rnogu Уат napornenuti, da su dosli ovih dana do rnene dva ugledna postarija zupnika franjevaca, jedan u okolini Drnisa, а drugi iz Cetine, okolice Sinja, te najveCirn odusevljenjern odobravaju тој istup kao veorna koristan u ovorn casu za crkvu. Takoder теои svjetovnjacirna irna veorna cestitih gradana, izrneои kojih i nekoji Clanovi crkovinarstva stolne crkve - dakle bez surnnje dobri katolici - koji odobravaju тој istup, jer srnatraju da се koristiti crkvi. Sve ovo srnatrao sarn potrebitirn da Уат predocirn, Preuzviseni, da vidite kako drugi ispravni ljudi shvacaju тоји dobru narnjeru. U spornenutorn dopisu od 8. ov. тј. Vi rni, Preuzviseni, javljate, da ako ne opozovern тоји izjavu, da cete postupiti prerna rneni ро kanonskirn propisirna. То је Vase neosporivo pravo. Vi ste тој crkveni starjesina, ја spadarn u Vasu nadleznost, jer је Vasa duznost da kontrolirate тој rad. Pojrnirn dobro Vas polozaj i odgovornost prarna svojoj savjesti i ostalirn biskupirna potpisanirn па poslanici. Ја sarn se, priznajern ogrijesio о crkovnu disciplinu kad sarn u javnosti prenjeo u pretres djela svojih pretpostavljenika; аН ako uvazite okolnost i pobude, koje su те potakle, u onorn prvorn casu pozara, strasne zlovolje proti crkvi i oCite pogibelji, da netko iz nasih katolickih redova istupi i preskoCi ogradu duzne discip1ine, sarno da pozar ugasi, rnislirn da njegovo djelo, ne srnije se upisati u grijeh nego u zaslugu. Potpuno sarn uvjeren i zadovoljan u svojoj savjesti da је ona izjava puno doprinijela koristi crkvi, jer је suzbila u narodu ogorcenje i njegove posljedice. Ја си svaku Vasu opornenu i naredbu dragovoljno od Vas prirniti, bude 1i opravdana i сЩи shodna, a1i то Нт Vas, Preuzviseni, nernojte da cupajuCi korov zahvatite i zdravu psenicu, te se ne dogodi novissirnus error pejor priori. Jos си Vas za jednu uslugu, Preuzviseni, u interesu iste stvari zarnoliti, da prilikorn Vasega sastanka u Zagrebu date do znanja Preuzvisenorn nadbiskupu ova тоја razjasnjenja, ako 1i srnatrate shodnirn. Puno те vesele glasovi, koji dolaze iz Beograda i Zagreba, ро kojirna rek Ы vec se nastoji, da se ovaj sukob izgladi. Za ovu ple-
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feel very happy for having done it. Оп the other hand, I ат ready and willing to accept from уои every reprimand serving а given рш pose, but I beg уои, the Right Reverend, to Ье cautious and Ьу trying to риll out the weeds not to also риll out healthy wheat. I beg уои not to take any action resulting in NOVISSIMUS ERROR PEJOR РЮОЮ.
ТЬе
Right Reverend, in the interest of the same cause I would kindly ask уои for а favor. Namely, when уои see the Archbishop of Zagreb if уои deem it pertinent, please bring to His attention ту ех planation for what I have done. I hear from the circles in Belgrade and Zagreb that efforts are being used to overcome this conflict, which I most cordially welcome. If уои find that ту modest self could Ье of any help in this regard I ат wholeheartedly at уош disposal. "62 Оп the 15-th of February don Frano Ivanishevitch answered the Bishop's private letter ofthe ll-th ofFebruary, in а style which reflected stoical ра tience, modesty and readiness to help his Church in а difficult situation. Оп his part, the Bishop retaliated Ьу vehemently attacking the old patriot who only wanted to draw the Вishop's attention to the possible negative effects of the Epistle оп state interests. Being а patriot, like many other patriots, he was convinced that the Epistle served the interests of those who undermine ош state unity, although personally he did not believe that the Episcopate did it deliberately. "We should not close ош eyes, nor turn а deaf ear to what is going оп around us and to what people talk about. I wonder whether the Right Reverend Bishops have read the statements of Prime Minister Herriot and the former Italian Minister Sforza in which they openly speak about Mussollini's intention to invade ош whole Adriatic coast and аН ош islands. I can understand the attitude of Bosnian Bishops and the Bishops in the hinterland. ТЬеу are far from the coast. But we, living along the coast, the first target and the first to bear the brunt, must never forget that this tragic development will take place if we weaken the position of ош state. ТЬе Right Reverend, I ат deeply convinced that аll those working against the unity of ош state по w, in the present political circumstances, are ас tuaHy working against its survival. ТЬе reaction of the State is, therefore, not surprising. ТЬе strict measures are meant to save the State from destruction. ТЬе actual behavior of ош Church is not wise Ье62
DON FRANO IVANISHEVIТCH the original document.
110
ТО ВISHOP
Dr.
BONEFACHIТCH,
February 13,1933,
сору
of
Magnum crimen XIV
menitu svrhu, ako li тоја malenkost moze ista doprinijeti, stavljam Vam se od svega srca па raspolozenje."62 Don Frano IvaniseviC odgovorio је 15. II i па biskupovo privatno pismo od 11. II, i opet pravom stoickom strpljivoscu, skromnoscu i gotovoscu da pomogne crkvi u teskoj situaciji. Medutim, biskup је zavitlao ostro nad glavom starog i zasluznog rodoljuba, koji је biskupa upozorio, jos jednom, od kolike је stete ta poslanica za drzavu. 1 sada se оп ne moze da otme uvjerenju svome i mnogih rodoljuba da se је sa poslanicom crkva postavila u sluZbu rusitelja drzavnog jedinstva, iako оп licno ne misli da је tu svrhu imao pred ocima episkopat. "Ne treba ipak zatvoriti oci i usi па sve оп о, sto se okolo nas govori i dogada. Jesu li preuzviseni biskupi Citali sto је bivsi ministar predsjednik Heriot izjavio, sto је bivsi talijanski ministar Sforza napisao о aspiracijama Mussolinija da nam svu obalu s otocima osvoji? Ne cudim se bosanskim biskupima i drugim u zaledu, oni su daleko, ali mi sa primorja moramo imati uvijek pred оБта ovu neizbjezivu pogibelj, ako li se rastrojimo bilo radi koga razloga i oslabimo ро lozaj nase drzave, mi smo prvi па udarcu. Моје је tvrdo uvjerenje, Preuzviseni, da u danasnjim teskim politickim okolnostima, tko radi protiv jedinstvu nase drzave, taj radi i protiv njezinu opstanku, ра onda nije nista zacudno, ako drzava poduzme korake i ostre mjere bez obzira па та koga, а da se od propasti ocuva. Је li pametno, da se nasa crkva tako izlaze te stvara, iako nehotice i sebi i drzavi neprilika? Sve те је ovo potaklo, da u тојој izjavi utvrdim, kako је i ona poslanica u ovakvim politickim vremenima sasvim nezgodna ... "63 Biskup Kvirin Кlement 18. II 1933. zavrsio је svoju prepisku sa don Franom Ivanisevicem, koji је od starog svecenika trazio da u interesu crkvene discipline porece jednu istinu, ustvari, da laze. U tome aktu izrekao је splitski biskup inkvizitorsku presudu nad svecenikom koji se nije htio pokoriti zahtjevu svoga biskupa da pred Citavim svijetom porece sto је pri zdravoj svijesti rekao s uvjerenjem da koristi crkvi. Cestitom don Frani biskup је oduzeo titulu pocasnog kanonika Stolne crkve u Splitu, sest dana ти је zabranio Citanje sluZbe Bozje, а za godinu dana ти је zabranio ispovijedanje i propovijedanje i naredio trodnevne duhovne vjeZbe. Sve је to bilo stoga, sto је don Frano "prouzroCio sablazan te stoga zasluzio primjerenu kaznu ... uoCiv kanone С. Z. i 27, i 386 § i, 2300, 22344 i 2355, а u smislu zakljucka 62
63
Don Frano Ivanisevic biskupu dru Bonefacicu 13. Don Frano Ivanisevic biskupu dru BonefaCicu 15.
п. п.
1933. Prepis s originala. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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cause it is detrimental both to the Church and the State. Taking into account аН the above I was induced to say јп ту statement that at the present political moment the Epistle is absolutely pointless ... "63 Оп the 18-th ofFebruary, 1933 Bishop Kvirin Кlement sent his last letter to don FrarlO Ivanishevitch calling оп the old priest to revoke his statement јп the interest of Church discipline. In other words, he asked him to lie. Since the old priest did not repent the Bishop of Split found him guilty, according to the Canonical Rules of Inquisition, опlу because the old priest refused to publicly and јп his right mind deny а statement he strongly believed was јп the best interest of the Catholic Church. "ТЬе honest don Frano 10st his title of Honorable priest of the Cathedral of Split, was prohibited to celebrate the mass for six days, preach sermons and take confessions for опе year and was ordered to practice spiritual exercises for three days. This was ап exemplary punishment for his "abomination", according to Сапопјсаl Law i 27 and 385 and paragraphs: 2 300, 22 344 and 2 355. ТЬе Consistorium pronounced the verdict at its Meeting of the 14-th of February, for non-compliance with the order of the Ordinarium to риblјсlу repent for the committed evil. "64 Falsehood and mystification were behind the order "to repel1t for the committed evil." ТЬе old priest was appaHed and deeply offended Ьу the unjust punishment and even more hurt Ьу the fact that јп the ХХ -th century coercion and punishment were used against moral scruples and wisdom. ТЬе il1tention was, оп the опе hand to stigmatize al1d humiliate the liberal opponent, and оп the other, help the Episcopate improve its compromised reputation. Don Frano Ivanishevitch found consolation јп the letters he had exchanged with the old Вishop Ucellini- Тitze who completely shared his views. These letters prove that Bishops: Srebrnitch, Yeglitch and Bonefachitch, each of them јп his own way, tried to convince the old priest to revoke his statement as planted оп him! These letters also prove how 10w опе тау [аН Ьу using the power of senior authority јп the effort to justify ап erroneous approach. When јп his answer of the 7 -th of February, 1933, don Frano informed Bishop Uccellini-Titze about the statement the Bishop expressed his [иН agreement with every word јп the text. ТЬе Вishop was also against the whole campaign launched at the po1iticaHy most inappropriate moment, consider-
63
64
DON FRANO IВANISHEVIТCH ТО ВISHOP Dr BONEFACHIТCH, February 15,1933., сору of the original document. ВISHOP Dr. BONEFACHIТCH ТО DON FRANO IVANISHEVIТCH, February 18 1933., catalogue ПО.6] 6, сору of the original document.
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Magnum crimen XIV
konsistorijalne sjednice dneva 14. 11 о. g. posto se nije odazvao pozivu ovog Biskupskog Ordinarijata, da sam pred javnosti popravi zlo!"64 Dakle, laz i mistificiranje javnosti trebale su posluziti da se "popravi zlo!" Zgranut i pozlijeden nepravednom kaznom, а jos vise saznanjem, da se i и ХХ. stoljecu nedostatak morala i pameti nadoknaduje silom i kaznom, jer se nije htjelo posluziti lazi i mistifikacijom dvostrukom сЩи. S jedne strane da se liberalni protivnik obiljezi kao mistifikator, da ga se unizi kao laka, а s druge da se tim sredstvom uneko1iko popravi pomraceni ugled episkopata. Don Frano Ivanisevic nasao је utjehu и tom krajnjem razocaranju и prepisci sa starcem biskupom Ucce11ini- Тice koji је doista dije1io potpuno don Franino glediste. Iz te se prepiske vidi da su trojica biskupa, SrebrniC, Jeg1ic i BonefaCic, svaki nezavisno utica1i па starog biskupa da i оп povuce svoju izjavu kao netocnu! Jer, i ova pisma pokazuju koliko se moze moralno pasti kad se silom ze1i opravdati rdavi postupak. Kad је don Frano obavijestio biskupa Ucce11ini-Tice о svojoj izjavi, оп ти је odgovorio 7. 11 1933., slozivsi se s njime do kraja, do najzadnje rijeCi. Ucce11ini- Тice је ogorcen jos i stoga sto је to sve doslo и najnezgodnije po1iticko vrijeme. Ivanisevicev gest ти је patriotsko djelo, а onda kaze, sto smo vec spomenu1i и citatu, и don Franinu pismu biskupu BonefaCicu, jos i ovo: "Ostario sam i prostio sam toga dosta - a1i ne bih se nikada Ыо nadao, da Ы mogla onaka grdoba izaCi па svijetlo, potpisana od Jugoslavenskog Episkopata, s naredbom da se stije s oltara! Samo oni nesretni zadnji kapovers! i zakljucak. Ро srijedi је profurtimasenje! А dokazi! тi si ih upravo unistio! Dosao si zgodno и ротос i meni, jer sto nije bilo moguce da ја uCinim, to jest da ih uceram и laz, to si uCinio Ti. Sada се nasi (biskupi) vikati i па ТеЬе, kao sto vicu i па mene. Imas ti druga, imam i ја druga, ра је to neka utjeha. Saljem тi ga ovdje и slici, da Ti bude blШ. "65 Don Frano Ivanisevic i dalje је obavjestio biskupa Ucce11ini-Tice о toku svog sukoba sa biskupom, saljuCi ти и prepisu sva akta. Dva Ucce11inijeva pisma, od 19. 11 i 23.11 Ьасаји nove zrake svjetlosti па tu antisokolsku poslanicu. АН ne samo i па to. Jer i па moral trojice biskupa, dra Srebrnica, dra Jeglica i dra BonefaCica, koji su od starca trazili da se odrece svojih izjava, koje је javno dao protiv potpisnika poslanice. 64
65
Biskup dr. BonefaCic don Franu Ivanisevicu 18. П. 1933. К. br. 616. Prepis s originala. Biskup Frano Uccellini- Тјсе don Franu Ivanisevicu 7. П. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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ing don Frano's statement ап act of patriotism. After repeating some ideas already qlloted јп don Frano's letter to Bishop Bonefachitch, he also said: ,,1 ат very old, 1 have а very 10ng memory and 1 have very illllch pardoned јп ту life, but 1 could never dream that the Catholic Episcopate јп Yugoslavia would опе day аППОllпсе sllch ап аЬотј паblе Epistle to Ье read [roт the Altar! Ве it опlу the last misfortllnate paragraph and the Conclusions. This is а trick. And Ље so called proofs! Уои have disqllalified them аll! Уои helped те а 10t Ьу proving V\That 1 tried to prove, bllt did not succeed. Уои proved that they were lying. Now ош Bishops will raise hue and cry against уои, like they did against те. But both of llS have the same friend. This is ош CONSOLAТION. 1 ат sending уои His picture so that уои сап have Нјт close to уои. "65 Don Frano Ivanishevitch continued informing Bishop Uccellini -Тitze about the course of the conflict with the Bishop, enclosing the copies of the relevant letters. Two letters Ьу Bishop Uccellini, опе of the 19-th and the oth-er of the 23- rd of February shed new light not опlу оп the anti -Sokol Epistle, but also оп the moral scrup]es of Bishops: Dr. Srebrnitch, Dr. Yeglitch and Dr. Bonefacllitch, who аН three called оп the old Bishop to revoke his pllblic statements against the signatories of the Epistle. Оп the 19-th of February, irritated Ьу the reaction to don Frano's statement and his controversy with Bishop Bonefachitch, Bishop Ucce11ini Titze made the following comment: ,,1 have never experienced anything similar јп ту life, nor did 1 expect it to happen to те. Stand firm оп the ground and mind the traps. Those who speak the truth praise God. BOl1efachitch is а great surprise to те, bllt if he decides to go too far try to contact Rome through the Nllncio јп Belgrade. Yesterday 1 received а letter [roт Fra Miloshevitch (Milosevic) about his visit to the Nuncio јп Belgrade. We also discussed these issues Не told те abollt numerous letters he had received, signed and anonymous. Не does not agree with the anti-Sokol Epistle either. Не is of the орјпјоп that it was а mistake to generalize some cases and mention Croatia and Slovenia at the end of the Epistle. According to him the task of the Bishops is to understand and disseminate religion јп the right way and behave 05
ВISHOP
FRANO UCCELLINI-TIТZE original document.
сору о{ the
114
ТО
DON FRANO
IVANISHEVIТCH,
February 7,1933.,
Magnum crimen XIV
19. 11 1933. рј5е biskup Uccellini- Тice, ogorcen nad svime 5to se dogac1a, kao refleks don Franinih izjava i raspravljanja sa biskupom BonefaCicem. ,,5to slicna u zivotu nijesam dozivio, niti sam se nadao doziviti. Тј se drzi5 dobro i ne pU5taj se smesti od nikoga. Tko govori istinu Boga hvali. Cudim se BonefaCicu, ali ako тi dodija obrati se па Rim preko Nuncija u Beogradu. Jucer sam primio od Mil05evica iz Beograda list, u kom тј рј5е о njegovu posjetu kod NUl1cija: 'Razgovarali smo se о svim pitanjima. Rekao тј је da оп prima otud razna pisma sa potpisom i bez potpisa, anonimna. Оп ne odobrava onu poslanicu о Sokolima. Pojedine slucajeve nije se јтаlо generalizirati. Svr5etak poslanice - hrvatsko i slavensko јте - osuc1uje. Оп kaze da biskupi moraju jednako misliti i naucati u pitanju evanc1elja i vjere. U ostalim pitanjima mogu misliti kako hoce, pak su slobodni i u politickim pitanjima: 66 Na mene se obratio pismeno biskup krcki, jer da sam stra5nO sablaznio kod njeg cijeli svijet, pak hoce da povucem 5tO su о meni pisali listovi - ali odre5ito, а da се те оп braniti! Da ga ovlastim! Kratko sam ти odgovorio, ali fino i opapreno. Izmec1u ostalog: da oni nesretni docetak opoganio сјјеlи poslanicu. Naputio sam ga i па Tvoja pisanja u "Politici". 1 knez-biskup ljubljanski, jucer те је тоlјо da se izjavim, је li istina 5tO рј5е о meni "Vreme"? Uputio sam njega па Ьroј 7 "Sokola" od 10.11, koji se tiska u Ljubljani, ра da се vidjeti ogromnu 5tetu, 5tO su nanijeli biskupi katolickoj crkvi, osobito u ovim stranama. U ovom pitanju, тој dragi Frane, evo kako mislim ја: Na5i biskuрј javno su optuzili i javno osudili Sokole; ра su tu osudu najsvecaniјјт naCinom u bozjem domu, s oltara i s amvona kroz blagdansku sv. Misu proglasili kr5canskom puku, ukim i neukim, pismenim i nepismenim. То је ne5to vrlo ozbiljno i znamenito i vrlo te5ko. Sokoli nijesu bili pri optuzbi saslu5ani, а oni sada i Cine kroz uficijezni svoj organ sasma pametno i zakonito. То јт se ne smije zanijekati. Suci koji su ih tako svecano i 05tro javno osudili, duzni su ро savjesti i svakom ljudskom bozjem pravu pomno savjesno i росјјеl0 5titi ova opravdanja, ра nac1u lј da su ih krivo osudili, javno poreCi, kako su ih i javno osudili. Ne uCine lј, za vijeke su se osramotili i nanijeli ogromnu 5tetu svetoj crkvi. Neka se koprcaju koliko hoce, oni se nece opravdati. Da ti odgovorim s darom па dar, 5аlјет тi fotografiju 5tO sam ucinio pr051066
Biskup Frano Uccellini-Tice don F'ranu Ivanisevicu 19, II, 1933, Prepis s originala,
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Viktor Novak
accordingly. Regarding other issues, they are entitled to personal, private opinion, particularly оп political matters. 66 In his letter the Bishop of Krk informs те that ту statements have shocked his congregation and demands that I vehement1y reject everything written about те in various papers. Тhis is his prerequisite for his support to те and he asks те to comply. Му answer was short, decent and direct. Among other things I emphasized that the beginning and the end of the Epist1e are particularly detrimental for its overall effect. I also recommended him to read уош article in POLIТIKA. Yesterday, the Bishop of Ljubljana asked ту comment оп ап article оп те published in VREME (Time). I referred him to SOKOL по. 7 ofthe 10-th ofFebruary, published in Ljubljana, from which he will see for himself how enormous is the harm caused Ьу the Epistle. Dear Frano, this is what I think about the issue. Ош Bishops have publicly accused and publicly condemned the disobedient Bishop and pronounced the condemnation from the Altar during the holiday mass, so that аll Christians, the educated and uneducated, the literate and illiterate ones тау hear it. As а symbol this is а very serious and meaningful issue of crucial importance. Тhe Sokol side was not heard. Now they react through their legal body, in а legal and rational manner. Тhey cannot Ье denied the right to defense. Тhe judges that have condemned them so severely and in such а high sounding manner are bound Ьу their conscious and the Celestial and Secular Laws to listen to the Sokols and their arguments with due attention and if the accusations prove ungrounded publicly revoke them and exculpate the Sokols. Otherwise, the verdict they have pronounced will remain their eternal shame with а very detrimental effect оп the Catholic Church. Тhey are trying to wiggle, let them wiggle as much as they сап, but they will never Ье аblе to justify themselves. And now I would like to reciprocate уош gift. I ат sending уои а picture I took last January. Тhe Almighty is much more merciful than some people over there. I have problems with ту legs and eyes. Тhey do not serve те well апу more. Let те know if there is something important going оп. Non fallare, поп tremare! Ош Catholic Church has its Codex. It is а law for аll of us, from а just baptized 66
BISHOP FRANO UCCELLINI-TIТZE ТО DON FRANO сору of the original document.
116
IVANISHEVIТCH,
February 19, 1933.,
Magnum crimen ХIУ
ga januara. Dragi Bog imade milosrda bolje nego neki ljudi tamo. 1 noge те ра i оа dobro sluze. Slava ти i hvala! Molim Те prijavi mi se imades li sto nova da mi pises. Non fallare, поп tremare! Mi u katolickoj crkvi imademo nas Codex, to је zakon za svakoga, od maloga djeteka sto је krsteno danas, do Sv. Оса Раре. А sad idem па objed."67 Kroz nekoliko dana, 23. 11 mogao је biskup Ucce1lini-Tice da doda dvojici biskupa, koji su od njega traZili da odrece svoje date izjave, i trecega. Biskupa dra BonefaCica. "Dok sam iscekivao odgovor па тој zadnji list gdje sam Ti Ыо priopCio razgovor don Antuna Milosevica sa apostolskim Nuncijem u Beogradu, zatekao те spis tamosnje biskupske kurije u komu mi је priopcena i Tvoja osuda. Evo Ti ovdje moga odgovora, drzi ga molim Те za sebe. 68 1 meni biskupi Korosevci slovenski htjeli Ы da nametnu brnjicu, najprije Srebrnic, za njim knez biskup ljubljanski, ра sad evo i Istranin BonefaCic. Ро тоте mnijenju тi si osuden bez povoda i nelegalno. Kada Ы se pozvati па Rim molim Те prijavi mi se. А sad тој dragi prijatelju budi miran. 1 meni se pocetkom moga episkopata dogodilo nesto slicna. Bio sam kaznjen zabranom роп tificalium, koja је trajala duga 4 mjeseca, а bila Ы trajala i godinu. А zasto? Za jedno djelo, koje sam ја smatrao Bogu najugodnije i za тоји biskupiju najcasnije i najprobitacnije. Bila mi је savjest Cista, ра nijesam zbog te kazne izgubio ni pet casa moga mirnoga sna. Sve је svrsilo sa imenovanjem assistens solio pontificio, da nekako polizu (и Vatikanu) grdnu svoju pogrjesku. 1 тi ро тоте sudu, mozes i kao svecenik i kao patriota kazati: Savjest mi је Cista i pred Bogom i pred svijetom, а oni sto su тi krivo иапш neka dobro promisle, da se пе moze Boga varati kako se moze ljudima dati rog za svijecu. Ne idem dalje, а jos uhvam primiti odgovor па тој zadnji list. "69 Ovu пеоЫспо vaznu prepisku ро tome pitanju zavrsilo је pismo don Frana Ivanisevica, koje је 28. 11 uputio biskupu u Kotor. "Vrlo те veseli Vas odvazni i ustrajni duh, odlicna vrlina u Citavom Vasem zivotu, poznata пата, koji pratimo Vas rad jos sa skolskih klupa, ра evo i sada u ovom okrsaju sa ljudima kratkih i пеЫ strih pogleda. Мепе је silno zacudio pokusaj biskupa BonefaCica, koji mi nareduje, neka opozovem опо sto sam svijesno i promislje67
68 69
Idem. Zato оуо pismo, па zalost nisam mogao dobiti. Biskup Frano Uccellini don Franu Ivanisevicu 23. П. 1933.
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Viktor Novak ЬаЬу ир to the Ноlу Father. And now 1 have to stop and have ту lunch."67 ОП the 23-rd of February Bishop Uccellini- Тitze got а letter form Bishop Bonefachitch in which, like the previous two Nshops, he asks him to refute his statement. ,,while waiting for уош answer to ту letter in which 1 inform уои about the talks between don Antun Miloshevitch and the Nuncio in Belgrade 1 received from the Curia of the Bishops the information about уош verdict. Here is ту strictly confidential answer, just for уои. 68 ТЬе Slovenian bishops, followers of Koroshetz, wanted to muzzle те as well, first Srebrnitch, Bishop of Ljubljana and now Bonefachitch, Bishop of Istria. 1п ту opinion the accusation against уои is groundless and the verdict is not legal. 1f уои decide to арреаl to Rome against the verdict let те know. Take it easy, dear' friend. Something similar happened to те at the beginning of ту Episcopate. 1 was prohibited to pontificate for four months, although it could have Ьееп much 10nger. Why? For doing something that 1 deemed would Ье pleasing to God and honorable and beneficial for ту bishopric. Му conscious was clean and 1 опlу 10st less then five hours of peaceful sleep. 1п order to make honorable amends they appointed ап assistenens solio pontificio. 1п ту view, as а priest and patriot уои сап also say: ту conscious is clean before God and the whole world and those who did уои wrong should remember that they сап deceive теп but they cannot deceive God. 1 will stop now, expecting уош answer to ту last letter to уои."69 This very important exchange of letters ended with the letter don Frano 1vanishevitch sent to the Вishop of Kotor оп the 28-th of February. ,,1 admire уош courage and perseverance, the qualities ассот panying уои аН уош Ые. We who know уои since уош school days are very well aware of them. Уои displayed these qualities also now in this conflict with shortsighted реорlе with hazy views. 1 was very surprised Ьу the order 1 received from Bishop Bonefachitch to refute what 1 have declared јп full awareness and after а serious consideration of the effects of ту words, having in mind only the interests of
67
68 69
Idem. Unfortunately, 1 could not get this letter. ВISHOP FRANO UCCELLINI-TIТTZE 1933.
118
ТО
DON FRANO
IVANISHEVIТCH,
February 23,
Magnum crimen XIV по
izjavio, imajuCi pred oCima iskljuCivo interese katolicke crkve; ali ј05 те nije ozlovoljio, kako doznajem iz Va5ih listova, poku5aj triju biskupa, koji su od Vas tra:Ыi, da opozovete Va5e izjave. Vjerujte mi, Preuzvi5eni, ја пе mogu da pojmim kako se ti ljudi usuduju Ciniti takove poku5aje, koji nisu drugo nego atentat па nase savjesti. Kako пе mogu da uvide, da takovo opozivanje, kada Ы ро nesreCi i slijedilo s па5е strane, bilo Ы moralno samoubojstvo na5ega p05tenja, obraza i dU5e па5е. Те pokusaje ја sтatraт neтoralniт аnот. Ali ti pokusaji s druge strane oCiti su dokaz da је njihova savjest neтirna i da su htjeli proturiti sa тjesta istine (oltara u crkvi) jednu neistinu, koja iт se sada osvecuje. Govorio sam ovih dana u Beogradu
i Zagrebu sa mnogim vrlo odliCnim na5im ljudima (Hrvatima katolicima) i svi mi rek05e ovo: Biskupu Uccelliniu, kanoniku Ivanisevicu i profesoru Spincicu crkva katolicka ima da zahvali 5to prigodom Citanja biskupske poslanice protiv Sokola stotine i stotine tisuca katolika nije istupilo iz njezinih redova. Izmedu tih odliCnika spomiпјет Vam samo biV5eg Ьапа profesora Silovica, odlicnog ucenjaka i iskrenog vjernika katolika. Velika Vam hvala, Preuzvi5eni, i s тоје strane, 5to ste im onako odrijesito odgovorili, da se okane corava posla i onakvih poku5aja te ih dobro savjetovali, neka se vrate sa polovine puta, ј05 imaju vreтепа. Uklapam Vam osudu 5to је Biskupski Ordinarijat izdao protiv тепе. МоНт Vas, cetiri kazne, а za5to? Zato 5to sam pomogao da stotine tisuca katolika пе pobjegne iz па5е crkve. Vi ste dobro rekli, da se slicna nije ј05 upamtilo u Dalmaciji. Dakako ја se osjecam i uvrijeden i nepravedno osuden па kaznu, koju nisam zasluZio, ali тј је savjest mirna. 1 u samoj odluci koju uklapam, ima jedna tocka, proti koje sam ја protestirao па Ordinarijat. Ти se krije laz, koja prikazuje u ruznom svijetlu nasu kuriju. Ро stilu te odluke izgleda kao da sam ја toboze priznao sablazan 5to је proizvela тоја izjava u "Politici". Uprav protivno, kao 5to se vidi iz mojeg dopisivanja sa biskupom BonefaciCem proistice, da sam ја uvjeren u тојој svijesti о dobru uspjehu i zasluzi za ugled i korist crkve, doCim је njihova biskupska poslanica proizvela veliku zlovolju i sablazan. Ја sam samo lojalno priznao, da sam propustio u formalnom pogledu propise crkvene discipline ро kojim пе smije svecenik pisati о pitanjima koja se ticu crkve bez dozvole ([kvene vlasti i zato su mogli udijeliti ukor i zabranu za daljnje pisanje, ali u meritornom pogledu ро sadrzaju i dobroj namjeri тоје izjave, naime da se izgladi ovaj spor па korist crkve i drzave, nisu smjeli 119
Viktor Novak
the Catholic Church. But I have not yet 10st ту temper. I see from your 1etters that уои have Ьееп contacted Ьу three bishops who demanded that уои a1so refute your statement. Believe те, the Right Reverend, I simp1y cannot understand how dare they do that. This is ап attempt оп your conscious. ТЬеу shou1d understand that the act of your refuting the statement would Ье equa1 to mora1 suicide of your honesty, your [асе and sou1. In ту view such requests are immora1. Оп the other hand, аН their attempts prove that their conscious is not с1еап and that from the 10ftiest р1асе of Тruth, the A1tar, they were trying to disseminate fa1sehood instead of truth, which is surfacing and acting against them. I have contacted our реор1е in Be1grade and Zagreb, аН good Croats and Cath01ics and they аН agree that the Catholic Church shou1d Ье thankfu1 to Bishop Uccellini, reverend Ivanishevitch and professor Spinchitch that after the reading of the anti-Sok01 Epist1e hundreds of thousands of Cath01ics did not give ир their church. Опе ofthem was professor Shilovitch (Si10vic), former Вап of the Croatian Banovina (Banovina Hrvatska) ап outstanding sch01ar and а devoted Catholic. ТЬе Right Reverend, thank уои for having Ьееп so ореп with them and for advising them to Ье reasonable and соте ha1f way back before it is too 1ate. Enc10sed p1ease find а сору of the verdict of the Ordinarium of the Bishops against те. Four sentences, сап уои believe it? And for what? For having prevented hundreds of thousands of Catholics from giving ир their church. Уои right1y said that something similar had never happened in Da1matia. Of course, the unjust punishment hurts а 10t. But, ту conscious is с1еап. In the verdict there is ап item against which I protested with the Ordinarium. It exp1ains the root of the wh01e fa1sehood because the decisions sounds as if I had admitted the abomination caused Ьу ту statement published in POLIТIКA. Оп the contrary. ТЬе 1etters I exchanged with Bishop Bonifachitch c1ear1y show that I believed in what I was doing and was doing it for the benefit of the Cath01ic Church, because it is their Epist1e that gave rise to great disappointment and abomination. I оп1у admitted to have formaHy vi01ated the Ru1es of Church Discipline according to which the priests are not aHowed to write about church matters without а previous approva1 of church authorities. For that I cou1d have Ьееп reprimanded and ту further writing prohibited. Оп the other hand, the оп1у intention of ту statement was to he1p overcome the conflict to the satisfaction 120
Magnum crimen XIV
izdavati onakve preostre kazne kao za kakova kriminalnog zlocinca ili razvratnog svecenika, kakovim se ја pred Bogom i narodom пе osjecam, sto i oni dobro znaju. Tako ја shvacam, Preuzviseni, а tako mislim da је i Vase shvacanje. Sada па zakljucak: Quid faciendum? Sto mislite, Preuzviseni, Ы li zasluzivalo, da se protiv ovoj osudi prituzim preko Nuncija па Rim? Molim Vas, Vi те posavjetujte, ја se nisam nikada nasao u ovakvom slucaju, bit си Vam рипо haran па usluzi ... "70 U ovoj intimnoj prepisci dva uzorna svecenika, оЬа rodoljuba, а па visokim polozajima, ugledna i priznata u narodu, odrazava se unutrasnja slika metode kojom se predstavnici klerikalizma mogu posluziti samo da postignu izvjesnu svrhu, та da tom metodom i sa tom svrhom stoje u suprotnosti sa сЈ osnovnim zakonima krscanskog morala. Dok је don Frano Ivanisevic raspravljao svoje pitanje sa biskupom Вопе faciCem i savjetovao se sa biskupom Uccellinijem, dok su trojica biskupa nastojala da sklone Uccellinija da demantira svoju vlastitu izjavu, pojavila se па uzas episkopata jos jedna nova prosokolska i antiposlanicka izjava u beogradskoj "Politici" 19.11 1933., koju је sva ostala stampa prenijela i dala јој najsiri publicitet. Bila је to izjava starog narodnog borca i istarskog preporoditelja Vjekoslava SpinCica, uzornog svecenika, koji је u svojim visokim godinama Zivio u rodnom Kastvu, па domak rapallske granice, preko koje је taj rodoljub sa boli gledao па bracu koja su ostala u talijanskom ropstvu, u kome nisu uzivali ni vjersku slobodu! 1 stari Vjekoslav SpinCic Ыо је uzasnut pojavom episkopatske poslanice. Kad је javnost zazelila da сије i SpinCicevo misljenje;on se najspremnije odazvao i dopustio jednom dugogodisnjem sokolskom radniku dru Miloradu Dragicu, da razgovor sa njime objavi u beogradskoj "Politici". Daleko ostrije, otvorenije i frontalnije istupio је Vjekoslav SpinCic protiv poslanice, nego sto SlJ. to uCinili sa najvecom obazrivoscu biskup UccelliniTice i don Ivanisevic:'I sam sokol, па Rijeci kao dak gimnazije (1868), SpinCic је upoznao rad sokolstva u Pragu, gdje је studirao 1872.-1875. Ти је saznao da sokolska ideja predstavlja rodoljublje najviseg stepena. Као Clап parlamenta u Веси dosao је u dodir sa najizrazitijim ceskim rodoljubima, koji su svi od reda bili sokoli. Nikad nije сио za та kakav bezvjerski rad sokola, а upoznao је neke koji su bili ljudi velike poboznosti. Jednako, kasnije u svom nacionalnom radu nikad nije sokolstvo vrSilo drugu osim nacionalno-prosvjetnu funkciju, ostajuCi uvijek u prvim redovima borbe u preporodu Istre. 70
Don Frano Ivanisevic biskupu Uccelliniu 28. П. 1933. Prepis s originala.
