Livro "Depressão: corpo, mente e alma"

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@dqzd{{ëm å tn pzhg{pmzgm ndgphc# kht{h`m qmz tnh kmnqcdh egpdzhìëm dgpzd ohpmzd{ mzlêgekm{# q{ekmcûlekm{# hnjedgphe{ d d{qezepthe{# khzhkpdzeyh`m qmz hglù{peh# zdjhehndgpm `m ftnmz d qdch qdz`h `d egpdzd{{d# qzhydz d dgdzleh èhgpd `h ve`h' Ldgd{# fmznðgem{# gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{# gtpzedgpd{ kdctchzd{# {tj{pêgkeh{ xtînekh{# htpm.d{penh# qdg{hndgpm{# qdz{mghce`h`d# kzdgìh{# zdhìôd{ dnmkemghe{# kmgocepm{ egkmg{kedgpd{# ohpmzd{ {ûkem.ktcptzhe{ d hnjedgphe{# {epthìôd{ kèznekh{ d vegktchìôd{ d{qezepthe{ omznhn tnh endg{h zd`d `d egpdzkmntgekhìôd{# `hg`m omznh hm xth`zm `dqzd{{evm'

M {dz ftnhgm# dnjmzh pdgfh odepm enqmzphgpd{ kmgxte{ph{# hm cmglm `m{ pdnqm{# gm khnqm kedgpîoekm# heg`h dgkmgpzh èoektc`h`d{ dn kmnqzddg`dz m{ qzmkd{{m{ q{îxtekm{ d {dt{ zdocdm{ dnmkemghe{' Qzevecdlehg`m tn mcfhz qhzh omzh `d {e d dvephg`m h`dgpzhz {dt oh{keghgpd# qmzån h{{t{ph`mz ntg`m egpdzgm# {dltd jt{khg`m dqcekhìôd{ {enqce{ph{ `d mzeldn dpdzgh qhzh {th{ `mzd{ dnmkemghe{' Hqzdgèy gm khnqm `h{ dnmìôd{# nteph{ vdyd{ gëm qdzkdjd m xthgpm dch{ w :1 w


egoctdgkehn {th qdzkdqìëm dn zdchìëm hm ntg`m# á ve`h d h {e nd{nm' H{{en {dg`m# å kmntn mj{dzvhz qd{{mh{ ohydg`m itclhndgpm{ {mjzd h ve`h hcfdeh# kzepekhg`m# hkt{hg`m# hvhcehg`m d kmg`dghg`m kmnqmzphndgpm{ xtd gmznhcndgpd gëm pén tnh jh{d {enqcd{'

H ohcph `d htpmkmgfdkendgpm d `d kmgfdkendgpm kedgpîoekm ohvmzdkd hpept`d{ qzdkmgkdeptm{h{ xtd {ëm qdzkdje`h{ phnjån dn zdchìëm hm{ `dqzene`m{' M `d{êgenm# m e{mchndgpm d m `d{egpdzd{{d qmz xtd{pôd{ enqmzphgpd{ kmnm ohnîceh# dnqzdlm d {hù`d# {dn tnh dqcekhìëm kchzh d mjidpevh# ohydn kmn xtd h qd{{mh kmn `dqzd{{ëm {dih ve{ph kmnm –qzdlteìm{h„# –hkmnm`h`h„# kmnm hcltån kfdem `d –ozd{ktzh{„ mt xtd –gëm pdn m xtd ohydz„' Hxtdcd{ xtd qdg{hn `d{{h omznh# `d{kmgfdkdn h omzìh xtd d{{d pzhg{pmzgm qm`d ddzkdz {mjzd m {dz ftnhgm# pzhydg`m.cfd h {dg{hìëm `d `d{hnqhzm d `d{kzdgìh èhgpd `h ve`h' w :8 w


H `dqzd{{ëm å tn dgmznd –jtzhkm –jtzhkm„„ d {th d{khch`h gëm å gh`h hgenh`mzh xthg`m ve{ph cè `m otg`m' Gh nhemzeh `h{ vdyd{# m zd{phjdcdkendgpm `m dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc `dqdg`d `m hqmem ohnecehz d `d hit`h qzmoe{{emghc' Dn ntepm{ kh{m{ gëm pzhph`m{# de{pd tnh ndcfmzh hqhzdgpd# zdvdchg`m dtomzeh# dgpt{eh{nm d dcdvhìëm dhldzh`h `h htpm.d{penh# {dg`m xtd hcltn pdnqm `dqme{ h kze{d `dqzd{{evh zdhqhzdkd' D{{d d{ph`m xtd {d mqôd á `dqzd{{ëm å `dgmnegh`m nhgeh d modzdkd tnh ohc{h enqzd{{ëm `d xtd m qzmjcdnh ome zd{mcve`m'

H pze{pdyh d h `dqzd{{ëm lthz`hn hcltnh {dndcfhgìh gm xtd èy zd{qdepm hm{ {egpmnh{' H {dg{hìëm `d `d{hnqhzm# h ohcph `d dgpt{eh{nm d m {dgpendgpm `d enqmpégkeh èhgpd `h ve`h qhzdkdn {tldzez m nd{nm xth`zm' Gm dgphgpm# vhcd zd{{hcphz xtd de{pdn enqmzphgpd{ èodzdgìh{ dgpzd d{{h{ `th{ {epthìôd{ kmnm å m kh{m `h egpdg{e`h`d# `h `tzhìëm d `h kmg{keégkeh `h{ kht{h{ dgvmcve`h{' Pze{pdyh å tnh zdhìëm dnmkemghc gmznhc á{ egùndzh{ {epthìôd{ ozt{pzhgpd{ xtd h ve`h gm{ kmcmkh' [dz `dnepe`m `m dnqzdlm# gëm qh{{hz gtnh {dcdìëm# hkmnqhgfhz m {mozendgpm `d tn qhzdgpd mt nd{nm qdz`é.cm# {ëm {epthìôd{ xtd qm`dn ohydz tnh qd{{mh {d dgpze{pdkdz' Qmzån# å kmntn xtd dch zdpmzgd á{ {th{ hpeve`h`d{ hqû{ tn qdzîm`m zdchpevhndgpd ktzpm `d dchjmzhìëm d h`hqphìëm èhgpd `m ohpm veve`m# zd{phtzhg`m h kmgoehgìh d m dgpt{eh{nm qdch ve`h' D{pd qdzîm`m gëm km{ptnh dkd`dz ? h 6 {dnhgh{ d# gmznhcndgpd# gëm å pzhph`m qmz egpdzvdgìôd{ nåèkh{ mt q{ekmpdzèqekh{' w :: w


Gd{{h {epthìëm# xth{d {dnqzd h qd{{mh pdn kmg{keégkeh `m{ nmpevm{ xtd kht{hzhn {dt {mozendgpm' Iè h `dqzd{{ëm hqzd{dgph nhemz egpdg{e`h`d# zdvdchg`m hglù{peh# htpm.`d{vhcmzeyhìëm d `d{nmpevhìëm# xtd qm`dn {d qzmcmglhz qmz nd{d{ mt hgm{# kmnqzmndpdg`m h ve`h qd{{mhc# {mkehc# qzmoe{{emghc d ohnecehz `m `dqzene`m' H{ vdz`h`dezh{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm gdn {dnqzd {ëm qdzkdje`h{ qdcm `mdgpd d qdch{ qd{{mh{ kmn xtdn kmgvevd# qmz d{phzdn khzzdlh`h{ `d kmgpdù`m{ egkmg{kedgpd{ d qzmkd{{m{ q{ekmcûlekm{ d mzlêgekm{ kmnqcdm{' D{{h {epthìëm# ozdxódgpdndgpd# zdxtdz hqmem qzmoe{{emghc d{qdkehceyh`m `d nåèkm{ d q{ekûcmlm{ '

H hvhcehìëm kcîgekh `m `dqzene`m modzdkd tnh lhnh `d qm{{ejece`h`d{ {egpmnèpekh{ d `d hcpdzhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{' M{ h{qdkpm{ hjmz`h`m{ gd{pd pûqekm zd{{hcphn khzhkpdzî{pekh{ q{ekmcûlekh{ d hcpdzhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{ xtd {ëm ozdxódgpdndgpd mj{dzvh`h{ gm{ xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{' M{ {egpmnh{ xtd kmnqôdn m xth`zm `dqzd{{evm hodphn èvdz{h{ èzdh{ `h ve`h `m qhkedgpd# kmnqzmndpdg`m {th{ hpeve`h`d{ qd{{mhe{ d {mkehe{' Qm`dnm{ hlztqhz d{{d{ {egpmnh{ dn 4 èzdh{ è{pegph{9 ftnmz# kmlgeìëm mt qdg{hndgpm# h{qdkpm{ {mnèpekm{# dqzd{{ëm kmzqmzhc d ve`h {mkehc'

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h% [egpmnh{ zdchkemgh`m{ kmn m ftnmz 9  pze{pdyh  dnmpeve`h`d  hglù{peh  ezzephjece`h`d  hg{ed`h`d  hgd`mgeh  `d{nmpevhìëm

j% [egpmnh{ kmlgepevm{9  jhem zdgèndgpm egpdcdkpthc  ohcph `d Oå &dn {e# dn @dt{# gh ve`h#

gh{ qd{{mh{ d gm{ pzhphndgpm{%  {dgpendgpm `d hjhg`mgm d-mt zdideìëm  h{{tgpm{ kmg{phgpd{ {mjzd nmzpd  {dgpendgpm `d egodzemze`h`d  ohcph `d {dgpe`m gh ve`h  jheh htpm.d{penh  htpm.enhldn gdlhpevh  qd{{ene{nm  `d{vhcmzeyhìëm `h ve`h  {dgpendgpm `d ktcqh  e`åeh{ `d {tekîèm

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k% [egpmnh{ {mnèpekm{9  feqdz{mgeh  eg{ðgeh  qdz`h `d hqdpepd  htndgpm `d hqdpepd  ènegteìëm `h ceje`m  zd`tìëm `m egpdzd{{d {dthc  jheh gm {e{pdnh entgmcûlekm e ntgmcûlekm

`% Dqzd{{ëm kmzqmzhc9  khjdìh jheh  qdepm dnjtpe`m  kmctgh ktzvh`h  èoektc`h`d dn mcfhz h{ qd{{mh{ gm{ mcfm{  mcfhz `d{vephceyh`m  `d{qzdmktqhìëm kmn h feledgd qd{{mhc  `d{qzdmktqhìëm kmn h hqhzégkeh  zd{qezhìëm {tqdzoekehc  nmvendgpm{ cdgpm{ d kmgpe`m{

d% _e`h {mkehc9  e{mchndgpm  `d{egpdzd{{d qdcm{ d{pt`m{  `d{egpdzd{{d qdcm pzhjhcfm

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[hjd.{d xtd gegltån qh{{h qdch ve`h {dn dqdzendgphz nmndgpm{ `d pze{pdyh' Dgpdg`d.{d# phnjån# xtd e{{m å egdzdgpd á ghptzdyh ftnhgh# ve{pm xtd h{ ozt{pzhìôd{ {ëm egdvepèvde{' M qzmjcdnh {tzld xthg`m h pze{pdyh {d pmzgh egpdg{h d qzmcmglh`h# qzditèkhg`m h ve`h qd{{mhc# {mkehc# qzmoe{{emghc d ohnecehz' Gm{ kh{m{ nhe{ jzhg`m{# kmnm gh `dqzd{{ëm cdvd# h qd{{mh heg`h kmg{dltd jt{khz hit`h mt hcltån kmn xtdn qm{{h kmnqhzpecfhz {dt {mozendgpm' Gmznhcndgpd zdkmzzd h hnelm{# cî`dzd{ zdcelem{m{# nåèkm{ celh`m{ á ohnîceh# dgpzd mtpzm{' Nteph{ vdyd{# h nhgeod{phìëm jzhg`h d qzmcmglh`h# xtd khzhkpdzeyh h è{peneh# å dgpdgè`h hqdgh{ kmnm pze{pdyh# m xtd ohy kmn xtd h qd{{mh qh{{d nd{d{ mt nd{nm hgm{ {dn zdkdjdz m `dve`m èhlgû{pekm d m pzhphndgpm p zhphndgpm h`dxth`m' Tnh mtpzh {epthìëm# jdn nhe{ qzdmktqhgpd# {tzld xthg`m h zdhìëm `dqzd{{evh cdvh h qd{{mh h e{mchz.{d# hqzd{dgphg`m tn d{ph`m `d egèodzdgìh# hjhg`mghg`m h{ hpeve`h`d{ {mkehe{ d qzmoe{{emghe{# hcån `d `d{dgvmcvdz e`åeh{ {teke`h{' D{{h {epthìëm kmnqzmndpd h feledgd# h hqhzégkeh# h {hù`d d h qzûqzeh ve`h `m `dqzene`m' Hkmgpdkd xtd xthg`m d{pd kfdlh hm –otg`m `m qmìm„# gmznhcndgpd gëm dgkmgpzh dgdzleh d d{qdzhgìh {toekedgpd{ xtd m ohìhn jt{khz hit`h' Khjd dgpëm á ohnîceh d hm{ hnelm{# pmnhzdn h egekehpevh `d kte`hz `h egpdlze`h`d oî{ekh d ndgphc `m `dqzene`m# jt{khg`m hqmem nåèkm d q{ekmcûlekm' Kmn ozdxóégkeh# å gdkd{{èzem hkmnqhgfhz d d{pentchz m ktnqzendgpm `h{ qzd{kzeìôd{ nåèkh{ hpå xtd zdktqdzd h kmgèìëm `d kte`hz.{d' Ndcfmz å xtd gëm {d d{qdzd kfdlhz h tn qmgpm pëm {åzem qhzh qzmktzhz htîcem qzmoe{{emghc' M e`dhc {dzeh xtd hm {dgpez.{d `d{nmpevh`h d kmn tnh pze{pdyh egpdg{h d {dn kht{h w :? w


hqhzdgpd# h qd{{mh iè qzmktzh{{d tnh mzedgphìëm nåèkh d-mt q{ekmcûlekh# dvephg`m h{{en m hlzhvhndgpm `m xth`zm'

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D{{d {ecégkem qm`d {dz tnh omznh `d hlzd{{ëm hm{ ohnecehzd{# `dehg`m.m{ hglt{peh`m{ d {dn {hjdz m xtd ohydz# mt tnh nhgdezh `d èydz xtd gëm hkzdèph xtd hcltån qm{{h kmnqzddg`dz {dt {mozendgpm' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd m vîgktcm `d kmgoehgìh dgpzd m dgodznm d xtdn pdgph hit`è.cm å `d otg`hndgphc enqmzpêgkeh qhzh vdgkdz h zd{e{pégkeh# ohydg`m kmn xtd hxtdcd {d {egph hkmcfe`m# hnh`m# zd{qdeph`m d kmnqzddgè`m' Fè {epthìôd{ dn xtd m `dqzene`m gëm hkdeph hit`h d hqzd{dgph omzpd pdg`égkeh hm {tekîèm# qdzkdje`h qdcm mcfhz vhlm d `d{vephceyh`m# hkmnqhgfh`m `d kdzph egèodzdgìh qdch ve`h d qdch ozdxóégkeh `d h{{tgpm{ zdchkemgh`m{ á nmzpd' Dn kh{m{ h{{en# qzegkeqhcndgpd xthg`m iè de{pd tn fe{pûzekm `d pdgphpevh{ `d htpm.dpdznîgem# `dvd.{d kmg{e`dzhz h gdkd{{e`h`d `d egpdzghìëm# heg`h xtd kmgpzh h vmgph`d `m `dqzene`m# qhzh xtd h ndèkhìëm hit`d h nmèoekhz m hnjedgpd q{îxtekm d d{pentcd h qd{{mh h kmgpegthz ctphg`m d {d pzhphg`m' HCLTNH[ D[PZHPÅLEH[ DN OH_MZ @H JT[KH @D PZHPHNDGPM9 @eydz

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h xtdeh `h qd{{mh `dqzene`h# dvephg`m ohydz kmndgpèzem{ xtd jhghceydn {dt {mozendgpm'

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Gëm

`dnmg{pzhz dkd{{evh kmnqheëm qdch `mz `h qd{{mh dgodznh' D{{h hpept`d zdomzìh h e`åeh `d xtd zdhcndgpd d{pè ntepm nhc d xtd pt`m gh ve`h å èoîkec' Zd{qdepd {dt {mozendgpm# nh{ ohìh kmn xtd {egph xtd vmké pdn dgdzleh {toekedgpd qhzh hit`è.ch d xtd hkzdèph dn {th khqhke`h`d `d zdhìëm'

Å

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jmn cdnjzhz xtd qzd{{emghz `dnhe{ qm`d kht{hz m dodepm kmgpzèzem d xtd h qhkeégkeh d h pmcdzêgkeh qm`dn qzm`tyez tnh egè{qdg{èvdc zdchìëm `d kmgoehgìh'

Gm{

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Gm oeghc `m {åktcm VEV# m q{extehpzh hcdnëm Dnec Bzhdqdceg modzdkdt enqmzphgpd{ kmgpzejteìôd{ hm kmgfdkendgpm `h{ dgodzne`h`d{ q{îxtekh{' Dgpzd dch{ d{pè h ève{ëm `m{ xth`zm{ q{ekûpekm{ dn `me{ lzhg`d{ lztqm{9 `dnégkeh qzdkmkd d eg{hge`h`d nhgîhkm.`dqzd{{evh' M{ d{pt`m{ `d Bzhdqdceg omznhzhn h jh{d `h{ nm`dzgh{ kch{{eoekhìôd{ `m{ pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{' Iè gm khnqm `h {tjidpeve`h`d# dn 858<# [elntg` Ozdt`# qhe `h q{ekhgèce{d# qtjcekh – Ctpm – Ctpm d Ndchgkmceh„# Ndchgkmceh„# `d{phkhg`m h de{pégkeh `d h{qdkpm{ egkmg{kedgpd{# vegktch`m{ hm {dgpendgpm `d qdz`h gh légd{d `h ndchgkmceh' Gh `åkh`h `d ;1 {tzld h pdzhqeh dcdpzmkmgvtc{evh# jh{dh`h gh kzdgìh `d xtd h eg`tìëm `m d{ph`m kmgvtc{evm qm`dzeh pzhphz `mdgìh{ ndgphe{# tnh vdy xtd qhkedgpd{ qmzph`mzd{ `d{pd{ pzhg{pmzgm{ d phnjån dqecåpekm{ hqzd{dgphvhn ndcfmzh gm xth`zm q{exteèpzekm `tzhgpd hcltn pdnqm hqû{ h{ kze{d{ `d kmgvtc{ëm' H eg`tìëm dzh odeph h qzegkîqem kmn m t{m `d hldgpd{ ohznhkmcûlekm{ d# qm{pdzemzndgpd# ome egpzm`tye`m m t{m `m dcdpzmkfmxtd' Dn 85;?# m oecû{mom eglcé{ Fdgzu @hcd zdkdjdt m Qzénem Gmjdc qmz {dt{ d{pt`m{ {mjzd h pzhg{ne{{ëm `m{ enqtc{m{ gdzvm{m{' Qmz vmcph `m{ hgm{ 41# {tzldn m{ qzendezm{ oèznhkm{ hgpe.`dqzd{{evm{' Gh jt{kh `d hgpe.fe{phnîgekm{ xtd gëm qzmvmkh{{dn {d`hìëm# h eg`ù{pzeh ohznhkétpekh `d{kmjzet h eneqzhnegh &Pzmohgec%' Mj{dzvmt.{d xtd m{ `dqzene`m{ xtd pmnhvhn d{{d ndèkhndgpm qhzh m kmnjhpd `d qzmkd{{m{ hcåzlekm{ mt egochnhpûzem{ hqzd{dgphvhn ndcfmzh gm ftnmz' D{{d zdnåèm d mtpzm{ {dndcfhgpd{ omzhn `dgmnegh`m{ pzekîkcekm{# dn otgìëm `d {th d{pztptzh xtînekh' w ;0 w


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Mj{dzvh.{d xtd tn jmn vîgktcm hodpevm å `d dpzdnh enqmzpêgkeh qhzh h d{pztptzhìëm q{îxtekh `d tnh qd{{mh' Å tnh zdodzégkeh qhzh h kmg{pztìëm `h qzûqzeh enhldn d qhzh m `d{dgvmcvendgpm dnmkemghc' H{ kzehgìh{ xtd {mozdn qzevhìëm `d{{h zdodzégkeh pdg`dn h kmg{pztez vîgktcm{ eg{dltzm{# qhtph`m{ gh khzégkeh d gh `dqdg`égkeh hodpevh# mt vîgktcm{ nhzkh`m{ qdch {tqdzoekehce`h`d# kmnm omznh `d `dod{h kmgpzh qm{{îvde{ gmvh{ `dkdqìôd{' @dgpzd mtpzh{ {epthìôd{ gh{ xthe{ qm`d fhvdz kmnqzmndpendgpm `m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `d{{h{ enqmzphgpd{ celhìôd{ hodpevh{# d{pëm9 m hjhg`mgm# h{ nëd{ mt kte`h`mzh{ hodpevhndgpd è{phgpd{ &`dqzd{{evh{# q{ekûpekh{'''% d h mzohg`h`d' Hqd{hz `d qd{xte{h{ kmnqzmvhzdn m{ `hgm{ q{ekmcûlekm{ kht{h`m{ qmz egpdg{m{ {mozendgpm{ gm egîkem `h ve`h# hcltg{ d{pt`m{ nm{pzhn xtd m{ ohpmzd{ ldgåpekm{ phnjån ddzkdn lzhg`d egoctégkeh gm {tzlendgpm `d dqe{ûèm{ `dqzd{{evm{' Qmz ddnqcm# kzehgìh{ h`mph`h{# oecfh{ `d qhe{ jemcûlekm{ kmn fe{pûzekm `d `dqzd{{ëm# pén nhemzd{ kfhgkd{ `d nhgeod{phz d{{d pzhg{pmzgm `m xtd hxtdch{ ktim{ qhe{ jemcûlekm{ gëm pegfhn fe{pûzekm fe{p ûzekm `h `mdgìh' Mtpzm ohpmz enqmzphgpd gm kmgpdpm `h `dqzd{{ëm egohgpec èy zd{qdepm á kmg{pztìëm `h htpm.d{penh `h kzehgìh' M{ h`tcpm{ otgkemghn kmnm d{qdcfm{ qhzh h kzehgìh# gh d{pztptzhìëm `d {th e`dgpe`h`d' H omznh kmnm m h`tcpm pzhph h kzehgìh# nhgeod{phg`m {dt{ {dgpendgpm{ qmz dch# vdzjhcndgpd mt qmz ld{pm{# dqzd{{ôd{ ohkehe{ d hpept`d{# vhe omzgdkdg`m h dch egomznhìôd{ {mjzd xtdn d kmnm dch å' H{{en# tnh kzehgìh qm`d# hm cmglm `m {dt `d{dgvmcvendgpm# hkzdèphz xtd å egkhqhy# kfhph# eg`d{dih`h# qzdlteìm{h# dgpzd mtpzh{ enqzd{{ôd{ gdlhpevh{ xtd qm`dn kmnqzmndpdz {th htpm. d{penh' w 04 w


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H h`mcd{kégkeh å m qdzîm`m kmnqzddgè`m dgpzd 8: d 86 hgm{ qhzh qd{{mh{ `m {dm odnegegm# kmzzd{qmg`dg`m hm qdzîm`m `d 80 h :1 hgm{ qhzh m {dm nh{ktcegm# kmn hcltnh{ vhzehìôd{ dn èodzdgpd{ ktcptzh{ d nmndgpm{ fe{pûzekm{' Pzhph.{d `d tnh oh{d khzzdlh`h `d kmgocepm{ qzmvmkh`m{ qmz ohpmzd{ xtd dgvmcvdn hcpdzhìôd{ jemcûlekh{# q{ekmcûlekh{ d {mkehe{' Phe{ kmgocepm{ pén jh{d{ qzmvèvde{ gh zdchìëm `d `dqdg`égkeh kmn m{ qhe{# gh{ pzhg{omznhìôd{ kmzqmzhe{# gm `d{qdzphz `h {dthce`h`d# gh{ hcpdzhìôd{ fmznmghe{# gh eg{dltzhgìh èhgpd `m ntg`m# gh{ kmjzhgìh{ w 0? w


{mkehe{ qdcm hnh`tzdkendgpm d hxte{eìëm `d zd{qmg{hjece`h`d{# hcån `m zdocdm xtd d{{h{ xtd{pôd{ pén {mjzd h htpm.d{penh' M zd{tcph`m `d phgph{ hcpdzhìôd{ kmzqmzhe{ d q{ekm{{mkehe{ gd{{h oh{d `d pzhg{eìëm# dgpzd h egoêgkeh d h ve`h h`tcph# å h kfhnh`h –kze{d –kze{d `d e`dgpe`h`d„' e`dgpe`h`d„' H e`dgpe`h`d å m kmgitgpm `d kzdgìh{# kmgkdepm{ d qdzkdqìôd{ xtd tnh qd{{mh pdn h {dt qzûqzem zd{qdepm' Å kmg{pztî`h qmtkm h qmtkm# `d{`d m gh{kendgpm# qmz ndem `h qdzkdqìëm `h kzehgìh {mjzd h{ mqegeôd{ d h{ nhgeod{phìôd{ hodpevh{ xtd mtpzh{ qd{{mh{ pén dn zdchìëm h dch' D{{d qzmkd{{m å nmve`m qdch jt{kh `d zd{qm{ph{ qhzh egxtedphgpd{ xtd{pemghndgpm{9 –Xtdn {mt dt=„# –Xthc m ndt qhqdc gh ve`h=„# –Xtd khnegfm `dvm {dltez=„# –Xtd {dgpe`m pdn h negfh ve`h=„'

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H oh{d `m `d{dgvmcvendgpm ftnhgm `dgmnegh`h –h`tcpm imvdn„ å m qdzîm`m kmnqzddgè `m dgpzd# hqzmenh`hndgpd# :1 d 01 hgm{ `d e`h`d' e `h`d' Å tn nmndgpm `d lzhg`d{ pzhg{omznhìôd{ qhzh h nhemzeh `h{ qd{{mh{' H dgpzh`h gh ve`h h`tcph zdxtdz hit{phndgpm{ `d mz`dn dnmkemghc# {mkehc d dkmgðnekh' Gmznhcndgpd# gd{{h oh{d mj{dzvh.{d h jt{kh `h zdhceyhìëm qzmoe{{emghc# h d{pztptzhìëm `d tn gmvm gùkcdm ohnecehz d h kfdlh`h `m{ oecfm{' H{ zdchìôd{ `d pzhjhcfm# h gdkd{{e`h`d `d eg`dqdg`égkeh oeghgkdezh d h gmvh kmgoeltzhìëm ohnecehz# enqôdn tnh nt`hgìh `d qm{ptzh dn zdchìëm hm kmnqmzphndgpm h`mcd{kdgpd' w 06 w


Qdzkdjd.{d# gm egîkem `d{{h oh{d# m kmgocepm dgpzd kzd{kdz# hjzeg`m nëm `m{ qzhydzd{ `h oh{d hgpdzemz# d qdznhgdkdz gh h`mcd{kégkeh# qm{pdzlhg`m m dgozdgphndgpm `h{ zd{qmg{hjece`h`d{ `h ve`h h`tcph' Gd{{d kmgpdpm# khzhkpdzî{pekh{ kmnm h jheh pmcdzêgkeh á ozt{pzhìëm d h zdchìëm `d `dqdg`égkeh dnmkemghc dgpzd m imvdn h`tcpm d {dt{ qhe{ qm`dn pmzghz nhe{ èoîkec m qzmkd{{m `d pzhg{eìëm dgpzd h{ oh{d{' [hjd.{d xtd h zdvmcph èhgpd `h ve`h d h `dqdg`égkeh hodpevh {ëm ozdxódgpdndgpd mj{dzvh`h{ gm{ xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{' H{{en# h ohcph `d nhptze`h`d dnmkemghc qhzdkd {dz tn `m{ qzegkeqhe{ dcdndgpm{ `dpdzneghgpd{ `m ohpm `d xtd m qzendezm dqe{ûèm `dqzd{{evm mkmzzd kmn nhemz ozdxóégkeh dgpzd :4 d 00 hgm{ `d e`h`d'

Kmnqzddgè`h# hqzmenh`hndgpd# dgpzd m{ 01 d ?1 hgm{# h –ndeh e`h`d„ pdn kmnm ohpm {elgeoekhpevm h zdhvhcehìëm `h ve`h d `m {dgpe`m de{pdgkehc' Å h oh{d dn xtd hcltnh{ vdz`h`d{# kmg{pztî`h{ `d{`d h egoêgkeh# {d `d{nmzmghn# kht{hg`m lzhg`d egxtedphìëm' @d{kmjzd.{d xtd# `tzhgpd ntepm pdnqm# ect{ôd{ {mjzd {e d m ntg`m omzhn {t{pdgph`h{ qdcm mzltcfm# qzmvdgedgpd `d qm{{îvde{ kmgocepm{ dn zdchìëm á htpm.d{penh# d qdch gdkd{{e`h`d `d kdzpdyh{ {mjzd ve`h' Gmznhcndgpd# d{{h `d{kmjdzph vdn hpzhvå{ `d ozt{pzhìôd{# xthg`m h zdhce`h`d jhpd á qmzph nm{pzhg`m xtd h ve`h gëm å m xtd {d enhleghvh' Kmgxte{ph{ nhpdzehe{ d zdchìôd{ hodpevh{ {ëm zdkmg{e`dzh`h{ d vhcmzd{ {ëm xtd{pemgh`m{' Qhzh hcltg{# fè heg`h m {dgpendgpm `d ozhkh{{m qmz gëm pdz kmg{dlte`m {dz d pdz m xtd `d{dihvh d xtd m pdnqm xtd zd{ph qm`d {dz eg{toekedgpd' D{{h{ {epthìôd{ w 05 w


{ëm zd{qmg{èvde{ qmz ldzhz mt hkdgpthz {dgpendgpm{ `d hglù{peh# eg{dltzhgìh# egkhqhke`h`d d jheh htpm.d{penh' Mtpzm{ h{qdkpm{ xtd qdzndehn h –kze{d `h ndeh e`h`d„# d{pëm zdchkemgh`m{ á {hù`d d á ohnîceh' M kmzqm iè gëm zd{qmg`d á{ delégkeh{ d{påpekh{ `h {mked`h`d hpthc# h dgdzleh oî{ekh kmndìh h dgpzhz dn `dkcîgem# hcpdzhìôd{ fmznmghe{ nddn kmn m kmzqm d h{ dnmìôd{ d m{ oecfm{ {hdn `d kh{h qhzh kmg{peptez {th{ qzûqzeh{ ohnîceh{' Å kmnqzddg{îvdc xtd pm`h{ d{{h{ nt`hgìh{ qzmvmxtdn tnh ptzjtcégkeh gh ve`h `h{ qd{{mh{' Ptzjtcégkeh d{{h# xtd qm`d ohvmzdkdz m {tzlendgpm `m xth`zm `dqzd{{evm# qzegkeqhcndgpd xthg`m iè de{pd kmnqzmndpendgpm `h htpm. d{penh d tn d{pecm `d ve`h dkd{{evhndgpd nhpdzehce{ph# nteph{ vdyd{ `d{dgvmcve`m qhzh qzmpdldz m {dz ftnhgm `d {th{ èoektc`h`d{ hodpevh{'

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zdvdchn xtd m{ e`m{m{ gd{{h{ {epthìôd{# hqzd{dgphn nhe{ {egpmnh{ `d `dqzd{{ëm `m xtd hxtdcd{ xtd vevdn kmn {dt{ ohnecehzd{' Pm`h{ d{{h{ hcpdzhìôd{ jem.q{ekm.{mkehe{ qm`dn `d{dgkh`dhz xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{# pzhydg`m mtpzh qzdmktqhgpd {epthìëm xtd å m hcpm îgèkd `d {tekîèm `d e`m{m{# xtd pdg`d h htndgphz kmn h e`h`d# qzegkeqhcndgpd kmn zdchìëm hm{ fmndg{'

Mtpzm kmgpdpm jh{phgpd ohvmzèvdc á `dqzd{{ëm å m `d{dnqzdlm' Qzegkeqhcndgpd m{ kh{m{ xtd dgvmcvdn cmglm qdzîm`m gh jt{kh `d mqmzptge`h`d{ `d pzhjhcfm qm`dn ldzhz ozt{pzhìëm# `d{nmpevhìëm# jheh htpm.d{penh d {dgpendgpm `d egkhqhke`h`d' Gm khnqm ohnecehz# h{ kmjzhgìh{ qmz hpept`d d qmz {tqzez h{ gdkd{{e`h`d{ `m{ oecfm{ d `h kh{h qm`dn htndgphz h qm{{ejece`h`d `d tn dqe{ûèm `dqzd{{evm' _hcd cdnjzhz xtd# dn qhzpd# m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm `dqdg`d `h d{pztptzh `h qdz{mghce`h`d' Qd{{mh{ kmn tnh pdg`égkeh htpm.`dqzdkehpevh# ntepm deldgpd{ kmg{elm nd{nh{# kmn qdg{hndgpm{ qd{{ene{ph{# eg{dltzh{ d hg{em{h{ pén nhemz qzmjhjece`h`d `d `d{dgvmcvdz `dqzd{{ëm dn tnh {epthìëm `d `d{dnqzdlm' w 4: w


H{ {epthìôd{ `d dgève`hndgpm gmznhcndgpd `d{qdzphn {dgpendgpm{ `d ozhkh{{m# egkmnqdpégkeh d jheh htpm.d{penh' _hcd zd{{hcphz xtd h{ `îve`h{ {ëm ozdxódgpdndgpd kmgpzhî`h{ `tzhgpd h oh{d `d dtomzeh d# qm{pdzemzndgpd# h zdhc enqm{{ejece`h`d `d ktnqzez m kmnqzmne{{m h{{tne`m ohy zdhpevhz m qzmkd{{m `dqzd{{evm# xtd dn ntepm{ kh{m{# iè de{peh hgpd{ `m dgève`hndgpm'

H{ hcpdzhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{ veve`h{ gh ndgmqht{h {ëm zd{qmg{èvde{ qmz nt`hgìh{ kmzqmzhe{ d qdch qdz`h `h odzpece`h`d gh ntcfdz' Qmtkm {d {hjd {mjzd h zdchìëm de{pdgpd dgpzd h ndgmqht{h d h `dqzd{{ëm' Hcltnh{ qd{xte{h{ {tldzdn xtd m îgèkd `d ntcfdzd{ kmn `dqzd{{ëm gh ndgmqht{h å {dndcfhgpd hm `h nåèh `h qmqtchìëm dn ldzhc# hclm dn pmzgm `d 4$' H xtd{pëm å9 xtd ohpmzd{ d{phzehn cdvhg`m qhzpd `h{ ntcfdzd{# qzmvhvdcndgpd h{ xtd qm{{tdn qzdè{qm{eìëm# h `d{dgvmcvdzdn `dqzd{{ëm gm kmgpdpm `h ndgmqht{h= Q{ekmcmlekhndgpd# mj{dzvh.{d xtd hcltnh{ ntcfdzd{ vevdgkehn tnh d{qåked `d ctpm gd{{h oh{d `h ve`h# h`hqphg`m. {d á gmvh kmgèìëm' Å kmntn xtd gd{{h åqmkh# m{ oecfm{ d{pdihn {d kh{hg`m d {heg`m `d kh{h' Mkmzzd phnjån xtd# dn otgìëm `h kze{d `d ndeh e`h`d# ntepm{ kh{he{ qh{{hn qmz tn qdzîm`m `d ptzjtcégkeh kmgitlhc mt nd{nm `d {dqhzhìëm' Qmz mtpzm ch`m# m{ jhem{ gîvde{ `d d{pzmlégem d `d fmznðgem{ `h pezdûe`d# mj{dzvh`m{ ozdxódgpdndgpd gh w 4; w


ndgmqht{h# qhzdkdn kmchjmzhz qhzh m {tzlendgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm' D{pt`m{ nm{pzhn xtd m pzhphndgpm kmn zdqm{eìëm fmznmghc# egèkh`m qhzh hcevehz {egpmnh{ kmnm mg`h{ `d khcmz d {mgmcégkeh d qzdvdgez m{pdmqmzm{d# ndcfmzh m ftnmz `d ntcfdzd{ xtd gd{{h oh{d `h ve`h hqzd{dgphn `dqzd{{ëm cdvd'

M qdzîm`m qzå.ndg{pzthc å nhzkh`m qmz hcpdzhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{ xtd qm`dn ldzhz `d{kmgomzpm qhzh nteph{ ntcfdzd{' [hjd.{d xtd hclm dgpzd ;1$ d 01$ `h{ ntcfdzd{ dqdzendgphn tn d{ph`m `d hg{ed`h`d# ezzephjece`h`d d pze{pdyh gd{{d qdzîm`m' [egpmnh{ oî{ekm{ kmnm egkfhìm# `mzd{ gm{ {dem{# khg{hìm# `mzd{ nt{ktchzd{ d `mzd{ `d khjdìh phnjån qm`dn d{phz qzd{dgpd{' Qmzån# hqzmenh`hndgpd 4$ `h{ ntcfdzd{ hqzd{dgphn tn xth`zm hlt`m `m{ {egpmnh{ qzå.ndg{pzthe{' Pzhph.{d `d tnh PQN lzhvd kfhnh`h `d Pzhg{pmzgm @e{oûzekm Qzå.Ndg{pzthc xtd qm{{te hcltg{ {egpmnh{ {dndcfhgpd{ hm{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' [egpmnh{ `d è{omzeh qzå.ndg{pzthc 9 ftnmz `dqzene`m hg{ed`h`d dnmpeve`h`d ezzephjece`h`d èoektc`h`d `d kmgkdgpzhìëm ohcph `d dgdzleh {dg{hìëm `d `d{kmgpzmcd ènegteìëm `m egpdzd{{d qdcm pzhjhcfm p zhjhcfm w 40 w


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M d{pzd{{d {d khzhkpdzeyh qmz tnh {åzed `d hcpdzhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{ d q{ekmcûlekh{ kmn zdocdm{ dnmkemghe{ d kmnqmzphndgphe{' Å mj{dzvh`m gh omznh kzðgekh kmnm kmg{dxóégkeh `m `d{lh{pd oî{ekm d ndgphc &dkd{{m `d hpeve`h`d{ mt eg{hpe{ohìëm% mt gh omznh hlt`h dn {epthìôd{ eg`d{dièvde{ xtd deldn h`hqphìëm# kmnm h nmzpd `d qd{{mh{ gh ohnîceh d h qdz`h q dz`h `m dnqzdlm' Dgpzd h{ hcpdzhìôd{ `dkmzzdgpd{ `m d{pzd{{d d{pè h ènegteìëm `m{ gîvde{ `d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{ gh{ {eghq{d{ &celhìëm dgpzd `me{ gdtzðgem{%' Qd{xte{h`mzd{ mj{dzvhzhn zd`tìëm gm{ gîvde{ `d gmzh`zdghcegh dn këd{ xtd omzhn dqm{pm{ h {epthìôd{ d{pzd{{hgpd{ kmnm kfmxtd dcåpzekm# jhztcfm# khcmz d e{mchndgpm {mkehc# `d omznh xtd m htndgpm `h egpdg{e`h`d `m{ ohpmzd{ d{pzd{{hgpd{ qzmvmkhvh nhemz zdjhehndgpm `m{ gîvde{ `d{{d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mz' @ehgpd `d {epthìôd{ d{pzd{{hgpd{# h{ qd{{mh{ `d{dgvmcvdn d{pzhpåleh{ qhzh ce`hz kmn {dt{ qzmjcdnh{' M{ `dqzene`m{ qhzdkdn ohydz nhemz t{m `d d{pzhpåleh{ qh{{evh{ &otlh# kmgomzne{nm# qdg{hndgpm nèlekm# kmndz kmnqtc{evhndgpd# phjhle{nm d hckmmce{nm# dgpzd mtpzh{% hm egvå{ `d d{pzhpåleh{ hpevh{ d `d dgozdgphndgpm &kmzhldn# qhkeégkeh# htpmkmgoehgìh# `dpdzneghìëm# egekehpevh d mpene{nm%'

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H{ qdz`h{ omzhn h{ qzendezh{ {epthìôd{ gëm mzlêgekh{ kedgpeoekhndgpd h{{mkeh`h{ á `dqzd{{ëm' Dn 858<# gh mjzh Ctpm d Ndchgkmceh# [elntg` Ozdt` {tldzeh xtd qzmkd{{m{ egkmg{kedgpd{ dgvmcve`m{ gh{ {epthìôd{ `d qdz`h{ qm`dzehn cdvhz á ndchgkmceh' Gm kmgpdpm `h nmzpd `d dgpd{ xtdze`m{ mt `h {dqhzhìëm dn zdchìëm h d{pd{ &kh{he{# qhe{ d oecfm{# '''%# mj{dzvh.{d h vevégkeh ghptzhc `m ctpm# e{pm å# tn nmndgpm xtd dgvmcvd pze{pdyh# dchjmzhìëm d h`hqphìëm' D{{d qzmkd{{m gmznhcndgpd {d `è gtn qdzîm`m zdchpevhndgpd ktzpm# hqzmenh`hndgpd dgpzd ? d 6 {dnhgh{' Qmzån# nteph{ qd{{mh{ pén èoektc`h`d qhzh ce`hz kmn h {epthìëm `h qdz`h' Hcltnh{ hqzd{dgphn pze{pdyh gtnh egpdg{e`h`d qhpmcûlekh d qmz pdnqm hkenh `m d{qdzh`m# dgxthgpm mtpzh{ hqzd{dgphn tnh {epthìëm egekehc `d dtomzeh d gdlhìëm `m{ ohpm{# kheg`m hcltn pdnqm `dqme{ dn `dqzd{{ëm' Qdzkdjd.{d xtd h{ qd{{mh{ xtd {d dgkmgpzhvhn gtnh zdchìëm `d `dqdg`égkeh hodpevh kmn m dgpd xtd {d hoh{pmt pén nhemz qzmqdg{ëm h dgpzhz gtn xth`zm qhpmcûlekm'

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Mtpzm ohpm mj{dzvh`m å xtd xthg`m m qhe d h nëd iè hqzd{dgphzhn `dqzd{{ëm# h{ kfhgkd{ `d m{ oecfm{ nhgeod{phzdn m pzhg{pmzgm å nhemz `m xtd xthg`m mkmzze`m kmn hqdgh{ tn `m{ `me{' Hkzdèph.{d xtd h nhemz kfhgkd `m {tzlendgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm dn qd{{mh{ kmn fe{pûzekm gh ohnîceh d{pdih vegktch`h h ohpmzd{ ldgåpekm{ d hnjedgphe{' H feqûpd{d `d tn kmnqmgdgpd ldgåpekm å kmgoeznh`h qmz d{pt`m{ odepm{ kmn léndm{ d kzehgìh{ h`mph`h{ &zdchph`m{ gm khqîptcm {mjzd kht{h{# gm epdn –ohpmzd{ ldgåpekm{„%' Gm dgphgpm# å enqmzphgpd qdzkdjdz xtd h `dqzd{{ëm# dn lzhg`d qhzpd `m{ kh{m{# zdvdch qzmjcdnh{ kmn h htpm.d{penh d kmn h enhldn xtd h qd{{mh pdn `dch nd{nh' Tnh vdy xtd h e`dgpe`h`d d h qdz{mghce`h`d {ëm `d{dgvmcve`h{ gh egpdzhìëm ohnecehz d {mkehc# å qzmvèvdc xtd m hnjedgpd phnjån ddzìh lzhg`d egoctégkeh gh `dpdzneghìëm `d tn xth`zm `dqzd{{evm'

Å kmntn mj{dzvhz h `dqzd{{ëm kmde{peg`m kmn mtpzm{ pzhg{pmzgm{ kmnm m{ `d hg{ed`h`d# hcendgphzd{# `d qdz{mghce`h`d d `d `åoekep `d hpdgìëm' Gëm å oèkec hoeznhz xthc h zdchìëm dgpzd h `dqzd{{ëm d phe{ pzhg{pmzgm{# dn otgìëm `h{ èoektc`h`d{ `d {d `dpdzneghz xthc {tzlet qzendezm d `d xtd omznh tn egoctdgkeh m mtpzm' Gm dgphgpm# h kmnjeghìëm dgpzd h `dqzd{{ëm d mtpzm{ pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{ å tn ohpm d ndzdkd hpdgìëm' PZHGPMZGM[ @D HG[ED@H@D9 H hg{ed`h`d qm`d {dz tnh zdhìëm ghptzhc á èodzdgpd{ {epthìôd{ pzhye`h{ qdch ve`h' Qmz ddnqcm# xthg`m hcltån {d vé hndhìh`m qmz w 46 w


hcltnh {epthìëm `d qdzelm mt tnh `mdgìh# xthg`m d{pè kmn m pdnqm ktzpm qhzh hcltnh hpeve`h`d enqmzphgpd mt xthg`m d{qdzh qdcm zd{tcph`m `d tn kmgktz{m `m xthc pdgfh qhzpekeqh`m# gmznhcndgpd {dgpd hg{ed`h`d' Gm dgphgpm# d{ph zdhìëm dnmkemghc# xthg`m dqdzendgph`h gtnh kmgèìëm qhpmcûlekh# zdvdch dn {dt{ kmnqmgdgpd{ q{ekmcûlekm{ pzhtnh{ mt kmgocepm{ egkmg{kedgpd{# dgvmcvdg`m `d{dim{ {dthe{ zdqzene`m{# enqtc{m{ fm{pe{# hcån `d {dgpendgpm{ `d egodzemze`h`d# zdideìëm d qtgeìëm' Qdzkdjd. {d# gh hg{ed`h`d# tnh {dg{hìëm `d eg{dltzhgìh d h dqdkphpevh `d hclm zten xtd qm{{h hkmgpdkdz' M{ pzhg{pmzgm{ `d hg{ed`h`d dgvmcvdn jh{ekhndgpd# h hg{ed`h`d ldgdzhceyh`h# h{ omjeh{# m pzhg{pmzgm mj{d{{evm. kmnqtc{evm# h {îg`zmnd `m qêgekm d m d{pzd{{d qû{. pzhtnèpekm' Å kmntn xtd qmzph`mzd{ `d{pd{ pzhg{pmzgm{ qh{{dn qmz dqe{ûèm{ `dqzd{{evm{ d {hjd.{d xtd kdzkh `d 41$ `h{ qd{{mh{ kmn `dqzd{{ëm hqzd{dgphn {egpmnh{ `d hg{ed`h`d' PZHG[PMZGM[ HCENDGPHZD[9 Nhe{ `h ndph`d `h{ qd{{mh{ xtd {mozdn `d hgmzdeh d jtceneh hqzd{dgph fe{pûzekm `d `dqzd{{ëm' H hgmzdeh gdzvm{h khzhkpdzeyh.{d qdch gdkd{{e`h`d xtd h qd{{mh {dgpd `d dnhlzdkdz qmz {d hkfhz {dnqzd lmz`h# nd{nm xtd d{pdih nhlzh' D{ph è{pmzìëm `h qdzkdqìëm zd{tcph dn qmtkh hcendgphìëm d dkd{{m `d ddzkîkem{ oî{ekm{# cdvhg`m á eghgeìëm d hpå nd{nm á nmzpd' H jtceneh gdzvm{h zdodzd.{d á egld{pëm `d lzhg`d xthgpe`h`d `d hcendgpm gtn ktzpm qdzîm`m `d pdnqm &feqdzohleh%# {dlte`h `d ktcqh# eg`tìëm `d vðnepm{ d t{m `d chhgpd{' Hcltg{ d{pt`m{ {tldzdn xtd h jtceneh gdzvm{h qm`d d{phz celh`h á hpeve`h`d `m gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mz {dzmpmgegh d w 45 w


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pzhg{pmzgm{ xtd hqzd{dgphn zdchìëm nhe{ d{pzdeph kmn h `dqzd{{ëm {ëm m{ `d9 qdz{mghce`h`d `dqdg`dgpd# qdz{mghce`h`d jmz`dzcegd# qdz{mghce`h`d hg{em{h d qdz{mghce`h`d hghgkè{pekh' Khzhkpdzî{pekh{ `d qd{{mh{ kmn pzhg{pmzgm `d qdz{mghce`h`d `dqdg`dgpd9  Gdkd{{e`h`d `d {dz kte`h`h qmz hcltån'  @eoektc`h`d `d è{kmz`hz `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{' mt pzm{'  @eoektc`h`d qhzh èydz –gëm„ hm{ qdè`m{ `m{ mtpzm{'  Gdkd{{e`h`d kmg{phgpd `d d{pîntcm d hqzmvhìëm'  [dgpendgpm ozdxódgpd `d `d{hnqhzm'  [dgpd.{d egkhqhy `d {d kte`hz {myegfh'  Kmg{pztìëm `d zdchkemghndgpm{ `d `dqdg`égkeh'  Eg`dke{ëm qhzh ohydz d{kmcfh{'  @eoektc`h`d qhzh pmnhz hpept`d{'  Htpm.`d{vhcmzeyhìëm'  D{omzìm egkmgèkemghc qhzh hlzh`hz mtpzh{ qd{{mh{'  [dgpendgpm `d `dzzmph mt ozhkh{{m'  Hg{ed`h`d qdcm zdkdem `d gëm {dz hkdeph kmnm å'  Htpm.kzîpekh `d{pztpevh' Khzhkpdzî{pekh{ `d qd{{mh{ kmn pzhg{pmzgm `d qdz{mghce`h`d jmz`dzcegd9  Zdchkemghndgpm{ egpdzqd{{mhe{ egpdg{m{ d eg{pèvde{'  Ftnmz eg{pèvdc &zhevh d `dqzd{{ëm%'  Qdg{hndgpm nèlekm &nhe{ jzhg`m{ xtd gh d{xteymozdgeh%'  Htpm.hlzd{{ëm &kmzpd{# xtdenh`tzh{# dpk'%'  Qdg{hndgpm{ qhzhgûe`d{ &ozdxódgpdndgpd {mjzd pzheìëm d hjhg`mgm%'  Qzmjcdnh{ `d e`dgpe`h`d' w <1 w


Khzhkpdzî{pekh{ `d qd{{mh{ kmn pzhg{pmzgm `d qdz{mghce`h`d hg{em{h9  [dgpendgpm{ qdz{e{pdgpd{ d egvh{evm{ `d pdg{ëm d hqzddg{ëm'  Kzdgìh `d xtd å egodzemz hm{ mtpzm{'  Qzdmktqhìëm dkd{{evh dn {dz kzepekh`m'  Nd`m `h zdideìëm d `h `d{hqzmvhìëm'  Dkd{{evh gdkd{{e`h`d `d {dgpez.{d {dltzm'  @eoektc`h`d `d zdchkemghndgpm egpdzqd{{mhc' Khzhkpdzî{pekh{ `d qd{{mh{ kmn pzhg{pmzgm `d qdz{mghce`h`d hghgkè{pekh9  Khtpdch dkd{{evh'  Qzdmktqhìëm kmn `dphcfd{# zdlzh{ d mzlhgeyhìëm'  Qdzodkkemge{nm'  Qzdmktqhìëm kmn kmgvdgìôd{ {mkehe{'  Zele`dy d pdenm{eh'  Egpzhg{elégkeh'  @d{dim `d xtd m{ mtpzm{ ohìhn pt`m `m {dt idepm'  Kmnqmzphndgpm mj{d{{evm.kmnqtc{evm'

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Ctpm å tn qzmkd{{m ghptzhc `d dchjmzhìëm `d qdz`h{ d h`hqphìëm# veve`m gtn ktzpm d{qhìm `d pdnqm &{dnhgh{% d {dn lzhg`d{ kmgocepm{' Iè h dqzd{{ëm Ndchgkmceh å h `dgmneghìëm t{h`h qdcm{ qzendezm{ d{ptèm{m{ `d{ph hjmz`hldn qhzh {d zdodzez hm hpthc xth`zm `dqzd{{evm' Gm xtd èy zd{qdepm á `dqzd{{ëm# m dgpdgèndgpm q{ekhghcîpekm pdn kmnm jh{d h qdzkdqìëm `d [elntg` Ozdt`# qhe `h q{ekhgèce{d# `d xtd d{{d xth`zm qhpmcûlekm qm`dzeh {dz qzmvmkh`m qdch qzd{dgìh `d kmgocepm{ egkmg{kedgpd{ vevdgkeh`m{ dn {epthìôd{ `d qdz`h{' Phe{ kmgocepm{ {dzehn ldzh`m{ qmz {dgpendgpm{ hnjevhcdgpd{ dn zdchìëm hm mjidpm qdzè`m &hnmz  ûèm% d m qzegkeqhc ohpmz `d{dgkh`dh`mz `h `dqzd{{ëm {dzeh h zhevh egpdzghceyh`h' Qm{pdzemzndgpd# mtpzm{ pdûzekm{ pzmtdzhn enqmzphgpd{ kmgpzejteìôd{# hnqcehg`m h kmnqzddg{ëm `m h{qdkpm q{ekmègênekm qzd{dgpd gm{ pzhg{pmzgm{ `dqzd{{evm{' Hpthcndgpd# kmn jh{d gm nm`dcm qzmqm{pm qdcm @z' @hve` D' Yendznhg# gh mjzh Otg`hndgpm{ Q{ekhghcîpekm{# qm`dnm{ èodzdgkehz hcltg{ peqm{ `d `dqzd{{ëm dn otgìëm `m qzmkd{{m q{îxtekm dgvmcve`m9 h% @dqzd{{ëm Hghkcîpekh M pdznm –@dqzd{{ëm Hghkcîpekh„ ome t{h`m qdcm q{ekhghce{ph ht{pzîhkm Zdgå [qepey qhzh `doegez m xth`zm `d{dgvmcve`m qmz jdjé{ xthg`m d{pd{ dzhn {dqhzh`m{ `d {th{ nëd{ dgpzd m {dpm d m mephvm né{ `d ve`h# hqzd{dgphg`m {egpmnh{ {dndcfhgpd{ hm{ `h `dqzd{{ëm gm h`tcpm' Mtpzm d{pt`m# `d{dgvmcve`m qdcm q{ekhghce{ph eglcé{ Imfg Jm|cju# `d{kzdvd pzé{ oh{d{ hqzd{dgph`h{ qmz jdjé{ xtd dzhn qzdkmkdndgpd qzevh`m{ `m kmgvîvem nhpdzgm9 qzmpd{pm &kfmzm d hlephìëm%# `d{d{qdzhgìh &khg{hìm d {mozendgpm% d w <: w


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D{{h hjmz`hldn {tzld kmn m ftnhge{ph Hjzhfhn Nh{cm|# gm oeghc `h `åkh`h `d ?1# xthg`m d{pd qh{{h h kmg{e`dzhz h q{ekmcmleh ftnhge{ph kmnm tnh qzdqhzhìëm qhzh tn mcfhz pzhg{qd{{mhc {mjzd m {dz ftnhgm# mt {dih# tn mcfhz qhzh hcån `m qd{{mhc# `m dlm d `h e`dgpe`h`d' Hpthcndgpd# h q{ekmcmleh pzhg{qd{{mhc vdn hj{mzvdg`m tnh lhnh `d {dlte`mzd{ `d èzdh{ hoeg{' Dgpzd dcd{ d{pëm m{ qzhpekhgpd{ `h P_Q &pdzhqeh `d ve`h{ qh{{h`h{% d m{ {enqhpeyhgpd{ `d vèzeh{ `mtpzegh{ d{qezepthce{ph{# kzehg`m tnh hnqch zd`d `d mqegeôd{ {mjzd h kmgèìëm ftnhgh' Å tnh èzdh `m kmgfdkendgpm dn xtd {d dgkmgpzhn h keégkeh# h oecm{moeh d m d{qezepthce{nm' Hqd{hz `h èvdz{e`h`d `d mcfhzd{# qhzdkd qzdvhcdkdz h e`åeh kdgpzhc `d xtd m{ kmgocepm{ q{îxtekm{ d mtpzh{ èvdz{h{ omznh{ qdch{ xthe{ {d dqzd{{h m {mozendgpm ftnhgm {ëm oztpm `d tnh nhgdezh dlmkégpzekh `d {d qdzkdjdz h ve`h# e{pm å# tnh kmnqzddg{ëm `d ntg`m zd{pzeph á zdhce`h`d egève`thc' @d{{h omznh# m hnmz# zd{qmg{èvdc qdcm dxtecîjzem ndgphc# gëm hpegld tnh dqzd{{ëm {tqdzemz# pzh`tye`h gtnh ve{ëm fmcî{pekh `h zdhce`h`d# enqdèg`m h hnqcehìëm `m gîvdc `d kmg{keégkeh' Qm`dnm{ kmg{e`dzhz xtd tnh ve{ëm `d ntg`m zd{pzeph hm qzûqzem Dt khzzdlh nhemz qzmjhjece`h`d `d ldzhz hpept`d{ enhptzh{ xtd pzhlhn kmnm kmg{dxóégkeh m {dgpendgpm `d ktcqh' @d mtpzm nm`m# d{{h qm{ptzh dlmkégpzekh d egève`thce{ph `deh h qd{{mh è{phgpd `h kmnqzddg{ëm `h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc# cdvhg`m.h h {dgpez.{d hjhg`mgh`h qmz @dt{ èhgpd `h{ èoektc`h`d{ `h ve`h' Dn hnjh{ h{ {epthìôd{# {ëm omzpd{ m{ nmpevm{ qhzh {d `d{dgvmcvdz tn xth`zm `dqzd{{evm' Kmn omkm gm dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc# h pdzhqeh pzhg{qd{{mhc dve`dgkeh h pzmkh `d dgdzleh kmn m hnjedgpd d kmn m mtpzm# vhcmzeyhg`m m pmxtd# m hjzhìm d m hkmcfendgpm' w 61 w


HJMZ@HLDN PZHG[HKEMGHC H hgèce{d pzhg{hkemghc ome kzeh`h qmz Dzek Jdzgd gm oeghc `h `åkh`h `d 41' @d hkmz`m kmn d{{h pdmzeh# h{ qd{{mh{ d{phjdcdkdn pzhg{hìôd{ &egpdzhìôd{ dgvmcvdg`m d{pîntcm d zd{qm{ph% kmn jh{d dn pzé{ èodzdgpd{ –D{ph`m{ `d Dlm„9 Dlm„9 Qhe# Kzehgìh d H`tcpm' M dlm å m pm`m `h qdz{mghce`h`d d m{ d{ph`m{ {ëm `doege`m{ qdch nhgdezh kmnm h qd{{mh {dgpd# qdg{h d {d kmnqmzph' M d{ph`m `d dlm Qhe# å kmnqm{pm `d hpept`d{ d egomznhìôd{ egkmzqmzh`h{ `d omgpd{ dpdzemzd{# gmznhcndgpd m{ qhe{ mt oeltzh{ xtd m{ {tj{peptdn kmnm m{ hvû{ d m{ qzmod{{mzd{' D{{d d{ph`m {d {tjève`d dn ;9 Qhe Qzmpdpmz &hpdgìëm# hkmcfendgpm# egkdgpevm# vhcmzeyhìëm# dcmlem{# kte`h`m{ d mzedgphìôd{%2 Qhe Kzîpekm &nmzhce{ph# qtgepevm# `dcegdh`mz `d vhcmzd{ {mkehe{# qh`zôd{ `d kdzpm d dzzh`m# cenepd{ d zd{qmg{èvdc qdch e`åeh `d ktcqh%2 Qhe Qzdkmgkdeptm{m &e`åeh{ qzdkmgkdje`h{ {mjzd xtd{pôd{ zhkehe{# zdcelem{h{# {ûkem. dkmgðnekh{ d ktcptzhe{%' M d{ph`m `d dlm Kzehgìh dgvmcvd dnmìëm# kzehpeve`h`d d kmnqmzphndgpm{ egohgpe{' D{{d d{ph`m zdvdch h{qdkpm{ qm{epevm{# kmnm h d{qmgphgde`h`d d h{qdkpm{ gdlhpevm{# kmnm h enhptze`h`d# d{phg`m èveè`m dn 0 {tj.d{ph`m{9 Kzehgìh Ghptzhc &cevzd# egptepevh# hcdlzd d kzehpevh%2 Kzehgìh H`hqph`h &kmnqmzph`h# nd`zm{h# mjdèdgpd# {tjne{{h# ldgpec# kmn ktcqh mt vdzlmgfh%2 Kzehgìh Zdjdc`d &enqtc{evh# hlzd{{evh# `d{mjdèdgpd d egpmcdzhgpd á{ ozt{pzhìôd{%2 Qdxtdgm Qzmod{{mz &ktzem{h# kzehpevh# enhleghpevh d dqdzendgph`mzh%' M d{ph`m `d dlm H`tcpm d{pè vegktch`m á zdhce`h`d' Zdvdch mzlhgeyhìëm# h`hqphìëm# egpdcelégkeh# zd{qmg{hjece`h`d# khqhke`h`d `d hvhcehz# `dkeèz d qzmvmkhz nt`hgìh{' w 68 w


@dgpzm `d{{h hjmz`hldn# h `dqzd{{ëm d{pè celh`h á ohcph `d zdkmgfdkendgpm `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{ dn zdchìëm hm `dqzene`m' Pzhph.{d `d pzmkh{ hodpevh{# oî{ekh{ mt vdzjhe{# d{{dgkehe{ á ve`h ftnhgh# `dgmnegh`h{ –khzîkeh{ – khzîkeh{„' „' H{ khzîkeh{ qm`dn pdz tn h{qdkpm qm{epevm# gh omznh `d dcmlem{# egkdgpevm{ d h`nezhìëm# mt gdlhpevm{# xthg`m de{pd tnh qm{ptzh `dqzdkehpevh' M{ {dgpendgpm{ qzmvmkh`m{ qmz `dnmg{pzhìôd{ gdlhpevh{ `d hodpm cdvhn h qd{{mh h pezhz kmgkct{ôd{ qd{{ene{ph{ {mjzd {e# qzdvdg`m tnh ve`h egodcey' H d{ph qzdve{ejece`h`d# Jdzgd `dgmnegmt –{kzeqp –{kzeqp „' „' @d{{h omznh# qdzkdjd.{d m `dqzene`m hleg`m `d hkmz`m kmn m d{ph`m `d dlm Kzehgìh H`hqph`h# dn {th omznh gdlhpevh# zdvdchg`m qh{{eve`h`d# ktcqh# {tjne{{ëm# zdqzd{{ëm# cenepd{ d gmznh{ zîle`h{# pene`dy d eg{dltzhgìh'

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NHPDZEHCE[NM M kmnqmzphndgpm nhpdzehce{ph pdn tn vîgktcm egèzdpm kmn h `dqzd{{ëm' Pm`h{ h{ qd{{mh{ qzdke{hn {d qzdmktqhz kmn m xtd vëm kmndz# m xtd vëm vd{pez# mg`d vëm nmzhz# dgoen# kmnm ezëm kmg{dltez zdktz{m{ qhzh kte`hz `h ve`h nhpdzehc' Hoeghc# gm{{m kmzqm å m eg{pztndgpm xtd {t{pdgph h vhcem{h mqmzptge`h`d `d kzd{kendgpm gm qchgm `h nhpåzeh' Gm dgphgpm# xthg`m h qd{{mh modzdkd hpdgìëm dkd{{evh á{ xtd{pôd{ nhpdzehe{# qzdg`dg`m.{d hm kmg{tne{nm# hm {tqåzoctm# hm fd`mge{nm &jt{kh dhldzh`h `d qzhydz% d á{ qm{{d{ nhpdzehe{# è{phgkeh.{d `d tnh ve{ëm `d ntg`m nhe{ d{qezepthceyh`h# dn xtd {ëm zdcdvhgpd{ h kmg`tph nmzhc d m zd{qdepm hm qzûenm# e{pm å# tnh kmg{keégkeh hnqceh`h dn zdchìëm á ve`h' H kmg`tph nhpdzehce{ph ohvmzdkd m mzltcfm d m dlmî{nm# qzmvmkhg`m `d{hodpm{ d kmnqzmne{{m{ kèznekm{ xtd qm{pdzemzndgpd qm`dn qzditèkhz m dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc d ldzhz `dqzd{{ëm'

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OHCPH @D OÅ Tnh `h{ khzhkpdzî{pekh{ qzd{dgpd{ dn qzhpekhndgpd pm`m{ m{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm å h ohcph `d oå' M `dqzene`m dqdzendgph tnh `d{kzdgìh ldgdzhceyh`h# {dgpeg`m.{d hjhg`mgh`m qmz @dt{ d qdch{ qd{{mh{# qdzkdjdg`m.{d egkhqhy `d dgkmgpzhz {mctìëm qhzh m{ qzûqzem{ qzmjcdnh{' Gëm fè kzdgìh gh doekèkeh `m{ pzhphndgpm{ d h qd{{mh {d nm{pzh `d{nmpevh`h# kmgot{h d hglt{peh`h' H gdtzmkeégkeh# gm{ ùcpenm{ hgm{# pdn qzmvh`m h egoctégkeh `h oå gh ve`h `h{ qd{{mh{# d{qdkehcndgpd èhgpd `h{ èoektc`h`d{' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd qhkedgpd{ xtd pén oå zdktqdzhn. {d nhe{ zhqe`hndgpd gh{ {epthìôd{ `d egpdzghìëm fm{qephchz# `m xtd m{ egkzå`tcm{' Hqzd{dgphn tnh kmg`tph {dzdgh# qdznepeg`m xtd h ndgpd pzhjhcfd dn ohvmz `m{ zd{tcph`m{' Phnjån h qzèpekh kcîgekh zdvdch xtd# gm{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm# h{ qd{{mh{ xtd khzzdlhn dn {e tnh omzpd zdcelem{e`h`d {hdn `m xth`zm `dqzd{{evm gtn pdnqm {elgeoekhpevhndgpd ndgmz dn kmnqhzhìëm kmn qhkedgpd{ xtd pén tnh oå ozèlec# octpthgpd d kfdeh `d m{kechìôd{' Dn –M Dvhgldcfm [dltg`m m D{qezepe{nm„# D{qezepe{nm „# h oå å hjmz`h`h kmnm h jh{d `h d{qdzhgìh d kmnm enqmzphgpd eg{pztndgpm khqhy `d ktzhz `dve`m á {th hìëm nhlgåpekh' Dgkmgpzhnm{ heg`h gd{{h mjzh xtd h vdz`h`dezh oå# hxtdch èph eghjhcèvdc# å khcnh# qhkedgpd# qdz{e{pdgpd d khqhy `d dgkhzhz h zhyëm dn pm`h{ h{ åqmkh{ `h ftnhge`h`d# qmz dgkmgpzhz hqmem gh egpdcelégkeh d gh kmnqzddg{ëm `m{ ndkhge{nm{ èvegm{' Gh mjzh – Ectneghìëm Egpdzemz „# „# m d{qîzepm Imhggh `d Êgldce{ hoeznh xtd h ndgpd d{pztptzh`h gh oå qzm`ty omzpd dgdzleh# khqhy `d fhznmgeyhz h mzlhgeyhìëm kdctchz' @ey heg`h xtd h qzd{dgìh `h oå gëm enqd`d m {mozendgpm# nh{ m pmzgh w 88; w


ndgm{ `mcmzm{m# kchzdhg`m m zhkemkîgem d hqmgphg`m m ndcfmz qzmkdèndgpm'