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Viktor Novak
of both the Church and the State. The sentence is too severe. I ат not а criminal, 110Г а debauch priest, and they know it уегу we11. The Right Reverend, I believe that уои share ту view. And now QUID FACIENDUM? WHAT ТО DO? Do уои think that I should 10dge an арреаl with Rome, through the Nllncio? I beg your advise because I Ьауе never been in а similar sitllation before and I simply do not know what to do. I wOllld Ье very thankful to Ьеаг from уои ... "70 Two exemplary priests, оп higЬ positions in Church ЫегагсЬу, highly respected, both of them patriots, in their letters reveal that the clerics, in vie\v of achieving а given goal, do not hesitate to resort to the methods contrary to the basic principles of Christianity. While don Frano Ivanishevitch was discussing his issue with Bishop Bonefachitch and seeking advice from Bishop Uccellini and while the other three bishops were using their best efforts to persuade Вishop Uccellini to refllte his statement the Episcopate was shocked Ьу а пеw pro-Sokol and anti-Epistle statement published in POLIТIKA ofFebruary 19,1933, which was reprinted Ьу а11 other papers and had а wide риblјс есЬо. Its author was Vjekoslav Spinchitch (SpinCic) an оЫ fighter for the national callse from Istria, an ехетрlагу priest who was living in his native town Kastva, close to the Italian boarder established Ьу the Rapa110 Тreaties, so that Ье litera11y could see his brothers living under Italian occupation, deprived of their religious rights. The оЫ Vjekoslav Spinchitch was also shocked Ьу the Epistle. When Ье was asked to publicly express his opinion оп that isslle Ье did not hesitate to give an interview for POLIТIKA to an оЫ Sokol Dr. Milorad Dragitch (DragiC). Не was far тоге open and vehemently against the Epistle than Bishop Uccellini- Тitze and don Ivanishevitch. Vjekoslav Spinchitch was а Sokol аl ready in high school (1868) which Ье attended in Rijeka and later during his studies in Praglle from 1872 to 1875. Не realized that the Sokol Ыеа embodied the 10ftiest patriotic ideals. As Member of Parliament in Vienna Ье established contacts with Czech patriots who were а11, without exception, Sokols Не never heard that the Sokols had anything to do with atheism, and Ье рег sona11y knew some who were devoted believers. Later оп, during his work for the national callse Ье got familiar with the Sokol Movement in Istria. Their 70
DON FRANO IVANISHEVIТCH the original document.
122
ТО
BISHOP
UCCELLINI-TIТZE,
February 28,1933.,
сору
of
Magnum сrimеп XIV
"lmajuci sve to па umu zaprepastila те је poslanica nasih biskuZaprepastilo те је tvrdenje, da је Tyrs zasnovao Sokolstvo па bezvjerstvu kad znam, da su katolicki svecenici izvrsili opijelo nad posmrtnim ostacima Tyrsa prilikom sprovoda do mjesta vjecnog poCinkao Sokolstvo postoji уес sedamdeset godinao Za sve оуо vrijeте ni svecenici ni biskupi katolicki, ni ceski ni nasi, ni та koji drugi nisu nista prigovarali Sokolstvuo Katolicki svecenici i biskupi mnogo puta su prisustvovali sokolskim manifestacijama, а mnogi od njih su i aktivni Clanovi sokolske organizacijeo Zbog svega toga i ја sam se nedavno vrlo rado odazvao zelji sokolskog drustva u Kastvu dao о о blagoslovim zastavu kastavskih sokolao Zaprepastila те је ta poslanica, jer poznajem mnoge dobre sokole, koji su u jedno i dobri krscani i dobri katolicio Zaprepastilo те је tvrdenje poslanice jer nikada ni па jednoj sokolskoj manifestaciji ili zabavi nisam vidio nista neprijatno ili nemoralnoo Zaprepastila те је оуа poslanica naroCito i s toga, sto smatram Sokolstvo kao eminentno nacionalnu organizaciju, koja bas i radi toga postoji, da goji medusobnu ljubav i snos]jivost kod naseg naroda s tim, da је pripravno braniti domovinu u svima, ра i najtezim momentimao Zbog svega toga poslanica је porazno djelovala па sve nase ljudeo NaroCito mi је tesko kad pomislim, kako su morali dusevno trpiti oni svecenici, koji su i sami uvjereni sokoli ili prijatelji Sokolstva i koji su pri tom morali Citati poslanicu u crkvama ispred oltara ili sa propovjedaonicao А trpili su i oni vjernici koji su sokoli i prijatelji sokola, а uz to dobri katolicio Uvjerio sam se da su ovi 1judi ЫН tesko uznemireni, ne znajuCi prosto sto da radeo о о Svima ovim ijudima, koji рао о о
su i mеnј dolazili, nе moie nikako da ide u glavu, da је оnа poslanica mogla biti proglasena bez znanja SVo Stolice i njenog pretstavnika u _nasoj driavio Dobri su katolici i zele da ostanu dobri katolicio 1 vjeru ipak ne zele da mijenjaju! Ali ta poslanica boli tim vise sto se zna da i SVo Stolica radi ruku pod ruku sa tvorcem i procelnikom jasizmao U cijeloj nasoj drzavi javljali su se protesti protiv biskupske ро slaniceo АН ovi su protesti utoliko jaCi, ukoliko su mjesta protesta bliza granicama Italijeo Stanovnici onih krajeva naroCito jako osjecaju karakter оуе poslaniceo Na taj naCin moze se protu,PiaCiti okolnost, da kotorski biskup i zamjenik barskog nadbiskupa'nisu ni dozvolili da se Cita poslanica u crkvama njihova podrucjao Isto tako u mnogim crkvama Dalmacije poslanica nije Citanao А protiv poslanice najzesce se protestiralo u Primorju: па Susaku, u Kastvu, Crikvenici, Novom, u Krku, па Rabuo Primorci dobro znaju i pamte sve оnо sto se 123
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activities were restricted to the field of national education and culture only and they were always in the first Нпе of struggle for the renaissance of Istria. "In view of ту past experience I was shocked Ьу the Epistle ... I was appaHed to hear [roт ош bishops that Tyrsh grounded the Sokol Movement оп atheism because I know that the Catholic priest celebrated his funeral mass. ТЬе Sokol Movement has Ьееп existing for seventy years. During аН that time neither ош, nor the Czech Catholic priests and bishops, or апуопе else had а word of reproach in that regard. Catholic priests and bishops used to attend the Sokol events, and тапу of them were active members of the Sokols. For that reason I have recently accepted the invitation of the Sokols in Kastva to bless their flag. I was shocked Ьу the Epistle because I personaHy know тапу good Sokols who are also good Christians and good Catholics. I was shocked Ьу the Epistle because I have never seen anything immoral or indecent at апу of their events. I was shocked Ьу the Epistle particularly because I deem that the Sokols are ап eminent national organization whose primary task is to foster mutuallove and tolerance among ош peoples and prepare them to defend the country in case of danger. For аН these reasons the Epistle dismayed аН ош peoples I particularly have in view the priests who are great supporters or friends of the Sokol Movement and their pain when they had to read the Epistle in their churches, from the Altar or the pulpit. ТЬе Sokols, good Catholics and their friends were also dismayed. ТЬеу were аН so dismayed that they did not know what to do ... ТЬеу simply сап not believe that the Holy See and its Nuncio in Yugoslavia did not know anything about it. ТЬеу are аН good Catholics and they want to remain good Catholics! But the Epistle hurts, particularly in the light of the fact that the Holy See goes hand in hand with the founder of fascism, the Duce. Protests against the Epistle were organized аН over the country. ТЬе closer to the Italian boarder the more vehement they get. People living in the border region are particularly hurt Ьу the Epistle, which explains why the Bishop of Kotor and Deputy Bishop of Bar did not aHow the reading of the Epistles in the churches of their respective dioceses. In тапу churches in Dalmatia the Epistle was not read either. ТЬе protests against the Epistle were most vehement in Sushak (Susak), Kastva, Tzrikvenitza (Crikvenica), Novi, Rab and Krk. People in these regions very weH know and remember what is 124
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protiv naseg naroda govori i radi u susjednoj driavi. 1 to u svjetovnom tako i u crkvenom Rimu. Nasi Primorci dobro znaju, da је trscanskokoparski biskup Andrej Karlin, sada biskup u Mariboru, Ыо prisiijen i od same Sv. Stolice, da poloii cast i sluibu biskupa u Trstu, а da nа pusti Trst. Oni znaju da је па Rijeci osnovana па brzu ruku biskupija, bez vjerskih potreba, vec iz Cisto politickih razloga. Znaju takoder da је iz crkvenog Rima poslat za biskupa Isidor Sain, koga је ustoliCio jedan kardinal. Biskup Sain nije medutim znao nas narodni jezik, te prema tome nче mogao ni vrsiti svoje biskupske duinosti. Biskup Sain osnovao је па Rijeci sjemeniste za uzgoj svecenika. Tim mladim ijudiта zabranjeno је da medu sobom govore hrvatski i to па jedan strasan nааn: kod ispovijedi morali su ispovijedati kao grijeh, ako su kad medu sobom govorili maternjim jezikom. Primorci znaju i za Sedejev slucaj, koji је dao ostavku tek onda kad mu је receno da је to zelja Sv. Stolice ... Kad је па njegovo mjesto dosao potalijanceni fasista Giovanni Sirotti, to је izazvalo bol i najzad smrt Sedejevu. Na sve ovo misli Primor
Viktor Novak
the neighboring country doing and speaking against us. Both the secular and clerical Rome. Тhey very well remember that Andrey Karlin, Вishop of Тrieste and Kopar, now Вishop of Maribor, was forced Ьу the Holy See to leave Тrieste and his service there. Тhey also know that the bishopric in Rijeka was established in great haste, for purely political and not religious reasons. 1Ъеу also know that the official Rome appointed Вishop Isidor Sain, who was installed Ьу а Cardinal. But, Вishop Sain did not speak ош language and therefore could not сапу out his duties. However, Вishop Sain founded in Rijeka а Clerical school (Sjemeniste) for education of priests. Тhe students were prohibited to communicate in their mother tongueCroatian. Тhe violation of that rule was considered а sin which they had to admit at confession. People from the coastal region also remember the case of Sedey who had to resign at the request of the Holy See ... Soon after he was replaced Ьу the Italianized fascist Giovanni Sirotti he died of pain and sorrow. People of that region very vividly remember аll that and are therefore even more hurt Ьу the Epistle. Тhey also know about the Lateran Тreaties between the secular and clerical Rome. According to that Тreaties priests and spiritual shepherds of the ethnic groups under Italy do not have to speak their language. Оп the other hand, many priests-_missionaries learn the languages of wild tribes so as to Ье аblе to properly teach them religion and spread Christianity. Тhis is the reason for empty churches and а decreasing number of devoted believers. I think that we should also speak about fascism in Italy. Fаsсisш could not care less for religion and religious education. Some of their activities are an offense to Christianity. In spite of that the bishops over there, either as individuals, or in corpore have never raised their voice against fascism ... And these fascists and their Duce do not disseminate love, but hatred, they do not want реасе, they want war. Тheir teachers оп the other side of ош border brainwash ош children Ьу advising them not to go across the border because "they тау Ье attacked, beaten even killed Ьу the people living there." Summary courts kill one Mateotti, one Morzini and people like them in old Italy. In Istria, Тrieste and Gorizia they kill ош people Ьу the name of Gortan, Bidovac, Marushitch (Marusic), Milosh (Milos) and Valentitch (Valentic). Fascist attack аН people they find suspicious, particularly those of ош origin. Тhey beat them to death, maltreat them, break into their homes, burn their houses, break into ош churches and drive the priests out. Over there we once had several 126
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narodne skole kojih је bilo vise stotina; rasturena su sva nasa drustva - prosvjetna i privredna. Nasem narodu u Istri пе dozvoljava se da prede preko granice u nasu drzavu па Тrsat da se pomoli trsatskoj Majci Bozjoj. Ра sve ovo nije pokrenulo ni Svetu Stolicu ni talijanski episkopat da uzme u zastitu povrijedeni princip vjere i poboinosti. А covjeka, pod счоm ирт vom strasno pati nas narod u Italiji najvisi vatikanski dostojanstvenici nazivaju providencijalnim covjekom, poslatim od Boga za dobro talijanske driave. Тај covjek ieli da uz роmос Svete Stolice obnovi Rimsko carstvo, а najprije da osvoji nasu Dalmaciju. А sto to znaci znamo iz historije kao iz svega onoga sto se zbiva u Istri, Тrstu i Gorici, naime: Rimljanin gospodar, а stanovnistvo zauzetih zemalja - roblje.:,./f Kad па sve to mislim, poslanica mi postaje jos teza ро svome znacaju. NaroCito kad pomislim па doba u kome se pojavila. Italija prijeti svakoga dana, naoruzava se, gradi tvrdave, brodove, nastoji da pridobije i naoruza i druge drzave radi toga сЩа. Sve akcije ире rene su protiv nas. Izdrzava i neke nase emigrante koji davaju toj zешlјi Dalmaciju za toboznju Hrvatsku, koja Ы nesumnjivo postala рliјепоm Italije i Madarske. Uopce паslапјапје пеkih паsih ljudi па vanjske neprijatelje pretstavlja пајоdvrаtпiјu ројауи u паsеm zivotu. То је izdajstvo. Svi smo duzпi da radimo unutra, u svojoj drzavi, da пат se kuca uredi i da јасато опо sto su nagovjestavali viјеsпiсi bolje buducnosti, zasto su dali svoje zivote stotine hiljada nasih ljudi ... 1 bas u оуо vrijeme u koje podizu glavu razni protivnici nasi, u vremenu kada Italija jasno i otvoreno govori 5to hoce protiv nas, u to doba ројауа роslапicе djeluje jos роrаzпiје. А to se moze vidjeti jos i iz toga, sto је talijanska stampa, а паrоCitо rijecka, prihvatila ovu biskupsku poslanicu sa пајvisim odusevljenjem. Sta treba Sokolstvo sada da radi? Тreba da prikupi sve svoje sile da se i u hrvatskim, slovenskim i srpskim krajevima sto vise роmпо zi broj sokola, uvijek razumije se kao i do sada sto nisu ЫН пi bezvjerci пi protuvjerci, i da sve svoje sile posvete dobru nase mlade Jugoslavije; da intenzivno rade па dU5evnom stapanju i produbljivапјu jugoslavellskog narodnog jedinstva i da ovakvim оdgојпim radom pripremaju narodu sretnu ЬuduСпоst ... "71 Ovako је Vjekoslav SрiпCiс па zalazu svoga zivota, kao prvoklasni ро znavalac jugoslavenskih i tаliјапskih prilika, svjetovnih i crkvenih, svih роН tickih aspiracija fasizma i Vatikana, kroz prizmu talijanske stampe, obuhvatio 71
"Politika" 19. п. 1933. "Novo doba", 23. п. 1933.
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hundred schools in Croatian language and now they are аН closed and аН ош cultural, educational and economic societies dissolved. Ош people living in 1stria are not aHowed to cross the border to go to Тrsat to the Church of the Holy Mother of Тrsat for prayer. In аН these cases the Holy See and the 1talian Episcopate did not [е act to the violation of the principles of religious freedom. Moreover, for the highest dignitaries of the Vatican the тап most responsible for the sufferings of ош people in Italy is а God sent savior of the Italian state and its weH being. This тап has the ambition to restore the Roman Empire with the help of the Holy See, but before that he wants to take ош Dalmatia. We know from history and from the situation in 1stria, Тrieste and Gorityia what that means: the Romans will Ье the masters and the population of the invaded countriesslaves ... In the light of these facts the Epistle acquires ап еуеп more tragic meaning, at this particular moment. Italy is accumulating weapons, building fortresses and ships and trying to attract to its side and arm other countries in the pursuit of the same objective. АН these actions are organized against us. They also financiaHy support some emigrants [roт Yugoslavia ready to give ир Dalmatia in exchange for ап aHegedly free Croatia which would very soon [аН prey to Italy and Hungary. The support some ош people accept [roт ош enemies is the most despicable phenomenon in ош nationallife. This is treason. It is ош duty to Ье active inside ош country, establish order at home and work in favor of ош better future because these were the goals for which hundreds of thousands or ош people had given their lives ... And right now, when ош enemies are raising their heads, when Italy is clearly and openly expressing its appetites for parts of ош country. 1n such а situation the effect of the Epistle sounds еуеп more terrifying, the proof being а very enthusiastic reaction to the Epistle in the whole Italian press, particularly in Rijeka. What is the Sokol Movement expected to do? 1t should use its very best efforts to increase the number of its members in Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia, who, like the previous members, are not atheists or hostile to religion and work hard to the benefit of ош young Yugoslavia; Work hard оп the unity of аН ош Yugoslav peoples and through education in this spirit рауе the way to ош better future ..... "71 71
"POLIТIKK,
128
February 19, 1933 and "NOVO DOBK (New age), February 23, 1933.
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cijeli problem i oznaCio i osvijetlio ovu poslanicu najtezom osudom, kao pravo izdajstvo. __ Starina Spincic Ыо је sa svih strana Jugoslavije obasut telegramima u kojima mu se се stitalo i zahvaljivalo za taj herojski podvig пе samo prema doтасет episkopatu nego i stoga sto је пеоЫспот odvaznoscu ukazao i па svu pozadinu ovoga problema. Izjava је zaprepastila i ogorCi1a пе samo episkopat i sve klerikalce, inicijatore poslanice nego naroCito beogradsku nuncijaturu. Spomenuto је уес u Uccellinijevom pismu, kako mu njegov vikar А. Milosevic Dr Miroslav Tirs (1832-1884) javlja da nuncije nije odobravao Dr Miroslav Tyrsh (1832-1884) poslanicu. Та је izjava oCigledno bila prozirni manevar posto је nuncije dobro znao da govori pred vikarom kotorskog biskupa, sa патје rom da otkloni od Svete Stolice i Vatikana svaku sumnju. SpinCiceva izjava је utoliko jos znacajnija bila sto је dosla i od strane jednog dugogodisnjeg visokog politicara i uzornog svecenika, koji је vise рс) sezdeset godina u јаупот Zivotu Istre i Hrvatske zraCio osobitim sjajem!j)vo је Ыо nesumnjivo tezak udarac za episkopat i za sve jugoslavenske ptotivnike kada su osjetili, tko to sve skida episkopatu masku s Нса, tako hipokritski zabrinutog za Boga i vjeru u vezi sa Tyrsevom ideologijom па granicama Italije! Као sto se pokusalo uticati па savjesti biskupa Ucce11inija i don Frana Ivanisevica, tako је i sada senjski biskup dr. Ivan Starcevic, u Бјој se dijecezi nalazio Spincicev Kastav, posegao za ovim istim sredstvom, koje su koristili BonefaCic, Srebrnic i Jeglic. Biskup Starcevic је 3. marta poslao Spincicu dvojicu svecenika sa pismenim nalogom senjskog ordinarijata da od Spincica uzmu protokolarno odgovor па izvjesna pitanja. Prema tome nalogu Spincic је imao da kaze da li је tocna njegova izjava, objavljena u "Politici", iz koje su је i drugi listovi prestampali. Od njega se traiilo da izjavi da li је voijan da objavljenu izjavu deтantira, bez obzira da li је njegova ili nЧе. Zatim је zatrazeno od njega da se izjasni zasto је парао Svetu Stolicu i katolicki episkopat, 129
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These are the words of Vjekoslav Spinchitch, perfectly familiar with the situation in Yugoslavia and Italy, both in the secular and clerical field and fully aware of the political aspirations of fascism and the Vatican, clearly ех pressed in Italian press. ОП the ground of his Ше long experience and living his last days he very weH understood the implications of the Epistle and therefore condemned it as TREASON. Telegrams of gratitude for his courage started pouring оп Vjekoslav Spinchitch from аН over Yugoslavia, and particularly for having revealed the background of the problem. 'Ље Catholic Episcopate, аН clerics and particularly the Nuncio were appaHed and embittered. In his letter Вishop Uccellini mentions that Vicar Antun Miloshevitch told him about the negative attitude of the Nuncio to the Epistle. This was, evidently, only а cheap maneuver of the Nuncio aware that he was talking to the Vicar of the Bishop of Kotor in order to dispel every suspicion about the possible involvement of the Holy See and the Vatican. This statement was particularly valuable because Spinchitch was ап exemplary priest and respectful politician, who over sixty year actively participated in the public Ше of Istria and Croatia as опе of its most prominent public figures. His statement dealt а severe blow оп the Episcopate and the enemies of Yugoslavia, who were particularly shocked when they realized who was ready to unmask the Episcopate, so hypocritiсаНу concerned for God and faith in connection with the ideology of Tyrsh along the Italian border! Now Dr Starchevitch (Starcevic) Bishop of Senj, in whose diocese Vjekoslav Spinchitch lived, got the task to use the same method in his case Bonefachitch, Srebrnitch and Yeglitch applied in the case of Bishop Uccellini and Reverend Ivanishevitch. Namely, оп the 3-rd of March Bishop Starchevitcll delegated two priests to contact Spinchitch and deliver him personally а written order of the Ordinarium of Senj to officially answer their questions, namely: is his statement published in POLIТIKA trustworthy and what are the names of other newspapers that have reprinted it; whether he was ready to refute his statement regardless of its trustworthiness; to explain the reasons behind his attack оп the Holy See and the Catholic Episcopate and whether he accepts, or not, that Ьу making that statement he has violated the principle of subordination. Spinchitch answered аН these questions frankly and directly. Не acknowledged authorship ofhis statement published in POLIТIKA emphasizing that it only reflects his views оп the Sokols and claimed that he did not attack the Holy See and the Episcopate. Не only thought that the Роре and the bishops in Italy should Ье equally just towards аН peoples, which is not the case now. Ву saying that he actuaHy wanted 130
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kao i to da li smatra da је spomenutom izjavom povrijedio princip subordinacije. Na sva ta pitanja SpinCic је dao jasne i precizne odgovore. Оп је izjavio da је uistinu autor izjave u "Politici", da је izjavom iznio sta zna i misli о sokolstvu i da nije izvrsio nikakav napad па Svetu Stolicu ni па katolicki episkopat, аН da smatra da pretpostav1jeni, tj. рара i biskupi u Italiji, moraju biti jednako pravedni, jer se podjednako ne postupa prema svim narodima. Тiтe је htio jos jednom da podvuce postupak prema gorickom nadbiskuри Sedeju i prema nacionalnom jugoslavenskom svecenstvu u Istri, Gorici i Trstu о сети је SpinCic opsirno govorio u svojoj izjavi. 72 Poslije toga prosirila se vijest da se SpinCicu prijeti sa suspenzijom "а divinis". Те vijesti izazvale su nova i uzbudljiva negodovanja. Ovu "Politikinu" vijest registrirala је i komentirala Citavim clancima dnevna stampa. "Kad se iznova cita ta izjava u povodu namjere, da se SpinCic suspendira "а divinis", dobiva se sasvim jasan dojam da se s profesorom SpinciCem, s izvjesnom malom razlikom, dogada u slobodnoj Jugoslaviji ono, 5to se dogodilo pod Italijom gorickom nadbiskupu blagopokojnom Sedeju. 1 SpinCic postaje zrtva svog nacionalnog uvjerenja. Sedej је Ыо zrtvovan zato, jer se borio za afirmaciju nasih nacionalnih prava u crkvi i protiv uzurpacije fasizma u fasistickoj Italiji. SpinCic је medutim ustao u obranu nacionalnih interesa i tudim duhom prozete uzurpacije u slobodnoj Jugoslaviji. А ako bude zrtvovan, biti се zrtvovan onom istom Rimu kojemu је zrtvovan i Sedej. Zar је moguce da se uplivna zona ujedinjenog Rima u tako kratko vrijeme mogla prosiriti od Gorice do Zagreba i Senja. "73 Inkvizitori iz Senja i iz Zagreba nisu stigli da do kraja izvedu postupak prema starome borcu. Bolesni starac koji se Щеао па Susaku nije docekao konacnu odluku. Smrt је prekinula ovu diskusiju izmedu njega i njegovog ordinarijata. Jer 27. V. 19ЗЗ. izdahnuo је veliki narodni borac i за. таја sahranjen је sa pocastima kakove se ukazuju samo najveCima u narodu. SpinciCev dugogodisnji suradnik, knjizevnik Viktor Car Emin u nekrologu se zaustavio па posljednjem testamentarnom gestu velikog pokojnika. Posjetivsi ga bolesnog о Uskrsu, SpinCic ти је veoma uzbudljivo, аН odlucnim i teskim glasom, proCitao akt senjskog biskupa od З. 111 19ЗЗ. kao odgovor koji se u potpunosti podudara sa vijescu "Politike" о akciji biskupa protiv SpinCica. Viktor Car Emin dodirujuCi pitanje SpinCica prema poslanici istaknuo је da 72
73
Vjekoslav Spincic i biskupski ordinarijat u Senju. "Politika" 19. Ш. 1933. Sto to znaci? "Novosti"17. Ш. 1933.
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to once again raise the case of Archbishop of Gorizia, Sedey, which he described in details in his statement. 72 After that а news spread that Spinchitch was threatened with suspension "а divinis", which gave rise to new protests. This piece of news was also announced in POLIТIKA and printed and abundantly commented in аН dailies. "Оп second reading and in view of suspension "а divinis" for Spinchitch there is а smaH difference between the case of the late Archbishop Sedey in Italy and the case of professor Spinchitch in Yugoslavia as а free country. Spinchitch was а victim of his national beliefs and Sedey was sacrificed as а fighter for our national and religious rights in fascist Italy. Spinchitch raised his voice in defense of our national rights and against those who, under foreign influence, were trying to usurp them in free Yugoslavia. If he is to Ье sacrificed he will Ье sacrificed to the same Rome to which Sedey was sacrifised. Is it possible that the zone of influence of the united Rome could in such а short time spread from Gorizia to Zagreb and Senj?"73 The Inquisition in Senj and Zagreb did not have time to complete the procedure because the old man died in the meantime. Thus, death interrupted his argument with the Ordinarium. Professor Spinchitch died оп the 27-th ofMay, 1933. His funeral was ир to the respect he commanded. Viktor Tzar Emin (Viktor Car Emin) an outstanding writer and his coHaborator in his necrology for Spinchitch mentioned their encounter оп Easter when he visited the ill professor. Оп that occasion Spinchitch showed him the document the Вishop of Senj wrote оп the 3-rd of March, 1933 which [иНу endorsed the views published in POLIТlКA about the action of the Bishops against Spinchitch. At the end Vikrtor Tzar Emin emphasized that his attitude to the Epistle and his statement in POLIТIKA stem from his steadfast principles and l1is awareness of the tragic history of Istria. "Adherence to the principles was the most outstanding feature of his strong personality. As an independent mind he was an open enemy of the Vatican роНсу which has always been hostile to our people. Spinchitch was а good Christian, like аН of us who worked with him. But, he never missed the opportunity to reveal the machinations of Italian clerics of аН grades and оп аН levels, who have always worked and are still working against the vital interests of our people. In Istria Spinchitch was openly against the ill-famed Bishop 72
73
"VJEKOSLAV SPINCHIТCH AND ТНЕ BISHOP ORDINARIUM 1N SENJ (Vjekoslav SpinCic i biskupski Ordinarijat u Senju),,,NOVOSTI", Мау 29,1933 "WHAT DOES IТ MEAN?", "NOVOSTI" (News), March 17, 1933.
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SpinCic Ыо samo dosljedan svome zivotnome djelu i teskim politickim iskustvima iz mucenicke proslosti Istre, kad је reagirao u "Politici". "Dosljednost је bila jedna od najmarkantnijih odlika njegove snazne licnosti. Otkad је stao svojom glavom da misli, SpinCic је Ыо otvoren protivnik vatikanske politike, koja је nasem narodu bila oduvijek dusmanska. SpinCic је Ыо dobar krscanin, kao sto smo i svi тј, koji smo s njime radili, ali оп nije nikada propustao zgodu, da ne pokaze prstom па makinacije talijanskih mantijasa, onih malih i onih najvecih, koji su nasem narodu radili о glavi, kao sto to rade i sada. U Istri nije SpinCic otvoreno ustajao samo protiv zloglasnog biskupa Furlana Flappa, vec је cesto i nasim narodnim biskupima prigovarao, kad Ы та koliko propustili nasilnim latinizatorima".7 4 Sva ova negodovanja protiv episkopatske antisokolske poslanice nisu bila ublazena ni polemickim Clancima klerikalnih listova, ni onih dijecezanskih, ра ni "Katolickog lista", u kojemu је dr. К. В. - Kosta Bohacevski - ili dr. Janko Simrak, napisao nekoliko Clanaka polemizirajuCi, naroCito sa don Franom Ivanisevicem. Nije ublazila stav episkopata ni izjava nadbiskupa zagrebackog dr. Ante Bauera koju је objavila sva stampa 27. 1 1933. Jer upravo poslije izjave nadbiskupa Bauera dosle su izjave don Frane Ivanisevica, Uccellinija i SpinCica. Nadbiskupu је bilo do toga da skine svu odgovornost inicijative sa Rimske Кшјје, da је preuzme па se i da је prebaci па Citav ерј skopat. Uzbuna, koja је nastala poslije objave ove poslanice za nadbiskupa је samo "beskrajna hajka" protiv episkopata i katolicke crkve. Zato је nadbiskup Bauer "па sve nekvalificirane napadaje, uvrede, klevete i groznje јтао da kaze samo ovo: "Осе oprosti јт jer ne znaju sta Cine!" Dakako ni Uccellini, ni Ivanisevic а jos manje njegov nekad intimni prijatelj SpinciC, usli su tako u sklop "beskrajne hajke protiv episkopata i katolicke crkve", tj. sami protiv sebe. Nadbiskup Bauer ponajprije odbija da poslanica nema nikakve veze sa punktacijama, а onda se zadrzava па ироrnо odrzavanim vijestima, da su toj poslanici kumovali ili da su је cak i sastavili jezuite, uslijed cega su se pojavile /'-.Л vijesti da treba jezuite protjerati iz Jugoslavije. "Ovo tvrdenje protivnika zlobna је kleveta iznesena samo zato da se moze protiv Isusovaca podiCi hajka i Ьша i da se tako nade bar neki izgovor za njihov izgon iz Jugoslavije. Ја naprotiv znam, i ovdje па javnost iznosim da su se vec odavno u Beogradu javili prohtjevi da se Isusovci protjeraju iz Jugoslavije: о tome se vec pisalo u javnim glasilima." Jednako је nadbiskup Bauer ogorcen kad brani Svetu Stolicu 74
Viktor Car Emin, Vjekoslav Spincic. "Novosti" 29. У. 1933.