_HYEM DVE[PDGKEHC M `dqzene`m gmznhcndgpd zdchph {dgpez.{d ndzltcfh`m gtnh {dg{hìëm `d –vhyem de{pdgkehc„# xtd {tldzd tnh ohcph `d {dgpe`m qhzh h ve`h' H{ zhîyd{ `d{{h qdzptzjhìëm dnmkemghc {ëm dgkmgpzh`h{ gm qzmkd{{m ghptzhc `d dvmctìëm d gh omznh kmnm m {dz ftnhgm pdn dgozdgph`m h delégkeh `d tnh gmvh qdzkdqìëm `d {e d `m ntg`m' M{ d{pt`m{ cmlmpdzèqekm{ `m q{extehpzh ht{pzîhkm _ebpmz Ozhgbc hqmgphn `me{ ohpmzd{ qzd{dgpd{ gh jh{d `m vhyem de{pdgkehc9 h qdz`h `d eg{pegpm{ jè{ekm{ zdchkemgh`m{ á {dg{hìëm `d {dltzhgìh d m `d{hqhzdkendgpm `h{ pzhèìôd{ ' Dgpdg`d.{d xtd h{ kmg{phgpd{ d zèqe`h{ vhzehìôd{ gh d{pztptzh {mkehc `m ntg`m nm`dzgm qm`dn qzmvmkhz eg{dltzhgìh d h {dg{hìëm `d `d{hnqhzm# `dve`m á lzhg`d eg{phjece`h`d# d xtd xthg`m nhgpe`h{ h{ pzhèìôd{# d{ph{ pzhg{nepdn tnh e`åeh `d kmgpegte`h`d xtd ohvmzdkd h nhgtpdgìëm `h e`dgpe`h`d ktcptzhc d `m dxtecîjzem' Gh mjzh –Kmgocepm{ De{pdgkehe{„# De{pdgkehe{„# Imhggh `d Êgldce{ kfhnh h hpdgìëm qhzh h hlephìëm `m ntg`m nm`dzgm# xtd ohy kmn xtd h{ qd{{mh{ {d hoh{pdn `m {dt Dt# jt{khg`m m qm`dz# h ohnh d qzhydzd{ ect{ûzem{# hm egvå{ `d pzhjhcfhzdn.{d egpdzemzndgpd' Phc kmnqmzphndgpm å ldzh`mz `d kmgocepm{# tnh vdy xtd h gdkd{{e`h`d `d nhgpdz h{ hqhzégkeh{ d{qdzh`h{ qdch {mked`h`d èoektcph h htpm.zdhceyhìëm' H{ kmgxte{ph{# xthg`m {ëm hqdgh{ dpdzgh{# {ëm egkhqhyd{ `d qzddgkfdz m{ d{qhìm{ `h hglù{peh d `h egkdzpdyh' w 880 w


H ohcph `d mjidpevm{ de{pdgkehe{ d m {dgpendgpm `d egkhqhke`h`d èhgpd `h ve`h qm`dn zd{tcphz dn `d{e{pégkeh d egèodzdgìh# qzmvmkhg`m h e`åeh `d vhyem de{pdgkehc' d e{pdgkehc' Qm`dnm{ heg`h kmg{e`dzhz xtd h ohcph `d oå d h qm{ptzh nhpdzehce{ph# oztpm `d tnh kmg{keégkeh heg`h gëm `d{qdzph qhzh h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc# hoh{phn h e`åeh `d èveg`h`d# pmzghg`m m {dz ftnhgm nhe{ vtcgdzèvdc á{ h`vdz{e`h`d{ `h ve`h d nhe{ qzmqdg{m á {dg{hìëm `d qdz`h `m {dgpe`m de{pdgkehc'

ZD[[DGPENDGPM M zd{{dgpendgpm khnegfh ch`m h ch`m kmn h zhevh# kmn m ûèm d h èoektc`h`d `d hnhz d qdz`mhz# kmg{pepteg`m ozdxódgpdndgpd tnh `h{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' Qzmvmkh tn d{ph`m `d hnhzltzh d# gëm zhzhndgpd# m `d{dim `d veglhgìh# hjzeg`m h{ qmzph{ `h ndgpd qhzh h vegktchìëm kmn d{qîzepm{ heg`h egodzemzd{# ohvmzdkdg`m qzmkd{{m{ mj{d{{evm{' M zd{{dgpe`m å hcltån hqze{emgh`m gm qh{{h`m# vevdg`m `d nèlmh d zhgkmz xtd vëm cfd kmnqzmndpdg`m m khnqm dgdzlåpekm' Å hcltån kmn èoektc`h`d qhzh kmnqzddg`dz h enhptze`h`d hcfdeh# qdzkdjdz h {th qzûqzeh qhzkdch `d zd{qmg{hjece`h`d gh {epthìëm d kmn qmtkh kmgèìëm `d ce`hz kmn h qzûqzeh zhevh' [dgpd.{d {dnqzd vîpenh `h {epthìëm' H jemdgdzlåpekh dqcekh kchzhndgpd m{ dodepm{ `h zhevh kmgpe`h dn gm{{m kmzqm# jcmxtdhg`m m octm dgdzlåpekm# kht{hg`m `d{{dg{ejeceyhìëm d ohvmzdkdg`m qzmkd{{m{ `dqzd{{evm{' Imhggh `d Êgldce{# gh mjzh – Htpmkmgfdkendgpm# – Htpmkmgfdkendgpm# tnh „# hoeznh xtd h zhevh gëm dpzhvh{h`h jt{kh egpdzemz „# w 884 w


pzhg{omznh.{d dn zd{{dgpendgpm d zdkhe {mjzd h qzûqzeh qd{{mh gh omznh `d `dqzd{{ëm' [hjd.{d xtd h{ ozt{pzhìôd{ {ëm egdvepèvde{ dn gm{{h{ ve`h{ d# gm d{pèlem dvmctpevm dn xtd {d dgkmgpzh h ftnhge`h`d# å zdhcndgpd èoîkec gëm {dgpez zhevh' H enqtc{eve`h`d gmznhcndgpd å zd{qmg{èvdc qmz hpept`d{ xtd cdvhn h kmgocepm{ qdzptzjh`mzd{# dgxthgpm tnh qm{ptzh hnh`tzdke`h zdvdch tnh dqzd{{ëm `h zhevh {dn h hlzd{{eve`h`d `d{pztpevh' H cejdzphìëm `h qd{{mh dn zdchìëm hm zd{{dgpendgpm dgvmcvd h khqhke`h`d `d qdz`mhz d d{ph å h`xteze`h hm{ qmtkm{# hpzhvå{ `m htpmkmgfdkendgpm# xtd qm{{ejeceph h kmnqzddg{ëm `h{ qzûqzeh{ enqdzodeìôd{ d htndgph gm{{h pmcdzêgkeh èhgpd `h kmgèìëm heg`h enhptzh d kmgoceptm{h `d ntepm{ `d gm{{m{ {dndcfhgpd{' D{ktphnm{# kmg{phgpdndgpd# gm{ ndem{ zdcelem{m{# xtd `dvdnm{ qdz`mhz# qmzån# gëm å kmntn hcltån dqcekhz kmnm {d ohy qhzh `dehznm{ `d {dgpez h{ nèlmh{ xtd ktcpevhnm{' M enqmzphgpd gd{{d kh{m gëm å ohydz d{omzìm qhzh gëm {dgpez# nh{ {en# gm{ d{omzìhznm{ qhzh {hez `h qm{eìëm `d vîpenh d gm{ qdzkdjdznm{ km.zd{qmg{èvde{ qmz pt`m m xtd gm{ hkmgpdkd' [d h gm{{h ve`h vhe jdn# å nåzepm gm{{m# d {d dch vhe nhc# d{{h {epthìëm phnjån å oztpm `d gm{{h{ qm{ptzh{ heg`h enhptzh{ d dlmî{ph{' Qdz`mhz {elgeoekh h{{tnez h qzûqzeh ve`h d kzd{kdz# zd{qdephg`m d qdznepeg`m xtd hxtdcd{ xtd gm{ oeydzhn –nhc„ d{pdihn cevzd{ qhzh khnegfhz h {dt pdnqm'

MZLTCFM Kmgpzèzem á ftnec`h`d# m mzltcfm å tnh `h{ nteph{ qm{ptzh{ xtd qm`d kmg`tyez h{ qd{{mh{ á `dqzd{{ëm' w 88? w


_evdg`m gtn ntg`m q{îxtekm kfdem `d `dod{h{ d ect{ôd{# m mzltcfm{m å hcltån xtd hqzd{dgph htpm.{toekeégkeh d {tqdzemze`h`d# kfdlhg`m á hzzmlêgkeh d á qzdqmpégkeh' Ozdxódgpdndgpd {d ezzeph kmn h –egodzemze`h`d„ &egkmnqdpégkeh# elgmzêgkeh# '''% `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{# qzmvhvdcndgpd qmz {d e`dgpeoekhz kmn dch{' Pdn èoektc`h`d qhzh hnhz d `d{kmgoeh `m hnmz xtd cfd å èzele`m' Gm otg`m# m mzltcfm{m gëm {d {dgpd hnh`m d qzdke{h {t{pdgphz h nè{khzh `h htpm.{toekeégkeh' D{{h zdhce`h`d {d egpdg{eoekh xthg`m h qd{{mh `d{kmgfdkd h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc d h{ cde{ `d dvmctìëm' [ëm ntepm{ m{ d{qîzepm{ hcphndgpd dvmctî`m{ xtd zddgkhzghn gh{ khnh`h{ nhe{ qmjzd{ `h gm{{h d{pztptzh {mkehc h oen `d kmchjmzhz kmn ddnqcm{ `d èlge`h`d d qdz{dvdzhgìh' Gm dgphgpm# qhzh m mzltcfm{m# {dz ndgm{ å m nd{nm xtd {dz egodzemz d d{ph qm{{ejece`h`d m hpmzndgph' M mzltcfm{m gmznhcndgpd {û dgkmgpzh qzmlzd{{m gm {mozendgpm ldzh`m qmz xtd`h{ xtd cfd kmgve`hn á ftnec`h`d' H ènegteìëm `m {phpt{ {mkehc# m{ qzmjcdnh{ oeghgkdezm{# h qdz`h `d tn khzlm mt qm{eìëm xtd cfd modzdkehn `d{phxtd {ëm hcltnh{ `h{ {epthìôd{ xtd `d{qdzphn gh qd{{mh mzltcfm{h {dgpendgpm{ `d egodzemze`h`d# `d dkct{ëm d `d htpm. `d{vhcmzeyhìëm# `dehg`m.h vtcgdzèvdc á `dqzd{{ëm'

DLMÎ[NM M dlmî{nm å zd{qmg{èvdc qmz egùndzm{ {mozendgpm{ qdcm{ xthe{ qh{{hn m{ {dzd{ ftnhgm{' Gmznhcndgpd d{pè qzd{dgpd gh jh{d `h ndgpezh# `m ûèm# `m keùnd# `m hqdlm# `h{ zdchìôd{ `d `dqdg`égkeh hodpevh# `h nhcdèkégkeh# `h veglhgìh# `h{ ltdzzh{ d `d èvdz{m{ kzend{' w 88< w


Hgphlðgekm á khze`h`d# m dlmî{nm d{pè khzzdlh`m `d egève`thce{nm d dlmkdgpze{nm' Hqd{hz `h hqhzdgpd qzmene`h`d# m dlmî{ph å hcltån kmn zdchkemghndgpm{ {tqdzoekehe{ xtd pdn kmnm omkm hqdgh{ m{ qzûqzem{ egpdzd{{d{' Å hcltån xtd {dnqzd qd`d d gtgkh d{pè è{qm{pm h `mhz.{d vdz`h`dezhndgpd' H îgpenh qm{ptzh egève`thce{ph# gh xthc {û kmg{dltd dgdzlhz h {e nd{nm kmn {th{ `mzd{ d gdkd{{e`h`d{# gëm qdznepd hm dlmî{ph hnhz vdz`h`dezhndgpd d# kmg{dxódgpdndgpd# {dgpez.{d hnh`m' –Lzhg`d{ hnelm{„# qh{{hn h {dz ndzm{ kmgfdke`m{ xthg`m `dehn `d hpdg`dz á `dnhg`h `m dlm qmjzd d eg{dltzm' M dlmî{nm d{pè hxtån `d tnh kmg{keégkeh dqhg{evh gh xthc {d qm`d qdzkdjdz h ve`h kmnm mqmzptge`h`d `d kzd{kendgpm# d{phg`m kmmz`dgh`h qmz tn Qm`dz [tqdzemz xtd h gegltån `d{hnqhzh' Kmnm kmcmkh m d{qîzepm Fhnnd`# gh mjzh –H{ `mzd{ `h Hcnh„# m dlmî{ph ozdxódgpdndgpd `d{dgvmcvd tnh kmg`tph hvhzdgph# gh pdgphpevh `d {d qzdkhvdz `h{ ohcph{# nh{ phc kmg`tph gëm kmg{dltd {tqzez h ohcph `d hodpm de{pdgpd' Xthg`m h qd{{mh h{{tnd tnh kmg`tph xtd hpdg`d hqdgh{ á{ xtd{pôd{ egève`the{# hkhjh qmz qdzkdjdz.{d {mcepèzeh d# gh ohcph `d hodpm {egkdzm# {dgpd.{d vhyeh# `d{hnqhzh`h d qzmqdg{h h `d{dgvmcvdz dqe{ûèm{ `dqzd{{evm{'

KTCQH M d{ph`m `d ktcqh å zd{qmg{èvdc qmz qzdè{qmz h qd{{mh dnmkemghc d oe{ekhndgpd á `dqzd{{ëm' M d{qîzepm Imhggh `d Êgldce{# dn èvdz{h{ mjzh{ hjmz`h m{ {mozendgpm{ q{îxtekm{ veve`m{ qdcm{ {dzd{ ftnhgm{ w 886 w


d keph xtd gm{ èh{ hpthe{ m qchgdph Pdzzh qm{{te hqzmenh`hndgpd 811 necfôd{ `d qd{{mh{ kmn `dqzd{{ëm' Hoeznh heg`h# xtd tnh `h{ qzegkeqhe{ kht{h{ `d{{d pzhg{pmzgm `d ftnmz pdn {th légd{d gm d{qîzepm# xtd nteph{ vdyd{ zddgkhzgh pzhydg`m h ndgpd ktcqh`h dn otgìëm `d zdle{pzm{ egkmg{kedgpd{ `d dqdzeégkeh{ egodceyd{ `m qh{{h`m' D{ph{ dqdzeégkeh{# `dkmzzdgpd{ `d hpept`d{ enhptzh{# khzzdlh`h{ `d mzltcfm# dlmî{nm d zdjdcèh# kmn m pdnqm d m hnh`tzdkendgpm `m [dz# qzm`tydn h {dg{hìëm `d pdz ozhkh{{h`m gm ktnqzendgpm `m{ kmnqzmne{{m{ h{{tne`m{ d{qezepthcndgpd# ldzhg`m hzzdqdgèndgpm d h {dg{hìëm `d ktcqh' Phc {epthìëm å khqhy `d qdzptzjhz h mzlhgeyhìëm dgdzlåpekh `m qdze{qîzepm xtd# gh zddgkhzghìëm# egoctdgkeh h {dcdìëm `m nhpdzehc ldgåpekm# enqzeneg`m gh{ kåctch{ `m gmvm kmzqm h kmgèìëm gdkd{{èzeh á dvmctìëm# qm`dg`m ldzhz tnh qzdè{qm{eìëm mzlêgekh qhzh h `dqzd{{ëm' H ktcqh qm`d phnjån pdz mzeldn gh egoêgkeh `h qzd{dgpd de{pégkeh dn otgìëm `h d`tkhìëm zdkdje`h# xthg`m h kzehgìh {dgpd pdz ozt{pzh`m h{ dqdkphpevh{ `m{ qhe{ mt xthg`m pdn qmz dcd{ tn {dgpendgpm hnjevhcdgpd `d hnmz d ûèm' @d hkmz`m kmn m d{qîzepm Fhnnd`# mtpzm ohpmz zdcdvhgpd å h nhgeqtchìëm xtd {tzld dn hcltg{ kmgpdpm{ zdcelem{m{# gm{ xthe{ {d t{h `h ktcqh qhzh {d mjpdz h {tjne{{ëm `m{ oeåe{' Keph heg`h h qm{{ejece`h`d `d h ktcqh {dz qzmvdgedgpd `m{ kmgocepm{ gm khnqm `h {dthce`h`d' Gd{pd{ kh{m{# d{{d {dgpendgpm qdzptzjh`mz qm`d {dz ldzh`m xthg`m h qd{{mh hkzdèph xtd gëm hlzh`mt mt xtd `dkdqkemgmt h @dt{# dqdzendgphg`m h {dg{hìëm `d hoh{phndgpm `h èveg`h`d dn zdchìëm h {e# kzehg`m h {dg{hìëm `d `d{hnqhzm' @d xthcxtdz omznh# pdg`m m ohpm mkmzze`m gd{ph ve`h mt gmtpzh# de{pd h {dg{hìëm `d pdz ohcfh`m# {dg`m xtd h zhevh `d {e nd{nm qm`d zd{tcphz dn nhzpîzem' @ehgpd `h{ qzûqzeh{ w 885 w


kmjzhgìh{ xtd cfd qdzptzjhn m khnqm q{îxtekm kmg{kedgpd mt egkmg{kedgpdndgpd d `h egoctégkeh `d qm{{îvde{ mj{d{{mzd{ d{qezepthe{# h qd{{mh pdg`d h h`mphz hpept`d{ `d kzîpekh# zele`dy# nmzhce{nm# egpmcdzêgkeh d qdzodkkemge{nm# gëm {d qdznepeg`m dzzhz d {dgpeg`m.{d gm èzdepm `d itclhz d kmzzelez hpept`d{ hcfdeh{' D{{h qm{ptzh egocdîvdc å ldzh`mzh `d kmgocepm{ d hg{ed`h`d# `hg`m mzeldn h lzhvd{ qdzptzjhìôd{ dnmkemghe{' Dn mtpzm{ kh{m{# kmg{e`dzhg`m {th hpept`d enqdz`mèvdc# m [dz xtd {d {dgpd ktcqh`m kzeh qhzh {e tnh enhldn `d egkhqhy# egh`dxth`m# zdideph`m# egèlgm d {d enqôd {epthìôd{ `d htpm. qtgeìëm# `dehg`m hjdzph{ h{ qmzph{ qhzh h `dqzd{{ëm' Gtnh mtpzh qm{ptzh# èhgpd `h qdzkdqìëm `h qzûqzeh ohcfh d `m kmg{dxódgpd hzzdqdgèndgpm# hcltnh{ qd{{mh{ {dgpdn.{d dgkmzhih`h{ hm htpm.qdz`ëm d h qzmnmvdz zdqhzhìôd{# hpept`d d{ph khqhy `d cejdzphz h qd{{mh `m {dgpendgpm `d ktcqh'

ZD_MCPH KMGPZH H[ CDE[ GHPTZHE[ GHPTZHE[ Gh{ {tkd{{evh{ dgkhzghìôd{ xtd kmnqôdn m qzmkd{{m dvmctpevm# ntepm{ `d gû{ h{{tnenm{ qm{ptzh{ egodceyd{ èhgpd `h{ qzmvhìôd{ xtd gm{ {dzvdn `d eg{pztndgpm `d h{kdg{ëm' Otlenm{ hm{ kmnqzmne{{m{ h{{tne`m{ d{qezepthcndgpd d hktntchnm{ `åjepm{ xtd {dzëm# hm {dt pdnqm# kmjzh`m{ qdch ve`h' Gëm zhzh{ vdyd{# hkmgpdkd phnjån `d egpdzzmnqdznm{ gm{{h de{pégkeh gtnh hpept`d xtd pdn qmz jh{d h ohcph `d oå# tnh ozèlec d{pztptzh dnmkemghc d h egkmnqzddg{ëm `h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc' Mkmzzd xtd# gh Ghptzdyh# qhzh pm`h hìëm de{pd tnh zdhìëm d h{{en pm`m{ gû{ {mozdnm{ h{ kmg{dxóégkeh{ `m{ gm{{m{ jmg{ d nht{ hpm{' Kmn m pdnqm# h{ cde{ ghptzhe{ gm{ w 8:1 w


kmcmkhn gmvhndgpd èhgpd `d `d{hodpm{ `m qh{{h`m d `d {epthìôd{ nhc hqzmvdeph`h{ hgpdzemzndgpd# gm{ modzdkdg`m h mqmzptge`h`d `d zdohydz gm{{m{ khnegfm{' Qh{{hnm{ dgpëm# qmz {epthìôd{ `d dqehìëm# xtd {ëm kmgpeglégkeh{ xtd gm{ htecehn h qdzkdjdz gm{{m{ dzzm{ mt xtd gm{ qdznepdn zdqhzè. cm{' Gd{pd kmgpdpm# phnjån dgkmgpzhnm{ h{ zddgkhzghìôd{ kmnqtc{ûzeh{# xtd {ëm zdpmzgm{ omzìh`m{ á{ dqdzeégkeh{ oî{ekh{# {dn m `d{dim `m zddgkhzghgpd# heg`h enhptzm qhzh ohydz jmh{ d{kmcfh{# enqmg`m.cfd vevégkeh{ kmn h oeghce`h`d `d hchvhgkhz.cfd m `d{dgvmcvendgpm nmzhc' @d{{h omznh# xthg`m gm{{m q{exte{nm khzzdlh tn hkùntcm `d dqdzeégkeh{ qdzptzjh`mzh{# qdzndh`h{ qdcm ûèm d qdch eg{dg{hpdy# å `d {d d{qdzhz xtd h kmgèìëm dqehpûzeh xtd {tzld dn ohvmz `h dvmctìëm d{qezepthc# pdgfh kmg{e`dzèvdc qd{m# deleg`m `h qd{{mh tnh qm{ptzh `d hkdephìëm d qdz{dvdzhgìh# gtnh kmg`tph nmzhc èlgh d zdqhzh`mzh' Qmzån# gdn pm`h{ h{ qd{{mh{ dgkmgpzhn dn {e h oå d h zd{elghìëm gdkd{{èzeh{ qhzh h {t{pdgphìëm `m dxtecîjzem' D# {dgpeg`m m qd{m `d {th{ zd{qmg{hjece`h`d{# itclhn.{d `d{hnqhzh`h{ d d{xtdke`h{ qmz @dt{# {dn kmg{dltez dgdzlhz m d{omzìm d h hit`h `m{ jdgodepmzd{ d{qezepthe{' Gd{pd kh{m# h{ {dg{hìôd{ `d egit{peìh d `d{hnqhzm qm`dn zd{tcphz dn zdvmcph d qdzptzjhìëm `m dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc# cdvhg`m á `dqzd{{ëm'

EGOCTÉGKEH D[QEZEPTHC D[QEZEPTHC H{ egoctégkeh{ d{qezepthe{ zdqzd{dgphn enqmzphgpd ohpmz gh kmnqm{eìëm `d xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{# dnjmzh h qzd{dgìh `d d{qîzepm{ `d{dgkhzgh`m{ gëm {dih tnh zdlzh gm kmgpdpm `h `dqzd{{ëm' w 8:8 w


Dgpzd h{ omznh{ `d egpdzodzégkeh d{qezepthc gm {tzlendgpm `d xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{# pdnm{9 h mj{d{{ëm d{qezepthc2 m h{{åèm d{qezepthc2 h hpzhìëm dgpzd ndgpd{ `dqzene`h{2 d m vhnqeze{nm' M qzmkd{{m mj{d{{evm {d khzhkpdzeyh qdch egpdzodzégkeh `d tn mj{d{{mz {mjzd qdg{hndgpm{ d hpm{ `m mj{dèh`m' D{{d qzmkd{{m qm`d {d `hz dgpzd dgkhzgh`m{# dgpzd `d{dgkhzgh`m{ mt dgvmcvdz fhjephgpd{ `d hnjm{ m{ qchgm{# omznh xtd {dzè hxte hjmz`h`h' Pzhph.{d `d tnh egpdzhìëm q{îxtekh `d gîvdc egodzemz xtd {d d{phjdcdkd qdch {egpmgeh `h{ vejzhìôd{ xtd dnhghn `m{ qdg{hndgpm{ d {dgpendgpm{ `d hnjh{ h{ qhzpd{' Gd{pd kmgpdpm# qm`d mkmzzdz xtd kmnqmzphndgpm{ egodceyd{ `m qh{{h`m d `m qzd{dgpd zd{tcpdn dn vîgktcm{ ndgphe{ kmn d{qîzepm{ veglhpevm{ xtd pdgfhn egpdzd{{d gm eg{tkd{{m d gm {mozendgpm `m mj{dèh`m# dgkmgpzhg`m gh `dqzd{{ëm tnh omzpd hceh`h gm hckhgkd `d {dt{ mjidpevm{ ndgm{ èlgm{' Gd{ph {epthìëm# h hìëm mj{d{{evh qm`d mkmzzdz èzdphndgpd gm{ `dpdzneghgpd{ mzlêgekm{ `h `dqzd{{ëm# qdzptzjhg`m m dxtecîjzem oe{emcûlekm# mt qmz egpdzodzégkeh gh ve`h `h qd{{mh# egoctdgkehg`m.cfd ohkecndgpd m qdg{hndgpm hpzhvå{ `d {th{ ohcfh{ nmzhe{# qzmvmkhg`m m {tzlendgpm `d ohpmzd{ dpdzgm{ kmnm lh{pm{ dkd{{evm{# egpzelh{ gh zdchìëm ohnecehz# qzmjcdnh{ gm pzhjhcfm d mtpzm{ xtd qzmqekehzëm m kcenh `d `d{êgenm# eg{hpe{ohìëm# d{pzd{{d d zdjhehndgpm `h htpm. d{penh' Heg`h gm khnqm `h mj{d{{ëm d{qezepthc# dgkmgpzhnm{ dgkhzgh`m{ qdzptzjh`m{ qdch ktcqh# enqmg`m.{d {epthìôd{ `d nhzpîzem d htpm.qtgeìëm# `dehg`m m hnjedgpd q{îxtekm dpzdnhndgpd vtcgdzèvdc d qzmqîkem h {dvdzm{ qzmkd{{m{ mj{d{{evm{ xtd qm`dn kmg`tyez m mj{dèh`m ohkecndgpd á `dqzd{{ëm' w 8:: w


M h{{åèm d{qezepthc å gmznhcndgpd ohvmzdke`m qdch kmg`tph nmzhc `m mj{dèh`m' Qmz enhptze`h`d mt qmz ohcph `d kmgfdkendgpm `h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc# nteph{ qd{{mh{ h{{tndn kmnqmzphndgpm{ egodceyd{ kmnm m hjt{m `m èckmmc# `h{ `zmlh{ d `m {dm# hcån `d vîkem{ nmzhe{ &mzltcfm# dlmî{nm# vhe`h`d# lhgêgkeh# nhcdèkégkeh# '''%# oekhg`m vtcgdzèvde{ á hìëm d{qezepthc' M kmnqmzphndgpm egvelechgpd `m dgkhzgh`m èhgpd `m h{{åèm d{qezepthc zdvdch `d{kmg{e`dzhìëm qhzh kmn m ohpm `d xtd {mnm{ d{qîzepm{ enmzphe{ dn qzmkd{{m `d dvmctìëm d xtd m `d{hit{pd gh kmg`tph `d fmid qm`d {dz h jh{d qhzh m {mozendgpm `d hnhgfë' Mtpzh {epthìëm xtd dgvmcvd egoctégkeh `d dgpe`h`d{ `d{dgkhzgh`h{ å h hpzhìëm xtd qm`d de{pez dgpzd ndgpd{ `dqzene`h{' Kmnm h kmg{keégkeh {mjzdvevd á nmzpd `m kmzqm oî{ekm# m d{ph`m `dqzd{{evm phnjån qdznhgdkd hpevm hqû{ m `d{dgkhzgd# nteph{ vdyd{ hlzhvh`m qdch ktcqh d qdcm hzzdqdgèndgpm `dkmzzdgpd{ `d {epthìôd{ kmnm m {tekîèm' @d{ph omznh# m d{qîzepm `dqzene`m qm`d {dgpez.{d hpzhî`m qdch{ vejzhìôd{ gdlhpevh{ dnhgh`h{ qdcm dgkhzgh`m# qmz {d e`dgpeoekhz kmn m peqm `d qdg{hndgpm d qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h# h{{en kmnm å kmntn mkmzzdz dgpzd dgkhzgh`m{' D{{h {epthìëm kmnqzmndpd m octm dgdzlåpekm `m dgkhzgh`m# hkdgpthg`m m qzmjcdnh# mt {dih# qmpdgkehceyhg`m m d{ph`m `dqzd{{evm' Fè heg`h tn mtpzm ohpmz xtd qm`d {dz mj{dzvh`m km. de{peg`m kmn h{ pzé{ {epthìôd{ `d egoctégkeh `d{kzeph{ hgpdzemzndgpd9 m vhnqeze{nm' D{ph dqzd{{ëm å t{h`h gm ndem d{qîzeph qhzh {d zdodzez h tnh zdchìëm qhzh{epèzeh# gh xthc m `d{dgkhzgh`m vevd á{ kt{ph{ `h{ {dg{hìôd{ `m dgkhzgh`m# egoctdgkehg`m {dt{ kmnqmzphndgpm{ d {tlhg`m.cfd h{ dgdzleh{' Phc zdchìëm qm`d ldzhz gm dgkhzgh`m {dg{hìôd{ `d `d{êgenm d qzm{pzhìëm# oekhg`m vtcgdzèvdc á dkcm{ëm `m xth`zm `dqzd{{evm' w 8:; w


Hqd{hz `d heg`h de{pezdn mqegeôd{ mzpm`mh{ d tgechpdzhe{ xthgpm á kht{hce`h`d `h `dqzd{{ëm# `d{`d h `åkh`h `d 51 kmg{mce`mt.{d m dgpdgèndgpm {mjzd h egpdzhìëm `d ohpmzd{ mzlêgekm{ d q{ekmcûlekm{ gh omznhìëm `m{ dqe{ûèm{ `dqzd{{evm{' Hpthcndgpd# tnh ve{ëm fmcî{pekh `m {dz ftnhgm pdn eg{dze`m gd{{h hgèce{d m ohpmz d{qezepthc# {dg`m hjmz`h`m qdcm{ qzmoe{{emghe{ `h {hù`d `d omznh heg`h pîne`h qmz {d kmg{e`dzhz xtd ohcphn d{pt`m{ kedgpîoekm{ xtd kmnqzmvdn phc egoctégkeh' Kdzphndgpd# gëm {d pzhph `d ohcph `d qd{xte{h# nh{ {en `d ohcph `d kmgfdkendgpm d egpdzd{{d dn zdchìëm á{ egùndzh{ kmgpzejteìôd{ `deh`h{ qmz lzhg`d{ d zdgmnh`m{ qd{xte{h`mzd{ `m{ {åktcm{ V_EEE# VEV d VV . hcltg{ `dcd{ keph`m{ gm epdn {mjzd h{ jh{d{ kedgpîoekh{ `m{ ohpmzd{ d{qezepthe{ . hjmz`hg`m m{ odgðndgm{ d{qezepthe{# pmzghg`m dve`dgpd{ h enmzphce`h`d `h hcnh d m qzmkd{{m zddgkhzghpûzem' @ehgpd `d{ph zdhce`h`d# ohy.{d gdkd{{èzem hvhgìhz m{ xtd{pemghndgpm{# jt{khg`m kmnqzddg`dz kmnm egpdzhldn d{pd{ pzé{ dcdndgpm{ gh omznhìëm `m{ xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{# iè xtd h{ keégkeh{ nåèkh# q{ekmcûlekh d d{qîzeph qhzdkdn hqzd{dgphz# kh`h tnh kmn {dt mcfhz# hzltndgpm{ kmgvegkdgpd{ {mjzd h{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' Phc xtd{pëm qm`d {dz d{kchzdke`h xthg`m {d kmg{e`dzh h {tkd{{ëm `d dgkhzghìôd{ vevdgkeh`h{ qdcm d{qîzepm hm cmglm `d {dt qzmkd{{m dvmctpevm' [dg`m m d{qîzepm enmzphc# {th{ dqdzeégkeh{ gëm {d qdz`dn `d tnh de{pégkeh qhzh mtpzh# dqdzendgphg`m hqdgh{ tn d{ph`m `d d{xtdkendgpm pdnqmzèzem `d {th{ ve`h{ hgpdzemzd{# dn jdgdoîkem `d {dt hqzenmzhndgpm nmzhc' Mkmzzd xtd phc d{xtdkendgpm gëm w 8:0 w


enqd`d xtd {th{ vevégkeh{ qzdlzd{{h{ egoctdgkedn egkmg{kedgpdndgpd {dt{ qdg{hndgpm{ d hpm{# {dg`m phnjån ohpmz kmg{e`dzèvdc gh omznhìëm `h qdz{mghce`h`d d{pztptzh`h gh ve`h mt dgkhzghìëm hpthc' [dg`m h{{en# kmnqzddg`d.{d xtd {dgpendgpm{ `d ktcqh# zdvmcph# zhevh d mtpzm{ hqmgph`m{ kmnm kht{h{ q{ekmcûlekh{ `h `dqzd{{ëm qm`dn {dz –khzzdlh`m{„ `d tnh dgkhzghìëm qhzh mtpzh d egoctdgkehz egkmg{kedgpdndgpd m {tzlendgpm `d {dgpendgpm{ `d hglù{peh d pze{pdyh# gmznhcndgpd zdchph`m{ qdch qd{{mh `dqzene`h kmnm {dn nmpevm hqhzdgpd' Gm xtd èy zd{qdepm hm{ h{qdkpm{ mzlêgekm{ dgvmcve`m{ gm pzhg{pmzgm `dqzd{{evm# å gdkd{{èzem kmg{e`dzhz xtd m qdze{qîzepm mt kmzqm d{qezepthc lthz`h h{ nhzkh{ `h{ {dg{hìôd{ oî{ekh{ d q{îxtekh{ dqdzendgph`h{ qdcm dgkhzgh`m# nhgpdg`m phe{ zdle{pzm{ hqû{ m `d{dgkhzgd' Pzhph.{d `d tnh nhpzey dgdzlåpekh xtd# `tzhgpd h qzdqhzhìëm qhzh tnh gmvh dgkhzghìëm# ezè enqzenez gh{ kåctch{ `m gmvm kmzqm h{ nhzkh{ {moze`h{# egoctdgkehg`m m nhpdzehc ldgåpekm `m nd{nm' @d{ph omznh# dgpdg`d.{d xtd# dn qhzpd# m{ `d{hit{pd{ gdtzmoe{emcûlekm{ dgvmcve`m{ gh `dqzd{{ëm qm`dn pdz tnh jh{d ldgåpekh# `dpdznegh`h qdch egpdzhìëm de{pdgpd dgpzd m nhpdzehc ldgåpekm `m kh{hc qhzdgphc d h{ d{qdkeoekhìôd{ qdze{qezepthe{ `m d{qîzepm zddgkhzghgpd' H{{en# kmn m dgpdgèndgpm `m kekcm zddgkhzghpûzem# oekh kchzh h egpdzhìëm `m{ h{qdkpm{ mzlêgekm{# q{ekmcûlekm{ d d{qezepthe{ kmnqmg`m h jh{d `m{ qzmkd{{m{ `dqzd{{evm{' Gm dgphgpm# å qzdke{m heg`h kmg{e`dzhz xtd ntepm{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm pén mzeldn gh de{pégkeh hpthc dn otgìëm `d ohpmzd{ q{ekmcûlekm{ celh`m{ á{ qzendezh{ oh{d{ `m `d{dgvmcvendgpm egohgpec mt nd{nm qmz xtd{pôd{ mzlêgekh{ zdchkemgh`h{ h w 8:4 w