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Flapp, but Ье а150 орепlу reprimanded ош bi5hops whenever they did not strongly oppose the imposed Latinization."74 1he reaction to the anti -Sokol Epistle was further flared ир Ьу the ро1emica1 artic1es in c1erica1 newspapers and the journa1s of the dioceses, and in KATOLICKI LIST (Catholic Journal) in particular, in which Dr. Kv. (Kosta Bohacevski or Dr. Janko Simrak) published several polemical articles mostly arguing with don Frano Ivanishevitch. 1he Episcopate did not change its attitude in the 1east, in spite of the statement made Ьу Archbishop of Zagreb Dr. Ante Bauer, published оп the 27 - th ofJanuary, 1933. Don Frane Ivanishevitch, Вishop Uccellini and professor Spinchitch in fact reacted to Bishop Bauer's statement. 1he Archbishop was using his very best efforts to c1ear the Roman Curia of the responsibi1ity for the Epist1e. According to the Archbishop the vehement reaction to the Epistle is опlу part of"a continuous campaign against the Episcopate and the Catholic СЬшсЬ." То а11 "incompetent attacks, insults, slanders and disgust" the Archbishop reacted Ьу saying: "Forgive them, О God ... !" 1hus, Uccellini, Ivanishevitch and Spinchitch "Ьесате part of а continuous campaign against the Episcopate and the Catho1ic СЬшсЬ" In other words they participated in а campaign against themselves. Archbishop Bauer also denies апу connection between the Epi5tle and Punctuations and insists оп the conc1usion that the Jesuits have not оп1у conceived but a1so drafted the Epistle. 1he public opinion reacted Ьу requesting the expulsion of Jesuits from Yugoslavia. ,,1his is а теап slander conceived to lаипсЬ Ьие and cry against the Ј esuits and thus find а pretext for their expulsion from Yugoslavia. I know that Be1grade has Ьееп fostering this idea for а 10ng time, which was also published in the media." Archbishop Bauer is also vehement in defending the Ноlу See and denying апу connection Ье tween the Epist1e, оп the опе hand and the Н01у See and Mussolini's aspirations, оп the other. "Опlу infernal hatred against the Catholic СЬшсЬ (is it possible that professor Spinchitch and Bishop Uccellini infernally hated their СЬшЬ ???) could concoct such а lie and use it to antagonize the uninformed against the Catholic СЬшсЬ ... We, the Catholic Bishops in Yugoslavia are the опlу responsible ones for the Epistle. We have announced it for ршеlу religious reasons, deeply convinced that it will Ье beneficial for the Catholic СЬшсЬ and the Christian re1igion in genera1, and a1so beneficia1 for the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. Its success lies in the fact that so far "тапу thoughts se74
Viktor Car Emin: ,,v]EKOSLAV SPINCI<:':", "NOVOSТI", Мау 29,1933.
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i odbija vezu izmedu te poslanice, Svete Stolice i Mussolinijevih zelja. "Samo paklenska mrznja па katolicku crkvu (zar i Vjekoslava SpinciCa i biskupa Uccellinija) mogla је ovo izmisliti i upotrijebiti da neupucene razdraZi protiv crkve katoliCke ... Sva odgovornost za ovu poslanicu pada samo па nas, katolicke biskupe Jugoslavije, а mi smo је izdali iz 6sto vjerskih razloga sa punim uvjerenjem da се to biti samo па dobro crkve katolicke i krscanske vjere uopce, а ujedno i па istinsku korist kraljevine Jugoslavije. Dosadasnji пјеп uspjeh, - i to пе malen - је taj, da su se "otkrile misli mnogih srdaca" (Sv. Luka 2-35), te је 6tavom narodu otkriveno koliko i kakvih neprijatelja јта katoliCka crkva u Jugoslaviji. 75 Kad se uporede izjave Uccellinija, Ivanisevica i Spincica s ovom nadbiskupa Bauera, onda se vidi, пе samo antipodnost shvacanja jednog pitanja nego i gruba razlicnost tona i па6па diskutiranja. Dok је biskup UccelliniTice Ыо i poslije poslanice odlucan da i dalje blagoslivlje Sokol za njegov rodoljubivi rad, dok su Ivanisevic i SpinCic ЫН uvjereni da петаји razloga da se zale па Sokol radi nekih bezvjerskih nacela i bezboznickih postupaka, аН su vidjeli prisnost podudarnosti klerofasisticke stampe u Italiji sa episkopatskom poslanicom i njihovu radost koju је опа kod пјЉ izazvala, dotle nadbiskup Bauer i dalje vidi "paklensku mrznju па katolicku crkvu" i otkrivanje "koliko i kakvih neprijatelja ima katolicka crkva u Jugoslaviji". Dakako, kad nadbiskup Bauer, biskupi JegliC, Bonefa6c, SrebrniC i Starcevic nisu mogli razuvjeriti ova tri uzorna katolicka svecenika, odana vjeri i crkvi, to njima kao ni klerikalnim polemicarima nije uspjelo da та i u cemu izmijene shvaсапја о toj poslanici. Stovise, nadbiskupu Baueru nikako nije poslo za rukom da obrani zagrebacke jezuite (kao i onda, kad se u hrvatskom saboru 1891. za пјЉ zalagao da ih dovede u Hrvatsku), za koje је Ыlо jos i od ranije u sirokim intelektualnim redovima uvjerenje da su oni zacetnici i instruktori kod svih vaznijih postupaka hrvatskog i slovenskog episkopata. Povodom nadbiskupove izjave је jos jednom zauzeo nacelan stav u iscrрпот izlaganju i analizi svih dijelova poslanice sluZbeni "Sokolski glasnik" u kojoj је mogao da ukaze i па frankovacku primjesu duha koji је ovladao glavnim sastavljacem poslanice. Osim toga, ovdje se sugestivno pokazuje koliko је malo vjerska, а koliko mnogo је ova poslanica politicka. "Svakako је, politicki najznacajnija pogrda jugoslavenskog sokola kad mu se predbacuje da negira posteno slovensko i hrvatsko ime. Zar to nije politika, i to politika uperena protiv same drzavne ideje 75
Izjava nadbiskupa gospodina dr. Bauera о poslanici protiv Sokola. "Politika" 27. I. 1933.
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cretly fostered in the heart have Ьееп revealed" (St. Luke. 2-35) and now everybody knows how numerous the enemies of the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia are. 75 This statement is in striking contrast with those given Ьу Uccellini, Ivanishevitch and Spinchitch in the approach to the same issue and in the tone and spirit of the discussion. Bishop Uccellini was ready to bless the Sokol flags еуеп after the Epistle and continued to respect the Sokols for their patriotic efforts, don Ivanishevitch and professor Spinchitch did not consider them atheists and impious and аll three of them recognized the link between the Epistle and the clero-fascist press and its enthusiastic reaction to it .. Оп the other hand, Archbishop Bauer sees nothing but "the infernal hatred for the Catholic Church" and "identifies numerous enemies of the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia". Archbishop Bauer and Bishops Yeglitch, Bonefachitch, Srebrnitch and Starchevitch did not manage to persuade the three exemplary Catholic priest to change their mind with regard to the Epistle, nor did they manage to change its general effect. Archbishop Bauer did not manage to ех culpate the Zagreb Jesuits either (Не failed like in 1891 when he tried to соп vince the Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) to let them соте to Croatia). Actually, 10ng before that the opinion prevailed among the intellectuals that the Jesuits stand behind аll important moves and actions undertaken Ьу the Croatian and Slovenian Episcopate. After the Archbishop's statement SOKOLSKI GLASNIK (the Sokol Herald) опсе more reacted to the Epistle placing emphasis оп its spirit in line with the political views of the FRANKOVCI and revealing its political, rather than religious aims. "The dirtiest accusation against the Yugoslav Sokols is the slander that they reject the honest Slavic and Croatian пате. What else сап it Ье than politics, politics against our State based оп the idea of national unity and the Yugoslav пате! No wonder that the Epistle was announced first abroad, in Italian press, and then in Yugoslavia. Like in 1931, during the vehement conflict between the CATHOLIC ACТION and fascism in Italy, when the Monsignories smuggled across the border the Encyclical of Pius ХI and announced it abroad, and опlу later in Italy... The purpose of the Epistle and the aim of its authors are something quite different. Actually, High Catholic Clergy was trying to use the Epistle as а tool for its rather aggressive interference in daily politics. Their "struggle for religious and сиl75
STATEMENT OF ARCHВISHOP Or. BAUER ON ТНЕ ANTI-SOKOL EPISТLE, "POLIТlКA", January 27,1933.
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utemeljene па narodnom jedinstvu i jugoslavenskom imenu! 1 zato nije ni cudo sto se za poslanicu saznalo ranije u inostranstvu nego kod nas, i sto је оnа objavijena prvo bas u talijanskoj fasistickoj staтpi. Bas kao sto је 1931. godine za vrijeme ogorcene borbe izmedu К. А. i fasizma и Italiji Enciklika Pia XI, koju su monsinjori avionom prenijeli preko granice, inostranstvo upoznalo prije same Italije ... Pravi сЩ poslanice ima se traziti па drugoj strani, prave teznje njezinih tvoraca uperene su и drugom pravcu. Тот poslanicom visoki katolicki kler па prilicno brutalan па6п zahvata и dnevnu politiku sa 06glednom патјеroт da stvaranjem поуљ teskoca i zastrasivanjem sa vjerskom i "kulturnom borbom" utice па politicki razvoj dogadaja i da tako olaksa i omoguCi ostvarenje svojih osnovnih teznja: osvajaпје isklju6vog prava odgoja omladine пе samo и vjerskom nego i и etickom i duhovnom pogledu. U tome nas potkrepljuje i cinjenica da se od sedam tocaka и rezoluciji sa biskupske konferencije od 17. ХI prosle godine, cetiri Ьауе isklju6vo pitanjem odgoja omladine и skoli i уап пје. Na taj па6п biskupskom poslanicom nacet је osnovni рroblет odnosa Crkve i Drzave i borba oko pitanja: tko izmedu пјЉ ima prvenstveno pravo па duhovno i eticko odgajanje i podizanje omladine i time па kulturno formiranje cjelokupnog naseg drustvenog i nacionalnog zivota иорСе. U tome је teziste poslanice i njezin eminentno politicki karakter. "76 Dok је и Jugoslaviji papina Enciklika о odgoju omladine imala ovakvu politicku primjenu, и Italiji upravo и ljeto 1931. ро tom su pitanju izbile borbe izmedu К. А. i fasizma. Tada је Vatikan morao cuti i priznati Mussolinijevu оротепи, zacijelo stoga sto је Ыо obiljezen od njega, kao lice Providnosti. Tada је Mussolini rekao da "svecenici пе treba da se Ьауе politikom i da odgoj omladine pripada drzavi: опа је nasa duznost i nasa briga". Poznato је da је Mussolini ротоси policije raspustio К. А. а pri ропоупот sporazumu, pri kome је zrtvovan goricki nadbiskup Sedej, svedena је К. А. па cistu duhovnu osnovu. Otada izmedu Mussolinija i Vatikana sve do sloma fasizma vlada najskladnija harmonija. Medutim, оуај odnos i podudarnost ројауе antisokolske poslanice sa ап tisokolskom fasistickom propagandom, а i vatikanskom pozadinom, vidjeli su i и katolickom inostranstvu. Tako је jedan francuski poslanik istaknuo и "La vie catholique" da ти "izgleda, prema izvjesnim informacijama, da је Vatikan и sluzbi fasisticke vlade i da radi protiv jugoslavenskog jedinstva. 76
Politicka strana biskupske poslanice. "Sokolski glasnik" 3. П. 1933.
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tural rights" was nothing but а maneuver in the effort to secure for the Catholic Church the exclusive right to overall education for the young, and not only in the religious, spiritual and ethical fields. The proof can Ье found in the Resolution of the Conference of Вishops, held оп the 17 -th of November last year. In its Conclusions out of seven items four exclusively deal with education of the young, at school and outside school. Actually, Ьу raising the issue of education the Epistle has raised the fundamental problem underlying the Church- State relations concerning the priority in organizing not only the spiritual and ethical education of the young but also priority in shaping ош overall social and nationallife. This is the point of the Epistle and this is what gives it а primarily political character. "76 While in Yugoslavia the Encyclical оп education of youth had the аЬоуе described political aim in Italy, in the Summer of 1931 the same issue triggered а conflict between CATHOLIC ACТION and fascism. The Vatican was forced to comply with МussоШпi's warning, probably because it was the Vatican that proclaimed Ыт "leader sent Ьу providence." Mussolini said that "the priests should stay out of politics and that the state is the only responsiblе for education of the young." It is а notorious fact that Mussolini has used роНсе torce to dissolve the CATHOLIC ACТION. Later оп, оп the ground of an Agreement according to which Archbishop of Gorizia, Sesey, was sacrificed, the activities of CATHOLIC ACТION were restricted to the social sphere only. After that, till the fall of fascism relations between Mussolini and the Vatican remained harmonious. The Catholics abroad also noticed the link between the anti-Sokol Epistle and the anti -Sokol fascist propaganda with the Vatican in the background. LA VIE CATHOLIQUE (Catholic life) published а statement of а Member ofFrench Parliament, who said: "According to some information the Vatican соиЫ Ье in the service of the Italian government in their joint effort against Yugoslav unity. In more explicit terms, Mussolini is using Pius ХI to deepen the internal crisis in Yugoslavia. The French liberal Herriot expressed а similar opinion. "77 It should Ье noted that in the Catholic regions 345 priests refused to read the Epistle, and some only read it in excerpts?8 It was not only the Sokols, а few priests, scholars, public personalities and some national institutions that protested. In many cities and towns 76 77 78
ТНЕ POLIТICAL
ASPECT OF ТНЕ EPISТLE",SOKOLSКI GLASNIK", February 3,1933. "LET US ВЕ OPEN AND SINCERE." "NOVOSТI", March 12, 1933. ТНЕ MOST REVEREND Dr. ANTE BAUER, "NOVOSTI", January 29,1933.
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Jednom rijeCi Musso1ini se sluZi Piom XI da pogorsa jugoslavensku unutrasnju krizu". АН nije Ыо osamljen оуај francuski katolicki glas. Slicne misli је iznio i francuski liberalac Herriot. 77 Тreba [еБ da u katolickim krajevima nije 345 zupnika uopce htjelo da Cita poslanicu, а mnogi su је Citali samo u izvodu?8 Medutim nije se ostalo samo па protestima sokola, pojedinaca svecenika, javnih radnika i pojedinih nacionalnih ustanova. U mnogim su gradovima odrzavane velike skupstine па kojima su se takoder cule teske rijeCi prijekora protiv episkopatske poslanice. Na skupstinama banskih ујјеса pale su takoder teske rijeci osuda. Tako па zasjedanju banskog vijeca u Zagrebu 27.1 1933., progovorio је i zupnik dr. Mato Novosel koji је rekao da su biskupi trebali rade da napisu jednu okruznicu kao sto ju је izdao jednom bis!5yP StrQSSтn<1yer u kojoj Ы ponovili njegove misli: "Narode, znaj, tebi се dolaziti kojekakvi savjetnici, ра се ti htje- ~ ti kazati cuvaj hrvatstvo od Srba, drugi се govoriti cuvaj katolicku : vjeru od pravoslavne, ali ti narode medu njima ne nasjedaj, jer tim savjetnicima nije stalo do hrvatstva, ni do katolicanstva, nego је 111iта samo stalo do razdora, da medu jednokrvnu bracu Ьасе smutnju i razdor. Samo onaj, Ыо оп Srbin ili Hrvat, koji sije ljubav i bratstvo medu jednokrvnom bracom, taj је pravi prijatelj naroda, а onaj koji _ /.' sije razdor i svadu, Ыо Srbin ili Hrvat, taj је hudoba paklena. "79 , Jednovremeno је biskupska poslanica nasla odjeka i u Narodnoj skupstini. Dr. Milan Metikos uputio је 16.1 1933. па predsjednika vlade interpelaciju u kojoj је zatraZio objasnjenja povodom toga biskupskog napadaja. 1 оп dovodi poslanicu u vezu sa fasistickom akcijom u Italiji i politickim ро budama katolickog episkopata tvrdeCi da је poslanica izradena u jezuitskom manastiru. 80 ZJebJ:ll'!ra !9~3. podnio је Narodnoj skupstini dr. ~j(e.SeljeviC pr(J~~1().8._Z.(1kona·o razdvajanju crkve od drzave. Ро tom Zakonu sve skole u Jugoslaviji bile Ы potpuno laicke; sva crkvena imanja prelaze kao narodno dobro u drzavnu svojinu i imaju se kroz godinu dana podijeliti pripadnicima one crkve, (јја је to imovina bila, samo је gradanski brak, obavezan i priznat; matice rodenih, vjencanih i umrlih vodit се opCina; svecenici svih rangova" svih vjera obicna su Нса te imaju obaveze i duznosti kao i svi ostali gradani. 81' 77
78 79 80
81
Govoriti otvoreno i iskreno. "Novosti" 12, III, 1933, Preuzviseni gospodin dr. Ante Bauer. "Novosti" 29. 1. 1933. Zasijedanje Banskog ујјеСа. "Novosti" 28. 1, 1933, Interpelacija dr. М. Metikosa. "Politika" 21. 1. 1933, Zakonski prijedlog za rastavu crkve i driave u Jugoslaviji, "Starokatolik" 1933., br, 2, 6.
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gatherings (called Assemblies) were organized and from their rostrums the Epistle was severely criticized. At its meeting of the 27 -th ofJanuary, 1933 the Boards of the Croatian Banovina vehemently criticized the Epistle. In his statement Reverend Dr. Mato Novosel said that the bishops should reprint the text Ьу Bishop Strossmayer in which he says: "Мапу will Ье coming to уои, trying to persuade уои to stay away from Serbs, others will keep repeating that уои should protect the Catholic religion from the Orthodox, but BEWARE, because аН these advisers could not care less for Croatism and Catholicism, they only want to stir ир discord and disseminates hatred between the brother of the same blood. А true friend of ош people, Ье he а Serb or а Croat, is the опе who disseminates love between brothers of the same blood. Оп the other hand, the опе who stirs ир discord and disseminates hatred, Ье he а Serb, or а Croat, is ап infernal monster. "79 ТЬе National Assembly also had the topic of the Epistle оп its Agenda. Оп the 16-th ofJanuary 1933 Dr. Milan Metikosh (Metikos) in his interpellation to the Prime Minister asked him to explain this attack coming from the bishops. In his opinion the Epistle reflects the political ambitions of the Catholic Episcopate which claims that the Epistle was written in а Jesuit топ astery and reveals its connection with the anti-Yugoslav activities of Italian fascists. 80 Оп the 7-th ofFebruary, 1933 Dr. Nikola Kesheljevitch (Kesljevic) submitted to the National Assembly а draft law оп separation of the Church and State. According to that law аН schools in Yugoslavia are secular; church property as а national good becomes state property and the foHowing year it is to Ье distributed to the members of the church, former owner of that property; civil marriage is the only legaHy contracted marriage; the municipal administration is јп charge of the registers of the Ьоrn, married and deceased; the priests of аН ranks and аН confessions are before law citizens with the same duties and responsibilities like аН others. 81 Оп the 17 -th of February Ante Kovach (Kovac) оп behalf of а group of MPs in their interpeHation to the Minister for Physical Education asked his explanation for the anti-Sokol Epistle. 82 SESSION ОР ТНЕ COUNCIL ОР ТНЕ BANOVINK (Zasijedanje Banskog vijeca), January 28,1933. ~O "INTERPELATION ОР Dr. MEТIKOSH (Interpelacija Dr. Metikosa), "POLIТIKK, January 21, 1933. 81 "DRAFT LAW ON ТНЕ SEPARATION ОР CHURCH AND STATE", "STAROKATOLIK", 1933., 79
"ТНЕ
"NOVOSТI",
по.2,6.
82 "АТТАСК
140
ON ТНЕ SOKOLS IN ТНЕ NATIONAL ASSEMBLY", "NOVOSТI", February 19,1933.
Magnum crimen XIV
17. februara podnio је poslanik Ante Kovac sa drugovima interpelaciju па ministra za fizicki odgoj naroda u vezi sa antisokolskom poslanicom. 82 U орсет vrijenju protiv nasilnog klerikalizma sazrijevala је misao da treba ukloniti glavnog uzrocnika svih klerikalnih akcija, svih ekskluzivistickih stremljenja i mi1itantnih nastojanja hrvatskih klerikalaca, jezuita u Zagrebu, Sarajevu, Splitu, Ljubljani i svuda gdje ih ima. Ovu slobodoumnu akciju poveo је dr. Oton GavranCic, narodni poslanik i stari sokolski radnik. Jezuitski red u Hrvatskoj pored svojih literarnih branilaca, koji su ukazivali па izvjesne njihove zasluge u historiji hrvatskog skolstva, zaboravljaјиа istodobno па njegove nedostatke i тапе u pogledu nacionalnog odgoja omladine u XVH i XVHI stoljecu, (о сети su toliko uvjerljivo sudili u svojim raspravama Pavao Stoos, ilirski pjesnik i svecenik, naucnik Ante Mazuranic, historicar i svecenik Ivsa TkalCic а kasnije Strossmayer i Racki), ostavio је traga, kojim се se kretati samo tamne stranice narodne historije. Svi hrvatski velikani, ита i pera ukazivali su svakom prilikom па jezuitizam i jezuitski duh kojim је opterecen i voden hrvatski klerikalizam. NajveCi hrvatski рје snik Petar Preradovic svu је svoju liberalnu dusu i antijezuitski revolt izlio u rodoljubivu pjesmu "Dubrovniku" 1849., koja se nalazi medu pjesmama "rodoljupkama" u izdanju "Pjesnicka djela Petra Preradovica" (1873.), priredenom od knjizevnog odbora, па (јјет celu је Ыо tadanji predsjednik Jugoslavenske akademije, kanonik Franjo Racki. Opisavsi Preradovic slavu Dubrovnika, а onda njegovu nesrecu koja ga је zadesila za velikog zemljotresa (1667.), ukazuje da ga је ovom nesrecom snasla jos veca, dolaskom jezuita u Dubrovnik. "А
za ovim gorje nego ovo Z10 te snade ро z10kobnom casu; Stoput gorje, jer bijase novo, А ko dobro najvece па g1asu: Оnо сrnо sjeme Loj010vo, 1 ро tvojoj zem1jici se rasu, 1 rodi ti jadom i cemerom Stoput vecom nego potres mjerom. ]aoh raku sam iskopa sebi, Kad по primi tu nebesku pcelu; Која medom 1askajuc se tebi, 82
Napadaj па Sokol pred Narodnom skupstinom. "Novosti" 19. П. 1933.
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In the general agitation against aggressive clericalism the idea was gaining increasing support that the main source of the problem should Ье eliminated, namely that the Jesuits should Ье prohibited to continue their activities in Zagreb, Sarajevo, Ljubljana and elsewhere. ТЬе promoter of the action that followed was Dr Oton Gavranchitch (GavranCic), Member ofParliament and а Sokol of long standing. In spite of some merits for the development of education in Croatia in the XVII-th and XVIII-th century (described with due respect Ьу Рауао Stoos, poet and priest, Ьу Ante Mazuranitch (Mazuranic) an outstanding scholar, Ьу the historian and priest Ivsha Tkalchitch (Ivsa TkalCic) and later Ьу Strossmayer and Rachky) the Jesuits have left dark traces in the national history of Croatia. АН outstanding Croatian intellectuals used every opportunity to emphasize the negative influence of the Jesuits and their spirit оп Croatian clericalism. Petar Preradovitch (Preradovic), an outstanding Croatian poet, expressed his ant -Jesuit revolt in his patriotic роет DUBROVNIK, written in 1849, later included in his Collection of Patriotic Poetry called RODOLJUPKE, published in 1873, Ьу the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (Franjo Rachky was chairman of the Board of Editors). In this роет Preradovitch sings about the glory of Dubrovnik, deplores its great tragedy caused Ьу the severe earthquake that struck it in 1667, and speaks about the Jesuits in Dubrovnik as the greatest calamity of аН:
"At the tragic moment even а greater calamity struck, Worse than the Jormer оnе. Hundreds and hundreds times worse, Because it was new and unknown, And announced as а great blessing. Тhe black seed оЈ Loyola Was spilled all over the country, Your country as well, and bore Jruit, Fruit оЈ pain and sorrow. Hundreds and hundreds times worse than the strike оЈ the quake. When I welcomed that celestial Ьее I did not know I was digging ту own grave; While flattering уои with the mouth Jull оЈ honey, Тhe celestial Ьее was secretly buzzing 142
Magnum crimen XIV А
zujeCi па potajnom djelu, Tvoje djece mozak upotrijebi, Da ti bude otrov zdravu tijelu. Od djece si ро nјој izrod steko, А rinuo srecu па daleko. "83 U samom pocetku osnivanja hrvatske klerikalne stranke, historicar Natko Nodilo, profesor Sveucilista u Zagrebu i veliki prijatelj Strossmayera, inace istinski religiozan, аН nekompromisno antiklerikalan, 1903. rekao је оуо:
"Da је jezuitski duh opasan, osobito ро nasu slabo prosvjecenu Dalmaciju, to stoji. Jezuiti mrze па sve tekovine francuske revolucije i ludo hoce u pogledu politickom i drustvenom covjecanstvo potjerati natrag u mracni i grozni srednji vijek, uz staleze nejednake, sa prevlasti crkvene hijerarhije i u samim svjetJ)vnim poslovima. А i u crkvi povrsna је poboznost пјЉоуа. "84 ;-' Као Nodilo, sva је napredna omladina tog prvog decenija хх. stoljekoja se tada formirala, bila prozeta ovim antijezuitskim duhom, videCi u njemu najmocniju prepreku narodnom jedinstvu. А ti su jezuite uveliko koristili zastitu crno-zute becke kamarile, па Cijim је osnovama carski kamarilski sistem gradio svoju antislavensku politiku. Citava Ы se analogija dala ispisati о antijezuitskim raspolozenjima naprednih Hrvata i Slovenaca. А tih је bilo i u vrijeme biskupske antisokolske poslanice. Zato је odluka koju је donio dr. Oto Gavrancic, kad је sa svojim drugovima podnio 17.11 1933. u Narodnoj skupstini prijedlog Zakona о zabrani Isusovackog reda u kraljevini Jugoslaviji, bila jednodusno pozdravljena. Tada је izabran jedan odbor koji је imao da prouCi оуај problem. Zakonskom prijedlogu, koji sadrzi sedam tocaka, dodato је jedno iscrpno obrazlozenje. U njemu se kroz historijski presjek djelovanja jezuita u jugoslavenskim zemljama pokazuje sva stetnost, koja је od toga snalazila jugoslavenske zemlje. Оуај zakonski prijedlog potpisalo је preko 50 narodnih poslanika, уеапоm rimokatolika. Donosimo ga u cijelosti. са
83
84
Kad sam sa starim biskupom Uccelliniem 1935. i 1936. duze razgovarao о njegovoj mladosti, sa gorcinom је ispricao kako su ти jezuite u Dubrovackoj gimnaziji nasilno рroтјјепili njegovo јте Тice, сјјј predi poticu iz Hercegovine, u Uccellini i tako ти kroz sva dokumenta pronijeli ovo nametnuto јте. Zato se kasnije Uccellini potpisivao: Uccellini- Тice. Viktor Novak, Natko Nodilo. Novi Sad 1935., 155.
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And brainwashing your children, Turning them into poison in your own body. Now your children are your bitter enemies, And your happiness is given а fatal blow. "83
1n 1903, immediately upon foundation of the Croatian Clerical Party, а great friend of Strossmayer, historian Dr Natko Nodilo, а devoted Catholic but vehemently anti -clerical, said: ,,1 agree that the spirit of Jesuitism is dangerous, particularly for the modestly educated people in Dalmatia ТЬе Jesuits hate аН achievements of the French Revolution. ТЬеу want to push back into the darkness of the abominable Middle Ages the political and social life of the whole society, restore class inequalities and impose the leading role of the church hierarchy in аН secular matters Оп the other hand, their religious devotion is very superficial. "84 Like Nodilo the whole progressive youth of the first half of the XX-th century was anti-Jesuit, because for them Jesuitism represented the main оЬ stacle to national unity. ТЬе Jesuits enjoyed protection of the black-yel1ow Court camarilla in Vienna which was the main promoter to the anti -Yugoslav роНсу of the Habsburg Monarchy. Books could Ье written оп anti-Jesiut views of the progressive Croats and Slovenes. Some of them did raise their voice at the time of the anti -Sokol Epistle. 1his explains the warm support to the proposal to prohibit the activities of the Society of Jesus in the Кingdom ofYugoslavia Dr. Oto Gavranchitch submitted to the National Assembly оп the 17-th ofFebruaru, 1933. А Committee was set ир to study the problem. ТЬе Draft Law consisted of seven articles and а detailed Justification. It gives the history of the activities of the Jesuits in the Yugoslav countries and reveals their detrimental effect оп these countries. 1his Draft Law was endorsed with the signatures Ьу over 50 members of the parliament, most of them Roman Catholics. ТЬе text of the Draft Law states: ,,1. 1t is prohibited to the members of the Society of Jesus (SOCIETAS JEZU) to settle, stay or Ье active оп the whole territory of Yugoslavia. 83
During 1935 and 19361 had long talks with the old bishop Uccellini about his youth. Не told те with bitterness that јп Нigh school which he attended јп Dubrovnik, the Jesuits forced him to change his [атјју пате Тice (Тitze) originating from Herzegovina, into Uccellini. Actua11y the Jesuits changed his [атјlу пате јп а11 his documents. Later he decided to use both names: UccelliniТice.
84
Viktor Novak: "NATKO NODILO", Novi Sad, 1935, 155.
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Redu druZbe Isusovaca (societas jezu) zabranjuje se nastanba, zadrzavanje i djelovanje па cijelom podrucju kraljevine Jugoslavije. Ni red kao pravno lice, ni pojedini njegovi Clanovi nemaju prava od dana stupanja па snagu ovoga zakona, da se zadrzavaju та u koјет mjestu kraljevine. § 2. Onim Clanovima reda, koji su jugoslavenski drzavljani opredjeljuje se kao mjesto stanovanja Otok Vis, ako ne zele iseliti se. Ono Нсе, jugoslavenski drzavljanin, а pripadnik reda DruZbe Isusovaca, koje se па temelju ovoga zakona iseli, nece imati vise prava da se povrati u zemlju, kao da је inostrani drzavljanin. § 3. Clanovima zabranjene DruZbe Isusovaca jugoslavenskim drzavljanima ne dozvoljava se zajednicko stanovanje па otoku Visu, vec imadu svaki za sebe da zive baveCi se bilo kojim poslom. Oni ne mogu da steknu nikakovim pravnim poslovima ni medu zivim, а niti za slucaj smrti nepokretnu imovinu. Zatece li se 48 sati poslije stupanja па snagu ovog zakona та koji Clan reda spomenutog u § 1. unutar granica drzave, odnosno jugoslavenski drzavljanin, а Clan reda, izvan granica otoka Visa, bit се kaznjen radi policijskih prestupaka do 30 dana zatvora, а poslije odrzane kazne strazarno proveden preko granice, odnosno па otok Vis. § 4. Zateku li se па podrucju Kraljevine, odnosno izvan otoka Visa, poslije vremena naznacenog u § 3. ovog Zakona, bilo koji od Clanova reda DruZbe Isusovaca, da izvrsuju bilo kakvo crkveno ili gradansko djelovanje, bit се krivi prestupka i kaznjeni do 5 godina zatvora, а poslije odrzanja kazne strazarno provedeni preko granice, odnosno па otok Vis. § 5. Teritorijalno nadlezne prvostepene upravne vlasti popisat се Бт ovaj Zakon stupi па snagu cijelu imovinu nepokretnine i pokretnine reda DruZbe Isusovaca. Ovu се imovinu unovCiti па javnim licitacijama, а utrzak ulozit се se koristonosno kod Drzavne hipotekarne banke. Od toga novca osnovat се se zaklada za uzgoj rimokatolickih svecenika u jugoslavenskom nacionalnom duhu i za potporu siromasnih rimokatolickih zupa. ВЫе odredbe donesti се ministar pravde i ministar prosvjete zakladnicom, kojoj se priznaje zakonska snaga. § 6. Ovaj se zakon proteze i па Lazariste, па DruZbu svetog srca Isusovog kao i па svaki drugi red muski ili zenski, za koji se utvrdi da stoji u neposrednoj vezi sa redom DruZbe Isusovaca. ,,§ 1.
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Viktor Novak
As of the day of entering of this Law into effect the members of the Society of Jesus have по right to find themselves in апу place оп the territory of Yugoslavia. 2. Those members of the Society of Jesus who are Yugoslav citizens and do not want to emigrate are entitled to settle and Нуе оп the island of Krk. 'Ље Yugoslav citizens - members of the Society of Jesus who оп the ground of the provisions of this Law decide to emigrate lose their Yugoslav citizel1ship and if they decide to соте back to Yugoslavia have the status of foreigners. 3. Members of the Society ofJesus-Yugoslav citizens are not allowed to live in groups оп the island of Krk. 'Љеу have to Нуе separately and work for their living. 'Љеу are not allowed to own рroр erty, either purchased, or inherited. If опе of them finds himself оп the territory of Yugoslavia 48 hours ироп entering into effect of this Law, or outside the island of Krk if he is а Yugoslav citizen, he will Ье arrested Ьу роНсе and sentenced to 30 days of prison. Upon having served his term he will Ье deported across the boarder, or to the island of Krk ifhe is а Yugoslav citizen. 4. If after the time determined Ьу this Law а member of the Society of Jesus is discovered involved in апу church, or secular ас tivity, he will Ье prosecuted Ьу the Criminal Court and sentenced to 5 years of prison. After having served the term he will Ье deported across the border, or to the island of Krk if he is а Yugoslav citizens. 5. Immediately ироп entering into effect of this Law the relevant authorities оп each territory will make ап inventory of the тоуаblе and immovable property of the Society of Jesus. This property will Ье sold at public auctions and the топеу profitably invested with the State Mortgage Bank (Drzavna hipotekarna banka). This топеу will partly go the Fund for education of Catholic priests in the Yugoslav national spirit and partly used for financial support to the poor Roman Catholic dioceses. 'Ље Minister ofJustice and the Minister of education will issue special Decrees to regulate that matter in more detai1s. 'Ље Decrees will have legal force. 6. This Law also applies to the Lazarists, to the Order of the Sacred Heart and аll other orders of monks and nuns directly linked to the Society of Jesus. 7. This Law goes into effect after having Ьееп signed Ьу the Кing and officially promulgated." 146
Magnum crimen XIV
§ 7. Оуај Zakon stupa zakonito proglaSen."
па
snagu kad ga kralj potpise i kad bude
Obrazlozenje "Red DruZbe Isusovaca osnovan ро Ignaciju Loyoli ima svrhu da se bori za papinsku vlast. Оуи svoju zadacu red provodi konsekventno od svog postanka do danas u svim zemljama u kojima djeluje. Sjediste reda је u Rimu, gdje stoluje general, takozvani crni рара. Red se dijeli па provincije. Na celu im је provincijal (ovakova је t. zv. hrvatska, а пе jugoslavenska provincija u Zagrebu). Rade u samostanima takozvanim kolegijima. Red se dijeli па cetiri klase (grada). NajniZi su novaci. Novicijat traje dvije godine. Kroz to se vrijeme ујеЉаји u posebnim zavodima u poslusnosti i samoodriсапји. Poslije dvije godine novicijata polazu tri poznata redovnicka zavjeta, te prelaze u klasu (grad) skolastika. Оуа klasa traje 8 do 15 godina. То је vrijeme naukovanja. Treca klasa (grad) su koadjutori. Dijele se u svjetovne (temporales) koji se skrbe za zemaljska dobra i u duhovne (spirituales) koji vrse duznosti kao uCitelji omladine, kao propovjednici i ispovjednici. Najvisa, cetvrta klasa (grad) jesu рro fesori koji treba da su svrsili teologiju i koji polazu posebni cetvrti zavjet bezuslovne poslusnosti Svetom Оси Papi. Odatle i ime: professi (quatuor votorum). Izmedu profesa bira se'general reda, njegov asistent, provincijal i иорсе svi casnici reda. Ро svom kucnom redu Isusovci su obvezani, da zatome svaki individualitet, radilo se о kakvom bilo prohtjevu ili kakvoj bilo sposobnosti pojedinca. Jednako su obvezani па bezuslovno slijepu ро kornost svojim starjesinama, па takozvanu pokornost ljesina. Тreba imati па ити da је organizacija uredena sasvim ро vojnicki. Sve пјЉоуе provincije stoje u stalnom posluhu prema generalu i svaki Clап ima slijepo da slusa svaki nalog svoga starijeg, koji su u praksi mahom professi, а koji su opet obvezani па slijepu pokornost prema generalu i svetom оси papi.l...~ Kad promotrimo оуи organizaciju sa spomenutom duznom okolnoscu sa gledista nase drzave i nasega raznovjerskoga naroda, dolazimo do оуЉ konstatacija: 1. Jezuiti пе mogu da budu nacionalisti. 1 tom ih prijeCi slijepa pokornost prema starjesinama, а u zadnjoj liniji prema пјЉоуот generalu, а taj пета nikakvog nacionalnog osjecaja ni razumijevaпја. Оп је internacionalan. U tom im prijeCi пјЉоуо samoodricanje i ugusivanje svake individualne volje. Ро tome postaju prosta masi147
Viktor Novak
JUSTIFICATION
"Society of Jesus was founded Ьу Ignatius Loyola with the task to fight for the recognition of Роре as supreme authority. Since its foundation to date the Jesuits have Ьееп using their best efforts to [е alize that aim in аН countries in which they are active. Their See is in Rome, headed Ьу their General called the Black Роре. ТЬе Society is divided into provinces. ТЬе head of the province is called Provintziyal (Provincijal). ТЬе See of the Croatian, not Yugoslav, province is in Zagreb. ТЬе centers of their activities are the monasteries which they саН collegiums. ТЬе Society has [ош grades (levels). ТЬе lowest grade are the novices and they spend two years in that status. During that time they Нуе in special institutions and practice obedience and self-sacrifice. After two years the novices take three vows of monkhood. ТЬе next is the grade of scholar, which take 8-15 years. This is actually the period of learning. ТЬе third is the grade of coadjutor and the students are divided into two groups: the secular (temporales) trained to deal with the matters connected with secular live, and spiritual (spirituales) trained for teachers of the young, preachers or confessors. ТЬе fourth is the grade of professors, usually with а university degree in Theology. ТЬеу take а special vow of unconditional obedience to he Holy Father. ТЬе title professor actually comes from quator votorum. ТЬе General, his Assistant, the heads of provinces (Provicijals) and аН high ranking officials of the Society of Jesus are elected [roт among the professors. ТЬе Jesuits have to totally obliterate their individuality, еу ery personal desire or propensity. ТЬеу have to blindly оЬеу their superiors"as if they were cadavers". ТЬе Society is organized according to the military pattern. АН their provinces are subordinated to the General and every member has to blindly сапу out the orders of his superiors, mostly professors, who, оп their part, are blindly subservient to their General and the Holy Father. ТЬе analysis of this organization from the point of view of ош state interests and the interests of ош multi -confessional population leads to the following conclusion: Jesuits cannot Ье patriots because of their commitment to blind obedience to their superiors and their General. АН of them are practically depleted of national feelings and without апу possible understanding for national matters. ТЬеу are internationalists due to ир rooted individualism. Thus they all turn into machines, each of them is reduced to опе part of the machine operated Ьу the Grand General in Rome. In their practical activities 148
Magnum crimen XIV
nerija, а svaki pojedinac dio masine, koju pokrece veliki general iz Rima. U svoje prakticno djelovanje пе mogu da unesu nista svoga ра ni nacionalnoga, kad Ы se i naslo to u njima poslije toliko godina vjeZbanja, koje treba da svrse u zadnjoj i predzadnjoj klasi (novicijati i skolastika). 2. Sa zavjetom bezuslovne pokornosti svetom оси Papi, koju oni polazu u cetvrtom gradu uvazujuCi, da је Sveti Otac Рара suveren u svojoj vlastitoj drzavi, dolaze ili bar mogu doCi u protivljenje sa duznostima prema zemlji, u kojoj ziv Nema sumnje, prema povijesti toga reda, da се u takvom slucaju dati professi prednost svojoj prisezi (zavjetu) stranom suverenu Svetom Оси Papi, а nizi imaju da slijepo i bezuslovno slusaju naredenje svojih starjesina professa, provincijala i drugih. Kod poznavanja sposobnosti i utjecaja, koji taj red izvrsuje па svjetovno svecenstvo, ра i опо najvise u svim katolickim narodima, 06to u ovoj njihovoj prisezi i mogucnosti, koju gore opisasmo, lezi pogibelj za mir i red u nasoj zemlji. Ро svom naopakom generalnom nacelu ("Svrha posvecuje sredstvo", "si finis est licitus, etiam media sunt licita"), ро svojoj vjerskoj snosljivosti poznati su jezuiti sirom svijeta. Stetnost DruZbe Isusovaca ро drzavu i nas narod najbolje се isk06ti, ako citiramo neumrlog vladiku Strossmayera. U jednom pismu svom prijatelju Rackom оп kaze: "Moram napomenuti, da Ы za nas narod od velike stete bilo, da se u teoloski fakultet uvrijezi jezuitizam. Nevjerstvo i jezuitizam ravno su nasem narodu opasni. Gledajte, molim vas, da preprijecite а tout prix naimenovanje jezuita. Ti ljudi, (jezuiti) [апа tizmom pokrivaju svoje nevaljalStine. (22. 11 1874.). Dalje је Strossmayer u pismu od 6. 1 1875. drugom prilikom pisao Rackom: "Na zadacu nasega Ьапа (Mazuranica) i nase vlade spada preprije6ti da se u nas jezuitizam u buduce пе siri. Malo tko u nas misli kolika pogibelj u jezuitizmu za nas lezi. Nasi ljudi, koji zele mudrim se nazvati, пе vide cestoput dalje od nosa." Narodni vladika i visoki dostojanstvenik rimokatolicke crkve, zacijelo је dobro poznavao i ispravno ocijenio red DruZbe jezuita, kako ih оп naziva. 1 mi пе mozemo da za obrazlozenje svoje osnove dademo bolje razloge, od осјепе оса jugoslavenstva vladike Strossmayera. Moglo Ы se prigovoriti da su razlozi Strossmayera zastarjeli i da тоЫа danasnji Isusovci ро svom radu nisu jednaki onima, koje је imao prilike ocijeniti vladika Strossmayer. Ovaj prigovor mora da se
7
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there is по individualism, there is по room for апу national feeling, after so тапу years of intensive training during the first and second stage (novice and scholar). At the end of the fourth grade they take а Vow of Obedience to the Holy Father, thus recognizing him as а supreme sovereign, which is not in line with the concept of authority in individual countries and personal responsibilities in this regard. Judging Ьу the examples from the history of Jesuits there is по doubt that the professors will always give priority to their Vow of obedience to the Holy Father (а foreign sovereign) and the lower level will always give priority to their seniors: professors, provincijals and others, whom they have to оЬеу blindly. In view of their knowledge, abilities and influence оп secular priests, еуеп the highest ranking ones, in аН Catholic countries and owing to their vow, their role тау Ье fatal for реасе and order in our country. Тheir leading principle is that the end justifies the means ("si finis est licitus, etiam media sunt licita"). АН over the world they are famous for their religious intolerance. Bishop Strossmayer best described their detrimental effect оп our state and people. In а letter to his friend Rachky the Bishop says: "If Jesuitism take root at our Faculty of Тheology it will Ье very detrimental to our people. Atheism and Jesuitism are equally dangerous for our people. Please use your best efforts to prevent а tout prix the appointment of Ј esuits. Тheir fanaticism is just ап excuse for their misdeeds." (February 22, 1874.) In his letter of the б-th of January, 1875 Strossmyer writes to Rachky: "It is the duty of our Вап (Mazuranitch) and our government to prevent the spreading of Jesuitism. Very few are aware of how fatal for аН of us they are. Мапу of those who pretend to Ье clever and smart are in fact intellectuaHy nearsighted." Evidently, the Вishop as а high ranking official of the Catholic Church, was familiar with Jesuitism and [иНу aware of the јт plications of their activities. We do not а have better justification for our approach to Jesuitism than the views expressed Ьу Bishop Strossmayer, father of the idea of Yugoslavism. Some тау find the Bishop's arguments obsolete believing that nowadays the Jesuits are different from the ones Bishop Strossmayer had in view. Тhis comment is out of place. Тhe work of the Jesuits today is absolutely the same as at the time of Bishop Strossmayer 150
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zabaci. Rad u djelovanju jezuita danas је jednak, а njihova nacionalnost, da, protunacionalnost ista. Nista se u organizaciji Isusovackog reda nije promijenilo. Promijenilo se samo drzavno stanje u kojem zivi nas hrvatski svijet za vrijeme Strossmayera i danas. Tada smo zivjeli u katolickoj Austriji, а danas zivimo u Jugoslaviji, u kojoj је katolicka vjera izjednacena sa svima drugim priznatim i vjerama i ~ crkvama. Ako је u katolickoj Austriji nalazio Strossmayer toliku opasnost u jezuitskom redu, da је trazio da se пе dozvoli njihovo djelovanje i sirenje, koliko је vise njegovo misljenje opravdano danas, kada katolicizam kao sto је onda Ыо, nije vise tako rekuc drzavna vjera, danas, kad је kao i prije rad i nastojanje jezuita diktirano iz Rima, grada izvan jugoslavenske zemlje, koji Jugoslaviji nije nikad prijateljski sklon. Ти пе razlikujemo Vatikan od Kvirinala, jer im је politika bila i prije, а od Lateranskog ugovora naroCito jednaka, t. ј. talijanska. Mi jezuite osjecamo па djelu. Podzemna rabota i rovarenje njihovo postalo је nepodnosivo. Njihov legitimisticki rad uperen је protiv interesa nasega naroda i drzave. Drzava imade pravo da ovakav rad onemoguCi i da u tom сНји upotrijeN sredstva, koja јој stoje па raspolaganju. Sredstvo koje ovim zakonom preporucamo па prihvat nije novo. Red DruZbe Isusovaca, prognan је Ыо iz katolickih zemalja i to: iz Francuske 1594. do 1603., te 1864. i 1880. Iz Portugala 1752. i 1834. Iz Spanije 1877., 1835., 1868. i nedavno, а iz mjesovitih ро vjeri drzava: iz Rusije 1820., iz Svicarske 1847. i iz Njemacke 1872. i t. d. Iz nase је zemlje ро Hrvatskom saboru prije 60 godina izagnan. Nasa drzava koja treba vjerski mir, koja zeli snosljivost izmedu svoјЉ gradana koji pripadaju raznim konfesijama, koja zeli da se u пјој postuje nasa narodna mudrost: "brat је mio та koje vjere Ыо" пе moze dozvoliti djelovanje reda Isusovaca, koji propovijeda protivno nacelo vjerske snosljivosti. Redu kojem је nas Isus Krist dosao па zemlju пе da donese ljubav medu ljude bez obzira па konfesiju, nego razdor, tome redu пета mjesta u nasoj zemlji. Nastaje pitanje, mozemo li mi izagnati jugoslavenske drzavljane jezuite iz svoje zemlje. Gradani koji su najsvetijom prisegom obvezani па slijepu pokornost tudem suverenu, та to Ыо i Sveti Otac рара, пе mogu biti dobri gradani ove zemlje. Ne mogu se ni smatrati drzavljanima jugoslavenskim, та to formalno i bili, vec drzavljaniта onog suverena, kojemu ро danoj prisezi imadu da sluze. Ipak treba postovati i formu. No treba radi reda i sigurnosti svoje zemlje 151
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and their feelings equally a-national as ever. The organizational pattern of the Society of Jesus has remained unchanged. Only the state in which the Croats lived at the time of Bishop Strossmayer and the state in which they are living now, is different. Then we lived in Catholic Austria and today we are living in Yugoslavia which recognizes аll churches and confessions. If in Catholic Austria Strossmayer felt the danger ofJesuitism and requested prohibition of their activities, his view is even more valid today when Catholicism is по longer the state religion as in his time. But like in his time Jesuits still get instructions from Rome which is not in Yugoslavia and which has never been its friend. There is по difference between the Vatican and the Quirinal because their policy has always been identical, particularly since the Lateran Тreaties-: pro-Italian. In our country we feel the effects of their work. Their subversive work cannot Ье tolerated. Their allegedly legitimate work is aimed against our national and state interests. The state is entitled to use аll avai1able means to prevent these activities. The legal means we recommend are not new. The Society ofJesus was expelled from the Catholic countries: France from 1594 to 1603 and again in 1864 and 1880; from Portugal in 1752 and 1834; from Spain in 1835, 1868 and 1877 and [roт multi-confessional countries: Russia in 1820, Switzerland 1847, Germany 1872, etc. The Jesuits were expelled from Croatia sixty years ago, Ьу decision of Hrvatski Sabor (the Croatian Assembly). We need реасе in the country, we want to foster religious tolerance in our multi-confessional state, we want to live Ьу the principle according to which "а brother is dear regardless ofhis religion." The Jesuits who disseminate religious intolerance cannot Ье tolerated in our country. The Society of the пате of Ј esus who disseminated love among people cannot Ье allowed to spread discord. In our country there is по place for them. What about Jesuits, our citizens? Do we have the right to ех pel them too? The citizens committed Ьу vow to obedience to an alien sovereign, Ье him the Holy Father, cannot Ье good citizens of this country. They cannot Ье considered as Yugoslav citizens, although [roт the formal point of view they are. They are the citizens of the sovereign to whom they pledged their obedience. However, the formal aspect should Ье respected. Оп the other hand, our citizens should Ье prevented [roт undermining our state. Therefore, аll Jesuits, Yugoslav citizens, should Ье allowed to stay at one place, 152
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onemoguciti svojim drzavljanima da potkopavaju temelje па kojima ona sazidana. Radi toga predvida zakon za one Isusovce, koji su jugoslavenski drzavljani, dozvolu boravka па jednom samom тје stu, па otoku Visu. Nego ni tu se ne smiju da Ьауе crkvenim stvarima i ne smiju da zive zajedno, уес svaki posebno. Тiтe se zeli sprijeCiti njihovo razorno djelovanje. Jugoslavenski drzavljani, koji jednom ostave nase granice ne mogu se vise da povrate. Uzima se da su se odrekli nasega drzavljanstva (јт su ostavili nasu zemlju. Nasoj zemlji potrebno је danas spokojstvo i vjerski mir. "85 Ovime је ponovljen prijedlog Narodnog Vijeca iz 1918. Ovime је ukazaпо da је i 1933. bilo potomaka starih Iliraca koji su 1849. upozoravali Hrvate: "Si сит Jesu itis, nolite ire сит jesuitis" ("Ako idete s Isusom, nemojte iCi s Isusovcima") . Sva је klerikalna stampa ustala u obranu jezuita. Sav klerikalni aparat dao se jednodusno па posao da spase svoje vode. Sva sredstva mobiliziraпа su da se sprijeCi ozakonjenje ovog prijedloga dra GavranCica i drugova. Jurisalo se па sve strane. Molilo i bogoradilo, аН i prijetilo sa svom svojom zagranicnom moCi i zastitom koju је katolicizam imao u Rimu i u svemu ostalom svijetu. Nadbiskup Bauer posao је u Canossu, u Beograd i kao nosilac Karadordeviceve zvijezde 1 stepena pojavio se i kod kralja Aleksandra i zatrazio zastitu, obecavsi svu lojalnost i vjernost prema "kraljevskom domu i drzavi". Која је obecanja dao nadbiskup Bauer kralju nije poznato. Ali iz upucenih krugova saznalo se da се se stvar dra GavranCica zakoCiti dok se ne vidi ima li nade da se episkopat и svom stavu prema drzavi preorijentira. Dok је оуа ko sluZbeni predstavnik katolicke crkve intervenirao u Beogradu, и Zagrebu se reagiralo cak i sa demonstrativnim litijama Majci Bozjoj Remetskoj, koju su klerikalci organizirali, "Veliki procesionalni pohod ZagrebCana и svetiste Majke Bozje Remetske" - kako "Katolicki list" oznacava оуu demonstraciju "od desetka tisuca katolickih gradana", koju је vodio kanonik i duhovni voda zagrebackih "Krizara" Msgr Beluhan. "Povod tom pohodu dadose nedavni pokusaji neprijatelja katolicke crkve kod nas, da duboko u srce rane vjerske osjecaje zagrebackih katolika i hrvatskog naroda иорсе, а napose prigodom nedavno objelodanjenog prijedloga protucrkvenog zakona za izgon reda Isusovaca iz nase drZave." Msgr. Beluhan је u svojoj propovijedi, koju је odrzao pred crkvom u Remetama, istaknuo "kako su se Hrvati Zagrepcani u svakoj svojoj nevolji utjecali u ротос svojoj је
85
Prijedlog ... dra GavranCica о raspustu i izgonu Isusovaca. "Katolicki list" 1933., br. 8, 81-82.
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the island of Vis. Еуеп there they should not Ье allowed to engage in church activities and should live individually, not in groups, in the aim of preventing their destructive activities. Опсе they leave the country Jesuits-Yugoslav citizens, lose their Yugoslav citizenship. Their leaving the country is understood as their giving ир Yugoslav citizenship. Today, our country needs реасе and religious tolerance. "85 ТЬе same proposal was submitted to the NARODNO VIJECE (National Council) in 1918, which means that јп 1933 the Il1yrian idea from 1849 stil1 had its supporters and that their warning was still present in the memory of their descendants: "Si сит Jesu it is, nolite ire сит jesuitis" ("If уои follow Jesus do not follow the Jesuits"). ТЬе whole clerical press jumped оп its feet to defend the Jesuits and the whole clerical mechanism was set in motion to save its leaders and prevent the passing of that law. There was по door at which they did not knock, imploring, еуеп threatening under the pretext of protection of Catholicism from abroad, including Rome. Within these efforts Archbishop Bauer decided to go to Canossa, патеlу to рау а visit to Belgrade as owner ofKARADJORDJEVA ZVEZDA (the Medal of the highest order-Star of Karadjordje of the First Degree). Не asked audience with King Aleksandar and asked his protection, promising "fullloyalty to the Royal Family and the State." We do not know anything about what else Dr. Bauer promised to the King, but from а wel1 informed circle the information leaked that the Draft Law proposed Ьу Dr. Gavranchitch will not Ье discussed until the Episcopate possibly changes its attitude towards the state. Contrary to what the official representative of the Catholic Church promiset јп Belgrade, Zagreb reacted differently, where the clericals protested Ьу marching in procession to рау tribute to the Holy Mother ofRemete. According to KATOLICKI LIST (Catholic Journal)" about ten thousands Zagrebians marched in the procession lead Ьу Msgr. Beluhan, Canonian and spiritualleader of the Zagreb KRIZARI (Crusadeers). "This was our answer to the recent attempt of the enemies of the Catholic Church and the whole Croatian people, and particularly to the draft law against the church, оп the expulsion of the Society of Ј esus from Yugoslavia." In the sermon he read in front of the church in Remete Msgr. Beluhan emphasized that "whenever they were јп trouble the Croats from Zagreb addressed to their Celestial Queen for help. This time too when the enemies of the Catholic Church 85
"DRAFT LAW .... SUBMIТTED ВУ Dr. GAVRANCHIТCH ON ТНЕ EXPUI5ION OF JESUIТS", "КАТОLIСЮ LIST", 1933., по. 8, рр.81-82.
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nebeskoj Kraljici. Tako se i оуај put Hrvati katolici Zagrepcani utjeси u ротос nebeskoj Kraljici u teskim vremenima, kad su neprijatelji katolicke Crkve kod nas duboko povrijedili nase vjerske osjecaје i јаупо параН па nase katolicke svetinje. NaroCito је nepravedan izazov, koji је nedavno иапјеп u beogradskom parlamentu, kad је iznesen od nekih poslanika zakon о izgonu Isusovackog reda preko granica nase drZave ... " Msgr. Beluhan se naroCito zaustavio па GavranCicevoj motivaciji о bezuslovnoj poslusnosti prema sv. Оси Papi, dakle о опоте "sto upravo mora da bude па пајуеси cast i ро hvalu ovim redovnicima, jer se iz toga vidi da u njima zivi pravi duh Crkve." Ocrtavsi zasluge jezuita za hrvatsku kulturu, zadrzao se i па пјЉоуот suvremenom radu kao voditelja 17 raznih Marijinih kongregacija u Zagrebu, raznih listova i drugih publikacija, уеота ra5irenog pastoralnog rada. Stovise, Msgr. је rekao i priznao da se "kod njih tako reCi usredotocuje sav organizatorni rad Katolicke Akcije. "86 Nacelnu politiku u "Katolickom listu" poveli su profesor univerziteta dr. Stjepan Baksic i fra Petar Grabic, analizirajuCi GavranCicev prijedlog i роЫ јајиСј sa klerikalnog gledi5ta svaki pojedini СЈап kao i Citavo obrazlozenje. 87 Vladi i kralju su stizale rezolucije sa organiziranih zborova svecenika i protesti protiv prijedloga dra GavranciCa iz raznih dijeceza Jugoslavije. U jednom protestu se kaze da је оуај prijedlog u "teskoj opreci sa osnovnim nacelima gradanskih sloboda, koje su zajamcene ustavom, i da se time pogada red, prezasluzan za vjerski i cudoredni odgoj hrvatskog naroda, kao i za uzgoj njegovih najstarijih literarnih velikana". U drugome se trazi od vlade i Narodne skupstine da se "и interesu pravde, medusobne ljubavi i vjerskog mira u drzavi odbije prijedlog о izgonu Isusovaca, kao 5to је odmah iza prikaza Ыо odbijen prijedlog zakona о rastavi Crkve i Drzave".88 Dakako, i па suprotnoj strani se пјје mirovalo. U neklerikalnoj stampi se kroz nekoliko sedmica о jezuitima vise pisalo i polemiziralo nego ranije decenijama. Ozivjela se uspomena па boravak Isusovaca u hrvatskim stranaта i о aferama u vezi s njihovim odgojem u Pozegi, Dubrovniku, Kraljevici i о пјЉоуот sramotnom bijegu. Iscrpno se objasnjavala moralka Alfonza Liguorija kao i sav historijski splet zakulisnog djelovanja jezuita u Evropi u proslim stoljeCima. Za neobavijestene bila su sasvim пеоЫспа saznanja da В6 Zavjetna procesija Zagrepcana u Remete. "Katolicki list" 1933., br. 8, 83. В7 Stjepan Baksic, Zasto Isusovce tjeraju u progonstvo? "Katolicki list" 1933., br. 8, Petar Grabic,
Humanitarna i pravna podloga zakon. prijedloga dr. Gavrancica i drugova "KatoliCki list" 1933., br. 8, 79-80. 8В Izjave svecenstva ... "KatoliCki list" 1933., br. II, 121-122.
о
izgonu Isusovaca.
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have deeply hurt ош religious feelings and publicly attacked еу erything that is sacred to us. The draft law оп the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from Yugoslavia is the latest, most hostile challenge of the Parliament in Belgrade against us. Msgr. particularly insisted оп unconditional obedience to the Holy Father, which was the main motivation of Dr. Gavranchitch to submit that draft law. For the Monsignor unconditional obedience to the Holy Father is the greatest honor for the members of that order and а proof that а true spirit of the Church is living in them." Msgr. Beluhan continued his sermon Ьу recalling the merits of the Jesuits for Croatian culture and praising their present work as leaders of 17 different Congregations of the Holy Mary in Zagreb, as editors of journals and other publications and as very active in the pastoral field. Actually, the Monsignor admitted that: "the Jesuits are at the heart of all organized work of the CATHOLIC АСТIОN."8б Dr. Stjepan Bakshitch (BaksiC) university professor and Fra Petar Grabitch (Grabic) published in КATOLICKI LIST the draft law and from the clerical point of view refuted each of its articles and the Justification. 87 The Government and the Кing were overwhelmed with protests against the draft law, coming [roт numerous Catholic dioceses in Yugoslavia. In one protest the draft law is qualified aS"a gross violation of the fundamental freedoms of the citizens, guaranteed Ьу the Constitution and an attack against а Society which has great merits for the religious and secular education of all Croats, including their outstanding writers of the older generation. The other protest requests the Government and the National Assembly to reject the draft law оп behalf of justice, mutuallove and religious реасе in the country, as was the case with the draft law оп the separation of church and state."88 The other side did not sit with its arms crossed either, but reacted in its way. А few weeks later the non-clerical press devoted to the Jesuits more attention and polemical articles than decades ago. The topics were the revived memories of their scandals in Poszega (Pozega), Dubrovnik, Kraljevitza (Kraljevica), and their shameful escape. The Moral Principles of Alfonzo Liguoria and all underground machinations of the Jesuits in Ешоре during 86 87
88
"ТНЕ РRОСЕSSЮN FROM ZAGREB ТО REMEТE, "KATOLICКI LIST", 1033, по.8, р.83. Stjepan Bakshitch: WHY EXPEL ТНЕ JESUIТS? (Stjepan Baksic: Zasto Isusovce tjeraju и progonstvo?" "KATOLICКI LIST", 1933, по. 8, Petar Grabitch:"THE HUMANIТARIAN AND LEGAL BASIS OF ТНЕ DRAFT LAW ON ЕХРULSЮN OF JESUIТS" (Petar Grabic:"Humanitarna i pravпа podloga zakon. prijedloga Dr. GavranCica i drugova о izgonu Isusovaca), "KATOLICКI LIST", 1933, п.8, рр.79-80. "ТНЕ PRIEST SAY... " "KATOLICКI LIST", 1933, по. П., рр.121-122.
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su se protiv jezuita izjasnjavali nе samo napredniji mislioci, nego se medu njihovim protivnicima naslo i рара, kardinala, nadbiskupa, biskupa, kanonika, katolicki univerziteti, profesori bogoslovije i crkvene historije, brojni svecenici, katolicki vladari, drzavnici i politicari. Da Ы bila posve jasna оуа teza dosta је bilo upozoriti па obrazlozenje раре Кlementa ХЈу., kad је 21. VП 1773. ukinuo jezuitski red sa znamenitim breveom "Dominus ас redemtor noster". Рара Кlement XIY. је priznao da su se uzalud trudili njegovi prethodnici da uklone tolike optuZbe protiv toga reda. I njegovom prethodniku Кlementu ХПI podnijet је, kao i nјети prijedlog, da Кrscanskom svijetu nесе biti vracen mir, dok se nе ukine jezuitski red. Kad је to nјети иБnјеnо, а tom su se prijedlogu "pridruzili mnogi biskupi i drugi ро polozaju i ucenosti i poboznosti odlicni muzevi", to se оп poslije zrelog razmisljanja zeleCi crkvi da povrati pravi i trajni mir, "dize i ukida recenu druZbu, sve nјЉоуе urede i sluZbe, nјЉоуе domove i skole, kolegija".89 Оуај Кlementov breve potvrdio је i njegov nasljednik Pio VI, sa tri kasnija brevea 1783, jer "nikada nije па to pomislio i nесе nikada па to misliti, da uCini та i najmanji prigovor tom dekretu".90 Poslije sloma francuske revolucije i pada Napoleona, а iza povratka reakcije, Pije VП 1814. vraca sa bulom "Sollicitudo omnium" red DruZbe Isusove а s time i nоуе stalne borbe u i izvan krila katolicke crkve. I doista, jos od vremena osnivaca reda Ignacija Loyole, kad se 1554. izjasnila protiv reda pariska Sorbona, "koji је postao opasan za vjeru i sposoban da ugrozi mir crkve ... sposoban vise za razaranje nego za podizanje", а tom se misljenju pridruZio pariski nadbiskup i vise francuskih biskupa. 91 Nije cudo da se od 1814. dizu sve novi i novi prigovori djelovanju jezuita u Evropi. Nije nikakvo iznenadenje da su i nајуеа umovi Hrvatske - Preradovic, Strossmayer, Racki, Nodilo, RadiC i toliki drugi - zazirali od nјЉ i u mnogo ih slucajeva pobijali. Jezuitizam i hrvatski klerikalizam u stvari su i prije, а naroCito poslije 1900., sinonimni pojmovi. Hrvatski jezuitizam Ыо је osnovni nosilac hrvatskog klerikalizma i poticatelj svih antijugoslavenskih i antiliberalnih akcija hrvatskih klerikalaca. Jer, hrvatski klerikalizam prekaljen jezuitskim duhom Ыо је uvjerenja da је ispravno nаисаnје jezuite Ota Zimmermanna koji је formulirao tezu, da је "bezvjerstvo uvijek u tomu ako se narodnost nе podlo89 90 91
August Theiner, Geschichte des Pontifikats Кlements XIV Paris-Leipzig, II, 356-376. August Theiner, Geschichte des Pontifikats Кlements XIV Paris-Leipzig, II, 506. Stjepan Zagorac, О jezuitima. "Starokatolik" 1933., Ьг. 3, 3-4.