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MCFHZD[ @E_DZLDGPD[ MT KMNQCDNDGPHZD[ = Q{ekmpdzhqeh å m pzhphndgpm xtd pdn kmnm omkm h{ xtd{pôd{ q{ekmcûlekh{' Qm`d {dz `d{dgvmcve`h gh omznh egève`thc# hqdgh{ kmn m pdzhqdtph d m qhkedgpd# mt dn lztqm# {dih dcd m kh{hc# h ohnîceh mt qd{{mh{ kmn èoektc`h`d{ dnmkemghe{ {dndcfhgpd{ mt gëm' Kmnm iè èpm gm khqîptcm hgpdzemz# de{pdn vèzeh{ hjmz`hldg{ q{ekmcûlekh{# mt {dih# èodzdgpd{ mcfhzd{ {mjzd m otgkemghndgpm `h ndgpd ftnhgh' Mjvehndgpd# dgpdgèndgpm{ è{pegpm{ {mjzd h ègênekh q{îxtekh cdvhn h qzmqm{ph{ `d pzhphndgpm phnjån è{pegph{' _hcd zd{{hcphz xtd {ëm ve{ôd{ mjpe`h{ `d êgltcm{ èodzdgpd{ `d tn nd{nm mjidpm# m {dz ftnhgm# {dg`m qmzphgpm kmnqcdndgphzd{' Gëm {d `dvd `d{kmg{e`dzhz h zextdyh `d egomznhìôd{ modzdke`h{ dn kh`h mcfhz# zd{pzegleg`m h kmnqzddg{ëm d m{ zdktz{m{ `d egpdzvdgìëm `m q{ekmpdzhqdtph' Kmnm å qm{{îvdc# qmz ddnqcm# mj{dzvhz tn kmnqmzphndgpm {dn kmg{e`dzhz h de{pégkeh `d `dpdzneghgpd{ egkmg{kedgpd{= Kmnm qm`d tn pdzhqdtph `hz hpdgìëm hqdgh{ hm{ kmgocepm{ egkmg{kedgpd{# {dn zdkmgfdkdz h egoctégkeh `m {e{pdnh `d kzdgìh{ `m qhkedgpd d m dodepm `d {dt{ qdg{hndgpm{ gdlhpevm{= [dzè {dg{hpm pzhphz h ndgpd `d omznh e{mch`h# {hjdg`m xtd m kmzqm {mozd {th{ w 8:6 w


egoctégkeh{= D mg`d oekhn h{ xtd{pôd{ d{qezepthe{ d dgdzlåpekh{# xtd qhzdkdn d{phz h{{mkeh`h{ á légd{d `d èvdz{h{ dgodzne`h`d{= Tn jmn q{ekmpdzhqdtph `dvd hnqcehz {dt{ eg{pztndgpm{ `d pzhjhcfm# hpthg`m kmn {dg{hpdy d ocdejece`h`d dn jdgdoîkem `m qhkedgpd' H {dltez# {dzëm hjmz`h`m{ m{ xthpzm qzegkeqhe{ h{qdkpm{ mj{dzvh`m{ qdch{ hjmz`hldg{ q{ekmpdzèqekh{ &egkmg{kedgpd# qdg{hndgpm# kmzqm d d{qîzepm% d h{ qzegkeqhe{ cegfh{ pdûzekh{ xtd {d mktqhn `d kh`h tn `dcd{'

M EGKMG[KEDGPD Hcltnh{ pdmzeh{ q{ekmcûlekh{ kmg{e`dzhn h hìëm `d kmgpdù`m{ egkmg{kedgpd{# qdzndhg`m m{ qzmkd{{m{ q{îxtekm{' Pzhph.{d `d {dgpendgpm{ d qdg{hndgpm{ zdqzene`m{ qmz ldzhzdn kmgocepm{ d {mozendgpm q{îxtekm qhzh h qd{{mh# mt xtd {enqcd{ndgpd ohydn qhzpd `d tn lztqm `d zdle{pzm{ xtd gëm pén hkd{{m á kmg{keégkeh' H{ vdzpdgpd{ xtd kmg{e`dzhn h qzd{dgìh `d kmgpdù`m{ egkmg{kedgpd{ gh d{pztptzhìëm `m{ pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{ pén {th{ zhîyd{ gh q{ekhgèce{d ozdtèhgh' H hpthìëm `m q{ekmpdzhqdtph gd{{d kmgpdpm enqcekh dn htecehz m qhkedgpd h `d{vdg`hz kmgpdù`m{ egkmg{kedgpd{ zd{qmg{èvde{ qmz {dt{ kmnqmzphndgpm{# e{pm å# {th{ hpept`d{# {th omznh `d {d zdchkemghz d {th qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h' Gm kh{m `h `dqzd{{ëm# m q{ekmpdzhqdtph pdn m qhqdc `d hit`hz m qhkedgpd h e`dgpeoekhz m{ {dgpendgpm{ xtd d{pëm {tjihkdgpd{ hm xth`zm kmnm zd{tcph`m `d qm{{îvde{ qzmkd{{m{ `d qdz`h{# ktcqh# zhevh# dgpzd mtpzm{' H pmnh`h `d kmg{keégkeh qdznepd h dchjmzhìëm `m{ {dgpendgpm{ d cdvh m qhkedgpd h w 8:5 w


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Cm|dg# èoekecndgpd tnh qd{{mh `dqzene`h {hezè `h `dqzd{{ëm hqdgh{ pdgphg`m pdz qdg{hndgpm{ qm{epevm{# tnh vdy xtd {dt gîvdc `d dgdzleh dgkmgpzh.{d zdjheh`m' H ndcfmzh gh zd{qezhìëm d gm octm `h jemdgdzleh htndgphzè h{ kfhgkd{ `d {tkd{{m gh hìëm q{ekmpdzèqekh# ve{pm xtd m htndgpm `h dgdzleh kmzqmzhc qzmvmkh tnh {dg{hìëm `d vephce`h`d# egoctdgkehg`m qm{epevhndgpd m khnqm ndgphc# pzhydg`m h {dg{hìëm `d hcdlzeh# d{qdzhgìh d è{qmq{eìëm'

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jheh htpm.d{penh e{mchndgpm ktcqh zhevh `d{nmpevhìëm {dgpendgpm `d egodzemze`h`d hglù{peh egpmcdzêgkeh h ozt{pzhìôd{ qdzodkkemge{nm - zele`dy ghzke{e{nm qdz`h{ e`dgpeoekhìëm kmn qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{ gëm hkdephìëm `d {e d `h ve`h {dgpendgpm `d egit{peìh &vepene{nm% khzégkeh - `dqdg`égkeh ohcph `d oå - `d{d{qdzhgìh hg{ed`h`d qdg{hndgpm{ gdlhpevm{ zd{{dgpendgpm - nèlmh ohcph `d {dgpe`m gh ve`h {dgpendgpm `d zdideìëm - hjhg`mgm - `d{hnqhzm mj{pztìëm `m octm `h dgdzleh vephc zd{qezhìëm egh`dxth`h w 8;; w


ND@EKHNDGPM[ HGPE@DQZD[[E_M[ HGPE@DQZD[[E_M[ M{ qzendezm{ ndèkhndgpm{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ {tzlezhn gh `åkh`h `d 41' Qmzån# ome dn 85?1 xtd Itcet{ Hdczm` zdkdjdt m Qzénem Gmjdc qdch `d{kmjdzph `h{ {tj{pêgkeh{ zd{qmg{èvde{ qdch pzhg{ne{{ëm `m{ enqtc{m{ gdzvm{m{# m{ gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{# qm{{ejecephg`m xtd gm{ hgm{ 61 {tzle{{d h {dltg`h ldzhìëm `d hgpe`dqzd{{evm{' Hpthcndgpd# hkzdèph.{d xtd tnh `h{ kht{h{ oe{emcûlekh{ `h `dqzd{{ëm å h ohcfh gh pzhg{ne{{ëm {egèqpekh# e{pm å# tnh `d{kmgpegte`h`d gh pzhg{ne{{ëm `d d{pîntcm{ gdzvm{m{# xtd {d qzmkd{{h dgpzd tn gdtzðgem d mtpzm gtn d{qhìm `dgmnegh`m {eghq{d' Ome zdchph`m gm khqîptcm {mjzd kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm# xtd d{{h ohcfh gh pzhg{ne{{ëm gdtzhc qm`d mkmzzdz qdch jheh xthgpe`h`d `d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{ gh odg`h {egèqpekh# qdch qzd{dgìh `d hldgpd{ jcmxtdh`mzd{# qdch hìëm `d gdtzðgem{ egeje`mzd{# qdch jheh {dg{ejece`h`d `m{ zdkdqpmzd{ `m gdtzðgem qû{.{egèqpekm mt qdch jheh xthgpe`h`d `d{{d{ zdkdqpmzd{' Hqd{hz `h{ èodzdgpd{ qm{{ejece`h`d{ `d egpdzodzégkeh gh pzhg{ne{{ëm `m enqtc{m gdzvm{m# m{ oèznhkm{ kmndzkehceyh`m{ hpå m{ èh{ hpthe{ pén kmnm omkm m{ gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{' w 8;0 w


Gëm {d {hjd hm kdzpm kmnm hpthn m{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{# nh{ {hjd.{d xtd# dn ldzhc# hqzd{dgphn ?1$ h 61$ `d qzmjhjece`h`d `d pzhydz zd{tcph`m{ {hpe{ohpûzem{ hm qhkedgpd d xtd h{ kfhgkd{ `d m qzendezm ndèkhndgpm# d{kmcfe`m qdcm nåèkm# {dz m h`dxth`m qhzh `dpdznegh`m qhkedgpd lezh dn pmzgm `d 41$# {dg`m gdkd{{èzem# dn hcltg{ kh{m{# ohydz pdgphpevh{ kmn mtpzm{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{' M{ oèznhkm{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ qm{{tdn khzhkpdzî{pekh{ qm{epevh{ kmnm m ohpm `d gëm kht{hzdn `dqdg`égkeh xtînekh' Gd{{d kmgpdpm# å enqmzphgpd ohydz tnh zd{{hcvh qhzh m{ kh{m{ `d t{m hjt{evm `m{ ndèkhndgpm{ dn otgìëm `m{ dodepm{ dtoûzekm{ xtd hcltg{ `dcd{ qm`dn qzmvmkhz' D{{h {epthìëm å nhe{ kmntn dgpzd qd{{mh{ kmn pdg`égkeh á `zmlhèkìëm' Mtpzm qmgpm xtd ohvmzdkd d{{d{ ndèkhndgpm{ å h khqhke`h`d `d qzm`tyez h zdne{{ëm mt negeneyhìëm `m{ {egpmnh{ gtn pdnqm zdchpevhndgpd ndgmz `m xtd hxtdcd mj{dzvh`m gm{ qzmkd{{m{ q{ekmpdzèqekm{' _hcd cdnjzhz xtd# hqd{hz `m lzhg`d htîcem gh zdktqdzhìëm `m ftnmz# m{ zdnåèm{ gëm {ëm khqhyd{ `d qzm`tyez nt`hgìh{ gm {e{pdnh `d kzdgìh{ `m qhkedgpd# gh {th qdz{mghce`h`d d gdn dchjmzh {th{ qdz`h{# {th zhevh d {th ktcqh' E{{m zdomzìh h enqmzpêgkeh `d tnh hìëm kmnjegh`h dgpzd ndèkhndgpm{ d q{ekmpdzhqeh# kmnjeghìëm d{ph khqhy `d qzm`tyez# dn ntepm{ kh{m{# tnh zdktqdzhìëm nhe{ zèqe`h mt ènegtez {elgeoekhpevhndgpd m{ {egpmnh{ gtn d{qhìm `d pdnqm nhe{ ktzpm `m xtd xthg`m tn `m{ `me{ qzmkdèndgpm{ å zdhceyh`m e{mch`hndgpd# kmnm iè kmnqzmvh`m qmz d{pt`m{ kedgpîoekm{' M{ h{qdkpm{ `d{ohvmzèvde{ zdchkemgh`m{ kmn m{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ dgvmcvdn m kt{pm zdchpevhndgpd hcpm# m qzmcmglh`m pdnqm `d pzhphndgpm d m{ dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{' H{{en kmnm egùndzm{ mtpzm{ ndèkhndgpm{# m{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ qm`dn kht{hz hcltnh{ zdhìôd{ eg`d{dièvde{ hm qhkedgpd# w 8;4 w


pzhydg`m `d{kmgomzpm# kfdlhg`m h qzmvmkhz m hjhg`mgm `m pzhphndgpm' Kmgpt`m# kmgvevdz pdnqmzhzehndgpd kmn hcltg{ dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{# heg`h qhzdkd {dz ndcfmz xtd kmgvevdz kmn h `dqzd{{ëm d {dt{ ze{km{' Hcån è{{m# h eg`ù{pzeh ohznhkmcûlekh vdn jt{khg`m `d{dgvmcvdz qzm`tpm{ xtd kht{dn ndgm{ `d{kmgomzpm hm qhkedgpd' M{ ndèkhndgpm{ xtd kfdlhzhn hm ndzkh`m# h qhzpez `h `åkh`h `d 61# iè hqzd{dgphn zdhìôd{ kmchpdzhe{ nhe{ hndgh{ d {tqmzpèvde{' Dgpzd m{ nhe{ hgpelm{ d{pëm m{ ENHM{ &egeje`mzd{ `h hìëm `h dgyenh nmgmhnegme`h{d% d m{ pzekîkcekm{' Dgpzd m{ nhe{ zdkdgpd{ d `d dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{ `d nhemz pmcdzhjece`h`d# d{pëm m{ E[Z[ &egeje`mzd{ {dcdpevm{ `h zdkhqphìëm `d {dzmpmgegh%# h _dgchohegh# h Nezphyhqegh d h Gdohyd`mgh' Å qzmvèvdc xtd# gm otptzm# h `d{kmjdzph `d påkgekh{ mt oèznhkm{ xtd hptdn d{qdkeoekhndgpd gh èzdh hodph`h qdch ohcfh `h gdtzmpzhg{ne{{ëm# ènegthn kmg{e`dzhvdcndgpd m{ dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{'

KMGPZMCD FMZNMGHC Dgpzd h{ qm{{îvde{ kht{h{ oe{emcûlekh{ `h `dqzd{{ëm# dgkmgpzhnm{ m zdjhehndgpm `m{ gîvde{ `m{ fmznðgem{ `h pezdûe`d d `m fmznðgem {dthc d{pzmlégem' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd h {tqcdndgphìëm `m{ fmznðgem{ pezdmeèhgm{# xthg`m dn jheh# pdg`d h zd{tcphz gh ndcfmzh `m{ {egpmnh{ `dqzd{{evm{' Phnjån qhzdkd mkmzzdz xtd# gm{ kh{m{ dn xtd {d ohy t{m `d hcltn hgpe`dqzd{{evm# m jhem gîvdc `d{{d{ fmznðgem{ kmnqzmndpd h doekèkeh `m ndèkhndgpm' Hcltg{ d{pt`m{ zdvdchn# heg`h# xtd h h{{mkehìëm dgpzd oèznhkm{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ d h {tqcdndgphìëm fmznmghc pezdmeèhgh qzm`ty dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{ jzhg`m{ d doekèkeh gm{ w 8;? w


pzhphndgpm{ dn hqzmenh`hndgpd 41$ `h{ ntcfdzd{ `dqzene`h{ xtd gëm zd{qmgèhn hm t{m `d hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ e{mch`hndgpd' Gm kh{m `m d{pzmlégem# dgpzd mtpzh{ otgìôd{# d{{d fmznðgem qhzdkd htndgphz h hpeve`h`d `h {dzmpmgegh d d{pentchz m htndgpm `h xthgpe`h`d d `h {dg{ejece`h`d `m{ zdkdqpmzd{ `d{{d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mz gm kåzdjzm' H zdqm{eìëm fmznmghc ènegte h{ kfhgkd{ `h `dqzd{{ëm h{{mkeh`h á ndgmqht{h'

OMPMPDZHQEH M t{m `h cty kmnm zdktz{m pdzhqétpekm mkmzzd gh{ {epthìôd{ dn xtd h `dqzd{{ëm qhzdkd d{phz h{{mkeh`h h ohpmzd{ {hymghe{# mt {dih# egoctdgkeh`h qdch{ kmgpeglégkeh{ `h{ d{phìôd{ `m hgm' Dn hcltnh{ zdleôd{# qzegkeqhcndgpd h{ `d nhemz chpept`d# m{ qdzîm`m{ `d egvdzgm {ëm nhzkh`m{ qdch jheh ectneghìëm {mchz' D{{h {epthìëm qhzdkd qzmvmkhz m htndgpm `h phh `m fmznðgem ndchpmgegh# xtd qm{{te otgìôd{ zdchkemgh`h{ kmn h{ {dg{hìôd{ `d khg{hìm d {mgm' M hcpm gîvdc `d{{d fmznðgem qm`d `dqzenez m ftnmz' Fè hqzmenh`hndgpd :111 hgm{# h pdzhqeh `h cty iè dzh zdkmndg`h`h qdcm nåèkm lzdlm Hzdpdt `h Khqh`ûkeh# gm pzhphndgpm `d qd{{mh{ kmn cdphzleh' Gh åqmkh# h{ qd{{mh{ dzhn mzedgph`h{ h `dephz.{d {mj m{ zhem{ `m {mc' Gm dgphgpm# ome gm {åktcm VV xtd h ompmpdzhqeh qh{{mt qmz hvhcehìôd{ dnqîzekh{ nhe{ zelmzm{h{' Kmg{phpmt.{d xtd h cty d{pentch h lcêg`tch qegdhc xtd# gd{{h kmgèìëm# qzmvmkh h egejeìëm `h cejdzhìëm `d ndchpmgegh# cejdzhìëm `d {dzmpmgegh d h kmg{dxódgpd {dg{hìëm `d zdvephceyhìëm' w 8;< w


Hpthcndgpd# m qzmkd{{m ompmpdzèqekm å zdhceyh`m kmn ctnegèzeh{ khqhyd{ `d qzmvmkhz jzecfm dgpzd :'411 d 81'111 ctd{ &ct å h ndè`h `h egpdg{e`h`d ctnegm{h%# {dn zhèhìëm tcpzhvemcdph' M qhkedgpd `dvd oekhz dqm{pm á cty `d 84 negtpm{ h : fmzh{# `dqdg`dg`m `d kh`h kh{m# tnh vdy hm èh# gm qdzîm`m `h nhgfë qhzh dvephz qdzptzjhìôd{ `m {mgm' {mg m' Gmznhcndgpd# m{ zd{tcph`m{ {tzldn h qhzpez `d 0 mt 4 èh{# {dg`m xtd kdzkh `d 61$ `h{ qd{{mh{ kmn `dqzd{{ëm {hymghc {dgpdn.{d jdgdoekeh`h{' Å enqmzphgpd zd{{hcphz xtd h egpdg{e`h`d ctnegm{h `m hnjedgpd `mnå{pekm å gmznhcndgpd egodzemz á 8'111 ctd{' M hnjedgpd odkfh`m hm xthc {d zdkmcfdn ntepm{ `dqzene`m{# modzdkd ctnegm{e`h`d qzûenh `d 8 ct# dgxthgpm tn èh `d {mc egpdg{m qm`d kfdlhz h qzm`tyez 811'111 ctd{'

PDZHQEH DCDPZMKMG_TC[E_H &DKP% H pdzhqeh dcdpzmkmgvtc{evh {tzlet gh `åkh`h `d ;1# kmnm zdktz{m gm pzhphndgpm `h d{xteymozdgeh# xthg`m mj{dzvmt.{d xtd hcltg{ qhkedgpd{ d{xteymozégekm{ d dqecåqpekm{ hqzd{dgphvhn zdne{{ëm pdnqmzèzeh `m{ {egpmnh{# cmlm hqû{ tnh kze{d kmgvtc{evh' Gh{ oh{d{ egekehe{ `d{{d qzmkdèndgpm pdzhqétpekm# h kmgvtc{ëm dzh eg`tye`h qmz {tj{pêgkeh{ xtînekh{ egidpèvde{' Dn 85;6# qd{xte{h`mzd{ ephcehgm{ ephcehgm{ kmndìhzhn kmndìhzhn h ohydz t{m `d kmzzdgpd dcåpzekh qhzh eg`tyez h kmgvtc{ëm' Hpthcndgpd# mj{dzvh.{d xtd h pdzhqeh dcdpzmkmgvtc{evh hteceh gh zdne{{ëm `d {egpmnh{ `dqzd{{evm{# {dg`m egèkh`h qzegkeqhcndgpd gm{ kh{m{ nhe{ lzhvd{# kmn ze{km `d {tekîèm# xthg`m m qhkedgpd gëm pmcdzh m{ dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{ `m{ w 8;6 w


hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ mt xthg`m gëm zd{qmg`d hm{ ndèkhndgpm{ d á q{ekmpdzhqeh' @d{dgvmcve`h fmid kmn qzmkdèndgpm{ èodzdgpd{ `m{ t{h`m{ egekehcndgpd# d{{h pdzhqeh å zdhceyh`h kmn m t{m `d hgd{pd{eh d zdchhgpd nt{ktchz' Hqû{ m h`mzndkendgpm `m qhkedgpd# å cejdzh`h tnh kmzzdgpd dcåpzekh `d jheh egpdg{e`h`d xtd qh{{h qdcm{ dcdpzm`m{ d hpegld m kåzdjzm# qzmvmkhg`m tnh kmgvtc{ëm xtd `tzh `d ;1 h ?1 {dltg`m{' Gmznhcndgpd# m pzhphndgpm zdxtdz `d {de{ h `myd {d{{ôd{# {dg`m zdhceyh`h{ `th{ mt pzé{ qmz {dnhgh' Dgpzd h{ zdhìôd{ eg`d{dièvde{ xtd qm`dn {dz qzmvmkh`h{ qdch pdzhqeh dcdpzmkmgvtc{evh# d{pè h hngå{eh zdpzûlzh`h# dn xtd m qhkedgpd dqdzendgph h qdz`h `d ndnûzeh zdchkemgh`h h dvdgpm{ hgpdzemzd{ hm pzhphndgpm# kmndìhg`m `m{ zdle{pzm{ nhe{ zdkdgpd{ d {d d{pdg`dg`m qhzh m qh{{h`m# `d hkmz`m kmn h egpdg{e`h`d `h zdhìëm' Hqd{hz `m{ ze{km{# d{{d peqm `d egpdzvdgìëm hqzd{dgph zd{tcph`m dn kdzkh `d 61$ `m{ kh{m{'

D[PENTCHÌËM NHLGÅPEKH PZHG[KZHGEHGH PZHG[KZHGEHGH &PN[% Å tnh påkgekh xtd kmg{e{pd gh d{pentchìëm `d gdtzðgem{# hpzhvå{ `d eg`tìëm nhlgåpekh' Tn hqhzdcfm kmcmkh`m itgpm á khjdìh dnepd tn enqtc{m nhlgåpekm xtd hpzhvd{{h m kmtzm khjdct`m d m kzêgem# hpegleg`m m kûzpd qzå. ozmgphc d{xtdz`m `m kåzdjzm# qzmvmkhg`m h cejdzhìëm `d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{' Gëm å gdkd{{èzem m t{m `d hgd{pd{eh# tnh vdy xtd m qzmkd{{m å eg`mcmz d m qhkedgpd qdznhgdkd kmg{kedgpd' H hqcekhìëm pdn `tzhìëm dgpzd :1 d ;1 negtpm{' Å tn zdktz{m heg`h dn oh{d `d dqdzendgphìëm# gëm hqzd{dgphg`m zd{tcph`m{ kmgkct{evm{ gm pzhphndgpm `h w 8;5 w


`dqzd{{ëm' Hpå m nmndgpm# pdn {d nm{pzh`m doekedgpd d kfhnh hpdgìëm qmz gëm qzm`tyez dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{' Qmzån# gëm å zdkmndg`èvdc qhzh qd{{mh{ kmn enqchgpd{ `d ndphc# kmnm m nhzkhqh{{m# qdch qm{{îvdc egpdzodzégkeh `m{ qtc{m{ nhlgåpekm{'

D[PENTCHÌËM @M GDZ_M _HLM _HLM &_G[% Pzhphndgpm heg`h dn oh{d dqdzendgphc# å tnh egpdzvdgìëm xtd kmg{e{pd dn enqchgphz tn qdxtdgm ldzh`mz `d qtc{m{ dcåpzekm{ gm ch`m d{xtdz`m {tqdzemz `m qdepm' D{{d ldzh`mz pzhg{nepd qdxtdgm{ qtc{m{ hm gdzvm vhlm qdzemèkhndgpd' D{{d gdzvm å zd{qmg{èvdc qmz kmgdkphz h jh{d `m kåzdjzm hm{ ûzlëm{ `m pûzh d `m hj`ðndg# pzhg{nepeg`m egomznhìôd{ `m {e{pdnh gdzvm{m kdgpzhc' Egekehcndgpd `d{dgvmcve`h qhzh m pzhphndgpm `h dqecdq{eh# d{{h påkgekh zdvdcmt ndcfmzh gm ftnmz `d qhkedgpd{ dqecåqpekm{# `d{qdzphg`m m egpdzd{{d qmz {dt t{m gm pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm' Qmz dgxthgpm# {hjd.{d xtd hqzmenh`hndgpd 01$ `m{ qhkedgpd{ `dqzene`m{# xtd zdkdjdzhn d{{d pzhphndgpm# hqzd{dgphzhn ndcfmzh{ dn zdchìëm hm{ {egpmnh{ `h `dqzd{{ëm'

FMNDMQHPEH H fmndmqhpeh å tn nåpm`m `d pzhphndgpm xtd jt{kh h zdhìëm `m mzlhge{nm èhgpd `h{ dgodzne`h`d{' Å tnh qzmqm{ph `d egpdzvdgìëm è{pegph `hxtdch tpeceyh`h qdch ndèkegh kmgvdgkemghc# hpzhvå{ `d ndèkhndgpm{ hcmqèpekm{# xtd pén h oeghce`h`d qzm`tyez w 801 w


dodepm{ kmgpzèzem{ á `mdgìh# {tqzez h{ otgìôd{ mzlêgekh{ d {tqzenez m{ {egpmnh{' H fmndmqhpeh# xtd {elgeoekh –{dndcfhgpd hm {mozendgpm„# jt{kh ohydz kmn xtd m mzlhge{nm tpeceyd {th qzûqzeh khqhke`h`d qhzh zdkmjzhz m dxtecîjzem d h {hù`d' Hqd{hz `d Feqûkzhpd{# qhe `h ndèkegh# pdz `d{kzepm m qzegkîqem `d xtd –{dndcfhgpd ktzh {dndcfhgpd„# qmz vmcph `d :'011 hgm{ hpzè{# ome [hntdc Fhfgdnhgg# gm {åktcm V_EEE# xtdn {e{pdnhpeymt m{ qzmkdèndgpm{ fmndmqèpekm{ gh omznh kmnm {ëm kmgfdke`m{ hpthcndgpd' M qzmkdèndgpm fmndmqèpekm kmg{e{pd gm t{m `d {tj{pêgkeh{ khqhyd{ `d cdvhz qd{{mh{ {ht`èvde{ h hqzd{dgphz {egpmnh{ `d `dpdznegh`h dgodzne`h`d# nh{ dn `m{d{ dpzdnhndgpd èctî`h{# h oen `d qzmvmkhz tnh zdhìëm lzh`hpevh `m mzlhge{nm gm kmnjhpd á `mdgìh# hpzhvå{ `h zd{phtzhìëm `m dxtecîjzem oe{emcûlekm' Gm kh{m `h `dqzd{{ëm# m{ ndèkhndgpm{ fmndmqèpekm{ {ëm qzd{kzepm{ `d hkmz`m kmn h kht{h dgvmcve`h'

PZHPHNDGPM MZPMNMCDKTCHZ H ndèkegh mzpmnmcdktchz# `d{dgvmcve`h qdcm kedgpe{ph Cegt{ Qhtcegl# å tnh d{qdkehce`h`d nåèkh xtd hpth gh jt{kh `m zd{phjdcdkendgpm `m dxtecîjzem nmcdktchz `m mzlhge{nm' D{{d pzhphndgpm# xtd qm`d {dz tpeceyh`m phnjån `d omznh qzdvdgpevh# qhzpd `m qzegkîqem xtd h nhemzeh `h{ dgodzne`h`d{ d{pè hkmnqhgfh`h `d hcpdzhìôd{ jemxtînekh{' H{{en {dg`m# h kmzzdìëm `m{ gîvde{ `d gtpzedgpd{ qm`d cdvhz á fmndm{ph{d# mt {dih# hm dxtecîjzem `h{ otgìôd{ mzlêgekh{' Gh jt{kh `d{{h gtpzeìëm kdctchz# m{ ndèkhndgpm{ gmznhcndgpd tpeceyh`m{ {ëm vephnegh{# {he{ negdzhe{# w 808 w


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Cîpem Pdg`m zdchìëm èzdph kmn m ftnmz# h{ jheh{ kmgkdgpzhìôd{ `d cîpem qm`dn qzm`tyez {egpmnh{ celh`m{ á eg{ðgeh d á `dqzd{{ëm' Oû{omzm H `doekeégkeh `d oû{omzm gm mzlhge{nm hkhzzdph èoektc`h`d `d kmgkdgpzhìëm# qdz`h `h egekehpevh# zd{qezhìëm ktzph d ohèlh' Èke`m{ lzhm{ ðndlh.; Dgkmgpzh`m{ dn ûcdm{ `d qded d dn hcltnh{ qchgph{# m{ èke`m{ lzhm{ ðndlh.; vén {dg`m d{pt`h`m{ kmnm zdktz{m gm pzhphndgpm `m pzhg{pmzgm jeqmchz' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd m{ `dqzene`m{ hqzd{dgphn ndgmzd{ xthgpe`h`d{ `d tn eglzdèdgpd hpevm qzd{dgpd gd{{d{ èke`m{' 4.FPQ M 4.fe`zmepzeqpmohgm å tn `m{ kmnqmgdgpd{ t{h`m{ qdcm mzlhge{nm gh qzm`tìëm `d {dzmpmgegh' Dgpdg`d.{d xtd h nhemz è{qmgejece`h`d `d 4.FPQ gm mzlhge{nm ohvmzdkd h dcdvhìëm `m{ gîvde{ `d{{d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mz' M t{m `m 4.FPQ qhzdkd qzm`tyez zd{tcph`m{ qzûenm{ hm{ `d hcltg{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ d kmn ndgm{ dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{' Gm dgphgpm# qmtkm{ d{pt`m{ omzhn zdhceyh`m{ d fè zdchpm{ `d qd{{mh{ xtd pevdzhn {åzem{ qzmjcdnh{ `d {hù`d kmn d{{d pzhphndgpm' Kmcegh &vephnegh `m kmnqcdm J% Hcltg{ d{pt`m{ zdvdchn xtd qd{{mh{ kmn `dqzd{{ëm pdg`dn h hqzd{dgphz tnh zd`tìëm gm{ gîvde{ `d vephnegh{ `m kmnqcdm J' Dgpzd dch{ d{pè h kmcegh# xtd å t{h`h qdcm mzlhge{nm gh w 800 w


{îgpd{d `m gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mz hkdpeckmcegh# dgvmcve`m gm{ qzmkd{{m{ kmlgepevm{' Odzzm H jheh xthgpe`h`d `d odzzm gm mzlhge{nm d{pè h{{mkeh`h á ohèlh# qm`dg`m ldzhz {dgpendgpm{ {dndcfhgpd{ hm{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' Hnegmèke`m{ Hcltg{ hnegmèke`m{ {ëm gdkd{{èzem{ qhzh h {îgpd{d `d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{' M{ jhem{ gîvde{ `d hnegmèke`m{ qm`dn kmchjmzhz qhzh m {tzlendgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm' Dgpzd dcd{ d{pëm h odgechchgegh# h pezm{egh# h hkdpec.C.khzgepegh d h om{ohpeèc{dzegh' Èke`m oûcekm @d hkmz`m kmn hcltg{ d{pt`m{# ;4$ `m{ `dqzene`m{ hqzd{dgphn `doekeégkeh `d{{h {tj{pêgkeh' M èke`m oûcekm qm`d htndgphz h doekèkeh `m{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ h gpe`dqzd{{evm{ E[Z[' [HN.d H [HN.d &[.h`dgm{ec.ndpemgegh% å tnh {tj{pêgkeh dgkmgpzh`h dn pm`h{ h{ kåctch{ ftnhgh{# qhzpekeqhg`m `d èvdz{m{ qzmkd{{m{# kmnm å m kh{m `h {îgpd{d `d gdtzmpzhg{ne{{mzd{ &egkcteg`m {dzmpmgegh# gmzh`zdghcegh d `mqhnegh% d h pzhg{ne{{ëm `m{ enqtc{m{ gdzvm{m{' Qhzh m pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm# dgkmgpzh.{d d{{h {tj{pêgkeh gh omznh {egpåpekh' Egm{epmc D{ph {tj{pêgkeh å tpeceyh`h qdcm mzlhge{nm gh qzm`tìëm `d ndnjzhgh{ qhzh kåctch{ gdzvm{h{' Hqzd{dgph gîvde{ zdjheh`m{ dn hcltnh{ qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{' w 804 w