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the past centuries were analyzed and explained in detai1. ТЪе average readers were appalled to learn that in the past not only progressive intellectuals, but also one Роре, several Cardinals, Archbishops and Вishops, Canons and the Catholic University, professors of theology and Church history, numerous priests, Sovereign of Catholic religion, statesmen and politicians were against the Jesuits. It is noteworthy to recall the explanation ofPope Clemens XIV for abolishing the Society ofJesus (оп the 17-th ofJuly, 1773) Ьу his famous Brevet "Dominus ас redemtor noster". Clemens XIV admitted that his predecessors in vain tried hard to keep the accusations against the Jesuits under cover. His predecessor, Clemens ХПI was also asked to abolish the Society of Jesus for the sake of реасе in the Christian world. When he received the same request supported Ьу "many Bishops and other respectful personalities known as outstanding scholars and devoted Catholics "after having thoroughly considered the matter", he decided to abolish the Society of Jesus and аН its services, centers, schools and collegiums for the sake of а permanent and true piece in the Church. "89 This Brevet was later approved Ьу his successor, Pius VI and reinforced Ьу three more Brevets he issued in 1783 "to prove that he had по objection whatsoever to the Brevet issued Ьу Clemens ХПI. "90 After the French Revolution, the faH of Napoleon and restoration of reactionary forces Pius VП in 1814 with his ВиНа оп "Sol1icitudo omnium" restored the Society of Jesus and thus revived permanent conflicts inside and outside the Catholic Church. It is interesting to note that at the time when Loyolla founded the Society of Jesus the Paris Sorbonne was against it "as dangerous for the religion and а threat to реасе in the Church, more сараЫе to destroy than build." ТЪе Вishop of Paris and several French Вishops gave support to that view. 91 As of 1814 the number of protests against the Jesuits has been constantly increasing. It is not surprising that the most outstanding CroatsPreradovitch, Strossmayer, Rachky, Nodilo, Raditch and many others did not trust them and in many cases were even against them. Jesuitism and Croatian clericalism before, and particularly after 1900 are one and the same. ActuaHy, Croatian Jesuitism was the main promoter of Croatian clericalism and the master brain of аН anti -Yugoslav and antiliberal activities of Croatian Clericals. Imbued with the spirit of Jesuitism. 89
90
91
August Theiner: GESCНICHTE DES PONТIFIKATS KLEMENS XIV, Paris-Leipzig, II, рр. 356376. August Theiner: GESCНICHTE DES PONТIFIKATS KLEMENS XIV, Paris-Leipzig, II, р 506. Stjepan Zagorac: "ABOUT JESUIТS", "STAROKATOLIK", 1933, по. 3, рр.3-4.
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zi vjeri ... Ako dode do opreke izmedu prave vjere i narodnosti mora vazda da ustukne narodnost ... 92 Unatoc odlucnom stavu napredne jugoslavenske javnosti klerikalci su uspjeli kao i 1918. Samo је tada 1918. izaslo и susret nadbiskupu Baueru Narodno vijece и Zagrebu, а sada 1933. kralj Aleksandar, koji nije imao odvaznosti da izvede ovakav odlucan potez. Jer pod njegovim sugestijama GavranCicev predlog nikad nije stavljen па dnevni red и Narodnoj skupstini. Za ovaj njegov postupak oduzio rnи se narocitorn blagodarnoscu nekadasnji jezuitski pitornac travnicke girnnazije Ante Pavelic, kao organizator rnarseljskog atentata. Sarn pak dr. Oton GavranCic, za svoj pothvat Ыо је nagraden kada је и NDH ozivotvorena jezuitska "Civitas Dei" konfiniranim prostororn и jasenovackorn logoru и strahovitoj "zici" и kojoj је podnio smrt па паБп kakvu nisu mogle izmisliti ni najbudnije fantazije Velikog Inkvizitora. 93 U Narodnoj skupstini jos se и nekoliko prilika raspravljalo о antisokolskoj poslanici prilikorn budzetske debate и vezi sa predlogorn rninistra za fizicki odgoj naroda. Jos је jednorn niz poslanika uzeo и obranu sokolstvo, njegovu akciju kao i svu nepatriotsku pozadinu koja је stajala iza episkopatske akcije. U toku diskusije uzeo је о toj stvari rijec i predsjednik vlade dr. Milan Srskic 16. 111 1933. i obiljezio stav vlade и pitanju pravnih i politickih odnosa drzave prema katolickoj crkvi. Dr. Srskic је odbio misljenja episkopata da је katolicka crkva gonjena и Jugoslaviji ukazujuCi da је upravo radi katolicke crkve mijenjano skolsko zakonodavstvo, da su zadrzane sve konfesionalne skole i da se и pitanju rjesavanja dalrnatinskog agrara crkva oslobodila plaсапја prinosa и kolonizacioni fond, Бте se obezbjedila па 20% veca odsteta za crkvena irnanja. Sto se tice fizickog odgoja ornladine опа ји је neutralizirala аН пе rnoze dopustiti da nosi vjersku oznaku. Jednako је uzeo rijec i dr. Lavoslav Hanzek, rninistar za fizicki odgoj koji је jos jednorn polernizirao sa episkopatorn, i branio Tyrsa i njegovu ideologiju koja se prema rnisljenju izvjesnih ceskih svecenika пе protivi vjerskirn nacelima. Dr. Hanzek је и cjelosti analizirao poslanicu i и svirn njenirn detaljirna oznaCio је kao prornasenu, zadrzavsi se naroCito па stavu biskupa Srebrnica. Dr. Hanzek је pri kraju ро dvukao cinjenicu da је za SKJ od velike vaznosti kao i najbolja rnoralna ро тос i satisfakcija sto su povodom episkopatske poslanice izjavili svoju solidarnost sa SKJ ceski i poljski sokolski savezi. А poljski sokolski savez jednorn 92 93
Stjepan Zagorac, О jezuitima, 4. Vidi posljednje poglavlje: "Krvava zetva."
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Croatian clericals fully subscribed to the view of Jesuit Otto Zimmerman who said: "Faithless are those who are not subservient to their faith ..... In case of conflict between the national and religious interests it is the religious that always prevails over the national ... "92 In spite of а resolute support to the draft law Ьу the progressive Yugoslav public opinion like in 1918 the clericals won the day. Only in 1918 it was the NARODNO УЈЕСЕ (the National Counci1) in Zagreb that yielded to the pressure of Archbishop Bauer, and now, in 1933 Кing Aleksandar was too permissive. Actually, at the suggestion of the King the proposal of the draft law submitted Ьу Dr Gavranchitch was not put оп the Agenda of the National Assembly. Ante Pavelitch (РауеНс) organizer of the assassination of the Кing in Marsei1les, а former pupil of the high school in Тravnik, sponsored Ьу Jesuits, paid him due tribute for drafting that law. When the fascist NEZAVISNA DRZAVA HRVATSКA was founded and the Jesuit "Civitas Dei" re-established Dr. Oton Gavranchitch was taken to the extermination саmр of JASENOVAC (Yasenovatz) and died а horrendous death beyond imagination of the most pathological mind of the Inquisition. 93 1he National Assembly had the anti-Sokol Epistle several more times оп its Agenda, and particularly in connection with the budget for physical еduсабоп. А signjficant number оЕ the Members of Parliament stood ир in defense of the Sokols and its activities and condemned the anti-patriotic background of the Epistle. In his address to the Assembly оп the 16-the of March, 1933, Prime Minister Dr. Milan Srshkitch (SrskiC) defined the views of the Government оп the legal and political relations between the State and СЬшсЬ. 1he Prime Minister rejected the accusation of the Catholic сЬшсЬ that it is persecuted in Yugoslavia emphasizing that even the Law оп Education was changed for the sake of the Catholic сЬшсЬ, that аll confessional schools are in place, that regarding the problem of сЬшсЬ land property in Dalmatia the сЬшсЬ по longer has to рау the contribution to the colonist fund (kolonizacioni fond), which has increased the compensation for сЬшсЬ land Ьу 20%. Regarding the physical education of youth the Prime Minister emphasized that according to the law it is to Ье neutral and without any religious symbols. In his statement Dr. Lavoslav Hanzsek (Hanzek) argued with the Episcopate and defended Tyrsh and his ideology which, according to some Czech priests is not contrary to the religious principles. Dr. Hanszek made а 92
93
Idem,4. See the last chapter ofTHE BLOODY
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Magnum crimen XIV је
blagoslovio i sam Sveti Otac рара smatrajuCi ga kao besprikorno katolicko drustvo!94 Izgledalo, da је za obranu SKJ potrebna i ovakva argumentacija! Ovim је sa sluZbene strane Ыо obiljezen stav vlade prema episkopatskoj poslanici, popustljiv u skolskim stvarima, а odmjeren i odlucan u pitanju fizickog odgoja naroda. Poslije toga, jos se javljaju samo posljednji refleksi оуе borbe koji su ukazali da se i agresivni i militantni klerika1izam zacas stao povlaCiti iz prvih linija. Vidjelo se to naroCito u vezi sa sudenjem koje је izazvala tuZba SKJ pred Sreskim sudom I u Zagrebu. Zastupnik tuzitelja Ыо је dr. Oto GavranCic i оп је optuzio episkopat zbog kleveta u samoj poslanici. Kako episkopat nije mogao da nastupi dokaz istine, zaklonio se za propise 120. kanona crkvenog zakonika da tuzitelji ne mogu иорсе podizati nikakve tuZbe protiv episkopata bez prethodnog dopustenja Svete Stolice, niti u krivicnoj а niti u civilnoj stvari. 15. mаја 1933. raspravljao је Sreski sud I u Zagrebu о prigovoru episkopatskog zastupnika о nenadleznosti toga suda i nasao је da taj kanon Crkvenog zakonika nije u skladu niti sa glavom ХХVПI kriviCnog zakona, а niti sa krivicnim postupnikom, koji nemaju takve ustanove. Stovise, oni је iskljucuju. Okrivljeni su se biskupi pozvali i па takozvani priviligium fori starog austrijsko-vatikanskog konkordata, ро kojem se krivicne stvari protiv biskupa izuzimaju iz nadleznosti gradanskih sudova, а biskupima sudi Sveta Stolica u zajednici sa vladarom. Тime su se biskupi pozvali па k9}!!'pet~nciju crkvenog suda i u krivicnim stvarima. Medutim sud је nasao da је taj privilegij pripadao ро tom konkordatu Svetoj Stolici i tadanjem austrijskom caru i kralju ugarskom, ali taj privilegij nije nikakvim drzavnim zakonom niti medunarodnim ugovorom izmedu Svete Stolice i kraljevine Jugoslavije priznat kralju Jugoslavije, posto izmedu njih ne postoji nikakav konkordat. А sto se tice samog austrijskog konkordata, isti је ukinut jos 1870., kad ga је austrougarska monarhija otkazala. Osim toga, taj konkordat u ovim ustanovama dokinut је i ustanovom § 3., odj. 1 Kriv. zakona koji kaze: "Na svakoga ko uCini u kraljevini Jugoslaviji krivicno djelo primjenit се se ovakav zakon" t. ј. krivicni zakon, razumljivo је da okrivljeni nemaju eksteritorijalni polozaj, уес ga imadu samo ona lica, koja taj zakon naroCito spominju. Specijalno је pak taj konkordat dokinut u onim ustanovama па koje se okrivljeni pozivaju u svom prigovoru nenadleznosti sa ustanovama glave ХVПI Kriv. zakona koje govore о krivicnim djelima drzavnih sluZbenika i vjerskih predstavnika. Уес ovim faktom da su se biskupi zaklonili za taj nekadasnji austrijski privilegij, strahujuCi da izadu pred sud па kome su morali poloziti dokaze za 94
Sokolstvo u budzetskoj debati Narodne skupstine kraljevine Jugoslavije. Ljubljana 1933.,7-31.
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detailed analysis of the Epistle, particularly the views of Bishop Srebrnitch, and concluded that the Epistle was а failure. At the end Dr. Hanszek emphasized the importance of the Sokols of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia and ех pressed his thanks to the Polish Sokols for their solidarity with the Yugoslav Sokols against the Epistle. 1he Minister recalled that опсе the Holy Father himself blessed the Polish Sokols regarding them as а Catholic sports society without reproach!94 Iп defense of the Sokols, evidently it was necessary to [есаll аll these details! 1his was the official attitude towards the Epistle. Some concessions have Ьееп made in allowing confessional schools to continue their work, but there was по concession with regard to physical education оп the national level. 1he last echoes of this conflict indicated that even the most aggressive, militant clericalism was оп the dеfепsivе. It Ьесаmе particularly evident with regard to the charge the Sokols brought against the Episcopate filed with the First District Court in Zagreb. Dr. Gavranchitch, the attorney for the Sokols accused the Episcopate for insult in the Epistle. Since the Episcopate had по proofs for its statement in the Epistle it referred itself to the Church Сапоп по. 120 according to which it is not possible to filе а charge, civil or criminal, against the Episcopate without previous approval of the Holy See. 1he court hearing took place оп the 15-th of Мау, 1933 before the First District Court in Zagreb. 1he objection of the defense attorney was rejected and the Court established that Сапоп по.120 was not in line with Chapter XXVIII of Ље Yugoslav Criminal Law and it (the Court) has to comply only with its own Rules ofProcedure. 1he bishops then referred themselves to PRIVILIGIUM FORI provided for Ьу the old Concordat between Austria and the Vatican, according to which the Bishops сап Ье only charged before the Holy See and the Monarch, and not before regular civil courts. But this was not ап international agreement, nor ап agreement with the Кingdom OfYugoslavia. Moreover it was abrogated in 1870 Ьу the Austria -Hungarian Monarchy. 1his outdated Concordat is not in line with paragraph 3. 1 of the Criminal Law which says that "this Law applies to аН who commit а criminal violation in Yugoslavia", which means that the indicted do not епјоу the ex-territorial status. 1he ex-territorial status епјоу only those expresis verbis mentioned in Ље Law. Chapter XVIII of the Criminal Law applies to аll state employees and representatives of the church. Afraid to appear before court, due to lack of evidence, the bishops decided to take advantage of the previous Austrian privilege, which left а bad 94
"ТНЕ
SOKOLS AND ТНЕ ОЕВАТЕ ON ТНЕ BUDGEТ IN ТНЕ ASSEMBLY OF ТНЕ КINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA" (Sokolstvo u budzetskoj debati Narodne skupstine Kraljevine Jugoslavije), Ljubljana, 1933., рр. 7-31.
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Originalni rukopis izostavljenog poglavija V. Novaka V. Novak's original manuscript оЈ the omitted chapter 163
Viktor Novak
impression оп the Yugoslav public opinion. It was also а hard blow оп the Yugoslav Episcopate. Again, under the pressure of the Кing to withdraw the charge for gross insult the Sokol decided to comply. Оп the 15-th of Мау Dr Goranchitch оп behalf of the Sokol declared that the incriminated did not withdraw their insults, nor offered апу satisfaction customary in similar situations: "We note that they have not even tried to produce evidence Ье fore this Court for their insults in the Epistle, which proves that the insults are groundless. For us it means moral satisfaction because the indicted would have Ьееп condemned. But owing to their high position јп church hierarchy and society and in view of the above conclusion we withdraw ош charge. "95 1Ъе Sokols negatively reacted to both interventions of the Кing in favor of the Episcopate and were u;lhappy about the course of action јп this regard. In their view the Episcopate did not deserve such permissiveness. At the moment when the conf1ict seemed to Ье over а пеw sting сате from abroad and unmasked the true епету of the Sokols and who was Ье hind the Croatian and Slovenian Episcopate in Yugoslavia. Namely, at the meeting of the League of Nations the Italian delegates raised the issue of the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia and јп the discussion vehemently accused only Yugoslavia of being а hotbed of imperialism and as such а threat to its neighbors. Fearing the strength of the Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia the Italian delegates requested the Sokols to Ье considered as part of active army. Thus, the official Italian delegates revealed that their views оп the Sokols are identical with those presented јп their press, the press which was the first to publish the anti-Sokol Epistle and оп that ground accuse the Sokol Аlliапсе of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia of being а threat to реасе of Yugoslav neighbors, Italy јп particular. PICCOLO DELLA SERA, (Тrieste) raised the same issue discussing the confessional and ethnical circumstances јп Yugoslavia in the spirit and tone of the Yugoslav clerical enemies of the Sokols. These articles actually preceded the discussion јп Geneva. Obviously, а continuous anti-Sokol campaign of the enemies of the Sokol ideology јп Yugoslavia was closely connected with the campaign against the state of Yugoslavia. This attack was particularly vehement because it сате from the official state representatives from the rostrum of the League of Nations, ап international institution of the highest level. 95
"NOVOSТI", Мау
164
16, 1933.
Magnum crimen XIV
svaku inkriminiranu tvrdnju, os1abio је njihov mora1ni stav pred svom jugos1avenskom javnoscu. То је Ыо veoma tezak udar za jugos1avenski episkopat. 1 opet pod uticajem krune, SKJ od1uCio se da povuce tuZbu i da пе insistira па izvodenje pred sud okriv1jenih biskupa zbog teske optuZbe: klevete. 15. таја izjavio је pred sudom zastupnik tuzite1ja dr. GavranciC, da optuzeni nisu opozva1i svoje k1evete, niti su da1i опи zadov01jstinu koja se оЫспо smiје ocekivati i koja se daje u takvim s1ucajevima. "Konstatiramo da nisu ni pokusali dokazati svoje objede, koje su iznijeli u biskupskoj pos1anici proti пата, Бте је pred ovim sudom utvrdeno da njihove objede objektivno nisu istinite. Na osnovu ovih konstatacija smatramo da smo dobi1i mora1nu nezadov01jstinu, jer Ы tuzeni morali biti osudeni. No s obzirom па visoki p010zaj optuzeпЉ u crkvi i drustvu i s obzirom па njihovu gornju izjavu пе trazimo da oni budu kaznjeni i pov1aCimo svoju tuZbu. "95 ОЬа ova postupka kra1ja A1eksandra, kad је intervenirao u korist episkopata u Skupstini i pred sudom, Ы1а su u sok01skim redovima prim1jena negodovanjem i za1jenjem, u uvjerenju da episkopat nije zas1uzio ovoliku obazrivost poslije svih svojih postupaka. U trenutku, kad је izg1eda10 da се se Citava stvar stisati, jos је jednom опа buknu1a kad је dato toj borbi protiv jugos1avenskog sok01a osvet1jenje koje је dos10 izvana i koje је pokaza10 ko је pravi neprijate1j sok01ske ideje, па protivnika, s kojim se i ispred koga se nasao hrvatsko-s10venski episkopat. Naime о SKJ poveli su rijec па sjednici Drustva naroda talijanski de1egati па konferenciji za razoruzanje. Oni su poveli jednu veoma ostru i unaprijed sracunatu kampanju protiv SKJ, obi1jezavajuCi time samu Jugos1aviju kao zariste imperijalistickih teznji, opasnost za mir sa susjedima. Ta1ijanski de1egati u strahu od jugos1avenske vojske zahtijeva1i su da se SKJ шасипа u ор се efektive vojske. Tako su ta1ijanski s1uZbeni faktori pokazali da imaju о SKJ jednako neprijate1jsko mis1jenje kao i njihova stampa. Опа ista koja је prva objavila postojanja antisok01ske pos1anice i iskoristila ји је prikazujuci SKJ kao ustanovu opasnu za mir jugos1avenskih susjeda, naroCito Ita1ije. Isti је problem ponovo potegnuo u diskusiju trscanski "Рјсс010 della Sera", govoreCi о konfesiona1nim i etnickim prilikama u Jugos1aviji, u duhu i tonu jugos1avenskih k1erika1nih protivnika SKJ. А upravo ovo pisanje predhodi10 је ataku u Zenevi. Dakle, sta1no jedna smis1jena i upad1jiva povezanost i podudarnost akcija neprijate1jskih jugos1avenskoj ide010giji sok01a, u stvari neprijate1jski samoj Jugos1aviji. Ovaj napad Ыо је izuzetno tezak. Jer оп је 95
"Novosti" 16.
v.
1933.
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"From а lofty rostrum the official representatives of опе country were impudent enough to present before ап outstanding international forum а totally biased and groundless view. But, in spite ofbeing groundless, in view of the place from which the attack оп the Yugoslav Sokols was launched and the style of its wording this accusation produces ап еуеп more serious effect." These are the words of Dr. Milan Dragitch who further оп spoke about the seven decades long history of the Sokols in Slavic countries and emphasized that the basic features of their ideology and the main ideals of their founderTyrsh are humanism and democracy. Nationalism of the Sokols is not based оп hatred. 1t is based оп love and has nothing to do with chauvinism. And аЬоуе аll, the attack оп this organization сате from the delegates of fascist Italy whose Duce sent the following message to Italian youth: "Love уош guns, adore machine guns and always have in mind the dagger ... Learn to hate!" Carlo Sforza, leader of Italian fascist youth, has the following advise: "It is теап not to hate the епету. Fascism must vehemently hate its enemies and openly express this hatred. Hatred for the enemies of fascism is the noblest form of its defense. Fascism is а purely religious idea. Fascism wants to draw its inspiration from those moments in history when both the cross and dagger, poison and torture were used and burning at the stake and expulsion practiced. Fascism should adhere to this school of thought -the school of overwhelming hatred. 1t is primarily the young generation that should Ье raised in that spirit if the young are to Ьесоте ап army- the fascist army." 1n his message to the girls Turatti said: "Уои will Ье good mothers only if aware that уош children are primarily Ьоrn to serve the country and fight its wars. ТЬе loftiest ideal of fascism is to see girls competing in target shooting." ТЬе insurmountable gap between the ideology of the Sokols and the ideology of fascism was further increased Ьу Mussolini's following message: "War implies а paramount effort of overall human energy and ennobles the people brave enough to engage in it. "96 Italy was, actually оп the verge of war against Abyssinia (Ethiopia) with the support of the Catholic church in 1taly. This was the reason for attacking the neighbor who did not approve imperialism and was ready to militarily oppose it. ТЬе Catholic church did not pronounce ап anathema оп this new fascist religion based оп hatred, threatening with burning at the stake, expulsion, torture, poison and the holy dagger as it did in case of the Sokols. 96
Milorad Dragitch:"IТALIAN DELEGATES IN GENEVA AND ТНЕ YUGOSLAV SOKOLS (Milorad Dragic, Talijanski delegati u Zenevi i jugoslavensko sokolstvo).
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dolazio od sluZbenih predstavnika jedne drzave, а иапјеп је pred forumom najvise med:unarodne institucije Drustva naroda. "Pred delikatnim foruтот па nedelikatni паап sluZbeni predstavnici jedne zemlje iznijeli su је dnu tezu, Шепи svake objektivnosti i realnosti. Zbog mjesta i паапа, па koji је izvrsen, ovaj napad па sokolstvo izuzetno је tezak, pored svega toga sto ga prosti argumenti istine lisavaju svake vrijednosti". Dr. Milan Dragic, cije su ovo misli, ukazao је па sedam punih decenija rada slovenskog sokolstva sa njegovim humanistickim idealizmom i demokratizmom, vod:enog stalno duhom osnivaca Tyrsa. Sokolski nacionalizam nije baziran па mrznji, nego па ljubavi i пета niceg sovinistickog. 1 ovakvu su ustanovu napali delegati fasisticke Italije, Ciji је sef, uputio omladini ovakav savjet: "Ljubite pusku, obozavajte mitraljeze, а пе zaboravite ni sveti ubod ... Naucite mrziti!" Carlo Sforza, vod:a fasisticke omladine govoreCi omladini i poucavajuCi је rekao је i ovo: "Podlost је пе mrziti svoje protivnike. Fasizam mora bijesno da mrzi svoga protivnika, tu svoju mrznju mora vidljivo pokazati. Mrznja prema protivniciта fasizma to је najplemenitiji oblik obrane fasisticke ideje, koja је cisto religiozna ideja. Fasizam hoce da se ugleda па опај momenat historije, kada se prihvatio таса i krsta, kada se sluzio lomacom i progonstvom, тисепјет i otrovom. Fasizam treba da se ugleda па ovu skolu nesnosljivosti i mrznje. U prvom redu tim duhom treba da se inspirira mlada generacija, ako zeli da postane vojska - faSizma." Turatti је pak poruCio mladim djevojkama: "Vi cete biti dobre majke, koje се znati da se djeca rad:aju u prvome redu za domovinu i za rat. Takmicenje djevojaka u рисапји, to је najbolji simbol onog сЩа za kojim tezi faSizam." Ovu fasisticku ideologiju, toliko suprotnu sokolskoj dopunja i Mussolini kad kaze: "Rat dovodi do najveceg па ропа svih ljudskih energija i daje pecat plemenitosti onim narodima koji imaju hrabrosti da zagaze u rаt."9б Jer se Italija spremala za rat sa Abesinijom, za koji i u kome јој је рото gla u Italiji katolicka crkva, trebalo је napadati sve опе ustanove koje takvom imperijalizmu па granicama stoje u borbenom stavu. Та nova fasisticka religija koja se odusevljava mrznjom, lomacom, progonstvom, тисепјет, otrovom i svetim ubodom, nije bila anatemirana od talijanskog episkopata kao sto је to bilo jugoslavensko sokolstvo. U istom koru nalaze se Mussolini, Sforza, Turatti, "Corriere della Sera", "Piccolo della Sera", "La Vedetta d'ItaНа", "Lavoro Fascista" sa ostalim fasistickim listovima, talijanski delegati u 96
Milorad Dragic, Talijanski delegati u Zenevi i jugoslavensko sokolstvo.
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Viktor Novak
Mussolini, Sforza, Turatti, CORRIERE DELA SERA, P1CCOLO DELA SERA, LA VEDETA D'IТAL1A, LAVORO FASC1STA, and аН other fascist newspapers, the Italian delegates in Geneva, the Encyclical, Pius Х1, the Catholic Episcopate in Yugoslavia, its Epistle, the whole clerical mechanism and the militant soldiers of the Ecclesia Militantis in Croatia and Slovenia, they were аН singing the same song. This noisy maneuver in 1933 was а successful introduction to the later developments as of 1935 and in the period 1941-1945. During one decade only, as off 1933",fascism as а пеw religion" after an inconceivable impetus and ascent, collapsed into the deepest chasm of shame ending ир in Dante's "INFERNO." 1n 1933 the National Assembly and the Senate once again discussed the Sokol issue. Оп the 22-nd of November the Senate discussed the draft law оп compulsory physical education, in view of improving the оуегаН health status of the population. Don Frano 1vanishevitch was one of the proponents of that draft law. His speech was imbued with the same spirit in which together with Bishop Uccellini he defended the Sokols in РеЬгиагу of the same уеаг. Не also mentioned the anti -Sokol Epistle, the negative effects of which were prevented thanks to the awakened awareness and vigilance of Yugoslav citizens. 1t is interesting to note that in his speech don 1vanishevitch accused Bishop Srebrnitch ofbeing the main author of the Epistle and also explained the anti-Sokol views of Archbishop Sharitch. "ТЬе Austrian rule in Bosnia was based оп the religious factor ... ТЬе first and foremost aim of Austrian policy in Bosnia was to instigate the conflict among the 400.000 Catholics, 600.000 Muslims and 800.000 Orthodox Serbs. It was the policy based оп the "divide et impera" principle! People that have lived аН their lives under such circumstances аге biased, which is understandable.... 1 ат against the methods which the defunct a-national and to us hostile AustriaHungarian Monarchy used to implement ... Therefore, 1 think that the understanding of the notion of church and state and the notion of religion and fatherland should Ье brought into harmony... As [аг as the Catholic Church is concerned 1 ат уегу well ас quainted with its past and present situation. Togetherwith some of ту collegues present here 25 years ago 1 was МетЬег of the Parliament in Vienna. Therefore, оп the ground of ту personal knowledge and experience 1 can solemnly declare here and now that in the [огтег Austria-Hungarian Monarchy the Catholic Church did not enjoy nearly as much freedom and moral and material support as now in 168
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Zenevi, Enciklika Pie XI, jugoslavenski episkopat sa svojom poslanicom i sa Citavom klerikalnom armaturom i bojnim redovima hrvatske i slovenske Ecclesiae Militantis. Bio је to vanredno uspio bucni manevar 1933. kao priprema za dogadaje od 1935. i u Jugoslaviji od 1941. do 1945. Tako se u jednom decenijskom rasponu od 1933. ра dalje "поуа religija - fasizam" [а zmahala u svoj najsilovitiji uspon ali i najsramotniju kataklizmu, povukavsi za sobom u provalije Danteovog "Inferna" i - "поуи religiju - fasizam". Iste 1933. jos se jednom raspravljalo u Narodnoj skupstini kao i u Senatu ро оуот pitanju i problemima vezanima sa sokolskom ustanovom. 22. по vembra raspravljalo se u Senatu о zakonskom predlogu о obaveznom tjelesnom odgoju, koji Ы imao za cilj da putem fizickog odgoja poradi па poboljsanju opceg narodnog zdravlja. Medu predlagaCima toga zakonskog predloga Ыо је i senator don Frano IvaniseviC. Prvi govor kojim se је Ivanisevic u Senatu istakao dodirnuo је оуо pitanje u istom опот duhu kakvim је prozeo svoje misli kad је mjeseca februara zajedno sa biskupom Uccellinijem branio Sokol. Dakako оп se dodirnuo i antisokolske poslanice cije је zle tendencije odbila i ugusila probudena svijest Jugoslavena. Zanimljivo је da је u svom velikom govoru Ivanisevic oznaCio krckog biskupa SrebrniCa kao prvog inicijatora, kao sto је objasnio i neprijateljski stav nadbiskupa 5ariCa. "Austrijska vladavina u Bosni bazirala је па skroz konfesionalпот temelju ... Sva politika austrijska u Bosni sastojala se u tome kako се podupirati borbu izmedu 400.000 katolika, 600.000 musliтапа i 800.000 pravoslavnih Srba. То је опа poznata politika: "divide et impera"! Razumljivo је da ljudi koji su proveli vijek u takvim prilikama gledaju па stvari jednostrano ... Nikako пе odobravam da se metode koje su se primjenjivale u bivsoj anacionalnoj i пата пе prijateljskoj Austro-ugarskoj monarhiji ... Stoga је bilo potrebno da se stavi u harmoniju i ројат crkve i drzave, i ројат vjere i domoviпе ... 5to se tice katolicke crkve, meni su dobro poznate prilike i sad i od prije. Ја sam nazad 25 godina Ыо аап beckog parlamenta sa nekim mojim drugovima koji su ovdje prisutni. Ја уат mogu ovdje sy~cano izjaviti da katolicka crkva nije nikad u bivsoj Ausirougarskoj monarhiji uzivala te slobode ni toliko materijalne i moralne potpore kao sto danas uziva u Jugoslaviji. (Aplauz i zivo odobravanje). То је istina koja se пе da niCim pobiti."97 97
SteI10grafske biljeske SeI1ata kraljeviI1e Jugoslavije. 1933., I, У, 9-12.
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Yugoslavia, (А round of applause and approval). There is по argument that could refute that truth."97 In his speech don Frano Ivanishevitch was very ореп and resolute, in spite of the sentence "inflicted" оп him Ьу Bishop Dr. Bonefachitch, which he had to serve in February. ТЬе conflict did not wither away in 1933 but, spilled over to 1934. Оп Ье half of the Episcopate Archbishop Sharitch and Bishop Srebrnitch continued their attacks against the Sokols, to the delight of the fascist press. Since his former attacks оп the Sokols were not successful Archbishop Sharitch produced а пеw accusation "horribile dictu", according to which the Sokols are not only faithless and impious but also republicans. ТЬе whole press reacted accordingly. At the same time Bishop Srebrnitch attacked the Sokols in his Easter Epistle (1934). Thanks to preventive censorship in force the censor deleted тапу of these attacks. Only the Bishop and the Curia knew about the censorship, but nevertheless very soon LA VEDETTA D'IТALIA, а fascist paper in Rijeka published the news under the sensational title: LA PASQUA CATTOLICA PROIВIТA DA BELGRADO! LAPPELLO DEI VESCOVO DI VEGLIA АI FEDELI IMPEDIТO DELLA CENSURA JUGOSLAVA - LIВERTA DEMOCRAТICHE! (Catholic Easter prohibited Ьу Belgrade! Appeal of the Bishop of Krk to his believers prohibited Ьу the Yugoslav сеп sorship. Democratic freedom!). ТЬе source of the news was more than evident and thanks to whom it was announced in the fascist newspaper, including the passages deleted Ьу censorship, known only to the Bishop himself. 98 Commenting оп the attacks of Sharithch, Srebrnitch and the fascist newspaper [roт Rijeka SOKOLSКI GLASNIK emphasizes the coincidence in time and а соттоп ideological approach of these jointly orchestrated attacks. "Had we altered the school curriculum in the way the fascist Duce did in Italy before he bought from the Vatican for опе billion liras the Lateran Treaties, of crucial importance for his policy, the Italian press would for sure have announced that the Catholic church in Yugoslavia was counting its last days and that in the religious sense we were worse than the Bolsheviks. In our country аН are free to celebrate their Easter in the way they choose, whereas in fascist Italy they are aHowed to celebrate it only under the insignia of their lictors ... "99 97 98 99
Shorthand notes of the Senate of the Kingdom ofYugoslavia. 1933., I, V, S.Ch.:"THE HARANGUE CONTINUES" "NOVOSТI", Мау 13, 1934. Idem.
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Magnum crimen XIV Роп Frano IvaniseviC govorio је tako slobodno i odlucno, та da је тје seca februara imao da izdrzi kaznu kojom ga је nagradio za njegov stav пје gov biskup dr. BonefaCic. Refleksi ovih borbi nisu okoncani 1933. Oni se produzavaju i 1934. Od strane episkopata nadbiskup SariC i biskup Srebrnic dalje su produzili da napadaju Sokol па radost fasisticke stampe. Nadbiskup SariC, videCi da пе uspijeva naroCito protiv Sokola posluzio se novim sredstvom optuzivsi sokolstvo da nije samo bezvjersko nego i, horribile dictu, i - republikansko. Ova SariCeva izjava izazvala је svakovrsne komentare u cjelokupnoj stampi. U isto vrijeme biskup SrebrniC је svoju uskrsnju poslanicu (1934.) posvetio opet napadajima па sokolstvo. Kako је postojala preventivna cenzura, to је cenzor znatan dio tih napadaja izbacio. Ма da је ovaj posao cenzuriranja Ыо poznat samo biskupu i ljudima iz Kurije, о пјети је vrlo brzo progovorila rijecka fasisticka "La Vedetta d' ltalia" pod alarmantnim naslovom "La Pasqua Cattolica proibita da Belgrado!" - ,,:L арре1l0 del Vescovo di Veglia ai fedeli impedito dalla censura Jugoslava". - Liberta democratiche". ("Katolicki uskrs zabranjuje Beograd! - Apel krckog biskupa vjernicima zabranjen od jugoslavenske cenzure. - Demokratske slobode".). Naravno, bilo је sasvim jasno odakle је ta vijest potekla i ko ји је dostavio fasistickom listu. Stovise, fasisticki list donio је cenzurirane stavove koje је imao samo biSkup.98 "Sokolski glasnik" komentirajuCi SariCeve i Srebrniceve napadaje, kao i rijeckog fasistickog lista, ukazuje па podudarnosti, vremensku i idejnu, ovih zajednickih napadaja. "Da smo mi опо izbacivali propela iz skolskih programa, kako је to uCinio voda fasizma, dok nije kupio od Vatikana milijardama lira potrebni ти Lateranski sporazum, sigurno Ы talijanska stampa о tome pisala, kako је u Jugoslaviji katolicka crkva u izdisaju, i kako smo u religioznom pogledu gori od boljsevika. U nasoj zemlji slobodno svetkuje svatko svoj Uskrs kako hoce, а u fasistickoj ltaliji samo u znaku liktorskih znakova ... "99
Sa оЬа napadaja, nadbiskupa Sarica i biskupa Srebrnica zabavio se SKJ svojoj godisnjoj skupstini krajem aprila 1934. Zamjenik starjesine Gangl veoma је odlucno i ostro odgovorio Saricu kao i Srebrnicu. "Sarajevski vladika ponovno proglasava nase bezvjerstvo kod kuce, а poslanica vladike па Krku otprhnula је preko nase granice i kao crna ptica grabljivica ugnijezdila se u talijanskom novinstvu da па
98 99
s. С., Haranga пе prestaje. "Novosti" 13. IY
1934.
s. С., Haranga пе prestaje. "Novosti" 13. IY 1934.
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At the Annual Assembly of the Sokols of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia, held in April 1934, Gangl, Deputy leader (zamenik staresine) sharplyand openly answered to Sharitch and Srebrnitch: "ТЬе Bishop of Sarayevo accuses us here in Yugoslavia of being faithless and impious and the Episle ofthe Bishop ofKrk, like а black bird of prey, has flown across the border to build its nest in Italian press and thus, from а safe and comfortable surrounding, conduct its shameful campaign against the Sokols and everything that is Yugoslav! ТЬе master brain of this scenario, whoever he might Ье, has committed а despicable act which we condemn and reject with disgust. ТЬе idea of republicanism which Bishop Sharitch is trying to artificially transplant from Tyrsh to the Yugoslav Sokol is utter arrogance which we also condemn and reject with disgust! ТЬе Right Reverend does not even try to provide proofs for his statement addressing it to the top level, which makes the deceit even more теап, because there is по proof that the Sokols are impious, from the top to the grass root level. This is the moral of the Jesuits who behave ас cording to the principle that the end justifies the means. "100 While Sharitch and Srebrnitch continued to unscrupulously attack the Sokols опе of the signatories of the Epistle apparently turned away from his colleges. It happened at the Sokol Rally in Petrovaradin, оп September 9, 1934. Bishop Akshamovitch did not have а firm stand with regard to the Sokols. Sometimes it was positive and sometimes negative, depending оп circumstances. But, оп this occasion he was to speak before the Кing and the Ministers, which means that his words were conceived so as to produce ап appropriate effect. However, оп this occasion the Janus-faced bishop- chameleon did not behave as а convert who decided to repent for having signed the anti-Sokol Epistle. His speech proves it. After having paid tribute to "our dear heir to the throne and Leader of the Sokols, Crown Prince Peter" the Bishop emphasized that it is heroism, а God-given, inborn quality of our people, that inspires the young to join the Sokol movement, which makes the SOKOLS ОР ТНЕ KINGDOM OG YUGOSLAVIA а strong organization ... Dear Sokols, boys and girls! Today solemnly entering this home, which, unfortunately is not yet completed, your sacred pledge for life should Ье to protect, foster and to highest level of 100 "ТНЕ
1934.
172
SOKOLS REACT
ТО
ATTACKS" (Sokolstvo odgovara napadacima), "NOVOSTI",
Мау
1,
Magnum crimen XIV ы јој
lakse i uspjesnije bila omogucena sramotna rabota protiv nas sokola, i protiv svega sto је nase! Tko је to uCinio, izvrsio је dvostruko podlo djelo, koje osudujemo i odbijamo svom odlucnoscu i koje mozemo da kvitiramo samo najdubljim prezirom. Podmetanje republikanstva, koje biskup dr. Saric о Tyrsevoj sokolskoj ideji prenosi па nas jugoslavenske sokole, drskost је prvoga reda, koju - kako је prije receno - odbijamo i osudujemo svom odlucnoscu! То podvaljivanjе је utoliko drskije i zlobnije, jer ga taj crkveni dostojanstvenik i ne pokusava da dokaze, i jer ga namjerice i hotimice upravlja gore, kao sto је prebaceno ali ne i dokazano, - jer se dokazati ne moze sokolsko bezvjerstvo bilo upravljeno dolje, па najsire slojeve, jer Ы nas taj crkveni dostojanstvenik htio da onemoguCi па sve strane i sa svim silama, kojima se sluzi jezuitski moral, ravnajuCi se prema nacelu, da сЩ opravdava sredstvo."100 Medutim dok su SariC i SrebrniC i dalje bezobzirno ustrajali u svom nepomirljivom i neprijateljskom stavu dotle se jedan od potpisnika ро slanice okrenuo od svojih drugova. Bilo је to о sokolskim svecanostima u Petrovaradinu odrzanim 9. septembra 1934. Tada se па njima pojavio dakovacki biskup dr. Aksamovic, koji је dosad pokazao da ima oprecna gledista о sokolima i sokolstvu. 1 povoljno i nepovoljno. Vec prema tome kakva је situacija. Sada kada su bili u pitanju izvjesni sekvestri stav се biti zapazen i od kralja kao i resornih ministara. Medutim ovaj kameleonski i janusovski lik biskupa Aksamovica nije ovim govorom pokazao da је biskup konvertita i da se pokajao sto је prosle godine potpisao antisokolsku poslanicu. VelicajuCi kralja kao i vrhovnoga starjesinu SKJ "naseg prijestolonasljednika dragog kraljeviCa Petra" i "viteski duh koji је nasem narodu urodel1i dar od Boga privlaCi nasu mladost u sokolske redove, te Soko kraljevine Jugoslavije stoji danas kao jaka organizacija ... Sokoli i sokolice! Kad danas svecano ulazite u svoj dom, koji, istina, nije jos potpuno zavrsen, neka vam bude zavjet, svet i trajan: cuvati, njegovati i do heroizma usavrsavati duh drzavnog i narodnog jedinstva pod visokom egidom Nj. V kralja Aleksandra, а pod vodstvom Nj. Kr. Vis. prijestolonasljednika Petra ... Genij roda naseg nije promjenljiv, оп ne posrce, ne ide stranputicom, оп је od providnosti bozje, vodi sigurnim putem. U presudnom dobu svjetskog rata bratska ljubav је povezala, а svrsetkom rata ujedinila, Srbe, Hrvate i Slovence u jednu drzavu svima nama dragu Jugoslaviju ... 100
Sokolstvo odgovara параЈаСјта. "Novosti" 1. У. 1934.
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heroic valor promote the spirit of national and state unity with his Royal Highness at its head ... Ош national genius is steady and ип swerving and with God's blessing always foHowing its straight path. At the crucial moment in history, the First World War, brotherly love brought together аН Serbs and the end of that war brought together the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes united in опе state-our dear Yugoslavia ... In front of аН of them 1 see today the celestial picture of the great hero and Liberator, Кing Peter 1 together with the Bishop of Djakovo Strossmayer the great promoter of the idea of Yugoslavism ... We should learn from them. Their energy should Ье the source of ош strength and human qualities ... etc The rest of the speech was devoted to glorifying the Кing of Yugoslavia and the Sokols of the Кingdom. 101 In the afternoon the ceremony of blessing of the flags took place, after which the Bishop made а short speech. "Let ош Кing, as а precious gift to аН of us, Ье а lofty inspiration for further development of ош Sokols of the Кingdom ofYugoslavia. Dear Sokols, boys and girls, уои will Ье worthy of the importance vested in уои only if уои honor and promote the ideas of the Sokol Movement, faithfuHy and to the point of self-sacrifice. God bless ош Кing and the Royal Family, God bless the Leader of the Sokols of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia Crown Prince Peter and God bless ош beautiful and united Кingdom ofYugoslavia"102 The speech of Bishop Akshamovitch was а great surprise. Не was praised Ьу аН and from аН sides with great enthusiasm. For most who heard the speech it meant victory. Only а smaH number of the well informed did not trust the Bishop's words, who ten years later will glorify with the same enthusiasm Dr. Ante Pavelitch, leader of the Ustasha Independent State of Croatia during the Second World War and after the [аН of fascism address similar words of praise to Тito, Marshal of Yugoslavia. This meant keeping расе with time out of personal interest and in the interest of the Catholic Church! 103 His superior, Archbishop Dr Bauer, did not share his view. At the time of the Sokol event in Petrovaradin the Sokols ofKarlovatz (Karlovac) invited their priest to bless their Center (Ноте) in July 1934. The Bishop decided to 101
]02
]03
"ТНЕ SPEECH OF ВISHOP AKSHAMOVIТCH" (Govor Biskupa Aksamovica), "POLIТIKA", September 10,1934. "DЕDIСАТЮN OF ТНЕ SOKOL CENTER AND BLESSING OF ТНЕ FLAG IN PEТROVARA DIN" (Posvecenje Sokolskog doma i zastave и Petrovaradinu), "POLIТIKA", September 10,1934. See the last chapter of the book BLOODY НАRVЕSт.
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Ispred svih mi se danas kao neko posebno nebesko videnje javlja duh velikog oslobodioca kralja Petra ј heroja, u pratnji velikog ideologa jugoslavenske misli biskupa dakovackog Strossmayera ... Njihov rad neka bude nasa skola. Njihova energija neka bude nasa snaga i nasa vrlina ... Itd., itd. u velicanju kralja Jugoslavije i Sokola kraljevine Jugoslavije. "101 Poslije podne istoga dana bilo је па sletistu osvecenje zastave. Poslije Ыа goslova odrzao је biskup jedan kraCi govor. "Оуај dragocjeni dar, rekao је biskup Nj. V. Kralja, neka bude svijetlo znamenje za razvoj jugoslavenskog sokola. Sokoli i sokolice, zahvalite se dostojno paznji koja уат је ukazana а to cete uCiniti samo па taj naCin, ako budete sokolsku ideju cuvali vjerno i pozrtvovano. Neka Svevisnji Gospod blagoslovi i pozivi naseg kralja, nas kraljevski dom i starjesinu Sokola kraljevine Jugoslavije Prijestolonasljednika Petra, nasu divnu i nedjeljivu kraljevinu Jugoslaviju!102 Svijet је Ыо iznenaden nad ovim "obracanjem" biskupa Aksamovica. Sa svih strana osule su se па ovog dakovackog biskupa pohvale, priznanja, уе licanja i kliktaji pobjede. Samo mali broj upucenih nije povjerovao rijeCima ovog covjeka, koji се poslije deset godina jednakom emfazom glorificirati dr. Antu Pavelica, а poslije njegova sloma i marsala Jugoslavije Тita! Dakako, sve to radi licnih i klerikalnih interesa. 103 Medutim ovako nije sudio njegov sef па biskupskim konferencijama nadbiskupa dr. Bauera. Upravo tih dana kad su se spremale svecanosti u Petrovaradinu, karlovacki sokoli obratili su se svome zupniku za dozvolu da јт posveti njihov dom mjeseca jula 1934. Zupnik se obratio па nadbiskupa, а оуај је postavio dva uslova koja је trebalo usvojiti ра da izda dozvolu za posvetu. Nadbiskup је zatraZio da sokolsko drustvo u Karlovcu izda pismenu izjavu da stoji па krscanskom uzgojnom stanovistu i da iza katolickog dusobriznika а ni prije njega niko drugi ne obavlja blagoslov. 104 Оујт svojim stavom nadbiskup је otkrio jednu vrlo vaznu pozadinu сје lokupnoga pitanja. Rim nije mogao dopustiti da se pored katolickog svecenika па istoj svecanosti i pri istom crkvenom Cinu ројауј koji drugi predstavnik druge vjeroispovijesti. Sokoli su bili spremni da povoljno odgovore па prvi uslov, аН па drugi nisu mogli pristati jer је u drustvu bilo Clanova nekatolika 101 102
103 104
Govor biskupa Aksamovica. "Politika" 10. IX. 1934. Posvecenje Sokolskog doma i zastave u Petrovaradinu. "Politika" 10. IX. 1934. Vidi posljednje poglavlje: Krvava zetva. Interesantna prepiska izmeau Sokola, zupnika i nadbiskupa. "Politika" 1. IX. 1934.
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grant the permission under two conditions: that the Sokols submit а written statement of commitment to the principles of Christian education and that before the catholic priest по опе celebrated а mass of blessing. 104 ТЬе Bishop's attitude actually revealed а very important background of the whole issue. Rome could not accept the presence of а priest of different religion together with the catholic priest оп such occasions. ТЬе Sokols were ready to give а positive answer to the first question, but not to the second опе because аН their members were not Catholics, which required the presence of а priest of another religion as well. 1his is what the Sokols said in their answer to the Bishop: ,,1t is evident that уои did not want to meet our kind request because the conditions уои set to the Sokols are unacceptable. Ап attitude that does not deserve а comment. ТЬе believers only wanted the blessing of the Almighty for their work. 1hat was аН. And they were refused. ТЬе conditions уои set are very difficult and we could not take the responsibility for justified revolt of аН our members against us if we accepted to meet them. ТЬе conditions уои set directly hurt our human and national feelings and our feelings as Sokols. We expected your first condition and even before this request were ready to comply with it. 1n our letter we emphasize that we have never Ьееп against апу religion, or church, nor have we ever prevented апу of our members from fulfilling regular Christian duties. Our answer is, therefore, clear. Оп the other hand, your second condition is а great surprise and disappointment to us. Уои allow the blessing of а Catholic priest only, and по опе else, before or after him. Owing to the fact that а rather large percentage of our members are Orthodox their wish to get the blessing of their priest too is quite understandable. 1his is also the wish of аН our members because we are equal brothers-Sokols, regardless of our ethnic origin, or religion. Complying with your second condition would теап dissemination of religious intolerance. ТЬе Sokols will never accept that. We do not want discrimination among the brothers оп the confessional basis, nor shall we allow апу опе to hurt their religious feelings and beliefs ... We shall ореп our Sokol center without а blessing and it 104
LEТTERS 'ГНЕ SOKOLS EVCJANGED WIТH А PRIEST AND AN (Interesantna prepiska izmedju Sokola, zupnika i nadbiskupa), "POLIТIKA", September 1, 1934.
"INTERESTING ARCHВISHOP"
176
Magnum crimen XIV ра
se prema obicajima u takvim slucajevima zatrazio i svecenik опе vjeroispovijesti kojoj su pripadali clanovi pored svecenika veCine Clanova drustva. Sokoli su vrlo odlucno odgovorili svome nadbiskupu. "Svakome је jasno, Бт proCita taj Vas dopis, da Vam nije bilo stalo do toga, da пат izadete u susret osim pod uvjetima, koji su za Sokolstvo neprihvatljivi. Neobicna pojava, kojoj пе treba komentara. Ljudi, vjernici, traze blagoslov bozji nad svojim djelom, koji im se uskracuje. Uvjeti koje пат postavljate tako su teski, da apsolutno пе Ы mogli preuzeti па sebe odgovornost i shvatljivi odium cjelokupnog naseg Clanstva, kad Ы па пјЉ pristali. Oni su takve naravi, da se mi osjecamo direktno povrijedeni u nasim covjecjim, nacionalnim i sokolskim osjecajima. 5to se tice zahtjeva tac. 1. mi smo ga ocekivali i па njega smo vec od prije bili pripravni, ра ga usvajamo. Posto smo u svome dopisu naglasili da nismo nikada istupili protiv vjere i protiv crkve, а jos тапје smo sprijecavali nase Clanstvo u izvrsivanju svojih redovnih krscanskih duznosti, odgovor se sam ро sebi nadaje. Ali smo nemilo bili iznenadeni i razocarani tockom 2., u kojoj izriCito kazete, da iza katolickog dusobriznika а ni prije njega nitko drugi пе obavlja blagoslova nasega doma. Posto imade u nasem drustvu i nekatolika, а osobito znatan рro cenat pripadnika istocno-pravoslavne vjere, jasno је, da oni zele i traze da se bas zajednicki dom posveti i od svecenika njihovog obreda sto је uostalom i орса zelja cjelokupnog naseg Clanstva, jer smo svi bez razlike па pleme i vjeru ravnopravna sokolska braca. Kad Ы mi izvrsili taj zahtjev znaCilo Ы to da smo роШ putem vjerske пе snosljivosti. Nikada sokolstvo песе pristati па to, da se odijeli brat od brata i da se vrijeda njegovo vjersko osjecanje i uvjerenje ... Mi сето vasom krivnjom sami svecano otvoriti nas dom - песето ga posvetiti. Mislimo da се i bez posvete od svecenika bditi nad пата i nasim djelom providnost bozja, i Bog се biti s пата i u пата utoliko vise, ukoliko ga vise budemo nosili i osjecali u svojoj dusi i srcu. Zdravo!"105
Istina је nadbiskup Bauer nije rekao zasto i otkada potice ova zabrana blagosi1janja katolickim svecenicima izvjesnih objekata, ako ih blagosiljaju i svecenici druge vjeroispovijesti. Medutim pronasli smo da ta zabrana potice 105
Idem.
177
Viktor Novak
will Ье уош guilt. We ЬеНеуе that in spite of that God and his mercy will Ье with us if we cherish Him in ош hearts. Zdravo! (the Sokols' salute meaning Good health).105 Archbishop Bauer never explained the reasons behind the prohibition to Catholic priests to celebrate а mass of blessing together with а priest of а different confession, before or after him. Actually, this decision was taken Ьу the Supreme Congregation of the Saint Officio in Rome, оп December 14, 1932, exactly at the time of the anti- Epistle. It was the answer to the question of the Episcopate as to how the Catholic priests should behave in such cases. Actually, KATOLICKI LIST published these question, but in Latin and not in Croatian language so as to attract less attention. ТЬе questions of the Bishops in the Кingdom of Yugoslavia are the [оl10wing: ,,1. Is а Catholic priest allowed to celebrate а mass of blessing together with а поп Catholic priest? 2. Is а Catholic priest allowed to celebrate а mass ofblessing after the object has been previously blessed Ьу а non-Catholic priest?" Decretum S.R. Congregationis S. Officii ad dubia proposita аЬ Episcopis regni Jugoslaviae de communicatione in sacris 106 is а short but а veryvaluable document because it refutes the anti-Sokol Epistle more convincingly than any other critical analysis or comment and reveals that the anti-Sokol Epistle was conceived Ьу the Vatican and [иНу supported Ьу the Italian fascist press. Later developments connected with Croatian and Slovenian clericalism till the [аН of Yugoslavia will provide а пеw body of evidence оп the hostile policy of the clericals, most of the members of the Episcopate and а considerаЫе number of Catholic priest against Yugoslavia.
105
Idem.
106
"КATOLICКI LIST", 1933, по. 7, р.69.
178
Magnum crimen XIV
pravo iz Vrhovne Kongregacije Svetoga Oficija u Rimu, koju је donio 14. ХII 1932., dakle taman poslije spremljene episkopatske antisokolske poslanice. Mozemo mirno reCi da upravo u оуоте grmu zec lezi i da оуа zabrana, koja је zapravo imala najvise da pogodi sokole, dosla је u vezi sa pitanjem jugoslavenskog episkopata kako da u takvim slucajevima katolicko svecenstvo postupa. Оуа su pitanja bila slijedeca, kako ih "Katolicki list" objavljuje, ne па hrvatskom, nego u originalu па latinskom jeziku, da ne Ы dnevnoj stampi zapelo za oko. Та pitanja biskupa kraljevine Jugoslavije glase: ,,1. Smije li katolicki svecenik podijeliti crkveni blagoslov jednoj te istoj stvari zajedno sa nekatolickim svecenikom? 2. Smije li katolicki svecenik crkveni blagoslov podijeliti predmetu koji је уес blagoslovljen od nekatolickog svecenika, ako katolicki svecenik taj blagoslov ne obavlja istim Cinom i zajedno sa nekatolickim svecenikom?" Dakako, Vrhovna Kongregacija Svetog Oficija u Rimu odgovorila је па оЬа pitanja negativno. Vise nego та koja izjava koja је kriticki analizirala i pobijala antisokolsku poslanicu i vise nego та koja postavljena hipoteza о podudarnostima vatikansko-episkopatske antisokolske akcije, iza koje је bila puna i radosna suglasnost fasisticke stampe, govori uvjerljivo kratki аН neobicno sadrzajni: Decretum S. R. Congregationis S. Officii ad dubia proposita аЬ Episcopis regni Jugoslaviae de communicatione in sacris! 106 Daljne ројауе u razvoju hrvatskog i slovenskog klerika1izma do sloma Jugoslavije dati се nove dokumentacije о neprijateljskom odnosu klerikalizma i najveceg dijela episkopata i znatnog dijela svecenstva prema Jugoslaviji.
106
"Katolicki list" 1933., Ьт. 7, 69.
179
XV. Ј.ШЕЏ.L'с.;
ЛСЦЈSАТIONIS
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DOn FRANO IV ANISEVIC Na uspornenu proslave 70 godisnjice (1sез - 1933) U Splitu, 1 ~anuara 19ЗЭ
Don Frano Ivanisevic sa pOSl'etom prof Viktoru Novaku Don Ртnо Ivanishevitch with his dedication to Prof Viktor Novak
XV
LIBELLUS ACCUSATIONS
(Promemoria оп the attitude of the Yugoslav Catholic Episcopate don Frano Ivanishevitch submitted to Archbishop Stepinec in October 1934, and оп November 1, 1934 to аН Catholic Bishops in Yugoslavia). Split, November 19, 1934. Dr. VIKTOR NOVAK, university professor, Belgrade 1 have been informed that you coHect documents for you future book оп the history of the development of our young state. Knowing you as а responsible writer and sincere patriot 1 would like to entrust you with а PROMEMORIA 1 have recently presented to the young Archbishop Coadjutor, Dr. Stepinec, in Zagreb, and its сору to аН Catholic Bishops in Yugoslavia and the Nuncio in Belgrade. Since, for the time being, it is а private and confidential document 1 kindly ask you not write or speak about it in public without ту previous approval. Only after ту death 1 authorize you to freely use this document if you find it useful for writing about the role of the Catholic Church in the development of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. Also, in your book please emphasize that the patriotic Catholic priestsCroats advised the Episcopate to reach an agreement with the state and work jointly in its interest. Тhe promemoria was written in October of this year. At the suggestion of Bishop Uccellini, who had approved its content, this promemoria was signed оп the l-st ofNovember ofthis year and а сору sent out to аН bishops, together with а letter, а сору of which 1 also enclose to you, for you private needs only. With deep respect and friendly feelings, 1 remain Sincerely yours, Frano Ivanishevitch, Senator 107 107
Dr. Frano Ivanishevitch is по longer among the living. But, јп 1937 ће gave the permission to use his Promemoria during the conflict over the Concordat. 1 ат very grateful to ћјт and 1 ат using this document for the sake of truth, the whole truth and nothing but truth, particularly јп the light
182
XV LIBELLUS ACCUSATIONS
(Promemorija don Frana Ivanisevica о stavu jugoslavenskog Episkopata prema drzavi, predana nadbiskupu Stepincu oktobra 1934., а 1. поует bra 1934. svim biskupima u Jugoslaviji). Split, 19. ХI 1934. Gospodin dr. Viktor Novak, sveucilisni profesor, Beograd Doznao sam da Vi sakupljate gradivo iz kojega cete u svoje vrinapisati historiju о razvitku nase mlade drzave Jugoslavije. PoznavajuCi Vas kao savjesna spisatelja i cestita rodoljuba hocu da Vam povjerim jednu moju "Spomenicu" koju sam nedavno upravio mladom nadbiskupu Koadjutoru dr. Stepincu u Zagrebu, а koju sam u prepisu dostavio svim katolickim biskupima u Jugoslaviji kao sto i papskom nunciju u Beogradu. Posto је опа za sada privatne konfidencialne naravi molim Vas, da bez тоје izriCite dozvole пе biste о пјој u javnosti nista pisali niti u drustvu govorili, а tek iza тоје smrti, bude li Vam potreba, ovim Vas ovlascujem da se slobodno posluzite kada budete pisali о ulozi katolicke crkve u razvitku kraljevine Jugoslavije, te napomenite da је iz krugova rodoljubnih svecenika Hrvata Ыо upozoren episkopat па sporazumni rad sa interesima drzave. Spomenica је napisana 1. oktobra оуе godine. Ро naputku biskuра Uccellinia, koji је potpuno odobrio sadrzaj i cilj оуе spomenice, potpisana је 1. novembra оуе godine poslao u prepisu svim biskupima uz propratni list koji Vam prilazem, dakako samo za privatnu porabu. Sa dubokim stovanjem i prijateljskim osjecajem biljezi se odani
јете
Frano Ivanisevic, senator107 107
Don Frano Ivanisevic, danas vec пјје medu iivima. Аlј 1937. оп тј је dopustio da se koristim ovom njegovom promemorijom u vrijeme konkordatske borbe. Ја to (јпјт s izrazima najvece zahvalnosti, u interesu рипе паиспе istine pogotovo jer u пјој пета nicega novog sto оп vec ranije пјје i javno iznosio i zastupao.
183
Viktor Novak
Don Frano Ivanishevitch was an old fighter for the national cause and Glagolitic missal, one of the last from the generation of supporters of Strossmayer and his ideals. In Yugoslavia, being а national priest devoted to its people, his whole behavior was an example of how а priest should serve the interests of the state, without violating а single principle of his church, or faith. Defending this stand he was ready to соре with great difficulties and suffer injustice and condemnation of the high clergy. Nevertheless, he continued his work in the same way he decided to follow already in 1919 and 1920, when he took initiative to organize а Meeting of the clergy of Split and was the proponent of the now famous Resolution presented to the then Nuncio in Belgrade. Don Frano Ivanishevitch, Vjekoslav Spinchtch and the old Bishop of Kotor Frano Uccellini- Тitze were аН three of the opinion that the Catholic Episcopate in Yugoslavia in fact misunderstood its role with regard to the state Ьу assuming the attitude which only serves the interests of the enemies of Yugoslavia. We shall deal with don Frano Ivanishevitch in the following chapters too. Here we only want to present in extenso his Promemoria оп the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia he presented to the young Archbishop Coadjutor оп October 1,1934 and November 1 ofthe same year а сору of the Promemoria to each Catholic Bishop in Yugoslavia, personally. Тће Promemoria stems from the heart and mind of an exemplary patriot and is very important with regard to the time when it was written, the individuals to whom the Promemoria was addressed and the background which explains the attitude of the Yugoslav Episcopate towards the state. Тће following text is а complete and unabridged original version. 108 ТО ТНЕ
MOST REVEREND DR. ALOJZ STEPINEC, ARCHВISHOP-COADJUTOR of ZAGREB ТЬе
Most Reverend! Тће undersigned with great pleasure, the best hopes and due submissiveness congratulates уои оп your ар pointment as Coadjutor to the very meritorious spiritual shepherd of the Archbishopric of Zagreb, Dr. Bauer whose virtues of the mind and heart the undersigned has been witnessing and deeply respecting for more than 40 years. Тће undersigned is, therefore, fully convinced that уои, as his choice, will follow in his wake to the pride and benefit of the Catholic Church and the Fatherland.
108
of the fact that the document does not reveal anything new јп the views of Dr. Ivanishevitch with regard to his previous attitude оп this issue. Опlу the parts of the text ref1ecting the previous well known views of Dr. Ivanishevitch have Ьееп omitted.
184
Magnum crimen XV FRANO IVANISEVIC !!II!!!NATOR
(}oBpodin Dr Viktor N о у syeucili~ni profesor.
а
k
fI&i~ .. Ф4 Doznao sаш da У! Bak1ipljate gradiyo iz kojega cete u вуоје yrijeme napisati hi8toriju
о
razyitku
na~e
~aye JцgoB1avije.
mlade
Poznajuci Уав kao BaYjestnQ spiBate1ja i ~eBtita rodoljuba bocu da Vаш
povjerim jetnu moju "spomeniou" koju
ваш nеааудо
upravio mladoa
nadbiskupu koadjutoru Dr.Stepincu u z~r.bu,a жо~ sащ u prepis8 еуiщ
dostavio Nunoiju u
Be~radu. Po~to је ода
ravi,molim ni~ta
V~,da
bez
тоје
za sada priyatne konfidenoijalne о nјој U
izricite dozyo1e,ne biste
Аа
jaynosti
pisali niti u druйtуu goyorili.a tek iza тоје smrti,bude 1! Уат
potreba,oYim 8&1i
.atolickim biBkupima u Jugos1aYiji kao ito i papias&om
о
ulozi
pomenite da episkopat
па
У&8 uoЫайсuјеm kato1i~ke
је
ве в1оЬоdoо pos1u~ite
orkye u razyitku kraljevine
kada budete pi-
Jцgos1syije
iz krugoya rodoljubnih syecenika Hrvata
sporazumni rad
8pomenioa smrti Kralja
da
ва
nа
upoloren
interesima dr!aye.
је napisaдa да
A1eksaдdra
Ыо
te
1 oktobra o.g.,dak1e prije
u Marsei11u 9 okt.o.g.
РО
tгщgi~nе
naputku biskupa
Ucoe11inia,koji је potpuno odobrio sadr!aj i oi1j оуе spomenice,potpisani је па 1 novembra o.g. рое1ао u prepisu зУiш biskupima uz popratni 1ist koji Уащ pri1a!em,dakako вато za priyatnu porabu.
sa ве odaдi
dubokim
йtоуаnјет
i prijate1jskim ј
овјесајет Ы1је!!
,--',
у
(!//ML~ J~~~~ ,~,ц_J rL-
Propratno pismo don F. IvaniSevica kojim је svoju promemoriju dostavio V. Novaku Don Ivanishevitch' [etter to V. Novak attached to his Promemoria 185
Viktor N ovak
Originalni rukopis izostavijenog poglavija V. Novaka Original тanuscript оЈ the oтitted chapter 186
Magnum crimen ХУ
Don Frano Ivanisevic, stari nacionalni borac i glagoljas, kao predstavnik jos preostale generacije Strossmayerovih pristalica i njegovih ideala, u Jugoslaviji је u Citavom nizu svojih postupaka pokazao kako narodni svecenik treba da sluzi interesima drzave, а da se пе ogrijesi о опе svoje crkve i vjere. Za ta i takva uvjerenja оп је Ыо spreman da strada i da dozivi neprijatnosti i osude od svojih visih crkvenih poglavara. Unatoc tome, njega nije smetalo da produzi i da radi dalje u istom smjeru kao sto је оп to pokazao vec god. 1919. i 1920., је kao inicijator splitskog sastanka svecenstva Ыо predlagac spomenute, vec znamenite rezolucije ирисепе tadasnjem nunciju u Beogradu. Don Frano Ivanisevic vidio је i osjecao jednako kao i narodni borac Vjekoslav SpinCic, ili stari biskup u Kotoru Frano Uccellini -Тice, da је katolicki episkopat sasvim pogrijesno shvatio svoju ulogu u drzavi i da sa svojim stavom koristi njenim protivnicima. Sa don Franom Ivanisevicem jos сето se sresti tokom s1ijedecih poglavlja. Ovdje donosimo u cijelosti пје govu promemoriju о katolickoj crkvi u Jugoslaviji, koju је uputio mladom nadbiskupu koadjutoru dr. Alojziju Stepincu 1. oktobra 1934., а 1. novembra iste godine pojedinacno svim biskupima Jugoslavije. Spomenica koja potjece iz duse i pameti uzornog rodoljuba i svecenika od velike је vaznosti i za vriјете u koje је nastala, za lica kojima је ирисепа kao i za svu pozadinu stava jugoslavenskog episkopata prema drzavi. Stoga је donosimo u cjelini. 108 "Preuzvisenom gospodinu dr. Alojziju Stepincu, Nadbiskupu Koadjutoru - Zagreb. Preuzviseni! Sa velikim zadovoljstvom i najljepsom nadom ро zdravio је pokorno potpisani Vase imenovanje za koadjutora vrlo zasluznom duhovnom pastiru zagrebacke nadbiskupije dr. Anti Baueru, аје vrline ита i srca kroz dugu periodu od 40 godina poblize poznaje i duboko postuje, pak је potpuno uvjeren, da cete i Vi kao njegov odabranik па toj stolici slijediti njegove stope па cast i uhar crkve i domovine. Potpisani, koji Vam ove retke upravlja, jest svecnik starije dobe. Roden је 1863., reden za svecenika 1886., obavio је razne sluZbe u splitskom sjemenistu kao prefekt, duhovnik i ekonom; Ыо је па gimnaziji i realci u Splitu kao privremeni profesor, а u Vranjicu Solunu, ра u Jasenicama, rodnom mjestu kao zupnik za vise godina. Bavio se је i novinarstvom. Uredivao је nekoliko tjednika i mjesecnika za narodnu prosvjetu. Zanimao se narodnom privredom, oso108
Izostavljeni su samo nevazni dijelovi, koji su od ranije уес dobro poznati iz stava don Ivanisevica.