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D[PHJDCDKDZ MJIDPE_M[ MJIDPE_M[ Tn `m{ lzhg`d{ qzmjcdnh{ veve`m{ qmz qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{ å h ohcph `d nmpevhìëm èhgpd `h ve`h' H `d{nmpevhìëm qm`d {dz zd{tcph`m `h `dqzd{{ëm mt tn `m{ ohpmzd{ xtd ohvmzdkdn {dt `d{dgkh`dhndgpm' @d tnh omznh mt `d mtpzh# h ohcph `d êgenm dgvmcvd `d{dgkmzhihndgpm# jheh htpmkmgoehgìh d `d{d{qdzhgìh' w 845 w


Mkmzzd phnjån xtd h `d{nmpevhìëm {dih oztpm `d {tkd{{evh{ ozt{pzhìôd{ hgpdzemzd{# gh{ xthe{ m{ `d{dim{ gëm qt`dzhn {dz zdhceyh`m{' Å qzdke{m xtd{pemghz {mjzdpt`m {d h{ {epthìôd{ h xtd {d h{qezhvh dzhn zdhcndgpd hckhgìèvde{# {d gëm {d pzhphvh `d ect{ôd{ dn jt{kh `d zdkmgfdkendgpm# mt {d gëm ohyehn qhzpd `d tnh phnjån ect{ûzeh e`dhìëm ghzkî{ekh' H nhgtpdgìëm `h è{qm{eìëm d `m dgkmzhihndgpm qm`d {dz ohkeceph`h xthg`m fè mjidpevm{ hckhgìèvde{ h ktzpm qzhym# hcendgphg`m kmg{phgpdndgpd m êgenm' Mjidpevm{ h {dzdn hckhgìh`m{ gtn cmglm d{qhìm `d pdnqm kmzzdn m ze{km `d `d{hqhzdkdzdn dn ndem hm khg{hìm# á{ ozt{pzhìôd{ d hm `d{egpdzd{{d' Nd{nm xthg`m {d pdn tnh ndph h cmglm qzhym# å enqmzphgpd xtd {d `dpdznegdn qdxtdgh{ dphqh{ h {dzdn qdzkmzze`h{ gh kmg{pztìëm `m mjidpevm nhemz# zdgmvhg`m qdzemèkhndgpd m dgpt{eh{nm' D{{h {dg{hìëm `d éepm hit`h h kmnjhpdz h e`åeh `d egkhqhke`h`d xtd hkmnqhgfh m `dqzene`m' Hcån `d hcendgphz h kmzhldn d h nmpevhìëm# m{ mjidpevm{ htecehn gh mzlhgeyhìëm `h khnegfh`h# ve{pm xtd zdqzd{dgphn tn omkm gm xthc {d kmgkdgpzhn h{ dgdzleh{' Dgxthgpm ntepm{ gëm dgkmgpzhn nmpevm{ qhzh d{phzdn vevm{# tn mjidpevm qm`d `hz tn vhcem{m {dgpe`m á ve`h'

ZDCELEËM Xthg`m {d ohch `d zdceleëm# nteph{ qd{{mh{ zdhldn `d omznh hvdz{evh# hzltndgphg`m h de{pégkeh `d nhgeqtchìëm d `d tnh oå kdlh xtd pmzgh h qd{{mh vtcgdzèvdc á egoctégkeh `d ce`dzhgìh{ zdcelem{h{ xtd qm{{hn pdz tnh kmg`tph xtd è{pmzkd m omkm `h d{qezepthceyhìëm# ve{hg`m h egpdzd{{d{ dkmgðnekm{ mt nd{nm ohvmzdkdg`m nmvendgpm{ {mkehe{ qhzpe`èzem{' Å w 8?1 w


kmnqzddg{îvdc xtd fhih cî`dzd{ zdcelem{m{ nmve`m{ qmz {dgpendgpm{ ndgm{ èlgm{# qmzån gëm de{pd zhyëm qhzh ldgdzhceyhz phc enqzd{{ëm' Å dgmznd m gùndzm `d jdgodepmzd{ xtd pzhjhcfhn vdz`h`dezhndgpd qdcm jdn hcfdem d {mkehc' Qmz nmpevm{ èvdz{m{# hcltnh{ qd{{mh{ qzdodzdn `dodg`dz h e`åeh `d xtd gëm å gdkd{{èzem pdz tnh zdceleëm# jh{phg`m pdz d{qezepthce`h`d# mt {dih# h kzdgìh gtn Qm`dz [tqdzemz# eg`dqdg`dgpdndgpd `d kmgkdepm{ zdcelem{m{' Gm dgphgpm# de{pdn d{pt`m{ xtd zdvdchn xtd h d{qezepthce`h`d `d{dgvmcve`h `dgpzm `d tn kmgpdpm zdcelem{m å nhe{ doekhy gm kmnjhpd d qzdvdgìëm `h `dqzd{{ëm d `m d{pzd{{d `m xtd xthg`m gëm å eg{peptkemghceyh`h' Å qzmvèvdc xtd d{{d ohpm mkmzzh qdch qdznhgdgpd d{pentchìëm `h oå d `h htpm.d{penh# mj{dzvh`h gm{ pdnqcm{ zdcelem{m{# hcån `m kcenh `d kmnqhgfdeze{nm d `h mqmzptge`h`d `d {dgpez.{d ùpec gh zdhceyhìëm `d {dzveìm{ kmntgepèzem{' @d pm`m{ m{ jdgdoîkem{ qzmvdgedgpd{ `h zdcelem{e`h`d# m omzphcdkendgpm `h oå qhzdkd {dz m qzegkeqhc hcekdzkd `m dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc' H oå å zd{qmg{èvdc qdch nhgtpdgìëm `h d{qdzhgìh dn èh{ ndcfmzd{# qdch kdzpdyh `d xtd de{pd tnh Omzìh [tqdzemz xtd zdld h ve`h gm tgevdz{m d h gegltån `d{hnqhzh# qdch pmcdzêgkeh d qdch kmgoehgìh gh {tqdzhìëm `h{ èoektc`h`d{' H ohcph `d{{d enqmzphgpd dcdndgpm å xth{d {dnqzd mj{dzvh`h dn qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{' H kh`h èh# h gdtzmkeégkeh dgpdg`d ndcfmz m{ ndkhge{nm{ `d{{d vhcem{m zdktz{m dnmkemghc' M{ dodepm{ `h oå vén {dg`m kmnqzmvh`m{ qmz d{pt`m{ odepm{ kmn qhkedgpd{ dgodznm{# {dg`m xtd hxtdcd{ xtd h pén `d omznh nhe{ velmzm{h hqzd{dgphn tn zdpmzgm nhe{ zèqe`m á {hù`d `m xtd hxtdcd{ xtd ktcpevhn tnh qm{ptzh egkzå`tch' Dgxthgpm m{ qzendezm{ hqzd{dgphn tnh hpept`d {dzdgh `tzhgpd h zdktqdzhìëm# m{ ùcpenm{ `dnmg{pzhn nhemz egpmcdzêgkeh d w 8?8 w


`d{nmpevhìëm' Hoeznh m d{qîzepm Imhggh `d Êgldce{# gm cevzm –Ectneghìëm egpdzemz„# xtd h oå qzm`ty tn qm`dzm{m khnqm dgdzlåpekm khqhy `d {t{pdgphz h d{pztptzh ndgphc d d{pentchz h fhznmgeh `h mzlhgeyhìëm kdctchz' M{ kåpekm{ d m{ kzîpekm{ `dvdzehn kmgfdkdz m{ ndkhge{nm{ `h hìëm nhlgåpekh qzm`tye`h qdch oå# xtd dgkmgpzhn zd{qhc`m gh keégkeh# d {tj{peptez h e`åeh `d tnh oå kdlh d nhgeqtcèvdc qmz mtpzh xtd {d hqmeh gm{ ohpm{ d gh cûlekh' Dgoen# {dih xthc omz h jh{d zdcelem{h# h oå å {dnqzd egd{penèvdc zdktz{m# lhzhgpeg`m m mpene{nm# h qdz{dvdzhgìh# m dgpt{eh{nm d h hcdlzeh `d vevdz'

QZDKD Å tn `m{ zdktz{m{ nhe{ vhcem{m{ `d xtd è{qôd m {dz ftnhgm gh jt{kh `d dxtecîjzem qhzh m {dt khnegfhz' Hpzhvå{ `h qzdkd# å d{phjdcdke`m tn kmgphpm dgpzd kzehptzh d kzeh`mz' Kmgphpm d{pd# xtd zdocdpd h hìëm `hxtdcd xtd jt{kh {d hqzmenhz `d tn Qm`dz [tqdzemz# tnh vdy xtd @dt{ d{pè qdznhgdgpdndgpd celh`m h pt`m d h pm`m{' Heg`h å kmntn mj{dzvhz qd{{mh{ xtd ohydn t{m `d{{d zdktz{m kmn ve{ph{ á mjpdgìëm `d ohkece`h`d{ mt nd{nm `d –kmcmkhz gh{ nëm{ `d @dt{„ h zd{qmg{hjece`h`d qdcm {tk d{{m `h qzûqzeh ve`h d m hcîvem `d {mozendgpm{ mzetg`m{ `d kmnqmzphndgpm{ fd`mge{ph{# `d{zdlzh`m{ d enhptzm{' Qhchvzh{ `d{peptî`h{ `d {dgpendgpm {ëm qzmodze`h{ dn chzlh d{khch# kmnm {d m phnhgfm `h mzhìëm om{{d hclm zdcdvhgpd' Å qzdke{m kmnqzddg`dz xtd h qzdkd å qdg{hndgpm d d{pd pzhg{eph gm octe`m kû{nekm tgevdz{hc# qdzkmzzdg`m è{pêgkeh{ egoegeph{ d celhg`m h{ kzehptzh{ h @dt{ d dgpzd {e# hpzhvå{ `d tnh zd`d w 8?: w


octîèkh' H omzìh kmn xtd d{{h dgdzleh hpegld {dt `d{pegm eg`dqdg`d `m ctlhz gm xthc h qd{{mh {d dgkmgpzh# `m nmndgpm mt `h xthgpe`h`d `d qhchvzh{# {dg`m vdz`h`dezhndgpd egoctdgkeh`h qdch egpdg{e`h`d d qdch xthce`h`d `h dnmìëm xtd hkmnqhgfh h vmgph`d' M kmgpdù`m `h qzdkd# ozdxódgpdndgpd# d{pè celh`m á jt{kh `d htîcem# hlzh`dkendgpm{ d dne{{ëm `d jmh{ vejzhìôd{ dn ohvmz `d dgkhzgh`m{ d `d{dgkhzgh`m{' Hcån `d{{h{ omznh{ nhe{ kmntg{# de{pd phnjån h xtd zdocdpd h egpdlzhìëm dgpzd m [dz d m Qm`dz [tqdzemz' Å kmnm {d m qdg{hndgpm d h dnmìëm om{{dn nmve`m{ dn omznh `d kmgpdnqchìëm# qmz tnh kmg{keégkeh kû{nekh# gh xthc h kzehptzh {d {dgpd qhzpd `m pm`m' Pzhph.{d `d tnh egpdlzhìëm fhznðgekh hm nmvendgpm `m Tgevdz{m' Xthg`m å èzele`h h @dt{# hckhgìh d{qîzepm{ {tqdzemzd{ xtd vén dn htîcem `hxtdcd xtd mzh' Hcån `h egpdzkd{{ëm `d{{h{ dgpe`h`d{ jdgodepmzh{ `m qchgm d{qezepthc# h qzdkd phnjån pdn tnh hìëm nhlgåpekh {mjzd hxtdcd xtd h qzmodzd# pzhydg`m h {dg{hìëm `d hcîvem# qhy d dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc' Xthg`m å èzele`m h mtpzh qd{{mh# m nhlgdpe{nm egoctdgkeh.cfd qm{epevhndgpd m khnqm dgdzlåpekm# zdocdpeg`m phnjån dn gîvdc mzlêgekm' H keégkeh pdn odepm enqmzphgpd{ kmg{phphìôd{ {mjzd h hìëm `h qzdkd' Qd{xte{h{ pén {e`m zdhceyh`h{ kmn m {dt t{m á è{pêgkeh# èzdkemgh`h h qd{{mh{ dgodznh{# d m{ zd{tcph`m{ egèkhn xtd m lztqm `d qd{{mh{ xtd zdkdjd h{ vejzhìôd{ hqzd{dgph nhemzd{ hcpdzhìôd{ kcîgekh{ dn èzdìëm á {hù`d' @m qmgpm `d ve{ph gdtzmcûlekm# d{pt`m{ zdvdchn h cejdzhìëm `d dg`mzoegh gm kåzdjzm gm nmndgpm `h mzhìëm# qzmvmkhg`m h {dg{hìëm `d jdn.d{phz' Mtpzh èzdh xtd vdn {d `d{phkhg`m ntepm gm kmgfdkendgpm hkdzkh `h hìëm `m qdg{hndgpm å h oî{ekh xtêgpekh# nm{pzhg`m kmnm egoctdgkehnm{ m hnjedgpd w 8?; w


xtd gm{ kezktg`h d h gû{ nd{nm{# `dqdg`dg`m `m xtd qdg{hnm{ d {dgpenm{' Dn zdchìëm hm `dqzene`m# oekh dve`dgpd h enqmzpêgkeh `d{{d zdktz{m xtd h pm`m{ å è{qmgejeceyh`m' Å jmn cdnjzhz xtd# h{{en kmnm h{ `dnhe{ omznh{ `d fhznmgeyhìëm dgdzlåpekh# h nhgtpdgìëm `m{ dodepm{ `h qzdkd `dqdg`d `h oå d `h nt`hgìh `d hpept`d `h qd{{mh dgodznh# kte`hg`m ndcfmz `d {dt{ qdg{hndgpm{ d {dgpendgpm{'

@D[MJ[D[[ËM [hjd.{d# qdch @mtpzegh D{qîzeph# xtd h{ mj{d{{ôd{ {ëm qzmkd{{m{ ldzh`m{ qdch {egpmgeh dgpzd ndgpd{ dn `d{dxtecîjzem mt xtd heg`h vejzhn dn gîvde{ ndgm{ dcdvh`m{ `d kmg{keégkeh' M khnqm q{îxtekm {d kmnqmzph kmnm vdz`h`dezm înë# hpzheg`m mtpzh{ qd{{mh{# dgkhzgh`h{ d `d{dgkhzgh`h{# xtd kmnqhzpecfdn `m nd{nm pdmz vejzhpûzem `d xtd è{qmnm{' @d{{h omznh# nd{nm xtd h mj{d{{ëm gëm {dih# kmnm mkmzzd dn hcltg{ kh{m{# h kht{h `h `dqzd{{ëm# å kmntn xtd m `dqzene`m hpzheh# qhzh itgpm `d {e# dgpe`h`d{ dn {epthìëm {dndcfhgpd# xtd qh{{hn h kmg{tnez.cfd h{ dgdzleh{' H{{en# m{ pzhjhcfm{ `d `d{mj{d{{ëm qm`dn htecehz h zdktqdzhìëm `m `dqzene`m# iè xtd m hoh{phndgpm `d dgpe`h`d{ qdzptzjh`mzh{ cfd modzdkd mqmzptge`h`d `d zddxtecîjzem d omzphcdkendgpm `h{ dnmìôd{ d `m qdg{hndgpm' Gmznhcndgpd# h `d{mj{d{{ëm å jdgåoekh qhzh m mj{d{{mz d qhzh m mj{dèh`m' M qzendezm km{ptnh {dz dgkhnegfh`m qhzh pzhphndgpm dn eg{pepteìôd{ `m qchgm d{qezepthc d m dgkhzgh`m# qmz {th vdy# phnjån å hpdgè`m qmz jdgodepmzd{ d{qezepthe{ xtd cfd fhznmgeyhn h{ dgdzleh{ `m{ kmzqm{ oî{ekm d d{qezepthc' w 8?0 w


ÈLTH OCTE@EOEKH@H H èlth octeèoekh`h å hxtdch xtd qm{{te qzmqzed`h`d{ ndèkhndgpm{h{' Phc kmgèìëm å mjpe`h qdch nhlgdpeyhìëm `h èlth qmpèvdc' H hìëm nhlgåpekh qm`d {dz mzetg`h `d d{qîzepm{ `d{dgkhzgh`m{ xtd hpthn gm {mkmzzm áxtdcd{ xtd heg`h {d dgkmgpzhn gm qchgm oî{ekm# qmz dgkhzgh`m{# hpzhvå{ `h egpdgìëm kmcmkh`h `tzhgpd tnh qzdkd# mt qdch hìëm kmgitgph `d fhjephgpd{ `m{ `me{ qchgm{# `d omznh xtd dgpe`h`d{ {tqdzemzd{ tpeceyhn m{ zdktz{m{ ndèùgekm{ `d tn dgkhzgh`m qhzh qzmnmvdz h octeèoekhìëm' M qzmkd{{m `d nhlgdpeyhìëm `h èlth pdn {e`m hcvm `d enqmzphgpd{ qd{xte{h{ gm khnqm `h oî{ekh xtêgpekh' M kedgpe{ph ihqmgé{ Nh{hzt Dnmpm `d{dgvmcvdt tn dqdzendgpm# keph`m gm oecnd –Xtdn {mnm{ gû{„# qzm`tye`m qmz \eccehg Hzgpy d Jdp{u Kfh{{d# gm xthc qmzìôd{ `d èlth omzhn kmcmkh`h{ dgpzd kheh{ {mgmzh{ xtd dnepehn {mg{ è{pegpm{ kmnm mzhìôd{# nù{ekh kcè{{ekh# h vmy `m ghye{ph Fepcdz d nù{ekh{ `d fdhvu ndphc# hcån `d mtpzh{ xtd omzhn dqm{ph{ h {dgpendgpm{ d qdg{hndgpm{ gdlhpevm{ d `d hnmz# dgpzd mtpzh{ {epthìôd{' Hqû{ h dqm{eìëm# h èlth ome kmgldch`h d m{ kze{phe{ omznh`m{ omzhn ompmlzhoh`m{# zdvdchg`m omznh{ è{pegph{# {dg`m xtd hxtdcd{ kze{phe{ zdodzdgpd{ á{ qmzìôd{ dqm{ph{ hm{ {mg{ fhznðgekm{ d {dgpendgpm{ qm{epevm{ hqzd{dgphvhn omznh{ phnjån nhe{ fhznðgekh{' Oekh dve`dgpd xtd gm{{m{ qdg{hndgpm{ d {dgpendgpm{ egoctdgkehn nhlgdpekhndgpd h èlth# zd{tcphg`m dn qzm`tpm{ xtd qm`dn hcpdzhz m otgkemghndgpm `m mzlhge{nm ftnhgm qm{epevh d gdlhpevhndgpd' Gm{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm# h èlth octeèoekh`h hpth kmnm m{ `dnhe{ zdktz{m{ xtd pdg`dn h dxtecejzhz m khnqm dgdzlåpekm d zdocdpez {dt{ dodepm{ gm khnqm kdctchz' [th w 8?4 w


doekèkeh å tn ohpm# nh{ h zd{phtzhìëm `m dxtecîjzem oî{ekm d q{îxtekm d{pè egpenhndgpd celh`h hm ktcpevm `d jmg{ qdg{hndgpm{ qmz qhzpd `m `dqzene`m'

QH[[D M qh{{d å tn zdktz{m nhlgåpekm ntepm tpeceyh`m gm{ pzhphndgpm{ d{qezepthe{' De{pdn zdle{pzm{ `d {th tpeceyhìëm dn èodzdgpd{ ktcptzh{# `d{`d pdnqm{ zdnmpm{# h{{mkeh`m h qzmkd{{m{ `d ktzh d zepm{ zdcelem{m{' Kmg{e{pd gh pzhg{ot{ëm `d dgdzleh q{îxtekh hpzhvå{ `h enqm{eìëm `d nëm{ {mjzd h qd{{mh dgodznh d `h hìëm `m `d{dim {egkdzm `m qh{{e{ph `d `mhz.{d hm {dt {dndcfhgpd' Pzhph.{d `h hìëm `m qdg{hndgpm# egpdzodzeg`m nhlgdpekhndgpd gm{ kmzqm{ oî{ekm d d{qezepthc' Fhznmgeyh m khnqm dgdzlåpekm d qm`d qzmnmvdz hcpdzhìôd{ gm ZGH &qhzpd `m kûèlm ldgåpekm%# hcpdzhg`m ndg{hldg{ `d `mdgìh qhzh ndg{hldg{ xtd ohvmzdìhn m dxtecîjzem mzlêgekm' Qm`d {dz ddktph`m {enqcd{ndgpd qmz tn nhlgdpeyh`mz dgkhzgh`m &qh{{d nhlgåpekm%# hpzhvå{ `h qzdkd# `h ndgphceyhìëm d kmgkdgpzhìëm `d {dt{ zdktz{m{ nhlgåpekm{ dn jdgdoîkem `m qhkedgpd' Mtpzh omznh å h hìëm èzdph `d d{qîzepm{ `d{dgkhzgh`m{ kmnm zd{qm{ph h tnh qzdkd mt `tzhgpd pzhphndgpm{ d{qezepthe{ &qh{{d d{qezepthc%' @dgpzm `h{ kh{h{ d{qîzeph{# å nhe{ kmntn xtd hkmgpdìh `d omznh h{{mkeh`h dgpzd zdktz{m{ `m nåètn qh{{e{ph d `d dgpe`h`d{ `d{dgkhzgh`h{ &qh{{d nhlgåpekm.d{qezepthc%' [th doekèkeh `dqdg`d phnjån `m `d{dim `d ndcfmzh `hxtdcd xtd m zdkdjd' @d{{h omznh# å qm{{îvdc xtd# dn otgìëm `h `d{nmpevhìëm d `h `d{kzdgìh# hcltg{ `dqzene`m{ gëm dqdzendgpdn zd{tcph`m{ {elgeoekhpevm{' Å gdkd{{èzem h{{mkehz w 8?? w


zdktz{m{ nhlgåpekm{ h mtpzm{ xtd cdvdn á zd{phtzhìëm `h htpm. d{penh d `h oå' Phnjån m{ ohnecehzd{ `m{ `dqzene`m{ qm`dn {dz jdgdoekeh`m{ qdcm qh{{d# iè xtd å gmznhc {dgpezdn.{d `d{dgdzleyh`m{ gm kmgvîvem kmn m ohnecehz dgodznm'

ZDEBE Zdebe å tnh qhchvzh `d mzeldn ihqmgd{h xtd {elgeoekh –dgdzleh vephc tgevdz{hc„' [th qzèpekh kmg{e{pd gh khghceyhìëm `h dgdzleh vephc hpzhvå{ `m qm{ekemghndgpm `h{ nëm{ {mjzd `dpdznegh`h{ zdleôd{ `m kmzqm# kmn m mjidpevm `d fhznmgeyhz m octm dgdzlåpekm d qzmnmvdz m jdn.d{phz' D{{h påkgekh ome `d{dgvmcve`h qdcm ihqmgé{ Nebhm T{te# dn ndh`m{ `m {åktcm VEV# h qhzpez `d egomznhìôd{ kmgpe`h{ dn hgpelm{ zdle{pzm{ jtè{ph{' Kfdlmt hm Jzh{ec dn 856; d pdn {e`m kmg{e`dzh`h tn enqmzphgpd zdktz{m kmnqcdndgphz gh qzdvdgìëm d pzhphndgpm `d èvdz{h{ dgodzne`h`d{'

HKTQTGPTZH H hktqtgptzh å tnh påkgekh necdghz# tpeceyh`h qdch ndèkegh pzhèkemghc kfegd{h# kmn m mjidpevm `d fhznmgeyhz m octm `d dgdzleh vephc &Xe mt Be qhzh m{ ihqmgd{d{ d Kf―e mt Kfe qhzh m{ kfegd{d{% d modzdkdz hm mzlhge{nm# kmgèìôd{ `d {d htpm.zdltchz' D{{h påkgekh kfdlmt hm Jzh{ec gh `åkh`h `d 41 d gm{ hgm{ 61 ome zdkmgfdke`h qdch Mzlhgeyhìëm Ntgèhc `d [hù`d w 8?< w


&MN[% kmnm nåpm`m doekhy gm pzhphndgpm `d èvdz{h{ `mdgìh{' Dpenmcmlekhndgpd# h qhchvzh hktqtgptzh {elgeoekh –qtgìëm kmn hltcfh„' M gmnd zdodzd .{d á påkgekh `d eg{dzìëm `d hltcfh{ dn `dpdznegh`m{ qmgpm{ `h qdcd# `d omznh h egpdg{eoekhz mt zdphz`hz m octm dgdzlåpekm' H Kfe qdzkmzzd pm`m m kmzqm hpzhvå{ `d khghe{ `d dgdzleh &ndzeèhgm{% {epth`m{ {mj h qdcd d xtd ezzelhn ûzlëm{ d vî{kdzh{' Fè `myd ndzeèhgm{ qzegkeqhe{# qm{ekemgh`m{ {endpzekhndgpd `m{ `me{ ch`m{ `m kmzqm d `me{ ndzeèhgm{ kmgfdke`m{ kmnm hzpåzeh{# xtd qdzkmzzdn m dem `m kmzqm gh{ {th{ ohkd{ hgpdzemz d qm{pdzemz' Hcån `m{ qmgpm{ è{qm{pm{ hm cmglm `m{ ndzeèhgm{ qzegkeqhe{# h hktqtgptzh phnjån pzhjhcfh kmn mtpzm{ {epth`m{ gh{ mzdcfh{' H htzektcmpdzhqeh pdn kmnm jh{d h e`åeh `d xtd pm`h{ h{ èzdh{ `m kmzqm qm{{tdn tn qmgpm zdqzd{dgphpevm gh{ mzdcfh{' @d hkmz`m kmn h ndèkegh kfegd{h# h dgdzleh vephc &Kfe% {d nhgeod{ph {mj `me{ h{qdkpm{ qzegkeqhe{9 Uhgl d Ueg' H dgdzleh Uhgl qzm`ty khcmz# dqhg{ëm# h{kdg{ëm d m htndgpm `h{ hpeve`h`d{' H dgdzleh Ueg qzm`ty ozem# zdpzhendgpm# `d{ke`h# zdqmt{m d ènegte h{ hpeve`h`d{' Zdqzd{dgphn qmchze`h`d{ dgdzlåpekh{ d `dvdn d{phz kmn {dt octm dn dxtecîjzem' M dkd{{m `d dgdzleh Kfe nhgeod{ph.{d gh omznh `d `mz# pdg{ëm# khcmz# hg{ed`h`d# hyeh# eg{ðgeh# feqdzpdg{ëm# dpk' H ohcph `d dgdzleh Kfe qzmvmkh h {dg{hìëm `d ozem# qzd{{ëm jheh# ohcph `d hqdpepd# {mgmcégkeh# `dqzd{{ëm# ozhxtdyh# dpk' H ndèkegh kfegd{h kmg{e`dzh xtd h `d{hznmgeh dgdzlåpekh {dih zd{qmg{èvdc qdcm hqhzdkendgpm `d èvdz{h{ dgodzne`h`d{' Gm khnqm `h `dqzd{{ëm# hcltg{ d{pt`m{ pén w 8?6 w


hqmgph`m vhgphldg{ qhzh m qhkedgpd gm t{m `h Hktqtgptzh' D{{h påkgekh pdn zdvdch`m zd{tcph`m{ {dndcfhgpd{ áxtdcd{ qzm`tye`m{ qdcm{ oèznhkm{ hgpe`dqzd{{evm{ d {dn dodepm{ kmchpdzhe{'

[FEHP[T [fehp{t å tnh qhchvzh ihqmgd{h xtd {elgeoekh –qzd{{ëm kmn m{ `d`m{„' Å tnh påkgekh xtd pdn kmnm jh{d m{ kmgfdkendgpm{ necdghzd{ `h ndèkegh pzhèkemghc kfegd{h' Hqd{hz `m gmnd {tldzez m t{m `m{ `d`m{# h qzèpekh phnjån dgvmcvd m t{m `h qhcnh d `h jmz`h `h{ nëm{ d m kmpmvdcm' H{{en kmnm h hktqtgptzh# m [fehp{t pdn kmnm omkm h zdltchzeyhìëm `m octm `h dgdzleh vephc &Xe mt Kfe%' Kmg{e{pd dn nh{{hldhz kmn qzd{{ëm# qmgpm{ {mjzd h qdcd gh zdleëm `m{ khghe{ `d dgdzleh &ndzeèhgm{%# fhznmgeyhg`m m octm dgdzlåpekm# hpzhvå{ `h d{pentchìëm mt {d`hìëm `m{ khghe{' D{{h påkgekh qzmqmzkemgh zdchhndgpm# hcîvem `m d{pzd{{d# {dg{hìëm `d jdn.d{phz d dgdzleh' Å zdkmndg`h qhzh qzmjcdnh{ kmnm zhevh# qzdmktqhìëm# hg{ed`h`d# eg{ðgeh# `dqzd{{ëm# jheh htpm.d{penh# hcån `d vèzem{ mtpzm{ `d mz`dn oî{ekh' D{{d zdktz{m qm`d {dz t{h`m `d omznh kmnqcdndgphz gm pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm# htndgphg`m h{ kfhgkd{ `d zdktqdzhìëm'

PDZHQEH ZDOCDVH H Pdzhqeh Zdocdh mt Pdzhqeh Ymghc qhzdkd pdz {th{ mzeldg{# h{{en kmnm h hktqtgptzh# qmz vmcph `d 0'111 h'K'' w 8?5 w


Kmnqzmvh`hndgpd# ome qzhpekh`h gm Dlepm dn :'011 h'K'# `d hkmz`m kmn `d{kmjdzph{ hzxtdmcûlekh{' D{{h påkgekh pdzhqétpekh pdn d{pzdeph zdchìëm kmn h hktqtgptzh d m [fehp{t# gh ndè`h dn xtd pzhjhcfh kmn h e`åeh `d khghe{ `d dgdzleh &ndzeèhgm{% xtd egpdzcelhn qå{ d nëm{ h èvdz{h{ èzdh{ `m kmzqm' @dgpzm `d{{h ve{ëm# m{ qå{# h{{en kmnm h{ nëm{# h îze{ `m{ mcfm{ d h{ mzdcfh{# zdqzd{dgphn tn nekzmkm{nm `m kmzqm# zdocdpeg`m pm`h{ h{ {th{ qhzpd{ hpzhvå{ `m{ khghe{ dgdzlåpekm{' Gmznhcndgpd# h zdocdmcmleh pzhjhcfh nhe{ m{ qå{ qdcm ohpm `d {th{ ymgh{ zdocdh{ hjzhgldzdn tnh èzdh nhemz# ohkecephg`m h cmkhceyhìëm' H påkgekh ymgmpdzèqekh kmg{e{pd dn qzd{{emghz kmn m{ `d`m{ `h{ nëm{# qmgpm{ d{qdkîoekm{ {epth`m{ gm{ qå{# zdodzdgpd{ hm{ ndzeèhgm{# kmn m qzmqû{epm `d fhznmgeyhz m octm dgdzlåpekm' D{ph qzd{{ëm qm`dzè {dz kmg{phgpd mt egpdznepdgpd# `d hkmz`m kmn h gdkd{{e`h`d `d d{pentchz mt {d`hz `dpdznegh`m qmgpm qhzh xtd m pzhphndgpm p zhphndgpm {dih dodpevm' Pzhy jdgdoîkem{ kmnm m hcîvem `h{ pdg{ôd{ &d{pzd{{d% d m zdchhndgpm# qdcm dxtecîjzem `m octm `h dgdzleh vephc' Hqzd{dgph.{d kmnm vhcem{m zdktz{m kmnqcdndgphz gm kmnjhpd á `dqzd{{ëm'

ZD[QEZHÌËM H zd{qezhìëm å enqmzphgpd omgpd `d dgdzleh' Xthg`m å dqhgè`h# htndgph h khqhke`h`d `d zhkemkîgem d kmgkdgpzhìëm# hcån `d qzmqmzkemghz nhemz dxtecîjzem otgkemghc qhzh m mzlhge{nm d h ndgpd' Kmzzelez h omznh `d zd{qezhz ndcfmzh h h{{enechìëm `h dgdzleh xtd khqphnm{ `m octe`m kû{nekm tgevdz{hc' w 8<1 w


@evdz{h{ påkgekh{ xtd ve{hn á fhznmgeyhìëm `m kmzqm d `h ndgpd tpeceyhn h zd{qezhìëm kmnm qmgpm kdgpzhc `d {dt{ qzmkdèndgpm{9 

Tn `m{ zdktz{m{ `h kzmnmpdzhqeh å h ndgphceyhìëm `h zd{qezhìëm `h{ kmzd{'

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H{ påkgekh{ `d ndèphìëm# kmnm h Umlh# pén h zd{qezhìëm kmnm dcdndgpm otg`hndgphc gm qzmkd{{m `d kmgkdgpzhìëm'

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H jemdgdzlåpekh pdn kmnm omkm h hnqcehìëm `h zd{qezhìëm# h oen `d ohydz octez h dgdzleh kmzqmzhc'

H{

påkgekh{ `d zdchhndgpm pén kmnm jh{d m hqzmotg`hndgpm `h zd{qezhìëm'

Dn otgìëm `h{ hpeve`h`d{ èèzeh{ d `d zdqzd{{ôd{ `h dqzd{{ëm dnmkemghc# veve`h{ gh egoêgkeh# qzditèkh.{d m qzmkd{{m zd{qezhpûzem' H pdg{ëm kzðgekh qzmvmkh`h dn hcltg{ lztqm{ nt{ktchzd{ dn otgìëm `d dnmìôd{ kmgpe`h{# pzhy {åzeh{ kmg{dxóégkeh{ qhzh m kmzqm d h ndgpd' Dgpzd h{ kht{h{ `d pdg{ëm# qm`dnm{ kephz9 Qzmpdìëm kmgpzh h pze{pdyh# qzmvmkhg`m h kmgpzhìëm `m hj`ðndg'  Egejeìëm {dthc# qzmvmkhg`m kmgpzhìëm `m vdgpzd'  Egejeìëm `h dqzd{{ëm vdzjhc# kht{hg`m kmgpzhìëm gh zdleëm `h lhzlhgph'  Egejeìëm `h dqzd{{ëm `h zhevh# ldzhg`m pdg{ëm nt{ktchz ldgdzhceyh`h' 

w 8<8 w


Egùndzh{ vdyd{# qmz d{pzd{{d# `dqzd{{ëm mt mtpzm{ nmpevm{# m {dz ftnhgm qm`d {dgpez.{d `d{vephceyh`m# mt {dih# `d{dgdzleyh`m' Gd{{d{ nmndgpm{# qdzkdjd.{d h zd{qezhìëm ktzph# {tqdzoekehc d zd{pzeph h qdxtdgh qhzpd `h khqhke`h`d qtcnmghz' D{ph {epthìëm å jh{phgpd è{pegph `h zd{qezhìëm hj`mneghc# hxtdch kmg{e`dzh`h nhe{ {ht`èvdc# mj{dzvh`h dn jdjé{ `tzhgpd tn {mgm pzhgxóecm# xthg`m {d qdzkdjd h dqhg{ëm `h zdleëm `m hj`ðndg' Kmnm zdktz{m qhzh h kmzzdìëm `h zd{qezhìëm# qzdke{hnm{ kmndìhz qdch mj{dzvhìëm `d kmnm d{phnm{ zd{qezhg`m# kmn xtd zepnm# kmn xtd qzmotgè`h`d d kmn xtd hnqcept`d' M {dltg`m qh{{m å chgìhz nëm `d ddzkîkem{ xtd hit`dn h dqhgèz h zd{qezhìëm' Hcltnh{ qd{{mh{ qzdodzdn {d zdkmcfdz gtn hnjedgpd pzhgxóecm d t{hz påkgekh{ `d zdchhndgpm d kmgkdgpzhìëm' Mtpzh{ jt{khn h ndcfmzh hpzhvå{ `d ddzkîkem{# kmnm m{ qzmqm{pm{ qdch jemdgdzlåpekh# ohydg`m hnqcehz h zd{qezhìëm# jt{khg`m h zdvephceyhìëm' @d tnh omznh mt `d mtpzh# m enqmzphgpd å zd{qezhz'

KFMZM M kfmzm å tn enqmzphgpd zdktz{m qhzh m hcîvem `h{ pdg{ôd{' Å khqhy `d hqzmotg`hz h zd{qezhìëm# zdchhz m{ nù{ktcm{ d kmnjhpdz m{ dodepm{ `m d{pzd{{d' Gëm å á pmh xtd {d èy xtd –xthg`m kfmzhnm{# chvhnm{ h hcnh„' Pzhph.{d `d tnh dgpzdlh dnmkemghc xtd qm{{ejeceph zdvevdz `mzd{# nèlmh{ d zhevh{' Dgpzdphgpm# d{{h dgpzdlh å jcmxtdh`h qmz nteph{ qd{{mh{ dn otgìëm `m nd`m `d qdz`dz m kmgpzmcd {mjzd {th{ dnmìôd{ mt nd{nm `d `dnmg{pzhz ozhxtdyh mt ozhlece`h`d &qzegkeqhcndgpd dgpzd m{ fmndg{%' Phc kmnqmzphndgpm å kmnqzdd{îvdc gm kmgpdpm `h `dqzd{{ëm# w 8<: w


tnh vdy xtd xtdn {d dqôd hzze{kh {dz hkdepm mt gëm d h khzégkeh veve`h qmz ntepm{ `dqzene`m{ dgvmcvd m nd`m `h zdideìëm d qzmvmkh m zdpzhendgpm `h dqzd{{ëm dnmkemghc' Mtpzm ohpmz xtd qm`d jcmxtdhz m kfmzm å h zdqzd{{ëm `h{ nhgeod{phìôd{ `d zhevh# gmznhcndgpd oztpm `d qm{ptzh{ enqm{epevh{# qtgepevh{ d hlzd{{evh{ t{h`h{ qmz gm qzmkd{{m `d d`tkhìëm egohgpec' Mkmzzd xtd# xthg`m m{ {dgpendgpm{ {ëm zdqzene`m{# h qd{{mh ldzh tn qzmkd{{m `d `d{dg{ejeceyhìëm# xtd jcmxtdeh m octm `d dgdzleh# `d{vephceyhg`m m kmzqm d qzmvmkhg`m `dqzd{{ëm' Å kdzpm xtd gdn pm`h{ h{ qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{ qm{{tdn èoektc`h`d `d kfmzhz# qmzån mj{dzvh.{d xtd nteph{ `d{dgvmcvdn tn d{ph`m `d hqhpeh d eg{dg{ejece`h`d èhgpd `h ve`h d xthg`m h qd{{mh kmg{dltd cejdzhz m kfmzm kmgpe`m# pdn kmnm zd{tcph`m tn lzhg`d hcîvem d h zd{phtzhìëm `m octm `h dgdzleh vephc# htndgphg`m h{ qm{{ejece`h`d{ qm{{ejece `h`d{ `d zdktqdzhìëm'

ZE[M @ehzehndgpd# h{ qd{{mh{ {d èvdzpdn kmn qeh`h{ mt xth`zegfm{ xtd zdpzhphn `d omznh jdn ftnmzh`h qzmjcdnh{ qmcîpekm{# {epthìôd{ dnjhzhìm{h{# qzdkmgkdepm{# kmgocepm{ {dthe{ d mtpzm{' Nh{# m xtd nmvd d{{d hz kðnekm= Qmz xtd zez `d {epthìôd{ xtd dn d{{égkeh# gëm hqzd{dgphn gh`h xtd it{peoextd m jmn ftnmz= Hm hjmz`hz h zdchìëm dgpzd m{ –kfe{pd{„ d m egkmg{kedgpd# [elntg` Ozdt`# qhe `h q{ekhgèce{d# kmg{e`dzh xtd m qzhydz `d{qdzph`m qdch{ {epthìôd{ èph{ dglzhìh`h{# å oztpm `m hcîvem `d pdg{ôd{ ldzh`h{ qmz {dgpendgpm{ zdqzene`m{' @epm `d mtpzh omznh# m {dz ftnhgm qm{{te `d{dim{ d {dgpendgpm{ xtd dgpzhn dn kfmxtd kmn xtd{pôd{ nmzhe{ d w 8<; w


ktcptzhe{# ldzhg`m kmgocepm{ q{îxtekm{' Qhzh dvephz m {mozendgpm# h ndgpd ftnhgh zdpezh phe{ kmgpdù`m{ `h kmg{keégkeh# zdqzeneg`m.m{ dn gîvdc egkmg{kedgpd' H{{en# h{ qeh`h{# qzegkeqhcndgpd hxtdch{ xtd khzzdlhn `tqcm {dgpe`m# ohydn kmn xtd phe{ kmgpdù`m{ kmg{elhn `zejchz h zdqzd{{ëm d {d nhgeod{pdn è{ohzìh`hndgpd &`d omznh {enjûcekh mt zdqzd{dgphpevh%# qzmvmkhg`m qzhydz qdch zd`tìëm `h pdg{ëm q{îxtekh de{pdgpd' Phgpm xtdn kmgph# kmnm xtdn d{ktph h qeh`h# dqdzendgph m{ dodepm{ qzhydzm{m{ `h `d{khzlh dnmkemghc' Keph heg`h Ozdt`# xtd xthgpm nhemz h zdqzd{{ëm# nhemz {dzè m qzhydz ldzh`m qmz d{{h `d{khzlh' E{pm gm{ ohy cdnjzhz `d qd{{mh{ xtd zedn `d hcltn ohpm `d nhgdezh dhldzh`h# `hg`m {dgpe`m á dqzd{{ëm –kfmzhz – kfmzhz `d phgpm zez „' „'

@d nhgdezh qzèpekh# qm`dnm{ qdzkdjdz m xthgpm m ze{m å kmgphlehgpd d m xthgpm å jmh h {dg{hìëm `d cdvdyh dqdzendgph`h hqû{ hcltnh{ lhzlhcfh`h{' w 8<0 w


Dn {dt cevzm –Pdzhqeh `m Ze{m . h ktzh qdch hcdlzeh„# m nåèkm fmndmqhph D`thz`m Chnjdzp hjmz`h m{ jdgdoîkem{ `d tnh jmh d `d{kmgpzhî`h ze{h`h' H qhzpez `h zdodze`h mjzh# å qm{{îvdc kmnqzddg`dz xtd h hcdlzeh dqzd{{h gm ze{m gm{ kmcmkh gmvhndgpd dn kmgphpm kmn gm{{h kzehgìh egpdzemz# zdhpevhg`m kmnqmzphndgpm{ hcdlzd{ d d{qmgpêgdm{# qdzè`m{ hm cmglm `h ve`h' D{pd peqm `d pdzhqeh# hgpelh gm mzedgpd# ome qzmqhlh`h gm mke`dgpd h qhzpez `h `åkh`h `d ?1 qdcm nåèkm hndzekhgm Ftgpdz H`hn{# kfhnh`m –Qhpkf H`hn{„# xtd# mj{dzvhg`m h ohcph `d hcdlzeh dn {dt{ qhkedgpd{# egpzm`tyet dn {th qzèpekh hpept`d{ xtd qzmvmkhvhn ze{m d ohvmzdkehn h zdktqdzhìëm `m{ nd{nm{' D{ph qzèpekh eg{qezmt# gm Jzh{ec# m lztqm `m{ –@mtpmzd{ `h Hcdlzeh„' @m qmgpm `d ve{ph oe{emcûlekm# zez ohy kmn xtd m kåzdjzm qzm`tyh tnh {tj{pêgkeh kfhnh`h dg`mzoegh# kmgfdke`h kmnm –fmznðgem `h odceke`h`d„# xtd pdn dodepm hghclå{ekm# ndcfmzh h kezktchìëm d h{ `dod{h{ `m mzlhge{nm# hcån `d ènegtez pdg{ôd{ d qzmvmkhz tn {dgpendgpm `d pzhgxóece`h`d d jdn.d{phz' Qmz mtpzm ch`m# h{ qd{{mh{ nht. ftnmzh`h{# enqhkedgpd{ d zîle`h{ pdg`dn h vevdz gtn d{ph`m `d kmg{phgpd pdg{ëm xtd cdvh h tnh `d{khzlh nhemz `d h`zdghcegh xtd `d dg`mzoegh# qzdè{qmg`m m mzlhge{nm h qzmjcdnh{ khz`îhkm{ d kdzdjzhe{' Oekh kchzm xtd h {dg{hìëm qzhydzm{h qzmvdgedgpd `d tnh jmh lhzlhcfh`h å dpzdnhndgpd jdgåoekh qhzh h qd{{mh kmn `dqzd{{ëm# ve{pm xtd tn `m{ {egpmnh{ mj{dzvh`m{ gd{pd xth`zm å h hgd`mgeh# mt {dih# h èoektc`h`d `d dgkmgpzhz qzhydz gh ve`h' Xthg`m hcltån ze d qzegkeqhcndgpd xthg`m ze `m{ {dt{ qzûqzem{ qzmjcdnh{# qdznepd m `d{dgkh`dhz `d tn qzmkd{{m `d h`hqphìëm d htpm.hkdephìëm xtd pmzgh h kmgvevégkeh kmg{elm nd{nm nhe{ {tqmzpèvdc# m xtd å w 8<4 w


endg{hndgpd nhe{ vhgphim{m `m xtd vevdz ndzltcfh`m gtn kcenh `d fm{pece`h`d# jheh htpm.d{penh d chndgphìôd{' H{{en# qm`dnm{ dgpdg`dz m ze{m kmnm tn zdktz{m `d lzhg`d vhceh gm{ nmndgpm{ `d `dqzd{{ëm# qzmvmkhg`m h cejdzhìëm `d dnmìôd{ kmgpe`h{ d kzehg`m tn kcenh ohvmzèvdc hm pzhphndgpm d á {tqdzhìëm `d{{d pzhg{pmzgm'

HJZHÌM Tnh `h{ {epthìôd{ qzd{dgpd{ gm kmgpdpm `h `dqzd{{ëm å m e{mchndgpm {mkehc' Å kmntn h qd{{mh dgodznh nhgeod{phz egè{qm{eìëm qhzh {hez `d kh{h &mt nd{nm `m xthzpm%# qhzh zdkdjdz qd{{mh{ dn {th kh{h d qhzh qhzpekeqhz `d xthcxtdz hpeve`h`d xtd dgvmcvh h qzd{dgìh `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{' Phc kmnqmzphndgpm d{pè gmznhcndgpd qdzndh`m qmz {dgpendgpm{ `d zhevh# zd{{dgpendgpm d `d{d{qdzhgìh# dgpzd mtpzm{ xtd kmnqôdn m xth`zm `dqzd{{evm' Dn ntepm{ kh{m{# h jh{d `d{ph{ nhgeod{phìôd{ dgvmcvdn {dgpendgpm{ `d hjhg`mgm# zdideìëm# egodzemze`h`d d ktcqh' [dg`m h{{en# m hpm `d {d e{mchz qm`d {dz tnh omznh `d h qd{{mh dqzd{{hz h {th {dg{hìëm `d gëm ndzdkdz {dz hnh`h' Gd{pd kmgpdpm# m hjzhìm nm{pzh.{d kmnm enqmzphgpd zdktz{m qhzh ndcfmzhz h htpm.d{penh' Hcån `h pzmkh dgdzlåpekh dgvmcve`h gm kmgphpm oî{ekm# d{pd qm`d phnjån eg{qezhz kte`h`m# hkdephìëm# hkmcfendgpm# kmnqzddg{ëm d hqmem# mt {dih# {dgpendgpm{ `d lzhg`d enqmzpêgkeh d xtd d{pëm dn ohcph gm d{ph`m `dqzd{{evm' Oe{emcmlekhndgpd# tn hjzhìm hkmcfd`mz å khqhy `d ènegtez m{ jhpendgpm{ khz`îhkm{ d m{ gîvde{ `d kmzpe{mc d gmzdqegdozegh# fmznðgem{ celh`m{ hm d{pzd{{d d qzd{dgpd{ dn dkd{{m dn hcltg{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm' w 8

Dnjmzh {dihn kchzm{ m{ jdgdoîkem{ dnmkemghe{ `m hjzhìm# mj{dzvh.{d xtd nteph{ qd{{mh{ dgkmgpzhn èoektc`h`d qhzh hjzhìhz mt nd{nm qhzh {dzdn hjzhìh`h{# dqdzendgphg`m kdzpm `d{kmgomzpm' Phc xtd{pëm qhzdkd d{phz celh`h á fm{pece`h`d# á ozedyh mt á ht{égkeh `h{ nhgeod{phìôd{ dnmkemghe{ `tzhgpd h egoêgkeh# qmz qhzpd `m{ h`tcpm{ kte`h`mzd{# qm`dg`m qzmvmkhz gh kzehgìh tn è{phgkehndgpm hodpevm d h {dg{hìëm `d gëm {dz hnh`h' [hjd.{d xtd h {dg{hìëm `d qdz`h `m hnmz nhpdzgm kmg{pepte tnh `h{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm d# h{{en# pmzgh.{d kmnqzddg{îvdc h enqmzpêgkeh `m hjzhìm gm qzmkd{{m `d zdktqdzhìëm' Å enqmzphgpd xtd h qd{{mh kmn `dqzd{{ëm {d d{omzkd qhzh hjzhìhz d qhzh hkdephz m hjzhìm kmn pm`h{ h{ {th{ ndg{hldg{ qm{epevh{# qm{{ejecephg`m `d{ohydz enqzd{{ôd{ è{pmzke`h{ `m qh{{h`m d pzhg{omznhz {th htpm.d{penh'

NÙ[EKH @d{`d h hgpelte`h`d# h nù{ekh d{pè h{{mkeh`h á dqzd{{ëm `m{ {dgpendgpm{' Dlîqkem{# èzhjd{# fdjzdt{# egèhgm{# kfegd{d{ d lzdlm{# dgpzd mtpzm{ qmvm{# tpeceyhvhn.gh dn èodzdgpd{ {epthìôd{ kmnm ktcpm{ zdcelem{m{# jhgxtdpd{# ltdzzh{ d nmndgpm{ `d zdkzdhìëm' Hpthcndgpd# {hjd.{d xtd h nù{ekh egoctdgkeh gëm hqdgh{ h{ qd{{mh{# nh{ m{ hgenhe{# m{ vdldphe{ d mtpzm{ {dzd{ xtd qm{{hn h{{enechz {th{ vejzhìôd{# hcpdzhg`m h d{pztptzh nmcdktchz' Qd{xte{h{ pén `dnmg{pzh`m {th hìëm {mjzd h{ qchgph{# nmèoekhg`m h{ kmgèìôd{ `d `d{dgvmcvendgpm d hcltnh{ khzhkpdzî{pekh{ ldgåpekh{' Mtpzm{ d{pt`m{ zdvdchn xtd h nù{ekh qm`d htndgphz h qzm`tìëm `d dg`mzoegh d omzphcdkdz m {e{pdnh entgmcûlekm# w 8<< w


hqzd{dgphg`m zd{tcph`m{ {dndcfhgpd{ hm{ `d hcltg{ ndèkhndgpm{' Kmnm dodepm {mjzd m mzlhge{nm ftnhgm# h nù{ekh egocte qm{epevh mt gdlhpevhndgpd gh èld{pëm# gh{ {dkzdìôd{ egpdzgh{# gh zd{qezhìëm# gh qzd{{ëm {hgltîgdh d gh hpeve`h`d `d hcltnh{ d{pztptzh{ kdzdjzhe{# dn d{qdkehc m {e{pdnh cînjekm# celh`m á{ dnmìôd{' M peqm `d egoctégkeh xtd h nù{ekh ddzkd d dzkd {mjzd h ndgpd ftnhgh qhzdkd d{phz zdchkemgh`m á egpdzhìëm dgpzd pmg{# zepnm{ d cdpzh{ `h{ nù{ekh{' Dn zdchìëm hm{ pmg{# {hjd.{d xtd m{ NDGMZD[ qm{{tdn nhemz kmnqzendgpm `d mg`h# qmzphgpm ndgmz ozdxóégkeh vejzhpûzeh# hqzd{dgphg`m qzmqzed`h`d{ zdchhgpd{' Iè m{ pmg{ NHEMZD[ pén ndgmz kmnqzendgpm `d mg`h d hcph ozdxóégkeh vejzhpûzeh# {dg`m d{pentchgpd{ d egèkh`m{ qhzh m{ kh{m{ `d hqhpeh d `dqzd{{ëm' M zepnm nt{ekhc pdn h khqhke`h`d `d egpdzodzez gm zepnm khz`îhkm qm`dg`m kht{hz d{pentchìëm mt zdchhndgpm' Jh{ph mj{dzvhz kmnm hcltnh{ nù{ekh{ hkhcnhn# dgxthgpm mtpzh{ qzmvmkhn hlephìëm `d phc omznh xtd `d{qdzkdje`hndgpd kmndìh.{d h nhzkhz m zepnm kmn h{ qdzgh{ d á{ vdyd{ h qd{{mh {d qdlh hpå `hgìhg`m# kmnqcdphndgpd kmgphleh`h qdch vejzhìëm dnepe`h' Xthgpm hm kmgpdù`m `h{ nù{ekh{# gmznhcndgpd h{ qd{{mh{ pdg`dn h {d egpdzd{{hz kmg{kedgpd mt egkmg{kedgpdndgpd qmz hxtdcd{ xtd qm{{tdn hcltnh {egpmgeh kmn {dt{ {dgpendgpm{ dn zdchìëm á ve`h mt kmn m {dt d{ph`m dnmkemghc gm nmndgpm' Gd{{d kh{m# m `dqzene`m qzdke{h dvephz dgpzdlhz.{d hm enqtc{m `d jt{khz nù{ekh{ pze{pd{ d ndchgkûcekh{ d `hz qzdodzégkeh áxtdch{ xtd qm{{hn pzhydz.cfd hcdlzeh# dgkmzhihndgpm# dxtecîjzem d dgdzleh# {dzveg`m kmnm enqmzphgpd hqmem qhzh h {tqdzhìëm `m pzhg{pmzgm `dqzd{{evm' ` dqzd{{evm' w 8<6 w


Tnh mtpzh mqìëm å qzmktzhz tn nt{ekmpdzhqdtph# xtd {hjdzè tpeceyhz# kmn kzepåzem# m{ zdktz{m{ {mgmzm{ qhzh qzm`tyez ndcfmzd{ d{ph`m{ dnmkemghe{'

@HGÌH Enqmzphgpd zdktz{m gm kmnjhpd á `dqzd{{ëm# h `hgìh å khqhy `d egpdzodzez `d omznh jh{phgpd doekhy gm d{ph`m dnmkemghc `d xtdn h qzhpekh' H fhznmgeh dgpzd m zepnm nt{ekhc d h dqzd{{ëm kmzqmzhc# hit`hn gh nhgeod{phìëm `h{ dnmìôd{# gm `d{jcmxtdem `h dgdzleh kmzqmzhc# gm hcîvem `d pdg{ôd{ nt{ktchzd{ d gh ènegteìëm `m{ dodepm{ `m d{pzd{{d' Å kmntn mj{dzvhz qd{{mh{ xtd {d {dgpdn pdg{h{ d –pzhvh`h{„ `tzhgpd h `hgìh' @d hkmz`m kmn m { kmgkdepm{ `h jemdgdzlåpekh# m kmzqm dgzeidke`m å oztpm `m jcmxtdem `h{

w 8<5 w


nhgeod{phìôd{ dnmkemghe{' @d{ph omznh# h qd{{mh qzdke{h pzhjhcfhz h dqzd{{ëm kmzqmzhc# m octm dgdzlåpekm d h htpm. hkdephìëm# {dgpeg`m.{d cevzd qhzh {dz xtdn å d qdznepeg`m.{d {dz d{qmgphgdhndgpd kmg`tye`h qdch nù{ekh' Mtpzh{ qzmqzed`h`d{ pdzhqétpekh{ `h `hgìh {ëm m htndgpm `h kzehpeve`h`d d `h kmg{keégkeh kmzqmzhc# gh xthc m kmzqm å qdzkdje`m dn {th{ dqzd{{ôd{ d gdkd{{e`h`d{# hcån `h dcdvhìëm `h htpm.d{penh d `h nmpevhìëm' @hgìhz å dgpzhz dn kmgphpm kmn m{ qzûqzem{ {dgpendgpm{# å kmgfdkdz m ntg`m egpdzgm d pdz h mqmzptge`h`d `d ddzkephz h cejdz`h`d `d dqzd{{ëm' Dn zdchìëm á `dqzd{{ëm# m{ èvdz{m{ d{pecm{ `d `hgìh d{pentchn h vephce`h`d# hnqcehn h zd{qezhìëm d qzmqmzkemghn h {dg{hìëm `d qzhydz# hclm zhzm gm{ nmndgpm{ `d kze{d'

D[KZD_DZ [MJZD [MJZD M XTD [DGPD Tnh khzhkpdzî{pekh qdzkdje`h dn ntepm{ `dqzene`m{ å m ohpm `d {dgpezdn.{d egkmnqzddgè`m{' Å kmntn xtd m `mdgpd h`mpd tnh qm{ptzh zd{dzvh`h d ohcd qmtkm {mjzd m xtd d{pè {dgpeg`m# qmz hkzdèphz xtd m{ mtpzm{ gëm dgpdg`dzëm {th {epthìëm d gëm `hzëm h `dve`h enqmzpêgkeh á {th `mz' Gd{{d kh{m# h qd{{mh qzdke{h dgkmgpzhz omznh{ hcpdzghpevh{ `d dpdzghceyhz {dt{ {dgpendgpm{' Å enqmzphgpd dqzd{{hz `d hcltnh omznh hxtecm xtd å {dgpe`m# qme{ xthg`m {d qh{{h `m qchgm `h{ e`åeh{ qhzh m qchgm kmgkzdpm# htndgphn. {d h{ kfhgkd{ `d dchjmzhìëm `m kmgocepm veve`m' M khnqm hj{pzhpm d{pè khzzdlh`m `d ohgph{eh{# qzå.kmgkdqìôd{ d qm{{ejece`h`d{# `dve`m á {th khzhkpdzî{pekh qcè{pekh xtd qdznepd modzdkdz hm{ qzmjcdnh{ h omznh d h egpdg{e`h`d xtd h qd{{mh `d{dihz' w 861 w


Dn ndem hm `d{dxtecîjzem dnmkemghc# d{{h kmgèìëm nhcdèvdc ohvmzdkd qdg{hndgpm{ ect{ûzem{ `d zdideìëm# hjhg`mgm d htpm.`dqzdkehìëm# dgpzd mtpzm{' Gh enqm{{ejece`h`d `d vdzjhceyhz {dt {mozendgpm# m `dqzene`m pdn kmnm tnh jmh mqìëm d{kzdvdz {mjzd m xtd d{pè vevdg`m' [dih gh omznh `d tn `d{hjhom# qmd{eh mt `d tnh kmgvdz{h kmn tn Qm`dz [tqdzemz# xthg`m {d kmcmkhn qdg{hndgpm{ gtn qhqdc# hjzd.{d tnh mqmzptge`h`d `d dgkmgpzhz zd{qm{ph{ `dgpzm `d {e# qhzh m{ qzmjcdnh{ dgozdgph`m{# hcån `h nmèoekhìëm `m{ qdg{hndgpm{# iè xtd d{{d{ qdz`dn h omzìh hqû{ h vhyëm `m{ {dgpendgpm{# modzdkdg`m d{qhìm qhzh qdzkdqìôd{ nhe{ zdhce{ph{'

HZMNHPDZHQEH Å tnh påkgekh xtd dgvmcvd m t{m `d {tj{pêgkeh{ hzmnèpekh{ kmn m mjidpevm `d fhznmgeyhz h{qdkpm{ oî{ekm{ d dnmkemghe{' Tpeceyh`h `d{`d h hgpelte`h`d qdcm{ dlîqkem{# lzdlm{# zmnhgm{# èzhjd{# kfegd{d{ d feg`t{# dgpzd mtpzm{ qmvm{# `d omznh ndèkeghc mt dn zepthe{ zdcelem{m{# h hzmnhpdzhqeh {û ome zdkmgfdke`h kmnm omznh `d pzhphndgpm qdcm{ qmvm{ mke`dgphe{ dn 85?1# hqû{ egùndzm{ d{pt`m{ kedgpîoekm{ zdhceyh`m{ qzegkeqhcndgpd gh Dtzmqh' D{{d qzmkd{{m pdzhqétpekm tpeceyh –ûcdm{ d{{dgkehe{„ mjpe`m{ `h `d{pechìëm `d omcfh{# ocmzd{# khtcd{ d {dndgpd{' M{ ûcdm{ {ëm h qhzpd nhe{ {tpec `h qchgph d kmgpén vephnegh{# fmznðgem{ d hgpejeûpekm{' [th hìëm gmznhcndgpd qzm`ty zd{tcph`m{ hgpe.{åqpekm{# d{pentchgpd{ mt khcnhgpd{' [ëm tpeceyh`m{ qhzh jhgfm{ zdchhgpd{# nh{{hldg{# hzmnhpeyhìëm `d hnjedgpd{ d eghchìëm' Qmzån# å qzdke{m pmnhz kte`h`m kmn w 868 w


m{ ûcdm{ kîpzekm{# qme{ qm`dn kht{hz nhgkfh{ gh qdcd {d h qd{{mh {d dqt{dz hm {mc hgpd{ `d zdpezè.cm{ `m kmzqm' Mtpzh zd{{hcvh èy zd{qdepm á{ ld{phgpd{# hm{ jdjé{# feqdzpdg{m{ d dqecåqpekm{# xtd `dvdn qzmktzhz mzedgphìëm nåèkh hgpd{ `m t{m `d qzm`tpm{ qhzh hzmnhpdzhqeh' M{ ûcdm{ d{{dgkehe{ pén qzmqzed`h`d{ ndèkhndgpm{h{# hpthg`m {mjzd ûzlëm{ d pdke`m{# d q{ekmpdzèqekh{# hleg`m {mjzd h{ dnmìôd{ d htecehg`m gm{ pzhphndgpm{ `d hg{ed`h`d# d{pzd{{d d `dqzd{{ëm# dgpzd mtpzm{' Gm xtd èy zd{qdepm á{ dnmìôd{# hldn {mjzd m khnqm dgdzlåpekm &Kfhbzh{% d hpevhn qzmkd{{m{ gdtzmoe{emcûlekm{ dgvmcvdg`m m {e{pdnh cînjekm d h ndnûzeh' Å enqmzphgpd oze{hz xtd ûcdm{ d{{dgkehe{ gëm {ëm h nd{nh kme{h xtd d{{égkeh{# {dg`m m{ qzendezm{ dpzhpm{ hcphndgpd kmgkdgpzh`m{# dpzhî`m{ `d qchgph{# d m{ ùcpenm{# {egpdpeyh`m{ dn chjmzhpûzem' @dve`m á hcph kmgkdgpzhìëm# m{ ûcdm{ d{{dgkehe{ `dvdn {dz {dnqzd t{h`m{ gh qdcd hqû{ h ècteìëm dn –ûcdm{ khzzdh`mzd{„ &ûcdm{ `d lezh{{mc# `d hnég`mh `mkd d `d {dndgpd `d tvh%# dvephg`m `dznhpepd{ d ohvmzdkdg`m h qdgdpzhìëm gh qdcd' Kmnm hcpdzghpevh kmnqcdndgphz gm pzhphndgpm `d xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{# zdkmndg`hn.{d m{ ûcdm{ d{{dgkehe{ h {dltez# xtd hcån `h tpece`h`d dn kh{m{ `d `d{mz`dg{ mzlêgekh{# phnjån hpthn gm khnqm dnmkemghc kmn h{ {dltegpd{ egèkhìôd{9 Zm{nhzegt{ Mooekeghce{%9 `dqzd{{ëm d ohèlh' HCDKZEN & Zm{nhzegt{ Zdvelmzhgpd' Chvhg`tch Mooekeghce{ %9 pze{pdyh# ohèlh d HCOHYDNH & Chvhg`tch hg{ed`h`d' w 86: w


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_DZNDCFM9 Zdodzdgpd hm qzendezm kfhbzh &Ldgå{ekm% d á{ lðgh`h{2 htndgph h vephce`h`d d d{pentch m velmz d h kmzhldn' Eg`ty á hìëm d ohy kmn xtd h qd{{mh nhgpdgfh nhemz kmgphpm kmn h zdhce`h`d oî{ekh' Å h kmz `h {dthce`h`d# `m{ eg{pegpm{ d `h hlzd{{eve`h`d' Pdn h qzmqzed`h`d `d hoh{phz h pze{pdyh d m {dgpendgpm `d ktcqh' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m hytc' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ kmzzd{qmg`dgpd{# d{pëm9 Ztje# Ih{qd vdzndcfm# Xthzpym vdzndcfm# Kegèjzem# Zdhclhz d Fdnhpeph ' CHZHGIH9 Zdodzdgpd hm {dltg`m kfhbzh &Lè{pzekm% d hm qzmkd{{m èld{pevm2 qzmvmkh dgpt{eh{nm d d{pentch h kzehpeve`h`d d h kmntgekhìëm' Pzhy h {dg{hìëm `d jdn.d{phz# qzhydz d cdvdyh' Kmnjhpd h `dqzd{{ëm d h pze{pdyh' Ohvmzdkd h d{qmgphgde`h`d d h `d{egejeìëm' Å h kmz `h htpm.kmgoehgìh' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m îgèlm' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ kmzzd{qmg`dgpd{# d{pëm9 Kmzghcegh# Mqhch `d omlm# Khckeph chzhgih d Kzmkmîph ' HNHZDCM9 Zdodzdgpd hm pdzkdezm kfhbzh &D{qcégekm% d hm qêgkzdh{2 d{pentch m zhkemkîgem# h hcdlzeh d m mpene{nm' Kmz celh`h hm htpm.kmgpzmcd d á dgdzleh' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m vemcdph' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ xtd kmzzd{qmg`dn á vejzhìëm `m w 864 w


hnhzdcm# d{pëm9 Kepzegm# Dgmozd# Khckeph hnhzdch# Pdnqd{p [pmgd d Pmqèyem enqdzehc ' _DZ@D9 Zdodzdgpd hm xthzpm kfhbzh &Khz`îhkm% d hm penm2 å h kmz `h d{qdzhgìh# `h odzpece`h`d# `m kzd{kendgpm d `h zdgmvhìëm' Pzhy h{ {dg{hìôd{ `d dxtecîjzem# {dzdge`h`d d {dltzhgìh' Qzmnmvd h fhznmgeh dgpzd m kmzqm# h ndgpd d h{ dnmìôd{' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m zm{h' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ xtd qm{{tdn vejzhìëm xtd kmzzd{qmg`d á kmz vdz`d# d{pëm9 Nhchxteph# Qdze`mpm# Ih`d d D{ndzhc`h' HYTC9 Zdodzdgpd hm xtegpm kfhbzh &Chzîgldm% d á lcêg`tch pezdûe`d2 qm{{te dodepm pzhgxteceyhgpd' Zd`ty h{ pdg{ôd{ d pzhy h {dg{hìëm `d qhy' Kmnjhpd m d{pzd{{d d h oh{d nhgîhkh `m pzhg{pmzgm jeqmchz' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m vdzndcfm' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ kmzzd{qmg`dgpd{# d{pëm9 Èlth.Nhzegfh# Xthzpym hytc# Hnhymgeph# Khckeph hytc# Èlhph hytc# [îcekh ldnh# Pmqèyem hytc d Kdcd{peph' HYTC.ÎG@ELM9 Zdodzdgpd hm {dpm kfhbzh &Ozmgphc% d á feqûoe{d2 dqhg`d h ndgpd dn èzdìëm h d{ph`m{ nhe{ dcdvh`m{' Å h kmz `h egpteìëm' Pdn dodepm zdchhgpd d kmnjhpd m{ d{ph`m{ `d nd`m' Ohvmzdkd h zdomznh îgpenh d m{ qzmkd{{m{ q{îxtekm{' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m chzhgih' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ `d pdmz vejzhpûzem kmzzd{qmg`dgpd hm îgèlm# d{pëm 9 Hytzeph# [m`hceph# Kehgeph# Cèqe{.Chytce d [hoezh hytc ' _EMCDPH9 Zdodzdgpd hm {åpenm kfhbzh &Kmzmgèzem% d á lcêg`tch qegdhc2 qzmqmzkemgh m dxtecîjzem `h ndgpd d h qhy egpdzemz' Kmnjhpd d{ph`m{ `d ezzephìëm d hlzd{{eve`h`d' D{{h kmz å t{h`h gm pzhphndgpm `d `mdgìh{ ndgphe{' D{pentch h d{qezepthceyhìëm d m{ e`dhe{ dcdvh`m{' @enegte h hglù{peh# m w 86? w