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The undersigned addressing уои these lines is а priest in advanced age. Не was Ьоrn in 1863, ordained priest in 1886, in the Sjemeniste (Theological school) of Split, then he served as prefect and priest, was for а short time а high school teacher in High school in Split and for тапу years served as priest in Vranjice-Solun and Jasenice, his birth place. Не was also а journalist and editor of several weekly and monthly magazines devoted to national education. The undersigned was also interested in national есопоту, particularly in cooperatives, and was member of their boards and also member of the Supervisory Board of the Agrarian Bank in Belgrade. At the request ofhis congregation the undersigned entered the field of роН tics and in the 1907 -1911 period was the representative of the SinjVrlika district at the Imperial Council in Vienna. Last year, 1933, the undersigned was appointed Member of the Senate of the Кingdom ofYugoslavia Ьу Degree ofHis Majesty Кing Aleksandar and has the honor of still performing that duty. The undersigned deemed it necessary to bring аН these data to the attention of the Most Reverend to persuade Him that during his 71 year long life and 48 years of service the undersigned had ample opportunities to get acquainted with all aspects of our national life and оп that ground express his modest opinion оп the circumstances prevailing to day in our native country Yugoslavia. Therefore, he begs уои, the Most Reverend, to accept his modest views of ап old and experienced priest, presented in this confidential letter in the interest of the Catholic Church and Yugoslavia. In every new state established after а war there are problems which cannot Ье avoided due to the development of some new elements, at first not sufficiently harmonized and which need time to consolidate. The historical decision ... опе пате for the State, the flag and the question of unity of our State has Ьееп БпаНу taken and its effects are taking root in the soul of our people. АН patriots are duty bound to support the process of merging three tribal elements into опе and speed it ир in аН spheres of our public and private life in view of developing а firm concept of опе and united Yugoslavia, as conceived Ьу our outstanding and famous the Most Reverend Вishop Strossmayer, Сапоп Rachky and others. The Кingdom of Yugoslavia is undergoing а period of consolidation. АН secular and religious factors оп the level of the State are caHed upon to support the consolidation efforts of the State in аН their activities and institu188
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bito gospodarskim zadrugama, gdje је obnasao razne casti u upravi zadruznih saveza i nadzornom odboru Agrarne banke u Беоgrаdu. Prema zelji pucanstva Ыо је pozvan da se bavi i politikom, te је godine 1907-1911. obnasao cast narodnog zastupnika u Carevinskom Vijecu u Бесu za kotar Sinj- Vrlika, а lanjske godine 1933. ukazom Njegovog Velicanstva Kralja Aleksandra Ыо је imenovan Clanom Senata Kraljevine Jugoslavije, koju cast i danas obnasa. Sve је оуо potpisani smatrao shodnim da dade па znanje Vasoj Preuzvisenosti, а da Vam bude moguce lakse uvjeriti se kako је u svojem zivotu od 71 godine i svecenistva 48 godina, imao dosta prigode da upozna zivot nasega naroda u svim njegovim ројауа та, te da izrece svoje skromno uvjerenje о danasnjim pri1ikama u nasoj domovini Jugoslaviji. Najlepse Vas stoga тоНт, Preuzviseni Gospodine, da meni kao starom iskusnom sveceniku dozvolite, а da Vam ovim skroz privatnim i povjerljivim listom podastrem nekoje тоје opaske i poglede u interesu katolicke crkve u Jugoslaviji. Usvakoj novoj poslijeratnoj drzavi opazaju se neke trzavice, koje su neizbjezive uslijed formacije novih elemenata, koji nisu sasvim homogeni а koje treba prepustiti procesu vremena da ih izgradi. Sa historickim odlukama ... о jednom imenu (drzave) i zastavi, pitanje jedinstvenosti nase drzave konacno је је rijeseno i росеl0 је hvatati cvrsta korijena u dusi naroda. Rodoljubna duznost namece se sviта da taj proces stapanja triju plemenskih elemenata pospjesimo i u svim fazama naseg privatnog i javnog zivota izgradimo jednu sveopcu i nepokolebivu koncepciju jedinstvene drzave Jugoslavije, kakovu su је zamisljali uzviseni i slavni dostojanstvenici biskup Strossmayer, kanonik Racki i drugi. Kraljevina Jugoslavija nalazi se danas upravo u tom periodu unutarnje konsolidacije. Svi drzavni, gradanski i crkveni Cinbenici pozvani su da sudjeluju ро svojim akcijama u svojim nadlestvima u оуот izgradivanju drzavne cjeline ili barem da ne stavljaju Ыlо kojih poteskoca svijesno ili nesvijesno redovitom procesu toga izgradivanja. Potpisani је katolicki svecenik. Као takav djeluje u crkvi i narodu 48 godina. U crkvi katolickoj roden, odgojen, u njoj zeli uz bozju mi10st zaklopiti svoje оа. U svim njegovim poslovima Ыlо privatnog, sluZbenog i1i javnog rada, Ыlо реroт ili besjedom, uvijek ти је Ыо па srcu ugled svoje crkve. Kad se је godine 1918. nas narod oslobodio tudinskogjarma i stupio u drzavnu zajednicu sa svojom krvnom bracom Srbima i Slovencima, potpisani је nastojao da nasa crkva sacuva svoj ugled i razvije svoju djelatnost. U novoj drzavnoj zaje189
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tions, or at least not to, consciously or unconsciously, impede that unification process. ТЬе undersigned is а Catholic priest and has Ьееп serving his church and his people for 48 years. Не was Ьоrn as Catholic, educated in Catholic religion and with God's blessing expects to close his eyes as а Catholic. Performing his activities, private, official or public, writing or preaching, the undersigned had always in mind and at heart primarily the interests and reputation of his Church. When in 1918 ош people was liberated from foreign yoke and created а соmmоп state with his brothers, Serbs and Slovenians, the undersigned was using his best efforts to secure for the Catholic Church the respect it should command and help it develop its activities. In the new State the Catholic Church had the opportunity to establish closer contacts with the Orthodox Church. In this regard it is the duty of each Catholic priest to disseminate tolerance and foster good relations with others, in Нпе with the paramount interests of the State. ТЬе population of Yugoslavia amounts to approximately 14 million; According to the latest population census there are 5.373.456 Catholics and 6.375.524 Orthodox, not counting the confessions with а smaH congregation. In spite of Orthodox majority in the State there are по signs of supremacy of опе church over the other ... ТЬе Constitution guarantees freedom to аН religions. This is not а dead letter оп paper. It is implemented in practice. ТЬе case in point is the live and а great progress of the Catholic Church in the Capital city-Belgrade, where the population is 90% Orthodox and the Catholics, in spite of that overwhelming majority, епјоу fuH religious freedom. ТЬе undersigned knows Belgrade very weH, where he used to stay so mапу times. Catholic processions оп religious holidays, like the First Communion, solemnly take place in the streets of Belgrade, in the presence of the representatives of state institutions and the Royal Court and are fuHy respected Ьу the Orthodox рори lation. А few figures illustrate the above statement. Тill the end of 1924 there were only five Catholic priests оп the territory of the Belgrade Archbishopric, and today there are ы teen. There were three priests in Belgrade, опе in Nish (Nis) опе in Kragujevatz (Kragujevac) for these three dioceses. There were also 12 nuns-nurses in Belgrade. Today there are 5 diocese in Belgrade and in addition to the already existing ones in Nish and Kragujevatz, the new ones were set ир in: Smederevo, Shabatz (Sabac) and Bor 190
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dnici crkva је katolicka dosla u blizu vezu sa crkvom istocnoga obreda i pravoslavne vjere, te se је namecala duznost svakom sveceniku Hrvatu da uznastoji podrzati toleranciju i dobre odnosaje u skladu sa vrhovnim interesima drzave. Od ukupnog pucanstva, 14 miliona otprilike Ziteljstva u Jugoslaviji, crkva katolicka broji, ро zadnjem popisu, 5,373.456 svojih pripadnika, doCim istocna pravoslavna crkva broji 6.375.524 vjernika, а da se ne uzmu u obzir druge manje vjeroispovesti. Iako је istocna pravoslavna crkva u vecem broju napram katolickoj, ipak se ne opaza nikakva prevlast jedne crkve nad drugom ... jer је Ustavom zajamcena u Jugoslaviji potpuna sloboda svakoj vjeroispovesti. То nije samo pisano па papiru, nego se to i u djelu provada. Dosta је pogledati па zivot i veliki razvitak katolicke crkve u samoj prijestonici nase drzave Beogradu, gdje 90% zitelja pripada pravoslavnoj crkvi, а gdje pripadnici katolicke crkve uzivaju potpuno slobodu kao ni u jednom drugom mjestu. Potpisanom је dobro poznat Beograd u koji vec toliko godina zalazi i dugo boravi. Katolicke funkcije obavljaju se ро beogradskim иНсата (kao па primjer Тijelovo), najsvecanijim nacinom uz prisustvovanje pretstavnika drzavnih nadlestava i kraljeva dvora te sa velikim postovanjem i obzirom sa strane pravoslavnoga gradanstva. Тоти па dokaz neka sluze i ove brojke. Do konca godine 1924. bilo је па teritoriji beogradske nadbiskuрЏе samo 5 svecenika, doCim ih danas ima 15. U Beogradu bila su 3 svecenika, u Nisu 1, u Kragujevcu 1, kao potrebiti za te tri zupe. Osim toga bilo је u Beogradu 12 milosrdnih sestara bolniCarki. Danas ima u Beogradu 5 zupa, а osim Nisa i Kragujevca, osnovane su jos zupe u Smederevu, Sapcu i Boru i dvije kuracije u Valjevu i Zajecaru, svega zupa i kuracija 10. Danas ima u Beogradu 170 sestara, od kojih su 104 milosrdne sestre iz Ljubljane kao bolnicarke u bolnici i sanatorijumu Vracar, 48 su milosrdne sestre iz Zagreba, koje su dijelom bolnicarke, а nekoje vode internat zavoda svetog Vinka i jedno zabaviste, doCim је 18 sestara iz Francuske (Asumpcionistkinje), koje vode veliki intrenat "Zavoda svetog Josipa" i francusku zensku skolu uz cetiri razreda francuske gimnazije. U crkvama katolickim potpisani је vidio vlastitim оБта preko svecanih misa uglednih gradana pravoslavne vjere, koji dolaze u nase crkve da сији pjevanje, poucne propovjedi od nasih svecenika, koji su mnogo postovani radi svoje ucenosti. Kada se obavljaju poboznosti (kao па primjer u crkvi svetog Ante), crkva је dupkom puna, а preko 50% prisutnih jesu pripadnici pravoslavne crkve. Koliko је grad Beograd susretljiv prema 191
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and two curatiae in Valjevo and Zayechar (Zajecar), which makes а total of ten Catholic institutions. Today there are 170 nuns-nurses in Belgrade, 104 of them are [roт Ljubljana and they work in the hospital and the sanatorium "Vrachar" (Vracar), 48 nuns are in Zagreb, some of whom work as nurses, some are in charge of the "St. Vincent" boarding school for pupils and а kindergarten and 18 are [roт France, in charge of the French secondary school for boys and girls "Saint Joseph". The undersigned has personaHy noticed the presence of outstanding personalities of Orthodox religion attending ош churches to listen to the music and hear the instructive sermons of ош priests, held in high respect as scholars. Оп holidays (e.g. in St. Anthony church) Catholic churches are fuH to capacity and over 50% of the present are Orthodox people. The best proof of kindness towards the Catholic Church is а five million dinar worth plot the Municipality of Belgrade has donated for the construction of the new Catholic cathedral. 109 The Most Reverend, 1 mention this as а proof that ош Catholic Church, thanks to its cultural strength, its vivid and scholarly catechization, vivid sermonizing and charitable work is getting increasingly attractive to аН strata of ош people. Several Eucharistic Congresses that have Ьееп organized in ош country, with massive participation of the citizens, are the best proof of the freedom the Catholic Church enjoys in Yugoslavia and the respect it commands. Each Eucharistic Congress enjoyed fuH support of the government in securing various facilities, considering them as events which strengthen public moral and order and was solemnly marked as ап important public event. This is the so caHed "penetration pacifique" (peaceful penetration) which gives the Church great moral strength, helps its continuous development and consolidates its place in the public life of the country. This means that the Catholic side has по ground to take а hostile position towards the other Church which, in spite of its more numerous congregation, does not in the least impede the development of the other church with а smaHer congregation. The strength of each cultural institution lies in its strength, not in numbers. Now, the Most Reverend, the undersigned would like to bring to Уош attention а crucial phenomenon at the root of various kinds of misunderstanding, namely ош policy of tribal (ethnic) ар109
This was written in 1934. Data from 1937 are even more favorable.
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crkvi katolickoj, najbolji је dokaz u tomu, sto је gradska opcina darovala za novu katedralu fond zemljista u vrijednosti od 5,000.000.dinara. ]09 Ovo sam naveo, Preuzviseni, kao jasan dokaz da nasa crkva katolicka otvara sebi put u svim slojevima nasega naroda, а to zahvaljujuCi svojoj kulturnoj snazi zive akcije katekiziranja, propovijedaпја i pastirskog dusobriznistva. Koliko је crkva katolicka slobodna i postovana u Jugoslaviji, najbolje dokazuju godisnji Euharisticki kongresi, koji su se ovih zadnjih godina odrzali па vise mjesta пај svecanijim паБпот uz veliko ucesce naroda, а uz sve moguce ро godnosti i susretljivosti sa strane drzavne vlasti, koja u tim vjerskim manifestacijama gleda јасапје javnoga morala i poretka. То је опа "penetration pacifique", koja daje veliku тос crkvi da se konstantno razvija i ucvrsti svoj polozaj u javnom zivotu. S tog pogleda пета dakle nikakvog razloga da se s nase katoliCke strane zauzimlje kakav neprijateljski stav proti drugoj crkvi, koja, iako brojno u veCini, nimalo пе smeta razvitak druge crkve koja је u manjini. Aktivnost а пе brojnost daju snagu svakoj kulturnoj ustanovi. Sada dolazi jedna druga neugodna pojava, па koju potpisani hoce posebno da upozori Vasu Preuzvisenost. То је politika ili bolje receno plemensko naziranje, koje izazivlje nesuglasice sa stozernom idejom drzavne cjeline u Jugoslaviji. Nama је svima dobro poznat ројат i znacaj katolicke crkve: univerzalnost. Опа nije oznacena kao istocna crkva, sa ројтот i granicama drzave: ruska, bugarska, pravoslavna, srpska, grcka. U tomu је velika neogranicena jakost katolicke crkve, jer iz toga ројта opcenitosti опа kao iz neiscrpljiva izvora prima svoju stvaralacku тоС. Time опа moze da trazi razvitka i u predjelima koji nisu katolicki, ali samo uz uvjet da svoju akciju razvije u potpunoj harmoniji s akcijom i interesima drzave prema опот geslu slavnoga biskupa Strossmayera: "Sve za vjeru i domovinu". U nasoj narodnoj drzavi ројат drzave i domovine jest identican. Posto su crkva i drzava ирисепе jedna па drugu, dvije ruke u је dnom tijelu, ро тојет skromnom uvjerenju u tomu se sastoji upravo najveca mudrost crkvene vlasti, da izbjegava ро mogucnosti sve sukobe sa drzavnom vlasti, nego cuvajuCi svedjer svoju samostalnost, da trazi паБпа kako се staviti u sklad i ravnotezu interese crkve s interesima drzave. Kako је gore izlozeno, danas је najveCi interes 109
Don Fral10 Ivanisevic piSe god. 1934. Podaci iz 1937. јо;; su povoljniji.
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proach which is in contrast with the fundamental idea of the state of Yugoslavia as опе entity. We are аН aware of the importance of the Catholic Church and it fundamental principle of universality. Unlike the Eastern Orthodox Church it is not confined within state boundaries: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian Orthodox, Greek. ТЬе enormous strength of the Catholic Church in fact stems from its universality which is actually the source of its creative power. This is the ground for its presence еуеп in the fields which are not Catholic, but only if they are in line with the state interests. Let us recall the words of the Most Reverend Вishop Strossmayer who said: "Everything for the Faith and Fatherland!" Since the Church and the State have to go hand in hand, being two hands of the same body, in ту modest belief it is ир to the wisdom of the Church and its high clergy to avoid possible conflicts with State institutions and, Ьу safeguarding its independence, establish the right balance between the interests of the Church and the interests of the State. As emphasized аЬоуе, today the consolidation of аН its parts is the paramount interest of Yugoslavia. Destructive trends and the negative attitude toward Yugoslavia particularly characteristic of us-Croats and some Slovenians, for ethnic reasons, should Ье eliminated from the state organism and the spiritual unity in the State achieved as soon as possible. This is in the best interest of ош State, as ош King in his Proclamation of the б-th ofJanuary, 1929, said: "ТЬе unity of ош people and ош State is the loftiest objective of ту rule and the supreme law for те and for аН of us." ТЬе undersigned follows with utmost attention аН developments and phenomena in the public life of ош Fatherland and notes with great regret that ош Catholic Church does not take seriously that duty. Оп the contrary, under the guise of religion, intentionally or unintentionally, some from ош Catholic Church undermine the efforts towards the merger of the three tribes into опе political and state entity Under the courageous leadership of ош Кing today ош international position is rather strong, mostly thank to the fact that ош internal political frictions have Ьееп overcome, in other words thanks to ош internal stability. Every political or religious friction, internal or external, weakens ош international position, thus making ош country vulnerable to aggressive appetites of ош hostile neighbor. ТЬе undersigned is а Croat Ьу nationality and speaks his mother tongue with pride. А Croat in his genes and а Yugoslav Ьу political 194
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drzave Jugoslavije, da se njezini unutarnji dijelovi sto vise ucvrste, а destruktivni pojmovi, koji su proslih godina izbijali osobito kod nas Hrvata, а djelomicno i kod Slovenaca, а kojima se poticu plemenske razmirice, da se sasvim odstrane iz drzavnog organizma, pak da se time ат prije provede duhovno jedinstvo u Citavoj nasoj drzavi. Tu пат duznost kategoricki diktiraju пајуеа interesi nase drzave, duznost jasno izrazena u historickom manifestu nasega vladara 6. januara 1929. ovim znacajnim rijeCima: "Cuvati jedinstvo narodno i celinu drzavnu, to је najvisi сЩ тоје vladavine, а to mora biti i пај уеа zakon za тепе i za svakoga." Potpisani prati pozorno, sve dogadaje i ројауе u јаупот zivotu nase domovine, te па svoju veliku zalost opaza da u nasoj katolickoj crkvi оуа se ducnost potpuno пе shvaca, nego dapace pod plastem vjere, svijesno ili nesvijesno, izbijaju neke ројауе iz kojih se dade slutiti da iz redova katolicke crkve prodire tendencija, koja hoce da oslabi proces stapanja triju plemena u jednu politicku drzavnu сје linu па stetu konsolidacije drzavnog jedinstva. Uz hrabro vodstvo nasega vladara nasa је politika danas u vanjskom svijetu dosta jaka, а to је od toga sto su prestale unutarnje politicke trzavice, naime sto smo unutra jaki. Svako izazivlje unutarnje borbe bilo vjerske ili politicke naravi, slabi nas vanjski polozaj i tim izlazemo nasu zemlju osvajackim aspiracijama nasih neprijatelja u susjedstvu. Potpisani је rodom Hrvat. Tim jezikom govori i ponosi se. Geneticki Hrvat, а politicki Jugoslaven, i kao takav odani privrzenik juguslavenskog drzavnog i narodnog jedinstva, smatra svetom duznoscu da пе istice svoje cjeline, jer se drzi опе mudre latinske izreke "pars debet sacrificari pro toto". Nije tako kod опЉ koji nisu prozeti cuvstvom jedinstvenosti Jugoslavije, а koji kao svecenici katolici hoce da povezu u jedan ројат "katoliStvo i hrvatstvo", sto mnogo nanasa stete ugledu crkve а izazivlje sukobe s onima koji se bore za cjelinu drzave. Dozvolite mi, Preuzviseni, da navedem nekoliko dokaza. Cesto se u crkvenim proglasima uvjek istice Hrvati katolici! А znademo da ima katolika koji se пе zovu Hrvati. Kada је nazad tri godine Ыо u Sarajevu Euharisticki kongres, u proglasu је Ыо naslov: "Katolici - Hrvati" nasto su se Slovenci, kojih ima u Bosni vise od jedne tisuce cutili uvrijedeni i isklјuСепi ..Жоd vise propovjedi u crkvi od nasih svecenika cuje se alarm zаЂоrЬu i obranu toboze "hrvatstva" i "katoliStva", sto пе odgovara istini. Tim se stvara zla krv proti drugoj strani, i sasvim је naravna posljedica da drzavna vlast poradi javnog 195
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option and аБ such devoted supporter of the Yugoslav national and state unity. Тhe undersigned deems it his sacred duty not to insisit оп separate parts, which should not have prevalence over the whole, believing in the wisdom of the old Latin saying that: "pars debet sacrificari pro toto." Тhis is, however, not the view of those who do not support the unity of Yugoslavia, particularly the Catholic priests who identify Croatism with Catholicism, which is detrimental for the reputation of the Catholic Church and а source of conflict with those who strongly support the unity of the State. Al10w те, the Most Reverend, to submit to Уош attention а few proofs which illustrate ту point. In its Proclamation the Church always place emphasis оп Croats-Catholics! We very wel1 know that in ош country there are Catholics who are not Croat. When three years ago the Eucharistic Congress held in Sarayevo addressed its Proclamation to Catholic Croats over one thousand Slovenians living in Bosnia were deeply offended for being ignored. In their sermons ош Catholic priests often саН for defense of the allegedly јеор ardized "Croatism" and "Catholicism". Тhis is not true. Croatism and Catholicism are not jeopardizes in Yugoslavia! Тhis gives rise to bad feelings towards the other side and naturaHy the State reacts to that оп behalf of public order. In several case school authorities had to prohibit access to school to some religious teachers who in their teaching religion or religious subjects openly supported separatism to the detriment of state unity. U have recently received the Proclamation of the St. Jerome Society marking ТНЕ DAY ОР ENLIGHTMENT I used to Ье its member for 45 years and its representative for 30 years. Тhe Most Reverend, from the enclosed сору of the Proclamation оп only one page You will find 15 times mentioned: "Croatian education", "Croatian people", "Croatian village", etc which sounds hostile to the people of а different name. At the end of that same page You will also find the following statement: "WЪеп the St. Jerome Society was founded in 1868 Bishop Strossmayer was among the first to welcome it. His words written then are still valid today, even more valid then at that time when Не said: "Help ош people Ьу putting in their hands the right books to read, the books which will contribute to their material and social benefit, particularly now when some are trying to disseminate foreign books very often fuH of venom and hostility against ош national being." Bishop Strossmayer was а Croat, the greater benefactor of Croatian people, this is а generаНу adopted view оп Him, but at that time he did not speak about 196
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poretka treba da istupi. Vise se slucajeva zbilo da su skolske vlasti bile prisiljene odaleCiti iz skole nekoje vjerouCitelje radi takova ира dnog isticanja separatistickih izraza па stetu drzavne сјеНпе. L../ ОУЉ dana primio sam od Drustva svetog Jeronima proglas za proslavu "Dana prosvjete" i sirenje izdanja toga velezasluznog Drustva, kojemu sam Ыо povjerenik зо, а Clап 45 godina. Kako vidite, Preuzviseni, iz priloga, koji Vam dostavljam, па jednoj stranici toga proglasa istice se па 15 mjesta "hrvatska prosvjeta", "hrvatski narod", "hrvatsko selo" itd. tako upadno kao da је upereno protiv drugoga dijela naroda, koji se tim imenom пе zove. Na istoj stranici pri dnu Cita se оуо: "Kad је godine 1868. osnovano Drustvo svetog Jeronima, medu prvim pozdravima stiglo је pismo velikoga vladike Strossmayera. 1 njegove rijeCi пар~апе onda vaze do danas, cak su опе danas i aktuelnije kad kazl7;;',Pomozite narodu da ти и ruke pruZite knjige valjane, knjige za(njegovu kako materijalnu tako i dusevnu korist, osobito и оуо vrijeme, kad mnogi о tom rade, da se nasem narodu sire knjige tudinske, cesto puta otrovne i njegovom Ыси neprijateljske." Biskup Strossmayer Ыо је Hrvat, dapace пајуеа dobrotvor hrvatskog naroda, sto ти svak priznaje, аН и tim retcima пе istice "hrvatski" nego "nas narod", jer је mislio i па drugi dio па roda, koji se zove srpskim imenom. 1 to је pisao godine 1868., dakle natrag 66 godina, kada је nas narod Ыо razdvojen. А kako Ы pisao danas biskup Strossmayer, da је dozivio ujedinjenje svoga naroda, to Vi mozete pojmiti, Preuzviseni Gospodine, koji poznate njegove jugoslavenske ideale. Носи jos nesto da паротепет. Izmedu izdaпја Drustva svetog Jeronima za iducu godinu ima i knjiga "Hrvatski preporod и Dalmaciji" sto potpuno odgovara historickom апи i znacaju toga pokreta. Naslov "Hrvatski preporod" nije ispravan, jer и оуот pokretu, osobito и prvom pocetku (1868-1870) snazno su ucestvovali koliko Srbi toliko Hrvati, zato se ovim naslovom nanasa nasa nepravica kad se iskljucuju Srbi koji su imali iste zasluge kao пјЉоуа braca Hrvati sve dok nije nazalost godine 1880. doslo do razdora. АН jasna је tendencija и svim izdanjima toga Drustva, da se posvuda istice hrvatstvo kao neki antipod jugoslavenstva. Bog осиуао da Ы kogod iz оуЉ redaka imao zakljuCiti kao da mi hocemo zatajiti svoje ime, koje smo majCinim mlijekom usisali, аН nas "theologia moralis" иа da i najsvetije djelo, kao sto је па primjer molitva, kada Ы imala izazvati zlovolju и javnosti па drugoj strani, mora se oprezno i skromno obaviti bez javnog isticaja, samo da se izbjegne losim posljedicama. То nalaze prudentia koja је и јаупот 197
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Croatian people, he said "ош people", having in mind also the part of ош people called Serbs. This is what he wrote in 1868, which means 66 years ago, when ош people was separated. What would Вishop Strossmayer say now had he lived to see his people united уои сап imagine, the Most Reverend, because уои are familiar with his Yugoslav ideals. Опе more thing. Next year the St. Jerome Society will Publish а book CROAТIAN RENAISSANCE IN DALMAТIA, which is [иНу in line with its historical role and importance of the whole movement. But the title CROAТIAN RENAISSANCE is not correct because, particularly at the beginning (1868-1870), the Serbs and the Croats participated in ап almost equal number. Therefore 1 think that Ьу excluding their пате [roт the title the Society does injustice to the Serbs whose merits are as great as the merits of their Croatian brothers, till the discord in 1880. But the trend of the Society is clear: to always places emphasis оп Croatism as opposed to Yugoslavism. For God's sake, по опе reading these lines should conclude that we want to forget, or keep secret, ош true пате which we received from ош mothers when they were breast feeding us, but ош "theologia moralis" teaches us that еуеп јп the loftiest act, which is prayer, we should Ье very careful not to utter something that would hurt , the other side or antagonize it. In public 1ife we should Ье prudent because PRUDENCE is MAXIMA VIRTUS of public 1ife. At the [и neral of ош outstanding personality Frano Bulitch (Bulie) in Split in several obituary addresses and articles Yugoslavia was not mentioned at аН, only "Croatian people" and the fatherland. And for Yugoslavia the late Frano Bulitch fought and pledged his reputation at the Реасе Conference in Paris, in 1919. Moreover, по опе mentioned ош Кing who decorated the late Frano Bulitch with а Medal of the highest order. ТЬе participants noticed that some wanted to abuse the reputation of the outstanding scholar and exemplary priest to the detriment ofYugoslaviaYo 1 have also read јп the papers about the initiative of а Boards of Priests to build а church dedicated to Кing Zvonimir and establish а Bishopric in Knin. ТЬе Proclamation says: "In this Jubilee year of redemption it would Ье right to revive the place of remote memories. If we cannot build а sumptuous Cathedral, we at least сап build а modest church оп the place where the CROAТIAN 110
It should Ье emphasized that Archbishop Stepinec also made
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speech at that [ипегаl,
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zivotu maxima virtus. Pri nedavnoj smrti i pogrebu naseg slavnog Frana ВиНса u Splitu i Solinu culo se vise govora, Citalo se vise Clа naka, i па vise mjesta spomenuto је "hrvatski narod" i "domovina", а nigdje ime Jugoslavije, za koju је pokojnik isao godine 1919. па mirovne pregovore u Pariz i svojim ugledom mnogo doprineo, kao sto оуот prigodom nije spomenuto ime naseg vladara, koji је vrlog pokojnika odlikovao najvisim ordenom. То је upalo u oko рro matraocima ucesnicima, koji su opazili, «а su nekoji htjeli zlorabiti ugled odlicnog ucenjaka i svecenika па stetu jugoslavenske misli u JugoslavijiYo Citao sam u novinama da se osnovao neki odbor izmedu svecenika za podignuce crkve kralju Zvonimiru u Biskupiji kod Knina. U proglasu se veli: "И оуој jubilarnoj godini ljudskog otkupljenja pravo је da ozivimo sveto mjesto davnih uspomena. Ako ne mozemo sjajnu katedralu, а to moramo barem skromnu crkvicu da podignemo па mjestu, gdje је "hrvatski" biskup рјеуао Bogu hvale, gdje su "hrvatski")raljevi sudili narodu pravicu ... " Tendenca је оуљ rijeCi jasna. I / Kakav duh рroуејауа u nekojim redovima katolicke crkve najbolje se opazilo prije godine 1930., kada se uvela jedinstvena jugoslavenska zastava. Prije toga vijale su se па javnim tornjevima dvije zastave, jedna plemenska (hrvatska) druga drzavna (jugoslavenska). U nekojim crkvama opazi1o se da је plemenska bila duga 3-4 те tra, doCim ona drzavna dostizala је do 2 metra. То је oCito dokaz demonstracije proti drzavnoj zastavi, tako da је morala vise puta istupiti policija. Dozvolite mi jos da navedem. Poznat mi је slucaj, kada su dva franjevca iz Dalmacije bila zamoljena od kraljevskog poslanika u Belgiji (Bruxel1es) da blagoslovi jugoslavensku zastavu u nekoj prigodi kod radnickih kolonija u toj zemlji, nisu htjeli, а da se tim solidariziraju sa onim radnicima koji su neprijatelji jedinstva Jugoslavije. lll О tom nekorektnom ponasanju ја sam obznanio М. Р. Provincijala franjevaca u Splitu. 1 u javnoj katolickoj stampi opaza se isti postupak. Ako 1i је dnevniku "Hrvatska straza" glavni zadatak da brani katolicka nacela u nasoj domovini, onda neka promijeni naslov u "Katolicka straza", kao sto је u svoje vrijeme bila u Dalmaciji "Katolicka Dalmacija" pod urednistvom don Ivana Prodana u Zadru. Iz tog se lista jasno vidi da se pod plastom vjere (katoliStva) hoce da istice po1itika (hrvatstvo), 110 1] 1
ТгеЬа
napomenuti da је па toj sahrani govorio i nadbiskup Stepinac. Ovdje don Frano Ivanisevic misli па ustase koji su se nalazili u Belgiji.