ûèm d h hg{ed`h`d' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m hnhzdcm' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ xtd kmzzd{qmg`dn á kmz vemcdph# d{pëm9 Hndpe{ph# Kfhzmîph# Octmzeph# Fhceph vemcdph# Emceph# Cdqe`mceph# [tleceph d Phgyhgeph' Qhzh h fhznmgeyhìëm `m {åpenm kfhbzh# phnjån {ëm t{h`h{ qd`zh{ `mtzh`h{ d jzhgkh{ pzhg{qhzdgpd{' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ egkmcmzd{# d{pëm9 Kze{phc `d Xthzpym# @ehnhgpd# Hqmoeceph egkmcmz d Pmqèyem egkmcmz ' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ `mtzh`h{# d{pëm9 Khckeph `mtzh`h# Khckeph `dgpd `d këm# Fdcem`mzm d Qezeph' ZM[H9 Phnjån zdodzd.{d hm xthzpm kfhbzh &Khz`îhkm%' Å h kmz `h nhptze`h`d# `h kmg{keégkeh d `m hnmz egkmgèkemghc' Celh h qd{{mh h qzmkd{{m{ nhe{ q{îxtekm{ `m xtd oî{ekm{ d ohvmzdkd h kmgkdgpzhìëm' @dvd {dz dveph`h qhzh qd{{mh{ dn `d{dxtecîjzem ndgphc d kmn pdg`égkeh h otlez `h zdhce`h`d# qmz qzmqmzkemghz h {dg{hìëm `d cejdz`h`d d{qezepthc# qm`dg`m hlzhvhz m xth`zm' H kmz `d dxtecîjzem å m vdz`d' Dgpzd h{ qd`zh{ xtd kmzzd{qmg`dn h d{ph kmz# d{pëm9 Xthzpym zm{h# Btgyeph d Ptznhcegh zm{h' Å enqmzphgpd cdnjzhz xtd m dodepm pdzhqétpekm `h{ kmzd{ d{pè vegktch`m hm t{m `d omznh dxtecejzh`h# gh egpdg{e`h`d d xthgpe`h`d h`dxth`h{' Dn dkd{{m# hclm xtd qm`dzeh {dz jdgåoekm# pmzgh.{d qzditèkehc' Qmz ddnqcm# h dqm{eìëm qzmcmglh`h hm dkd{{m `d vdzndcfm qm`d qzmvmkhz ezzephìëm d hlzd{{eve`h`d' Gm kh{m `m hytc# qm`d ohvmzdkdz h ohèlh d h `dqzd{{ëm' Qmz e{{m# å qzdke{m pmnhz kte`h`m kmn m dkd{{m `h{ kmzd{# {dih gm vd{ptèzem# gm hnjedgpd mt gm{ pzhphndgpm{ kzmnmpdzèqekm{' Qhzh m kmnjhpd hm{ d{ph`m{ `dqzd{{evm{# å egèkh`m qzegkeqhcndgpd m t{m `h{ kmzd{ vdzndcfm# hnhzdcm# chzhgih d vdz`d' H{ kmzd{ nhe{ vejzhgpd{ {ëm t{h`h{ kmnm qzendezm w 86< w


{mkmzzm d# qm{pdzemzndgpd# m t{m `m vdz`d ohvmzdkd h fhznmgeyhìëm' Dn zdchìëm á{ zmtqh{# å kmntn h qd{{mh d{kmcfdz egkmg{kedgpdndgpd hxtdch{ xtd qm{{tdn h kmz kmn h xthc d{pè {egpmgeyh`h' Qmz ddnqcm# {d d{pè khcnh# pdg`d h d{kmcfdz pmg{ `d hytc d xthg`m d{pè hleph`h mt dtoûzekh# jt{kh kmzd{ nhe{ vejzhgpd{ kmnm m chzhgih d m vdzndcfm' [d {dltez d{{h pdg`égkeh# d{phzè qmpdgkehceyhg`m m d{ph`m dnmkemghc dn xtd {d dgkmgpzh d e{{m qm`d hocmzhz {epthìôd{ eg`d{dièvde{ qdcm dkd{{m `d `dpdznegh`h kmz' Å ndcfmz xtd# xthg`m fmtvdz qdzkdqìëm `m qzûqzem d{ph`m dnmkemghc# h qd{{mh qzmktzd t{hz kmzd{ xtd cdvdn hm dxtecîjzem `h {epthìëm'

ODGL.[FTE M odgl.{fte å tnh påkgekh necdghz kfegd{h# tpeceyh`h gh fhznmgeyhìëm `d hnjedgpd{' Pdn kmnm omkm m octm `d dgdzleh vephc &Kfe%# qzd{dgpd dn pm`m{ m{ kmzqm{ d hnjedgpd{' Xthg`m d{{h dgdzleh gëm octe# egpdzodzd gm khnqm dgdzlåpekm `h{ qd{{mh{# qm`dg`m kht{hz qzmjcdnh{ oî{ekm{ d dnmkemghe{# dgpzd dcd{ h `dqzd{{ëm' H qzèpekh `m odgl.{fte dgvmcvd h kmnjeghìëm dgpzd kmzd{# omznh{ d m{ kegkm dcdndgpm{ `h ghptzdyh9 omlm# pdzzh# ndphc# èlth d nh`dezh' @d hkmz`m kmn h pzhèìëm mzedgphc# qhzh xtd h dgdzleh `m hnjedgpd octh# d{{d{ dcdndgpm{ qzdke{hn d{phz dxtecejzh`m{' Dn zd{e`égkeh{# h fhznmgeyhìëm `m hnjedgpd å mzedgph`h qdcm t{m `d tn eg{pztndgpm `dgmnegh`m –Jhltè„# xtd ève`d h qchgph `h kh{h dn mepm èzdh{ &pzhjhcfm# d{qezepthce`h`d# ohnîceh# qzm{qdze`h`d# {tkd{{m# zdchkemghndgpm# kzehpeve`h`d# hnelm{ d {hù`d%# {dg`m xtd kh`h tnh `dch{ å zdle`h qmz dcdndgpm{# kmzd{ d omznh{ d{qdkîoekh{' w 866 w


[hjd.{d xtd h kmgèìëm dnmkemghc `h qd{{mh cdvh h d{kmcfh{ egkmg{kedgpd{ `d `dpdznegh`h{ kmzd{ d omznh{' Xthg`m de{pd tn `d{hit{pd dnmkemghc# h qzûqzeh qd{{mh hcendgph m qzmjcdnh' @d{{h omznh# m t{m `d zdktz{m{ xtd zd{phtzdn m octm `d dgdzleh `m hnjedgpd qm`d pezhz m `dqzene`m `d{{d kekcm vekem{m' H fhznmgeyhìëm `m hnjedgpd qzmqmzkemgh m dxtecîjzem egpdzgm qmzån# å enqzd{keg`îvdc phnjån kte`hz `m{ qdg{hndgpm{# `h omznh `d {d kmcmkhz gm ntg`m d `m{ {dgpendgpm{# kmn ve{ph{ h omzphcdkdz h egpdgìëm {egkdzh `d nt`hgìh' M{ kegkm dcdndgpm{9 OMLM9 Dcdndgpm h{{mkeh`m hm nmvendgpm# kmzhldn d khcmz' Å zdqzd{dgph`m qdch kmz vdzndcfh# qchgph{ kmn omcfh{ qmgpehlt`h{# pzeêgltcm{ d qezêne`d{' PDZZH9 D{pd dcdndgpm d{pè zdchkemgh`m hm dxtecîjzem# d{phjece`h`d d {hjd`mzeh' D{pè h{{mkeh`m á{ kmzd{ hnhzdcm# chzhgih d pdzzhkmph' H omznh ldmnåpzekh kmzzd{qmg`dgpd å m xth`zh`m' NDPHC9 Pdn zdchìëm kmn h omzìh d m kmgpzmcd' H{ kmzd{ `d zdodzégkeh {ëm m jzhgkm d m qzhpdh`m d m{ mjidpm{ {ëm kze{phe{# nèznmzd d ndphc gh omznh hzzd`mg`h`h' ÈLTH9 D{pd dcdndgpm zdodzd.{d á zdocdëm# kmnqzddg{ëm# {hjd`mzeh# zdchhndgpm# ocdejece`h`d d octe`dy' D{pè zdchkemgh`m kmn h{ kmzd{ hytc d qzdpm d mjidpm{ `d ve`zm kmn omznh{ {egtm{h{' w 865 w


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PZHJHCFM [MKEHC _MCTGPÈZEM Tnh `h{ omznh{ `d kmnjhpdz m{ qzmkd{{m{ `dqzd{{evm{ å m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `d hcltn pzhjhcfm vmctgpèzem itgpm á {mked`h`d' M hpm `d `mhz.{d qm`d pzhydz lzhg`d{ jdgdoîkem{ qhzh m `dqzene`m d qhzh xtdn zdkdjd m htîcem' @m qmgpm `d ve{ph {mkehc# m pzhjhcfm vmctgpèzem hit`h h vdektchz m kcenh `d {mce`hzed`h`d# egkdgpevhg`m# hpzhvå{ `m ddnqcm# m `d{qdzphz `d tn gîvdc nhe{ dcdvh`m `d kmg{keégkeh# gm xthc de{pd tnh qdzkdqìëm `m pm`m# `m kmcdpevm d gëm hqdgh{ h ve{ëm dlmî{ph xtd {d ceneph h dgdzlhz h{ gdkd{{e`h`d{ egève`the{' Qhzh hxtdcd xtd {d `mh# h{ hìôd{ vmctgpèzeh{ hcendgphn h {dg{hìëm `d {dz ùpec# `d {dz enqmzphgpd qhzh hcltån d# kmg{dxódgpdndgpd# ohydn dcdvhz h htpm.d{penh' Mtpzm h{qdkpm enqmzphgpd å xtd m `dqzene`m gmznhcndgpd {û vé h {e nd{nm d h {dt {mozendgpm' Gd{{d kmgpdpm# m kmgphpm kmn h{ èoektc`h`d{ hcfdeh{ qm`d zd{lhphz h {dg{ejece`h`d d m dgkmzhihndgpm' [ëm nteph{ h{ vdyd{ dn xtd m pzhjhcfh`mz vmctgpèzem zdkdjd vhcem{h{ ceìôd{ `d mpene{nm# lzhpe`ëm d ftnec`h`d' Hkhjh zdkdjdg`m nhe{ `m xtd hxtdcd h xtdn cdvmt {dt htîcem' @mhz.{d å tn ddzkîkem `d qhkeégkeh# gm xthc {d `d{kmjzd xtd hcltg{ qzmjcdnh{ qzdke{hn `d ntepm pdnqm qhzh {dzdn zd{mcve`m{ d xtd kh`h qd{{mh vevd kmn m{ zdktz{m{ q{îxtekm{ xtd iè pdgfh kmgxte{ph`m# deleg`m `hxtdcd xtd {d `mh# tn hnmz qdz{dvdzhgpd' w 858 w


KMGPHPM KMN H GHPTZDYH Gm htîcem hm pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm# d{phjdcdkdz nhemz kmgphpm kmn h ghptzdyh qm`d {dz `d lzhg`d hit`h' Dgpzd m{ jdgdoîkem{ pzhye`m{ qmz d{{d zdktz{m# d{pè m hcîvem `m d{pzd{{d qzmvmkh`m qdch{ zdchìôd{ {mkehe{ d qdcm d{pecm `d ve`h kh`h vdy nhe{ hkdcdzh`m# qzûqzem `m ntg`m hpthc' M khgphz `m{ qè{{hzm{# m jhztcfm `h{ èlth{# m vdz`d# m hz qtzm# h dgdzleh `h{ qchgph{ d m kcenh `d pzhgxóece`h`d km{ptnhn modzdkdz dkdcdgpd{ kmgèìôd{ qhzh m zddxtecîjzem oî{ekm# q{îxtekm d dgdzlåpekm' Tnh khnegfh`h gtn jm{xtd# tnh qd{khzeh# tn hkhnqhndgpm# tn jhgfm `d khkfmdezh mt tg{ èh{ gtn fmpdc ohydg`h {ëm ûpenh{ mqìôd{ xtd `dvdzehn ohydz qhzpd `h ve`h `h{ qd{{mh{ gtnh ozdxóégkeh nhemz xtd h `d km{ptnd# hpthg`m phnjån `d omznh qzdvdgpevh' Mtpzm h{qdkpm enqmzphgpd h {dz kmg{e`dzh`m å h qm{{ejece`h`d xtd d{{d kmgphpm modzdkd qm{{ejece`h`d{ `d hnqcehìëm `h kmg{keégkeh d `h qdzkdqìëm `h ve`h' H ghptzdyh lthz`h h zd{qm{ph qhzh ntepm{# {dgëm pm`m{ m{ qzmjcdnh{ ftnhgm{' Tn mcfhz nhe{ hpdgpm qm`d zdvdchz h fhznmgeh `m{ qzmkd{{m{ hnjedgphe{# zd{qdephg`m h hìëm `m pdnqm# hìëm d{ph nhzkh`h qmz tnh {åzed qzmkd{{m{ kîkcekm{ d dqhg{evm{# gtnh kmg{phgpd zdgmvhìëm' H{ fmzh{# m{ èh{# h{ d{phìôd{ `m hgm# h{ ocmzhìôd{ d h{ oztpeoekhìôd{ {ëm mzedgph`h{ qmz tnh cde ghptzhc# phnjån hqcekèvdc á ve`h ftnhgh' H{{en kmnm m {mc zdgh{kd h kh`h èh mt {tzld hqû{ pm`h pdnqd{ph`d# m {dz ftnhgm pdn {th{ mqmzptge`h`d{ {dnqzd zdgmvh`h{# khjdg`m h kh`h tn hqzmvdepè.ch{ qhzh hqzdg`dz# kzd{kdz d {dz nhe{ odcey'

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ZDKTZ[M[ H[[MKEH@M[ H[[MKEH@M[ Dn {d pzhphg`m `d `dqzd{{ëm# gdgftn `m{ zdktz{m{ keph`m{ hgpdzemzndgpd# {dih q{ekmcûlekm# nåèkm mt kmnqcdndgphz# pdn {d nm{pzh`m khqhy `d vdgkdz e{mch`hndgpd pm`m{ m{ kh{m{' H kmnqcde`h`d dgkmgpzh`h gh d{pztptzhìëm `m{ qzmkd{{m{ `dqzd{{evm{ deld h hìëm kmgitgph `d èvdz{m{ zdktz{m{ de{pdgpd{# h oen `d {d htndgphzdn h{ kfhgkd{ `d ktzh dodpevh `d{{d pzhg{pmzgm' H{ hjmz`hldg{ q{ekmpdzèqekh{ {ëm `d lzhg`d enqmzpêgkeh gh kmnqzddg{ëm d {tqdzhìëm `m{ kmgocepm{ dnmkemghe{ xtd d{pëm gh jh{d `d ntepm{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm' M{ zdktz{m{ ohznhkmcûlekm{ {ëm vhcem{m{ zd{phtzh`mzd{ `m dxtecîjzem oe{emcûlekm# nteph{ vdyd{ qdzptzjh`m qmz egpdzodzégkeh dnmkemghc# xtînekh mt ldgåpekh' Dn ntepm{ kh{m{# d{pd{ zdktz{m{ {d pmzghn enqzd{keg`îvde{ qhzh m {tkd{{m `m pzhphndgpm' H h{{mkehìëm `d q{ekmpzûqekm{ á egpdzvdgìëm q{ekmpdzèqekh ohvmzdkd h hcpdzhìëm `m{ qdg{hndgpm{ d `h qdzkdqìëm `h ve`h `d nhgdezh qm{epevh# hcån `d d{phjdcdkdz tn jcmxtdem zdchpevm d pdnqmzèzem `m{ qdg{hndgpm{ qzm`tye`m{ qmz {tld{pôd{ d{qezepthe{# dn qzmkd{{m{ mj{d{{evm{' Iè m{ zdktz{m{ kmnqcdndgphzd{ {ëm lzhg`d{ kmchjmzh`mzd{ gm kmnjhpd hm d{pzd{{d d gh fhznmgeyhìëm `m octm `h dgdzleh vephc# m xtd å dpzdnhndgpd enqmzphgpd gm pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm# kmnqcdndgphg`m h{ hìôd{ q{ekmpdzèqekh{ d ohznhkmcûlekh{' Å qzdke{m xtd m{ qzmoe{{emghe{ `h èzdh `d {hù`d pzhjhcfdn `d omznh egpdlzh`h dn jdgdoîkem `m qhkedgpd'

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Hpå d{pd nmndgpm# omzhn hjmz`h`h{ h{ qm{{îvde{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm# m{ zdktz{m{ pdzhqétpekm{ `h ndèkegh d `h q{ekmcmleh d hcltg{ `m{ egùndzm{ zdktz{m{ kmnqcdndgphzd{ xtd qm`dn {dzvez `d hqmem hm pzhphndgpm' Gm dgphgpm# heg`h å gdkd{{èzem qdg{hz {mjzd m xtd `d ohpm qm`d dzzhèkhz m Pzhg{pmzgm @dqzd{{evm# kmg{e`dzhg`m xtd phgpm h{ pdzhqeh{ ndèkhndgpm{h{ xthgpm h{ q{ekmcûlekh{ gëm pén {d nm{pzh`m doekedgpd{ gh pmphce`h`d `m{ kh{m{# mt xthg`m m {ëm# gdn {dnqzd kmg{dltdn dvephz {dt zdhqhzdkendgpm dn åqmkh{ otptzh{' D{ph hgèce{d dn jt{kh `h ktzh `h `dqzd{{ëm zdxtdz h egvd{pelhìëm `h mzeldn `d phc dgodzne`h`d' Dgpzd h{ kht{h{# iè omzhn ndgkemgh`m{ h{qdkpm{ mzlêgekm{ d å kmnqzddg{îvdc xtd h{ è{otgìôd{ `d{ph mz`dn dgvmcve`h{ gm qzmjcdnh {dihn egoctdgkeh`h{ qdch d{pztptzh ldgåpekh mt qmz `d{dxtecîjzem{ oe{emcûlekm{' Kmg{e`dzhg`m xtd m nhpdzehc ldgåpekm {mozd h egoctégkeh `m qdze{qîzepm &kmzqm dgdzlåpekm# octîèkm mt d{qezepthc% gm qzmkd{{m `d zddgkhzghìëm d xtd m{ `d{dxtecîjzem{ oe{emcûlekm{ ozdxódgpdndgpd pén mzeldn gh{ qdzptzjhìôd{ dgdzlåpekh{ xtd egpdzodzdn gh{ {dkzdìôd{ lchg`tchzd{ &dn otgìëm `h{ dnmìôd{ dqdzendgph`h{%# qm`d. {d èydz xtd m{ ohpmzd{ mzlêgekm{ qzd{dgpd{ gh `dqzd{{ëm# xthg`m gëm {ëm oztpm{ `d cd{ôd{ kdzdjzhe{ d xthg`m gëm {ëm `d mzeldn xtînekh# pén {th jh{d gh{ xtd{pôd{ d{qezepthe{' Mj{dzvhg`m.{d m{ h{qdkpm{ q{ekmcûlekm{# qdzkdjd.{d h gîpe`h egoctégkeh `d ohpmzd{ celh`m{ á egoêgkeh d hm `d{dgvmcvendgpm `h qdz{mghce`h`d `m `dqzene`m# kmnqzmndpdg`m {th zdchìëm kmg{elm# kmn m mtpzm d kmn m ntg`m' Qmzån# `dvd.{d dqhgèz m mcfhz {mjzd h{ xtd{pôd{ q{îxtekh{# qzegkeqhcndgpd dn zdchìëm á egpdzodzégkeh `d w 85? w


kmgpdù`m{ egkmg{kedgpd{ zdchpevm{ á jhlhldn d{qezepthc h`xteze`h dn {tkd{{evh{ de{pégkeh{# qhzh xtd {d qm{{h kmnqzddg`dz xtd m{ qh`zôd{ `d kmnqmzphndgpm{ hpthe{ gëm {ëm {enqcd{ndgpd oztpm{ `h egoêgkeh `h ve`h qzd{dgpd' [dgpendgpm{ kmnm h zhevh# m zd{{dgpendgpm# h ktcqh# h zdvmcph# h eg{dltzhgìh# h zdideìëm# m `d{hnqhzm d mtpzm{ dgkmgpzh`m{ gh qmzìëm dnmkemghc `h `dqzd{{ëm# {ëm ozdxódgpdndgpd zd{xtîkem{ `d dqdzeégkeh{ veve`h{ dn mtpzh{ dgkhzghìôd{# `d{qdzph`m{ qdch{ kezktg{pêgkeh{ hpthe{# h{{en kmnm `h omznh enhptzh kmn xtd m [dz zdhld á{ veke{{ept`d{ `h ve`h' @d{ph omznh# kmnqzddg`d.{d xtd m dcdndgpm d{qezepthc# dn otgìëm `m ghptzhc qzmkd{{m dvmctpevm# kmgkdgpzh dn {e h{ mzeldg{ `h nhemz qhzpd `m{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm# h{{en kmnm h mzeldn `d pm`m{ m{ nhcd{ `h ftnhge`h`d# {dihn dcd{ mzlêgekm{# q{îxtekm{ mt {mkehe{' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd phc hoeznhìëm dgkmgpzh zd{qhc`m gm xtd qm`d {dz kmg{e`dzh`m h jh{d `m {mozendgpm ftnhgm9 h enhptze`h`d d{qezepthc d h ohcph `d hnmz' Gm khnqm `h enhptze`h`d# dgkmgpzhn.{d m mzltcfm# m dlmî{nm d h egpmcdzêgkeh á ozt{pzhìëm' Iè m {dltg`m epdn dgvmcvd h ohcph `d hnmz qmz {e# qdcm mtpzm d `m mtpzm# {dg`m d{ph ùcpenh h qzdktz{mzh `h{ `th{ qzendezh{' Qhzpeg`m `d{ph hgèce{d# {dzëm hjmz`h`m{ h {dltez m{ pzé{ dcdndgpm{ khqhyd{ `d dceneghz `doegepevhndgpd h `dqzd{{ëm# hleg`m èzdphndgpd dn {dt gùkcdm9 m htpmkmgfdkendgpm# h zdomznh îgpenh d m hnmz'

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m ohpm `d h{ qd{{mh{ {dgpezdn.{d kmgot{h{ èhgpd `d{ph eg`hlhìëm' E{{m cdvh hm xtd{pemghndgpm9 Kmnm qm{{m qh{{hz phgpm pdnqm kmnelm d gëm nd kmgfdkdz= Qme{ d{{h å h vdz`h`d# h{ qd{{mh{ {hjdn ntepm qmtkm h {dt qzûqzem zd{qdepm' Phc ohpm {d `è dn otgìëm `m d{xtdkendgpm pdnqmzèzem `h{ dqdzeégkeh{ `d mtpzh{ ve`h{# `h{ `dod{h{ q{îxtekh{ xtd nhgpén hcltg{ kmgpdù`m{ gm qchgm egkmg{kedgpd# h{{en kmnm `m dlmî{nm' M d{xtdkendgpm `m qh{{h`m å hclm xtd mkmgpdkd dn jdgdoîkem `h{ gmvh{ dqdzeégkeh{ dvmctpevh{# ohvmzdkdg`m h zdkmg{pztìëm `d chìm{ hodpevm{ d h zdqhzhìëm `d dqdzeégkeh{ nhc {tkdè`h{ dn ve`h{ hgpdzemzd{' Iè h{ `dod{h{ q{îxtekh{ {ëm d{pzhpåleh{ egkmg{kedgpd{ t{h`h{ qdch ndgpd ftnhgh qhzh ènegtez hcltn peqm `d {mozendgpm# {dih dcd kht{h`m qmz hcltnh cdnjzhgìh qdzptzjh`mzh mt qhzh d{kmg`dz hcltn kmgocepm dnmkemghc xtd {dih omgpd `d hglù{peh d `d{dxtecîjzem' D{{h{ `dod{h{ {ëm qdzkdje`h{# qmz ddnqcm# xthg`m m [dz itclh xtd {dt{ {dgpendgpm{ {ëm egèlgm{ mt egkmgod{{èvde{# pdg`dg`m h hpzejtî.cm{ h mtpzh{ qd{{mh{ &qzmidìëm%' Mtpzh omznh `d dvephz m kmgphpm kmn h{ qzûqzeh{ `mzd{ å gdlhz h zdhce`h`d `m{ ohpm{ &gdlhìëm%# otleg`m `d {dt{ vdz`h`dezm{ {dgpendgpm{' Xthgpm á qm{ptzh dlmî{ph# d{ph zdvdch h kmgèìëm heg`h qzenepevh `m{ {dgpendgpm{ d `h qdzkdqìëm ftnhgh# nhgpdg`m m [dz qzd{m h tn mcfhz zd{pzepm h egpdzd{{d{ qd{{mhe{# hcendgphg`m nèlmh# zhevh d {dgpendgpm `d egit{peìh# dgdzlhg`m h zdhce`h`d hqdgh{ `h omznh xtd cfd kmgvån' w 856 w


[dih xthc omz m nmpevm qdcm xthc h qd{{mh {d nhgpån è{phgpd `d {e# h jt{kh qdcm htpmkmgfdkendgpm {dnqzd delezè tnh qm{ptzh `d kmzhldn d htpm.hkdephìëm kmn pm`h{ h{ enqdzodeìôd{ heg`h de{pdgpd{# hcån `d zd{qdepm d lzhpe`ëm qdcm xtd iè {d qm`d {dz' Å kdzpm xtd nteph{ vdyd{ omld.{d `d {e nd{nm qmzxtd h ndgpd ftnhgh# hcån `d khzzdlhz h{ kmgxte{ph{ dvmctpevh{# hjzelh phnjån m ch`m {mnjzem `h{ dqdzeégkeh{ qzdlzd{{h{ d kmgocepm{ `d pm`h mz`dn' Qm`d mkmzzdz# qmz ddnqcm# xtd h ktcqh egkmg{kedgpd ldzh`h qmz hpm{ egodceyd{ `m qh{{h`m cdvd h qd{{mh h hlez `d omznh zîle`h kmg{elm d kmn m{ mtpzm{# gëm {d qdznepeg`m dzzhz# zdvdchg`m tnh kmg`tph zîle`h d qdzodkkemge{ph' H{{en kmnm h ktcqh d h zele`dy# xtd zdvdchn h ohcph `d hnmz qzûqzem d `d htpm.qdz`ëm# mtpzm{ h{qdkpm{ dgkmgpzh`m{ gh `dqzd{{ëm qm`dn {dz zdvdch`m{ qdcm htpm`d{kmjzendgpm# ohvmzdkdg`m h {tqdzhìëm `m d{ph`m `dqzd{{evm' Kmgfdkdz {dgpendgpm{ nteph{ vdyd{ gdlh`m{ kmnm h zhevh# h nèlmh# h `dqdg`égkeh# h eg{dltzhgìh# h jheh htpm.d{penh# m vepene{nm d mtpzm{# qm`d {dz dpzdnhndgpd jdgåoekm d cejdzph`mz qhzh m `dqzene`m# nm{pzhg`m.cfd xtd {th {epthìëm å ldzh`h qmz {th{ qzûqzeh{ hpept`d{ d modzdkdg`m.cfd h kfhgkd `d zdqdg{hz {th qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h' Mtpzm qmgpm qm{epevm `h htpm.mj{dzvhìëm å qdzkdjdz xthe{ ohpmzd{ pén `d{dgkh`dh`m m qzmkd{{m `dqzd{{evm' M `d{kmjzendgpm `h{ {epthìôd{ dn xtd h{ kze{d{ `dqzd{{evh{ dkcm`dn# modzdkdn qe{ph{ {mjzd {dgpendgpm{ d zdhìôd{ dgvmcve`h{ gh `dqzd{{ëm' Phc egomznhìëm ohvmzdkd h kzehìëm `d d{pzhpåleh{ qhzh m hnh`tzdkendgpm d pezh h enqzd{{ëm `d xtd `dqzd{{ëm gëm pdn tnh kht{h zdhc' D{{h {epthìëm qm`d {dz mj{dzvh`h# qmz ddnqcm# xthg`m m {dgpendgpm `d khzégkeh d `dqdg`égkeh hodpevh å hkdgpth`m# ohydg`m kmn xtd# dn w 855 w


hcltnh{ {epthìôd{# h qd{{mh {egph.{d {myegfh qhzh `hz kmgph `h ve`h# {dgpeg`m.{d {mjzdkhzzdlh`h d `d{hnqhzh`h' H {dg{hìëm `d d{phz hjhg`mgh`h ohy kmn xtd {dihn hpevh`m{ gh ndgpd `h qd{{mh m{ zdle{pzm{ `d dqdzeégkeh{ `d `d{hnqhzm `d{ph d `d mtpzh{ ve`h{# `d{qdzphg`m hglù{peh# ohydg`m zdvevdz {th{ `mzd{ dnmkemghe{# `d{dgkh`dhg`m h kze{d `dqzd{{evh' Qdzkdjdg`m d{{h ègênekh# h qd{{mh dgpdg`d h gdkd{{e`h`d `d kte`hz `d {th htpm.d{penh qhzh {dgpez.{d nhe{ {dltzh# khqhy d eg`dqdg`dgpd# h oen `d dvephz gmvh{ kze{d{' Dgoen# kmgfdkdz h {e nd{nm å tnh omznh `d dqhgèz h kmg{keégkeh# ddzkephz m htpm.hnmz d hnh`tzdkdz dnmkemghcndgpd# pmzghg`m nhe{ oèkec m kmgvîvem kmg{elm d kmn m mtpzm'

Dn vèzem{ pûqekm{ `h qzd{dgpd mjzh# {ëm odeph{ mj{dzvhìôd{ {mjzd h gdkd{{e`h`d `d m `dqzene`m nmèoekhz.{d egpdzghndgpd# e{pm å# hcpdzhz {th qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h# h oen `d ènegtez m{ ze{km{ `d gmvm{ dqe{ûèm{ `d{{d qzdmktqhgpd pzhg{pmzgm `d ftnmz' Pzhphndgpm{ ohznhkmcûlekm{ d q{ekmpdzèqekm{ pén hqzd{dgph`m hcpm{ îgèkd{ `d zdkmzzégkeh `m qzmjcdnh' @h nd{nh omznh# m{ zdktz{m{ kmnqcdndgphzd{ xtd hit`hn gh fhznmgeyhìëm dgdzlåpekh hpthn qmz vdyd{ `d omznh qhcehpevh d kmn qmtkm pdnqm `d `tzhìëm' Phe{ {epthìôd{ {d `dvdn hm{ qdg{hndgpm{ d dnmìôd{ ktcpevh`m{ qdch qd{{mh' Iè {d {hjd xtd d{{d{ `me{ dcdndgpm{ {ëm khqhyd{ `d hcpdzhz m khnqm dgdzlåpekm d h hpeve`h`d kdctchz `d omznh qm{epevh mt gdlhpevh# cdvhg`m á {hù`d mt á `mdgìh# zd{qdkpevhndgpd' w :11 w


Lh{ph.{d pdnqm d ègfdezm pdgphg`m pzhphz h `dqzd{{ëm `d omznh qh{{evh# kmnm {d m qhkedgpd om{{d tn {enqcd{ fm{qd`dezm `h `mdgìh# vîpenh `h ve`h d gëm m kht{h`mz `d {th qzûqzeh dgodzne`h`d' Å gdkd{{èzem xtd h qd{{mh kmn `dqzd{{ëm dgpdg`h xtd å zd{qmg{èvdc qdch qzûqzeh odceke`h`d d xtd h omznh kmnm pdn dgpdgè`m h ve`h d zdhle`m h dch pdn ldzh`m {th hglù{peh# {dt `d{êgenm d {th pze{pdyh' Gm cevzm –D{ktphg`m [dgpendgpm{„# hoeznh h htpmzh d{qezepthc Dznhgkd @toht# xtd h `dqzd{{ëm å tnh egpenhìëm `h _e`h# kmgvmkhg`m h hcnh á{ nt`hgìh{ gdkd{{èzeh{' Keph heg`h h htpmzh# xtd gh Pdzzh# jecfôd{ `d qd{{mh{# dgpzd dgkhzgh`m{ d `d{dgkhzgh`m{# d{pëm `dqzene`m{ mt pén kmg{pztî`m vdz`h `dezh{ –d{ptoh{ q{îxtekh{„ qhzh otptzh{ `dqzd{{ôd{# hpzhvå{ `d {th{ kmg`tph{ enhptzh{ d egodceyd{' H celhìëm de{pdgpd dgpzd h{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm d h qm{ptzh xtd m dgodznm h{{tnd èhgpd `h ve`h oekh heg`h nhe{ dve`dgpd xthg`m {d mj{dzvh m{ kegkm ohpmzd{ kht{he{ dgkmgpzh`m{ kmn nhemz ozdxóégkeh gh jh{d `m{ xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{9