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celebrated God and where CROAТIAN kings were imparting justice ... " The point of these words is clear. The spirit prevailing in the Catholic Church was particularly оЬ vious before 1930., when the Yugoslav flag was proclaimed the only flag in official public use. Before that two flags were in official public use: one tribal (Croatian) and the other state (Yugoslav). In some сlшгсhеs the Croatian flag was 3-4 meters long and the Yugoslav was hardly 2 meters long. This is an obvious demonstration against the state flag, so that police had to intervene several times. Another example. When the Charge d' Affairs of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia to Belgium (Brussels) asked two Franciscans from Dalmatia to bless the Yugoslav flag at an event in the workers' settlement they refused and sided with those workers of Yugoslav origin who were against the unity of Yugoslavia. 111 The Franciscan Provicial in Split personally revealed that incorrect act оп the part of the two Franciscans. The Catholic press is following in the same wake. If the main task of the Catholic daily HRVATSKA STRAZA (Croatian guard) is to defend the principle of Catholicism in Yugoslavia it should change its title to KATOLlCKA STRAZA (Catholic guard) like we had оп се KATOLICKA DALMACIJA (Catholic Dalmatia), pub1ished in Zadar with Ivan Prodan as editor-in-chief. This journal clearly shows the intention to under the guise of religion (Catholicism) introduce politics (Croatism) in support of elements hostile to the unity of Yugoslavia, because without а united Yugoslavia there is по life either for the Serbs, Croats or Slovenes. The idea of the united Yugoslav state is successfully coping with аН these open or secret problems and boldly marching towards that goal. I deeply believe that nothing will happen to compromise that goal, but as а Catholic priest I fear negative effects оп ош Church if it continues to insist оп the tribal (ethnic) to the detriment of state unity. Allow те, the Most Reverend, to bring to Уош attention а few more details which illustrate the spirit prevailing in some Catholic circle. Reverend - Dean Julius Nemetz (ЈиНје Nemec) has recently celebrated the Jubilee of the Gold Mess in Karlovatz (Kamensko). In Zagreb papers (OBZOR, NOVOSТI, JUTARNJI LIST) the Jubilee was mentioned, but in HRVATSKA STRAZA there is not а single word about the event, I have the impression, because Reverend Nemetz is and enthusiastic supporter of the idea of Yugoslavism. Оп the other hand, this још111
Неге
200
don Frano Ivanishevitch means the Ustashi at that time
јп
Belgium.
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naime da se podupiru elementi koji su protivni jedinstvu Jugoslavije nema spasa ni Srbima, ni Hrvatima ni Slovencima. Drzavna jugoslavenska misao prelazi preko svih tih javnih ili potajnih prepona i orijaski koraca prema svome сЩи, te sam potpuno uvjeren da ји па tom putu nece nista zaustaviti: ali se kao katolicki svecenik bojim da crkva katolicka ide u susret neugodnim posljedicama bu~1i se drzala ovog plemenskog naziranja па stetu drzavne cjelir;~. Neka тј bude dozvoljeno, Preuzviseni, navesti јОБ nekoliko sitnica, iz kojih se vidi kakav duh provejava u nekim katolickim krugovima. Ovih је dana svetkovao јиЫlеј zlatne mise u Karlovcu (Kamensko) vrijedni i zasluzni zupnik-dekan gospodin ЈиНје Nemec. U zagrebackim novinama ("Obzor", "Novosti", "Jutarnji list") Ыо је jubilej spomenut, doCim u katolickoj novini "Hrvatska straza", Cini mi se da nije ni slovo pisano, а to stoga sto је gospodin Nemec odusevljeni privrzenik jugoslavenske ideologije. Naprotiv, u tom listu pisu se Clanci i tiskaju slike, u ovim prigodama, о svecenicima koji su privrzenici hrvatske ideologije. То nije krscanska i svecenicka ljubav. Tolerancija, koju је slavni biskup Strossmayer uvijek preporuCao u opcenju sa bracom pravoslavne crkve, а koju nam i nasa katolicka moralka preporuca u opcenju Ыlо sa kojim drugoga misljenja, nimalo se ne postuje. Kad је lanjske godine Patrijarh Varnava рroБао kroz Bosnu, Hercegovinu do Dalmacije, da obavi svoj pastirski pohod, nitko u Sarajevu od kaptola nije iskazao bilo koji Cin uctivosti, osim provincijala franjevaca, koji ga је pohodio. Tako isto i u Dubrovniku nitko od Kurije ni kaptola nije iskazao Patrijarhu kakvu pocast, doCim је Patrijarh Ыо velikodusan prema gradu i svecenstvu gdje је ogromna veCina katolika, te је u svome govoru па banketu u hotel Imperijalu dne 25. septembra 1933. rekao ove rijeCi: "А uz to upravimo nase molitve zastitniku ovoga grada svetome Vlahu, koji је za tisucu godina branio ovaj grad, neka ga i nadalje stiti u svakoj sreCi i bozjem blagoslovu." Poznato је da svetog Vlaha stuje samo katolicka crkva. Navesti си i nekoje ugodne pojave. Prosloga augusta mjeseca obavio је svoju kanonsku vizitaciju gornjo-karlovacki episkop dr. Maksimilijan. U Kostajnici Ыо је svecano docekan od pucanstva pravoslavne i katolicke crkve. Izmedu katolika gradana bili su prisutni katolicki zupnici gg. Slavko Venko i Ivica Kulir. Oni su prisustvovali па banketu pri kojemu је vladika u nazdravici pozvao svecenstvo па sirenje ljubavi bratske medu Hrvatima i Srbima, а u znak ljubavi zagrlio је prisutne katolicke zupnike i od srca se s njima izljubio. Ovaj cin silno је odusevio prisutne da se је vidjelo i suza od ganuca. Pri 201
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nal takes advantage of each opportunity to publish articles оп and pictures of the priests-supporters of the idea of Croatism. 1his is not Christian and pastorallove. Ош Most Reverend Bishop Strossmayer recommends tolerance in communication with ош brothers Serbs, which ош Catholic moral teaching also recommends in communication with anyone of different opinion but this recommendation is not honored. Last year when the Orthodox Patriarch, His Holiness Varnava, travelled through Bosnia and Herzegovina оп his pastoral way to Dalmatia there was по one in Sarayevo to рау Him respect оп behalf of the Captol, except for the Franciscan Provincijal who paid Him а visit. It was the same in Dubrovnik where there was по one either to рау Him respect оп behalf of the Captol or the Catholic Curia. Оп the other hand, the Orthodox Patriarch was very generous towards the city with the overwhelming majority of Catholics and its clergy. At the banquet in the IMPERIAL hotel, оп September 25, 1933 Не said: "Let us address ош prayers to the Patron of this town, St Blaise (Sv. Vlaho), who had defended this town а thousand years, in the hope that he will continue to protect it in happiness and with God's blessing." St Blaise is а Catholic Saint and everybody knows it. 1 would also like to bring to уош attention some positive trends. Last month Dr. Maximilian, Orthodox Bishop (Vladika) of Gornji Karlovtzi (Karlovci) visited Kostajnitza (Kostajnica) where both the Orthodox and Catholic population extended Him а most cordial welсоте. Revered Catholic priests Slavko Venko and Ivitza Kulir were among the Catholics welcoming the Orthodox Bishop. ТЬеу were also invited to the banquet. Оп that occasion in His welcome address the Orthodox Bishop called оп the priests ofboth confessions to disseminate brotherly love between the Croats and Serbs and embraced the present Catholic priests. Everybody got very exited and many were оп the verge of tears. Also, Archbishop Roditch (Rodic) has recently visited Bechkerek (Beckerek) to attend the Catholic Congress organized in that town. ТЬе population of both confession extended Him а very cordial welcome. At the railway station the old Orthodox Archpriest (Arhiepiskop) was there to welcome the Archbishop. Such cordiality is in the spirit of the teaching of ош Lord and does not, in the least, jeopardize its dignity. Оп the contrary. It opens ир а wider field for the expansion of the Catholic Church and through cooperation with the other church its active participation in moral education of ош people, which is in ош common interest and in the interest of 202
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nedavnom dolasku nadbiskupa RodiCa u Veliki Beckerek, kada se priredivala velika svecanost za katolicki kongres u tom mjestu, Citavo је gradanstvo jedne i druge crkve iskazalo pocast katolickom nadbiskupu. Pri doceku па kolodvoru Ыо је prisutan zamjenik arhijereja stari prota Stakic sa svojim svecenstvom. Ovakova susretljivost jest u duhu Kristove nauke. Ona nimalo ne umanjuje dostojanstvo katolicke crkve, dapace otvara sire polje njezinoj ekspanzivnosti, jer ne iskljucuje suradnju s drugom crkvom u onomu sto nam је zajednicko dobro pri odgoju naroda u moralnom i materijalnom pog1eduv Vasoj Preuzvisenosti dobro је poznato i pitanje Sokola. U ovim retcima imate pred sobom svecenika, koji је mnogo toga u zivotu prokusao i zapamtio, ра ти dozvolite da iskaze kako misli i osjeca. Istup proti Sokolu kraljevine Jugoslavije sa strane jugoslavenskog episkopata, ро тојет dubokom uvjerenju Ыо је netaktican korak, koji nije nista koristio, nego dapace naskodio ugledu katolicke crkve. Uz biskupa Uccellinija, narodnog poslanika gospodina Vjekoslava SpinCica, Msgra Kotniga, dr. Rackoga i nekojih drugih svecenika i potpisani se osjecao ponukovan, da javno osudi taj korak. То је оп uCinio u beogradskom listu "Politika" od 3. februara 1933. i u Senatu 29. novembra iste godine. Motivi koji su ga па to potakli jesu u prуот redu religiozne naravi. Iza proCitane biskupske poslanice bilo је nastalo u zapadnom dijelu nasega naroda takovo silno uzbudenje i ogorcenje proti katolickoj crkvi, da је prijetila ozbiljna pogibelj od sirokih masa prelaza u drugu crkvu u slucaju kada Ы se svi pretstavnici katolicke crkve iskazali solidarni sa biskupskom poslanicom. Obzirom па to da preko 50% svecenstva, osobito па primorju, nije proCitalo onu poslanicu u crkvi, jer ји је smatralo skroz neumjesnom а i pogubnom, oni koji su malo dublje povirili u cilj poslanice, shvatili su па prvi mah da se i tu krije politicka natruha pod plastom vjere. Bio је i sasvim nezgodan cas, u ono doba kada se је u Zagrebu i Ljubljani govorilo о nekim "rezolucijama" i "punktacijama", prema kojima Ы se imala nasa kraljevina preustrojiti u posebna administrativna tijela, nezavisna od centralne uprave u Beogradu, па naCin da Ы i katolicka crkva stekla svoju samostalnu upravu u Zagreb';7/ Takovo zamisljeno preustrojstvo bilo Ы па stetu drzavnog i паюdnog jedinstva. ''--1 Proti biskupskoj poslanici digli su se sveopCi protesti u narodu, а osobito iz redova Sokola, te danas poslije jedne godine dana, kada Ы imali zakljuCiti bilans konacnog racuna poslanice, moramo nazalost konstatirati pasiv uz оуа dva losa rezultata: 1) Crkva se је . 203
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the materia1 we1lbeing of the wh01e popu1ation. 1he Most Reverend, 1 assume that уои are weH informed about the Sok01s. 1he lines Ье fore уои are written Ьу а priest who has worked hard аН his life and who has а 10ng memory. 1 ат deep1y convinced that it was not rationa1 of the Catholic Episcopate in Yllgos1avia to adopt а negative attitude against the Sok01s of the Кingdom of Yugos1avia because this decision had а negative effect, detrimenta1 to the Catholic Church. 1he undersigned, together with Bishop Uccellini, Dr. Spinchitch, Member of Parliament, Msgr. Kotnig, Dr. Rachky and some other priests fe1t that he had to public1y condemn that attitude. 1he undersigned did it Ьу making а statement for POLIТIKA of the 3-rd of February, 1933 and in the Senate оп the 29-th of November of the same year, primarily for re1igious reasons. After the reading of the Epist1e реор1е in the Western part of ош country got so agitated and embittered against the Cath01ic Church that they were ready to give ир the Cath01ic and adopt the Orthodox religion in case аН Cath01ic priest support the Epist1e. It did not happen thanks to the fact that over SO % of Cath01ic priests, partic1l1ar1y those from the coasta1 area, did not read the Epist1e, considering it out of р1асе and fata1 because they understood the implications. 1hey were aware of its politica1 aims and religion was on1y а screen. A1so, the Epist1e was announced at the most inappropriate moment when from Zagreb and Ljubljana some RESOLUТIONS and PUNCTUATONS were 1aunched calling for the administrative division of Yugos1avia into units independent of the centra1 administration in Be1grade. According to that concept Zagreb is to Ьесоте the See of the Cath01ic Church in the country. Such redistribution and division wou1d Ье detrimenta1 to the state and nationa1 unity. Реор1е аН over Yugos1avia protested against the Epist1e, the Sok01s in particu1ar. After one year the effect of the Epist1e is the f0110wing: 1) From the point of view of the State the Cath01ic Church is an unreliable factor destroying everything the state is trying to build, inc1uding the Sok01s, the organization fighting for the unity of Yugos1avia, whose Leader is the Heir to the 1hrone PetarII, himse1f; 2) Ву refusing to bless the Sok01 flags the Catholic Church alienates а great number of young реор1е, members of the Sok01s, spirituaHy devoted to their С1шrс11. 1his means that the overaH politica1 and re1igious effect of the Epist1e was on1y detrimenta1 to the Cath01ic Church. Later оп the Episcopate realized that fact and now it а110ws the blessing of the Sok01s provided they make а short public 204
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katolicka izloZila pred drzavom kao nepouzdani Cinbenik, koji hoce da rusi опо sto drzava dize, naime organizaciju Sokola kao ustanovu koja se bori za jedinstvo drzave pod vrhovnim starjesinom u osobi . prijestolonasljednika Petra: 2) Uskracuje blagoslov zastave Sokola, odalecuje se od crkve nasa omladina koja se okuplja u sokolskim cetama, а koja је u svojoj dusi prozeta iskrenim vjerskim cuvstvom. Dakle ni u vjerskom ni u politickom pogledu katolicki episkopat nije nista postigao sa опот poslanicom, nego је dapace tim neopreznim korakom nehotice nanio stete crkvi. О tome se је, mislim, episkopat kasnije potpuno uvjerio i odustao od svoje prve odluke i zabrane te danas dopusta da se obavi blagoslov sokolskih ceta uz nekoje formalne izjave sa strane Sokola. То је vrlo dobro uCinio episkopat, jer је nasa glavna pastirska svrha da mladost dovadamo u crkvu, а пе da је od пје odbijamo. Zdrav razum ipak prevladuje. Nedavni govor preuzvisenog dakovackog biskupa dr. Antuna AksamoviCa, prigodom posvete Sokolskog doma u Petrovaradinu, pridigao је moral u narodu i uvjerenje da crkva katolicka nije neprijateljica narodnih ustanova, kojima је сНј da rade za jedinstvo i konsolidaciju kraljeviпе Jugoslavije. . Prije zavrsetka ovoga pisma dozvolite mi, Preuzviseni, da se оЬа zrem па nekoje historicke dogadaje iz nedavne proslosti, koji mogu sluziti zgodnom uputom za promatranje nasih danasnjih politickih prilika u Jugoslavij i. tIj~tQrij~ је vеlikачйtе1јiса zivota. Опо sto se dogodilo pri koncu toga vijeka а zavrsilo pred samih pet godina u Italiji, moze i пата katolicima u Jugoslaviji уеота dobro poukom sluziti, kako сето udesiti polozaj i odnosaj crkve napram razvitku drzave. Iza velikog prevrata u Francuskoj, za nekoliko decenija slijedila је ogorcena borba glede oblika drzavne vladavine izmedu monarhista i republikanaca. Crkva katolicka, ро svojoj naravi konzervativna, pristajala је uz stari rezim (rojalista) i zalagala se za то narhiju, doCim se ogromna уеапа naroda izjavila za republikanski sistem. Iako је Francuska sva katolicka, ipak је narod isao па drugu stranu, od cega је nastao sukob i prijetila је pogibelj razdora medu katolicima, kada је stupio па stolicu Svetog Petra mudri poglavar crkve Leon XIII, koji је definitivno rijesio оуо pitanje i naredio francuskim biskupima da priznadu republikanski sistem vlade, ali da па stoje па izborima da udu u пји ljudi, koji песе biti neprijatelji vjere i crkve. Тiт se uspostavila ravnoteza izmedu crkve i drzave. Za doba preporoda u Italij i takoder se vodila zestoka borba izmedu crkve i drzave iza kako se је godine 1870. ujedinila Italija, а
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statement. This is not а good decision of the Episcopate because our main pastoral duty is to attract young people under the wing of our Church, and not to alienate them. Соттоп sense has prevailed. ТЬе recent address of the Right Reverend Dr. Antun Akshamovitch (Aksamovic), Bishop of Djakovo, at the consecration of the Sokol Center in Pertovaradin produced а positive effect оп the population as а proof that the Catholic Church is not а hostile institution and that its aim is to work in favor of the unity and consolidation of the Кingdom of Yugoslavia. Before concluding this letter al10w те, the Most Reverend to mention а few historical events from our recent past, which тау Ье important for the evaluation of the political situation in Yugoslavia today. History is а great teacher. What happened at the end of the previous century and culminated in Italy only five years ago тау Ье а good lesson to us, Catholics living in Yugoslavia and help us adopt the appropriate attitude towards the development of the State. Several decades after the historical change in France а very embittered fight over the form of state government was waged between the Monarchists and Republicans. Essentially conservative the Catholic Church supported the old Royal regime and called for the restoration of Monarchy, whereas the overwhelming majority of population gave its support to the republicans. In spite of being Catholics the French decided to support the opposite side which gave rise to а conflict threatening to develop into а great chasm between the Catholics. When the wise Leo ХIII was elected Роре he solved the problem Ьу ordering the French Bishops to recognize the republican system and then use their very best efforts to prevent the election of people hostile to the Catholic church and religion. In this way the balance was established between the Church and the State. ТЬе Renaissance in Italy is also marked Ьу vehement conflicts between the Church and the State. After the unification of Italy in 1870 when the secular state of the Роре was abolished until 1929, which means full 60 years in Catholic Italy the struggle was also waged for the restoration of the secular state of the Роре, against the unity of Italy. ТЬе public knows what NON EXPEDIТ MEANS PROHIВIТS the Catholics to participate in the politicallife of Italy and the elections called for the Italian government which the Vatican did not recognize. In Catholic papers such as: UNIТA CATOLICA in Torino, CIVIТA CATOLICA, in Rome and others openly discussed this issue, particularly in case of а war in Europe involving Catholic 206
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papinska svjetovna drzava ukinuta. Od te dobe ра do 1929. godine, dakle punih 60 godina u katolickoj Italiji vodila se borba za uspostavu papinske svjetovne drzave а protiv jedinstva Italije. Poznat је javnosti "Non expedit" kojim se zabranjivalo katolicima da ne sudjeluju ni u politickim ni u administrativnim izborima italijanske vlade, koju Vatikan nije htio priznati. U katolickim novinama "Unita Catolica" u Torinu, "Civita Catolica" u Rimu i druge otvoreno su raspravljale to pitanje u slucaju kakove ratne konflagracije u Evropi, racunalo se па vojnu intervenciju katoliCke Spanjolske, Francuske i Austrije, da oruzal1om silom izvojste papinsku drzavu. Potpisani је Ыо u Italiji godil1e 1888. i deset godina kasnije 1898. imao је prigode da govori s uglednim crkvenim licima i doznav za njihove politicke nazore, koji su se sastojali u ovome: provesti konfederaciju bivsih talijanskih pokrajina Pijemonta, Venecije, Romanje, Napulja itd. Sa vrhovnim poglavicom rimskim рарот, а proti jedinstvenoj Italiji pod dinastijom Savoja. Nesto sliCno kao sto hoce, toboze, i nasi federalisti, koji traze samostalnu Hrvatsku, Sloveniju, Srbiju, Bosnu itd. а ne jedinstvenu Jugoslaviju. Као u Francuskoj tako i u Italiji borba је dala sasvim negativan rezultat za katolicku crkvu. Od раре Pija Х koji је ukinuo "Non ех pedit", uvjerila se Sveta Stolica, da је ta borba uzaludna i neuspjesna, dapace stetna za crkvu te је u februaru 1929. godine рара Pio ХI sklopio u Rimu Lateranski ugovor sa danasnjom italijanskom vladom Mussolinija, odrekao se prijasnjih zahtjeva u pogledu papinske drzave, priznao jedinstvo kraljevine Italije, ograniCio se па "grad Vatikan (Citta di Vaticano)", koji uziva potpunu teritorijalnu samostalnost. Тот prigodom рара је odlikovao najveCim ordenom predsjednika vlade Mussolinija i nazvao ga је "providencijalnim covjekom", sto је znao rijesiti ovo pitanje koje је zadavalo teskih briga i sukoba Svetoj Stolici. Тreba zabiljeziti da su Francuska i Italija eminentno katolicke drzave, sto nije slucaj kod nas u Jugoslaviji. Na pogled ovih eklatantnih primjera iz nedavne historije, zasto, Preuzviseni, da mi Hrvati katolici bez ikakva razloga izazivaто borbu u jednoj drzavi, gdje nam је potpuno zajamcena sloboda vjeroispovesti. >1- Ima li ikakva razloga da podrzavamo neku dusevnu * U verziji ovoga teksta, koji
је prosao drugu korekturu, ОУа гесепјса је, posle reCi vjeroispovijesti, prekinuta. Ти је stavljena tacka. Medutim, u tekstu ргјргетlјепот za ргуи korekturu, posle гесј vjeroispovijesti stoji zapeta, ра se ta гесепјса nastavlja sledeCim гесјта: "gdje јтато uzoritog Уlа dara iz narodne dinastije, koja iako пјје pripadnik katolicke crkve, ipak kao sin оуе zemlje jednako plemenitim srcem osjeca za vjernike jedne i druge crkve, sto оп svaki dan dokazuje пе samo гјјесјта
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Spain, France and Austria, in view of establishing the secular state of the Роре Ьу military force. In that regard ап Agreement was signed in 1888 and in 1898 Ьу outstanding representatives of High Clergy who shared the same political attitude. 1heir intention was to establish а confederation of the former Italian regions: Piemonte, Venezia, Romagna, Napoli, etc. ТЬе Роре would Ье at the head of this соп federation, which was against the united Italy under the Crown of the Savoy Dynasty. Ош federalists wish something similar. ТЬеу саН for ап independent Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia, etc. and are against the united Yugoslavia. Both in France and Italy the results of the conflict were negative for the Catholic Church. Pius Х abolished the NON EXPEDIТ. ТЬе Holy See realized the futility of such conflicts as detrimental to the church. In February 1929 Pius Х! signed in Rome the LATERAN TREATIES with Mussolini, relinquishing аН previous requests with regard to the establishment of the Papal state, recognized the unity of the Italian Кingdom and limited his territory to the CIТY ОР ТНЕ VAТICAN (Citta di Vaticano) with ex-territorial status. Оп that occasion the Роре decorated the Prime Minister Mussolini with а medal of the highest order and caHed Mussolini "а Мап of Providence", who knew how to solve this difficult issue and а source of conflict within the Holy See as weH. It should Ье recaHed that France and Italy are predominantly Catholic states, which is not the case in Yugoslavia. ТЬе Most Reverend, why we, Croats-Catholics, do not fol1ow these historical examples and stop making problems to the country which ful1y guarantees or religious freedom.'" Is there а valid reason for ош support to the spiritual split to the detriment of consolidation of ош state and thus play in the hands of ош hostile neighbors? Is there апу justification for the Catholic Church to make imprudent statements which bring about frictions and conflicts, instead of disseminating the teaching of the Holy Bible and promoting реасе, brotherly love and culture, which is its sacred duty? * In the second edited version this sentence is cut after the word RELIGION. In the first version after RELIGION the text goes оп ... "we have ап exemplary Ruler from а national Dynasty, who is not а Catholic, but as а son of this country јп his generous heart he does not make апу difference between the two religions, which he proves not опlу Ьу his words, but also Ьу his charitable deeds Ьу аЬuп dantly subsidizing the Catholic Church and Catholic institutions." This favorable view about Кing Aleksandar was expressed опlу eight days before his assassination јп Marseilles to someone who obviously did not like it and was јп а position to eliminate it from the final version of MAGNUM CRIMEN.
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podvojenost па stetu drzavne konsolidacije а па zadovoljstvo nasih neprijatelja u susjedstvu~ Ima li smisla da se neopreznim izjavama daje povoda trvenjima i sukobima sa strane katolicke crkve, koja је kao bozanska ustanova vijesnica evandelja, Kristove nauke mira, bratske ljubavi i sveopce civilizacije u narodu, kakovu опа siri ро Citavom krugu zemaljskome~ Mi se пе smijemo odreCi nasih tradicija i proslosti. Nase је katolicko svecenstvo od vajkada, od prvog Ilirskog pokreta godine 1835. do danas, dakle kroz Citavo jedno stoljece, od biskupa dakovackog Јшја Strossmayera, prvog zasnovatelja jugoslavenske drzavne misli do zagrebackog nadbiskupa dr. Ante Bauera, odvaznog branitelja te misli, dok је kao аап srpsko-hrvatske koalicije Ыо u delegacijama u Pesti i saboru u Zagrebu, stajalo је uvijek nase rodoljubno i pozrtvovno svecenstvo па braniku narodne slobode, dok smo robovali pod tudim jarmom, ра tu plemenitu tradiciju domovinske ljubavi treba da sacuvamo, njegujemo i ucvrstimo u danasnjoj nasoj drzavi Jugoslaviji kada smo se tog jarma, Bogu hvala, za uvijek oslobodili. Neka dakle nasa Katolicka Akcija bude upucena u duhu naseg slavnog dakovackog biskupa: "Sve za vjeru i domovinu!" Necu vise da duljim i Vama oduzimljem dragocjeno vrijeme. U najboljoj namjeri da nikome пе nanesem uvrede, ра bilo i пајтапје а samo crkvi i otadzbini da iskazem svoju odanost, napisao sam ove retke, koje blagoizvolite, Preuzviseni, proCitati kad nadete shodna vremena, te ukoliko bude vrijedilo, uzeti па znanje i uvazenje. Sa osjecajem najdubljeg postovanja biljezi se odani Split, 1. oktobra 1934. Zupnik u miru, senator kraijevine Jugoslavije Frano Ivanisevic Don Frano IvaniSeviC, koji је Citava zivota Ыо takoreCi па mrtvoj strazi i svojim rodoljubivim shvacanjem svecenickih duznosti nastojao da pomogne narodu, razjedinjenom vjerama, i da kroz svoj svecenicki poziv djeluje па siroke neprosvjecene mase u duhu Strossmayera, nije ni ovaj put imao srece da ga mladi nadbiskup-koadjutor, о kome се biti vise govora u daljnjim poglavljima shvati i da mu odgovori ро zelji i njegovu srcu. Nadbiskup Stepinac, nego dobrotvornim djelima pruzajuCi iz svoje darezljive ruke obilne novcane potpore katoliCkim crkvama i ustanovama?" Ovako povoljna ocena о kralju Aleksandru Karadordevicu, izrecena samo osam dana pre atentata u Marselju, nekom, ko је svemocno uticao па konacnu verziju Magnum crimen-a, zasmetala је, ра је ona, bez naznake izostavljena.
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We must not reject ош tradition and ош past. Since the first days of the Illyrian Movement in 1835 ош Catholic priest to date have always defended ош national freedom while we were under foreign yoke, which means during а period of а whole century, from Strossmayer, the Вishop of Djakovo, the master brain of the idea of Yugoslavism ир to Dr. Ante Bauer, Archbishop of Zagreb, а brave supporter of that idea, and as member of the of the Serbo-Croatian coalition was also member of the delegations to Budapest and the Parliament in Zagreb. We should continue to foster that noble tradition of love for the fatherland and consolidate it today when we are living in ош own country and thanks God по longer under the foreign yoke. Ош CATHOLIC ACТION should continue its ас tivities according to the slogan launched Ьу Bishop Strossmayer: "Everything for the Faith and Fatherland!" 1 do not want to abuse any more оп Уош precious time. Му intention was most honorable. 1 did not want to offend anyone, the least ту Church and ту country. Ву writing these lines 1 only wanted to prove ту devotion. The Most Reverend, if уои have time to read these lines and deem them useful 1 beg уои to take them into consideration. With deepest respect, Devoted yours Retired priest and Senator оЈ the Кingdom оЈ Yugoslavia Frano Ivanishevitch Split, October 1, 1934. Don Frano Ivanishevitch (Ivanisevic) as а priest and patriot, was using his very best efforts to help the people divided Ьу religions and through his pastoral work enlighten them in the spirit of Strossmayer. Unfortunately, the young Archbishop-Coadjutor did not understand him and did not give him the answer that would satisfy his heart. Archbishop-Coadjutor Stepinac, performing that duty for only several months was still unknown to the relevant circles. Не was not involved in any official activity. However, ArchbishopCoadjutor did not deem it his duty to answer this letter, like аН other bishops. This was the destiny of this promemoria, which like аН others, and оп many other issues the priests-patriots have submitted to the attention of the Vatican, simply because they were not in line with the policy of the Roman Curia and the Captol, the See of the Archbishop of Zagreb. They had their far reaching aims-to establish а state in which the Catholic Church would Ье the only church and а supreme political factor. For them the end justified 210
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Naslov izostavijenog poglavija Тhe title page оЈ the omitted chapter
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the means and therefore they accepted support from аН those who could help them јп these efforts regardless of who they were. Less then seven years later the developments will show how deep was the blunder of don Frano Ivanishevitch, fostering the Utopian idea of Yugoslavism strongly supported Ьу the Кing and the sincerity of aHeged Yugoslavism of Dr. Bauer which, also at the time of Serbo-Croatian coalition was only а means for getting the approval for his high position. When at the time of that coa1ition he did not succeed to get the high nomination he tried to achieve it thanks to Вап Tomashitch (Tomasic), supported Ьу Budapest and Vienna. Оп the other hand, Dr. Bauer had support of the Jesuits because he strongly supported their return before the Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) јп 1899. Тheir support implied support of the Roman Curia, particularlyat the time of Pius Х and his Secretary Cardinal Mery del Val. It was just another јп а series of his disappointments. Тhis is а tragedy of а great idea1ism destroyed Ьу upstarts who were not ир to his knee. Тhe assassination of the Кing јп Marseilles has postponed the answer ad infinitum. After that tragic event the situation completely changed and clericalism gained new impetus.
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koadjutor tek nekoliko mjeseci Ыо је jos svim krugovima velika nepoznanica. Jos se nikako nije pokazao па djelu. Medutim, nadbiskup-koadjutor nije smatrao svojom duznoscu da па оуо pismo odgovori, kao sto to nisu uCinili ni drugi biskupi. Dakle, i оуа је Spomenica prosla, kao i sve ostale koje su se od rodoljubivog svecenstva ро raznim pitanjima upucivale и Vatikan. Naprosto stoga, jer se takvi savjeti, ni takve тоЉе nisu ni ocekivali jer nisu ЫН и skladu s principima crkvene politike koja је bila i ostala ista и Rimskoj Kuriji kao i па zagrebackom Kaptolu, и zagrebackom nadbiskupskom dvoru. Ти su imali cula samo za jedan dalekosezni сЩ jedne drzave, и kojoj се katolicka crkva biti jedini i svemocni Cinilac. Odatle nastojanja, ра i ротоси krajnjih sredstava, da se takav сЩ pomogne, ра od koga dolazio, ра та tko ga izveo. Nece proCi ni sedam godina, i ozivotvorenje njegovo се pokazati koliko је don Frano Ivanisevic Ыо и zabludama, i onda, kad se utopisticki uzdao и jugoslavensku misao koju је dinastija propagirala, kao i и jugoslavenstvo dra Ante Bauera, koje је i и vrijeme hrvatsko-srpske koalicije bila prosto konjuktura kojom se dolazi do mitre. Kad to nije islo ротоси koalicije, uspjelo је ротоси madarona Ьапа Tomasica, па Бјој se listi kandidirao, i svecano propao, prije nego sto је stekao povjerenje i Peste i Веса. Povjerenje jezuita уес је davno imao, braneCi njihov povratak и Hrvatsku, и hrvatskom saboru 1899. А imati пјЉоуо povjerenje, znaCilo је imati i povjerenje Rimske Kurije, pogotovo и vrijeme Pija Х. i njegova kardinala-sekretara Mery del Vala. Samo Don Frano IvaniseviC imao је da svojim ranijim razocarenjima doda jos jedno поуо. U tome је i tragika jednog velikog idealizma, zgazenog i pozlijedenog od skorojevica koji nisu ЫН dostojni ni da remena odrijese s njegovih sandala. Atentat и Marseillesu odlozio је za uvijek odgovor - jer sad se situacija sasvim iz osnova izmjenila - i klerikalcima su jos i vise porasla krila. ll2
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Vidi u slijedecem poglavlju.
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SUMMARY
PREFACE /8 XIV ECCLESIA MILIТANSAT WAR WIТH TYRSH AND HIS IDEOLOGY 112 ХУ
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ACCUSATIONS / 182
SADRZAJ
PREDGOVOR / 9 XIV ECCLESIA MILIТANS RATUJE S TYRSEVOM IDEOLOGIJOM / 13 ХУ
LIВELLUS
ACCUSATIONS / 183