Zhevh Mzeldg{9 mzltcfm2 dlmî{nm2 egpmcdzêgkeh á{ ozt{pzhìôd{' Kmg{dxóégkeh{9 nèlmh2 zd{{dgpendgpm2 vepene{nm2 zdvmcph kmgpzh h{ kezktg{pêgkeh{ `h ve`h2 ktcqh2 kmzqm zîle`m2 ''' Qm{ptzh{ Cejdzph`mzh{9 ftnec`h`d2 khze`h`d2 pmcdzêgkeh2 qdz`ëm2 htpm.qdz`ëm2 h{{tnez h zd{qmg{hjece`h`d qdch qzûqzeh ve`h2 nhgeod{phìëm `h zhevh hpzhvå{ `d dqzd{{ëm vdzjhc mt `d ddzkîkem{ oî{ekm{2 kmcmkhz.{d gm ctlhz `m mtpzm2 zd{elghìëm2 '''

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Ktcqh Mzeldg{9 hpept`d{ egodceyd{ xtd ldzhn hzzdqdgèndgpm2 d`tkhìëm kmn zele`dy# kmn kzîpekh{ mt kmn dcdvh`h dqdkphpevh `m{ qhe{' Kmg{dxóégkeh{9 egpmcdzêgkeh2 qdzodkkemge{nm2 zele`dy2 hcpm gîvdc `d delégkeh kmg{elm d kmn m{ mtpzm{2 htpm.qtgeìëm2 nmzhce{nm2 htpm.kmnqheëm2 jheh htpm.d{penh2 ''' Qm{ptzh{ Cejdzph`mzh{9 htpm.qdz`ëm2 zdve{ëm `d kmgkdepm{ hqzdgè`m{2 zdqhzhìëm2 kmnqzddg{ëm `h qzûqzeh kmgèìëm `d hqzdgèy2 ftnec`h`d2 pmcdzêgkeh2 ocdejece`h`d2 htpm.hkdephìëm2 oå2 ''' [dgpendgpm `d qdz`h Mzeldg{9 qdz`h `d mjidpm{# qd{{mh{ mt {epthìôd{ xtd {t{pdgphvhn h htpm.d{penh2 qdz`h `h htpmgmneh# `h e`dgpe`h`d# `m {dgpe`m de{pdgkehc mt `d hodpm2 ''' Kmg{dxóégkeh{9 zhevh2 {dg{hìëm `d `d{hnqhzm d egkhqhke`h`d2 {dgpendgpm `d zdideìëm2 vhyem de{pdgkehc2 ''' Qm{ptzh{ Cejdzph`mzh{9 h`hqphìëm2 `d{dgvmcvendgpm `h htpmgmneh2 htpmkmgoehgìh2 vhcmzeyhìëm `d h{qdkpm{ egpdzgm{2 jt{kh `m Dt zdhc2 hnhz.{d2 oå2 zd{elghìëm2 ''' Kmlgeìôd{ gdlhpevh{ Mzeldg{9 e`dgpeoekhìëm kmn qd{{mh{ `dqzene`h{2 kmg{pztìëm `d kmgkdepm{ gdlhpevm{ {mjzd {e# m ntg`m d m otptzm' Kmg{dxóégkeh{9 qd{{ene{nm2 jheh htpm.d{penh2 `d{d{qdzhgìh2 {dgpendgpm `d `d{hnqhzm2 ''' Qm{ptzh{ Cejdzph`mzh{9 zdve{ëm `d kmgkdepm{ hqzdgè`m{2 jt{kh `d gmvh{ zdodzégkeh{2 qdg{hndgpm qm{epevm2 '''

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Kmgocepm{ `d htpm.d{penh Mzeldg{9 ktcqh2 qdz`h{2 zhevh2 d`tkhìëm zîle`h# kmn kzîpekh{ d ftnecfhìôd{ mt kmn qmtkh{ nhgeod{phìôd{ `d hodpm2 ''' Kmg{dxóégkeh{9 {dg{hìôd{ `d egkhqhke`h`d# eg{dltzhgìh# egh`dxthìëm d egtpece`h`d2 {dgpendgpm `d zdideìëm2 vhyem de{pdgkehc2 egpdg{eoekhìëm `m mzltcfm2 pene`dy2 htpm. `d{vhcmzeyhìëm2 ''' Qm{ptzh{ Cejdzph`mzh{9 htpm.hkdephìëm2 htpm.qdz`ëm2 kte`hz `h kzehgìh egpdzemz2 `mhz.{d2 ftnec`h`d2 zdkmgfdkdz h qzûqzeh egève`thce`h`d2 ''' Oekh dve`dgpd h zdcdvêgkeh `h qhzpekeqhìëm `m `dqzene`m gh kmg{pztìëm `d {th dgodzne`h`d# h{{en kmnm gm pzhphndgpm `h nd{nh' Pmzgh.{d enqzd{keg`îvdc h{{mkehz h zdomznh îgpenh hm{ pzhphndgpm{ nåèkm{ d q{ekmcûlekm{' Å gdkd{{èzem zdvdz kmgkdepm{# hpept`d{# vhcmzd{# {dgpendgpm{ d qdg{hndgpm{ qhzh xtd {d zd`tyhn m{ ze{km{ `d h`mdkendgpm mt `d zdpmzgm hm xth`zm' Gm dgphgpm# {hjd.{d xtd m qzmkd{{m `d nt`hgìh `d hpept`d d hnh`tzdkendgpm dnmkemghc gëm mkmzzd dn qmtkm pdnqm' Gëm å oèkec cevzhz.{d `d h{qdkpm{ egkmzqmzh`m{ á qdz{mghce`h`d d dn ntepm{ kh{m{ h qd{{mh qzdke{h h`xtezez nhe{ dqdzeégkeh `d ve`h' D{{h {epthìëm nm{pzh m xthgpm m `dqzene`m qzdke{h {dz –qhkedgpd„# pmcdzhgpd kmg{elm nd{nm# qdz{dvdzhgpd d hcendgphz èhzehndgpd {th oå# {dt mpene{nm d {th lzhpe`ëm qdch ve`h' Kmnm hoeznh Dznhgkd @toht gm cevzm – Zdomznh – Zdomznh îgpenh {dn nhzpîzem„# nhzpîzem„# hxtecm xtd ezzhèh `d gm{{h{ ndgpd{ kzeh tnh q{ekm{odzh d xthgpm nhe{ dcdvh`h å h kmg`tph nmzhc `d tnh qd{{mh# nhemz {dzè {th entge`h`d kmgpzh h{ egoctégkeh{ gdlhpevh{ d m{ `d{dxtecîjzem{' w :1; w


M pdzkdezm epdn `h hgèce{d {mjzd h ktzh `h `dqzd{{ëm phcvdy {dih m nhe{ enqmzphgpd# qm`dg`m {dz ve{pm kmnm kmg{dxóégkeh `m{ hgpdzemzd{# htpmkmgfdkendgpm d zdomznh îgpenh' Qdzkdjd.{d xtd gh nhemz qhzpd `m{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm d{pè qzd{dgpd h {dg{hìëm `d ohcph `d hnmz# {dih `h qd{{mh dn zdchìëm h dch nd{nh# dn zdchìëm hm{ mtpzm{ mt `m{ mtpzm{ qhzh kmn dch' Å kmntn h qd{{mh `dqzene`h zdchphz h{qdkpm{ `h qzûqzeh egoêgkeh xtd zdvdchn tnh d`tkhìëm zîle`h# kmn egpmcdzêgkeh# qmtkm kmcm d hjzhìm# nht{ pzhpm{# zdideìëm# hjhg`mgm# egèodzdgìh# hcån `d nëd{ `dqzene`h{ mt xtd `d{dgkhzghzhn dgxthgpm h kzehgìh heg`h {d {dgpeh dnmkemghcndgpd `dqdg`dgpd' [hjd.{d xtd m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `h htpm.d{penh {mozd lzhg`d egoctégkeh `m{ qzendezm{ hgm{ `d ve`h# xthg`m h kzehgìh d{pè kmg{pzteg`m {th e`dgpe`h`d hpzhvå{ `h{ egomznhìôd{ vdzjhe{ d gëm vdzjhe{ xtd vén `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{# qzegkeqhcndgpd `d xtdn {d mktqh `d {dt{ kte`h`m{' Kmn m pdnqm# h kzehgìh vhe egpzmidphg`m phe{ egomznhìôd{# hqzdg`dg`m# mt gëm# h {d hnhz' Dgpdg`d.{d h{{en# xtd h kmg{pztìëm `m htpm.hnmz pdn egîkem ghptzhcndgpd gh egoêgkeh# kmn m hnmz `m{ mtpzm{ qdch kzehgìh' Mkmzzd xtd# qmz nmpevm{ èvdz{m{# nteph{ kzehgìh{ gëm hqzdg`dn h {d hnhz# `d{dgvmcvdg`m kmnqmzphndgpm{ `d fm{pece`h`d mt `d khzégkeh# qh{{hg`m h ve`h kmjzhg`m hpdgìëm `m{ mtpzm{# {dg`m xtd pm`m m hnmz xtd zdkdjdn gh oh{d h`tcph qhzdkd {dz eg{toekedgpd qhzh qzddgkfdz m vhyem xtd cfd{ hglt{peh' w :10 w


Mtpzm qzmjcdnh# `dkmzzdgpd `h {epthìëm `d{kzeph hkenh# å xtd xtdn gëm {d hnh phnjån gëm kmg{dltd hnhz vdz`h`dezhndgpd mtpzh{ qd{{mh{# kfhnhg`m `d hnmz {dgpendgpm{ kmnm h `dqdg`égkeh d m keùnd' Kzeh.{d h{{en# tn kekcm vekem{m gm xthc hcltån xtd {d {dgpd fm{peceyh`m qh{{h h pzhphz m ntg`m kmn fm{pece`h`d# qh{{hg`m d{pd {dgpendgpm `d ldzhìëm qhzh ldzhìëm hpzhvå{ `h d`tkhìëm egohgpec' Kmnm zd{mcvdz# dgpëm# m qzmjcdnh `m{ h`tcpm{ xtd gëm {d {dgpdn hnh`m{= Kmnm dvephz xtd h ohcph `d hnmz {d qdzqdptd# ldzhg`m xth`zm{ `dqzd{{evm{= H{ zd{qm{ph{ qhzh d{ph{ xtd{pôd{ hqmgphn qhzh `me{ khnegfm{9 hqzdg`dz h {d hnhz d hnhz {dn {dz hnh`m' Kmnm iè ome èpm# xthg`m m h`tcpm gëm hqzdg`dt h {d hnhz gh egoêgkeh# gëm kmg{dltd hkzdèphz xtd hnmz xtd vdn `dqme{ {dih {egkdzm h qmgpm `d gtpzî.cm' Pmzgh.{d gdkd{{èzem xtd hqzdg`h h lm{phz `d {e# h vhcmzeyhz.{d# h {dgpez.{d ndzdkd`mz `d hpdgìëm# zdkmgfdkendgpm d khzegfm# `d{ohydg`m ohc{h{ kmgkdqìôd{ kmg{pztî`h{ gh oh{d egohgpec' Å kmnm modzdkdz kmcm# mt {dih# hkmcfendgpm á kzehgìh xtd de{pd dn kh`h h`tcpm# ohydg`m kmn xtd dch {d {egph {dltzh d hnh`h' D{pd gëm å tn khnegfm oèkec# nh{ å tn `d{hoem xtd xthg`m vdgke`m qm`d cejdzphz h qd{{mh `h `dqzd{{ëm' M {dltg`m khnegfm# hnhz {dn {dz hnh`m# vdn `d dgkmgpzm hm{ dg{eghndgpm{ `m Kze{pm d å h zdkdeph qhzh `d{qdzphz m hnmz `m mtpzm' @d mtpzh omznh# å {hje`m xtd m tgevdz{m å zdle`m qdch cde `d hìëm d zdhìëm d xtd pm`m m jdn xtd {d ohy pdg`d h vmcphz qhzh xtdn m qzhpekmt' Dgpëm# h{ vejzhìôd{ `d khzegfm èzdkemgh`h{ h hcltån km{ptnhn ohydz ntepm jdn h xtdn h{ dgvemt' Gm kmgpdpm `h ohcph `d hnmz# å heg`h enqmzphgpd kmg{e`dzhz xtd m hnmz qzûqzem d h{ zdchìôd{ hodpevh{ `h egoêgkeh d{pëm qdzndh`m{ qmz dqdzeégkeh{ `m qh{{h`m# w :14 w


{mozdg`m h egoctégkeh `d qm{{îvde{ {dgpendgpm{ `d ktcqh' Gd{pd kh{m# m `d{hnmz xtd h kzehptzh dqdzendgph dn zdchìëm h {e qm`d zdqzd{dgphz tn lzhg`d mj{pèktcm á {tqdzhìëm `h `dqzd{{ëm' D{phg`m h ktcqh gh jh{d `d ntepm{ qzmkd{{m{ `dqzd{{evm{# ohy.{d gdkd{{èzem xtd# gm pzhjhcfm q{ekmpdzèqekm# m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `m htpm.qdz`ëm d `h htpm.hkdephìëm zdkdjh hpdgìëm d{qdkehc# qdznepeg`m xtd h qd{{mh oextd dn qhy kmg{elm qhzh qm`dz d{phz dn qhy kmn h ve`h' Dgpdg`d.{d# h{{en# xtd hqzdg`dz h hnhz å tn ddzkîkem `d pmcdzêgkeh# zd{qdepm d hkdephìëm qhzh kmg{elm d m{ mtpzm{'

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Dn pm`m{ m{ khnqm{ `m kmgfdkendgpm# de{pdn mqegeôd{ èvdzldgpd{ mt hm ndgm{ èodzdgpd{ {mjzd vèzem{ h{{tgpm{' @tzhgpd ntepm pdnqm# {mndgpd h{ keégkeh{ dhph{ d{phvhn cevzd{ `d{{d{ kmgocepm{# nh{# hpthcndgpd gdn dch{# dn d{qdkehc h oî{ekh d h xtînekh# d{khqhn á gdkd{{e`h`d `d kmg{e`dzhz m{ gmvm{ qhzhèlnh{ hqzd{dgph`m{ qdch oî{ekh xtêgpekh' Dn {d pzhphg`m `h{ keégkeh{ ftnhgh{ d jemcûlekh{# mj{dzvh.{d xtd h{ èvdzlégkeh{ {ëm nhe{ hkdgpth`h{' Phcvdy d{{d ohpm {d `é qdch kmnqcde`h`d dgkmgpzh`h gh tgeëm –kmzqm# ndgpd d hcnh„' Gh{ oh{d{ egekehe{ `h kmg{pztìëm `m kmgfdkendgpm kedgpîoekm# d{{d{ pzé{ dcdndgpm{# xtd kmnqôdn m pm`m ftnhgm# dzhn kmgpdnqch`m{ {dqhzh`hndgpd' M kmzqm dzh mjidpm dkct{evm `h ndèkegh# h hcnh dgkmgpzhvh.{d {mj m{ mcfhzd{ oecm{ûoekm{ d d{qezepthce{ph{# dgxthgpm h ndgpd pegfh {th dqcmzhìëm egekeh`h qdch oecm{moeh# {dlte`h `h ndèkegh d qm{pdzemzndgpd# `h q{ekmcmleh' Hpthcndgpd# h{ gdtzmkeégkeh{ pén {d dgkhzzdlh`m `d kmgpzejtez kmn m `d{vdg`hz `h zdchìëm kmzqm-ndgpd# egekeh`h qdch ndèkegh d dqhgè`h qdch q{ekhgèce{d# zdvdchg`m m{ ndkhge{nm{ oe{emcûlekm{ `h{ dnmìôd{' Kmgpt`m# hqd{hz `h{ è{kzdph{ nhgeod{phìôd{ `d hcltg{ {dltendgpm{ `h q{ekmcmleh d `h ndèkegh# m{ h{qdkpm{ d{qezepthe{ heg`h {ëm pe`m{ kmnm qdzpdgkdgpd{ hm{ khnqm{ d{qezepthce{ph# zdcelem{m d nî{pekm' Nd{nm kmn h{ egùndzh{ `dkchzhìôd{ odeph{ gm{ ùcpenm{ 841 hgm{# qmz qd{xte{h`mzd{ zd{qdeph`m{ gm ndem kedgpîoekm# {mjzd h vdzhke`h`d `h{ nhgeod{phìôd{ d{qezepthe{# nd{nm kmn necfhzd{ `d nhgeod{phìôd{ ndèùgekh{ de{pdgpd{ d kmn m necdghz d{qezepthce{nm ktcpevh`m qdcm{ qmvm{ w :16 w


mzedgphe{# heg`h h{{en h keégkeh {d zdkt{h h `hz h `dve`h hpdgìëm hm dcdndgpm d{qezepthc' H {dt pdnqm# h{ keégkeh{ nåèkh d q{ekmcûlekh ntepm {d jdgdoekehzëm `m{ kmgfdkendgpm{ {mjzd h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc' Qmzån# qmz dgxthgpm# qdznhgdkdn nîmqd{# ndzltcfh`h{ dn vdz`h`d{ tgechpdzhe{ `dodgè`h{ kmn zhèkhce{nm dn otgìëm `d qdz{mghce{nm{ d egpdzd{{d{ qzmoe{{emghe{ d dkmgðnekm{' H keégkeh {mndgpd {d hqzmenhzè zdhcndgpd `h –_dz`h`d„ xthg`m qt`dz kmg{e`dzhz h {mnh `m{ èvdz{m{ mcfhzd{ {mjzd d{pd pm`m egkzevdcndgpd kmnqcdm xtd å m {dz ftnhgm' Kh`h qd{{mh vé h ve`h `d hkmz`m kmn h qzûqzeh qdz{qdkpevh# e{pm å# h qhzpez `m ctlhz dn xtd {d dgkmgpzh d# nd{nm èhgpd `d vdz`h`d{ qhzkehe{# {û dgdzlh hxtecm xtd d{pè qzmgph qhzh dgdzlhz' H{ cdgpd{ `m mcfhz ftnhgm {ëm zdltch`h{ qdch qdz{mghce`h`d# qdch ktcptzh# qdcm{ kmgocepm{ dnmkemghe{ d qdcm d{ph`m `d kmg{keégkeh hckhgìh`m qmz kh`h kzehptzh' Á ndè`h dn xtd {d hqzmenhz `m kmg{dcfm `d tn oecû{mom `h hgpelte`h`d# –Kmgfdkd.pd h pe nd{nm„# m {dz ftnhgm d{phzè nhe{ qzûenm `d tnh vdz`h`d tgevdz{hc' _hcd zd{{hcphz xtd# dnjmzh h hjmz`hldn d{qezepthc h{{mkeh`h á{ qzèpekh{ nåèkh{ d q{ekmcûlekh{ heg`h {dih qmtkm dqzd{{evh# enqmzphgpd{ qzmlzd{{m{ vén mkmzzdg`m dn otgìëm `m{ d{omzìm{ `d eg{pepteìôd{ kmnm h H{{mkehìëm Nåèkm. D{qîzeph `m Jzh{ec# xtd qzmnmvd dvdgpm{ zdtgeg`m qd{xte{h`mzd{ `d vèzeh{ qhzpd{ `m ntg`m d d{pentchg`m gmvh{ qhzkdzeh{ qhzh qd{xte{h{ {mjzd m{ h{qdkpm{ d{qezepthe{ d {th egoctégkeh gm{ khnqm{ `h {hù`d oî{ekh d ndgphc' Gm khnqm q{ekmcûlekm# `d{phkhnm{ h{ enqmzphgpd{ kmgpzejteìôd{ `h q{ekmcmleh pzhg{qd{{mhc# èvtclhg`m h enqmzpêgkeh `d tnh qm{ptzh ndgm{ dlmî{ph d `d nhemz kmg{keégkeh {mjzd {e# m ntg`m d h zdhce`h`d' w :15 w


Tnh `m{ ohpmzd{ dnmkemghe{ nhe{ mj{dzvh`m{ gm{ kh{m{ `d `dqzd{{ëm å h èoektc`h`d xtd h qd{{mh dgkmgpzh qhzh ce`hz kmn h qzûqzeh zhevh' Egdzdgpd á kmgèìëm ftnhgh# h zhevh `dkmzzd `h{ egùndzh{ d egdvepèvde{ {epthìôd{ `d ozt{pzhìëm enqm{ph{ qdch ve`h `d{`d m gh{kendgpm' H{{en# h d`tkhìëm d m{ jmg{ vîgktcm{ hodpevm{ vëm cdgphndgpd kmg`tyeg`m h kzehgìh hm hnh`tzdkendgpm dnmkemghc# `d omznh h pmzgè.ch nhe{ pmcdzhgpd d jdn h`hqph`h' @d tnh qd{{mh dnmkemghcndgpd nh`tzh d{qdzh.{d h khqhke`h`d `d zdgtgkehz# {tj{peptez# hlthz`hz# kmnqzddg`dz d {d dqzd{{hz' Pzhph.{d `h qm{{ejece`h`d `d pmcdzhz {epthìôd{ eg`d{dièvde{# d `d gëm lthz`hz qhzh {e h zhevh dqdzendgph`h# qm`dg`m nhgeod{phz {dt `d{kmgpdgphndgpm' Phc kmgèìëm kmndìh h {dz d{pztptzh`h `d{`d kd`m xthg`m m jdjé# xtd å ghptzhcndgpd egpmcdzhgpd á{ ozt{pzhìôd{# {d ezzeph qmz {dgpez omnd# ozem# `mz d mtpzh{ {dg{hìôd{ `d{kmgomzpèvde{' Kh{m dcd dgkmgpzd# gm nmndgpm `h zhevh# hcltån xtd m hkmcfh d kte`d# zd{phjdcdkdg`m tnh kmgèìëm `d kmgomzpm# vhe hqzdg`dg`m xtd m ntg`m qm`d hlódgphz {th hlzd{{eve`h`d d xtd h{ `mzd{ {ëm qh{{hldezh{ d {tqmzpèvde{# `d{dgvmcvdg`m h{{en h khqhke`h`d `d pmcdzhz m{ nmndgpm{ `d{hlzh`èvde{' Gm dgphgpm# m jdjé qm`d vevdgkehz {epthìôd{ dn xtd {th zhevh gëm dgkmgpzh m hkmcfendgpm gdkd{{èzem mt h hìëm `m hnmz oeznd xtd å khqhy `d kmg{pztez jmg{ cenepd{ d tn dlm omzpd' @d{ph omznh# h kzehgìh gëm `d{dgvmcvd tnh jmh kmgèìëm `d pmcdzêgkeh# pdg`dg`m h kmnqmzphndgpm{ hlzd{{evm{ d enhptzm{# oekhg`m nhe{ qzmqdg{h h `d{dgvmcvdz kmgocepm{ dnmkemghe{# dgpzd dcd{ h `dqzd{{ëm' w :81 w


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H kmgvevégkeh kmn tnh qd{{mh `dqzene`h å gmznhcndgpd qdzndh`h qmz ohpmzd{ dpzdnhndgpd qzditèkehe{ hm qzmkd{{m `d zdktqdzhìëm' Dn hcltg{ kh{m{# mj{dzvh.{d h de{pégkeh `d kzîpekh{ qmz qhzpd `m{ ohnecehzd{# phhg`m m kmnqmzphndgpm `h qd{{mh `dqzene`h kmnm –qzdlteìh„ mt –ohcph `m xtd ohydz„' D{{h {epthìëm {d hlzhvh xthg`m h egpmcdzêgkeh d h egkmnqzddg{ëm cdvhn h kmndgpèzem{ egodceyd{ xtd zdomzìhn m{ {dgpendgpm{ gdlhpevm{ `m dgodznm9 –vmké – vmké {dnqzd zdkth èhgpd `h{ èoektc`h`d{(„# èoektc`h`d{( „# –`ded `d ozd{ktzh„' ozd{ktzh„' Å kmnqzddg{îvdc xtd h {epthìëm `m `dqzene`m egkmnm`d h{ qd{{mh{ xtd kmn dcd kmgvevdn# nh{ å qzdke{m kte`hz qhzh xtd phe{ {dgpendgpm{ gëm hlzhvdn m qzmjcdnh' Å qzdke{m jt{khz egomznhìôd{ {mjzd h `mdgìh d h ndcfmz omznh `d hit`hz' Mtpzh {epthìëm mj{dzvh`h å tnh kmnqheëm dkd{{evh dn zdchìëm hm `mdgpd# zd{tcphg`m gtn {dgpendgpm `d qdgh# xtd ohy kmn xtd h qd{{mh {egph.{d zdhcndgpd ozhkh d egkhqhy `d kte`hz `h qzûqzeh ve`h# mktqhg`m tnh qm{eìëm `d vîpenh d hcendgphg`m h `dqzd{{ëm' H ezzephjece`h`d d m e{mchndgpm `m dgodznm phnjån {ëm { ëm ohpmzd{ xtd èoektcphn m hkd{{m hm nd{nm' Å kmntn xtd m kcenh `d hlzd{{eve`h`d hpegih m{ `dnhe{ d# kh{m gëm fhih dgpdgèndgpm `h {epthìëm# h{ zdchìôd{ ohnecehzd{ qm`dn oekhz hjhch`h{' Qzegkeqhcndgpd gm{ kh{m{ nhe{ lzhvd{# å qzdke{m hkmnqhgfhz m ktnqzendgpm `h{ qzd{kzeìôd{ nåèkh{# h ozdxóégkeh gh{ {d{{ôd{ `d q{ekmpdzhqeh d h zdhìëm `h qd{{mh hm pzhphndgpm# d{phg`m {dnqzd hpdgpm á de{pégkeh `d eg`îkem{ `d pdg`égkeh hm {tekîèm' M hqmem `h ohnîceh `dvd pdz omkm gm omzphcdkendgpm `h oå# `h htpm.d{penh d `h htpm.kmgoehgìh' Gh`h `d kzîpekh{ d `d w :8; w


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KMNM QZMKD@DZ GM KH[M @D ZE[KM ENEGDGPD  D{pentchz h qd{{mh h ohchz {mjzd {th egpdgìëm  Qzmktzhz hvhcehìëm q{exteèpzekh  Kmg{e`dzhz h gdkd{{e`h`d `d egpdzghìëm KMG[DXÓÉGKEH[ QHZH M[ XTD OEKHN  Ktcqh9 [dgpdn.{d kmnm {d pevd{{dn ohcfh`m d xtd qmèhn pdz dveph`m m hpm' Qm`d phnjån de{pez ktcqh kmg{e`dzhg`m.{d m{ kmgocepm{ ohnecehzd{ de{pdgpd{' Zhevh9 M{ ohnecehzd{ qm`dn {dgpez zhevh `hxtdcd xtd {d nhpmt' Phc {epthìëm qm`d {tzlez kmnm zdhìëm egkmg{kedgpd hm `d{dim `m {teke`h `d hlzdèz {th ohnîceh kmn {dt hpm mt xthg`m de{peh tnh zdchìëm `d `dqdg`égkeh kmn hxtdcd xtd {d ome' 

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Pze{pdyh9 Å {dnqzd enqmzphgpd qhzh hxtdcd{ xtd oekhn# jt{khz zdktz{m{ xtd ohvmzdìhn m qzmkd{{m `d h`hqphìëm d h kmgpegthìëm `h ve`h' D{{d{ zdktz{m{ qm`dn {dz m hqmem `d hnelm{# ohchz {mjzd h {epthìëm mt nd{nm h jt{kh `d hqmem nåèkm d q{ekmcûlekm' 

KMG[DXÓÉGKEH[ QHZH M [TEKE@H Hm kmgpzèzem `m xtd qdg{hn hxtdcd{ xtd hkzdèphn xtd h nmzpd å m oen `d pt`m# dch gëm hceveh m {mozendgpm' [dg`m m d{qîzepm enmzphc# {th imzgh`h dvmctpevh kmgpegth# nh{ w :8? w


hlmzh hkzd{ke`h `m ðgt{ `d{{d hpm xtd vhe kmgpzh h{ cde{ xtd zdldn h ve`h' H{ kmg{dxóégkeh{ veve`h{ qmz hxtdcd xtd egpdzzmnqd {th de{pégkeh oî{ekh gëm {dltdn tn qh`zëm `dpdznege{ph# {dg`m egoctdgkeh`h{ qmz hpdgthgpd{ mt hlzhvhgpd{ `d hkmz`m kmn m d{ph`m `d kmg{keégkeh `h qd{{mh d {th kmg`tph nmzhc' Egomznhìôd{ omzgdke`h{ qmz htpmzd{ d{qezepthe{ hpzhvå{ `h q{ekmlzhoeh d zdchpm{ mj{dzvh`m{ dn pzhjhcfm{ ndèùgekh{ zdvdchn xtd9 Pm`m{ m{ {teke`h{ xtd {d kmntgekhn hqû{ m `d{dgkhzgd zdchphn m `d{hqmgphndgpm dn zdchìëm á gmvh {epthìëm dn xtd {d dgkmgpzhn d m hzzdqdgèndgpm qdcm nmndgpm `d eg{hge`h`d' 

Gh nhemzeh `m{ kh{m{# fè h kmgpegthìëm `m vîgktcm dgpzd m kmzqm d m d{qîzepm# qdznhgdkdg`m d{pd `tzhgpd ntepm pdnqm qzd{m á{ {dg{hìôd{ kmzqûzdh{'

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Qm`d hkmgpdkdz xtd m d{qîzepm {egph qmz qzmcmglh`m pdnqm h{ {dg{hìôd{ `m hpm {teke`h &`mzd{# {hglzhndgpm# kmnqzmndpendgpm `m{ ûzlëm{ `m{ {dgpe`m{# '''%# `dve`m hm ohpm `d pdz cd{h`m m qdze{qîzepm &kmzqm d{qezepthc%' 

H kmgèìëm îgpenh `m {teke`h qm`d ohydz kmn xtd m `d{dim `d otlez hm{ kmnqzmne{{m{ h{{tne`m{ gm qchgm d{qezepthc {d nhgeod{pd dn de{pégkeh{ qm{pdzemzd{# ndèhgpd {epthìôd{ `d èoektc`h`d d `dqzd{{ëm' D{{h qm{{ejece`h`d qôd á qzmvh gmvhndgpd h qdz{dvdzhgìh d h oå dn @dt{'

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w :8< w


H de{pégkeh {dltegpd km{ptnh {dz nhe{ qdgm{h `m xtd hxtdch `h xthc `d{dzpmt# dn otgìëm `m hkùntcm `d `åjepm{ qhzh kmn h ve`h d h qzûqzeh dvmctìëm' 

Hqd{hz `d h{ kmg{dxóégkeh{ {dzdn vhzeèvde{ `d tn kh{m qhzh mtpzm# egomznhìôd{ q{ekmlzhoh`h{ zdvdchn xtd# dn zhyëm `m kmnqzmndpendgpm d{qezepthc# h zddgkhzghìëm {dltegpd qm`d vez nhzkh`h qmz qzmjcdnh{ oî{ekm{ d ndgphe{' Å qzdke{m kmnqzddg`dz xtd gëm {d pzhph `d kh{pelm{ `d @dt{# nh{ {en# `d kmg{dxóégkeh{ ghptzhe{ `m egdvepèvdc pzhtnhpe{nm qdze{qezepthc d ndgphc xtd {d zdocdpd gm qzmkd{{m zddgkhzghpûzem' 

[dg`m m qdg{hndgpm dgdzleh dn pzêg{epm# m {mozendgpm `m{ xtd oekhzhn qm`d qdzptzjhz heg`h nhe{ hxtdcd xtd {d ome# hpegleg`m.cfd h ndgpd' Nhe{ qmg`dzh`m å m{ xtd oekhn ohìhn qzdkd{ dn ohvmz `h qd{{mh xtd {d nhpmt d jt{xtdn h kh`h èh {d zddxtecejzhz' 

QZD_DGÌËM KMGPZH M [TEKÎ@EM  Dvephz m e{mchndgpm gm{ nmndgpm{ `d èoektc`h`d'  Khcnh# zd{elghìëm d oå gm otptzm'  Hkzdèphz xtd {dnqzd fhvdzè tn gmvm èh# xtd pt`m qh{{hzè'  Kmgvdz{hz {mjzd m{ qzmjcdnh{ xtd d{pè dgozdgphg`m'  Gëm pdz hznh{ hm hckhgkd'  Pdz hcltån hkmnqhgfhg`m m t{m `d ndèkhndgpm{'  Kmgfdkdz# cdz# hqzdg`dz {mjzd h zdhce`h`d d{qezepthc'  Pzhjhcfm gm jdn'  Zdcelem{e`h`d'  Zdkmzzdz h kdgpzhe{ pdcdoðgekh{ `d {mkmzzm kmnm m K__ &Kdgpzm `d _hcmzeyhìëm `h _e`h% d eg{pepteìôd{ zdcelem{h{'  Jt{khz hqmem nåèkm d-mt q{ekmcûlekm' w :86 w


H hcpdzhìëm `m khnqm ndgphc `m `dqzene`m# gm {dgpe`m `h {hù`d# qm`d {dz ohvmzdke`h qmz ndèkhndgpm{# q{ekmpdzhqeh{# hpeve`h`d{ oî{ekh{# fhznmgeyhìëm `m octm dgdzlåpekm# {epthìôd{ dn xtd {d {egph zdkmgfdke`m# dgpzd mtpzh{' Gm dgphgpm# fè tn dcdndgpm gm qzmkd{{m `d zdktqdzhìëm xtd `dqdg`d dkct{evhndgpd `m `mdgpd9 {dt d{omzìm qd{{mhc# mt {dih# {th hpept`d dn jt{kh `h qzûqzeh ndcfmzh' Egùndzm{ {ëm m{ zdktz{m{ è{qmgîvde{ d h{ mqmzptge`h`d{ `d {d h`mphz tnh gmvh qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h# nh{ å qzdke{m vdgkdz m `d{êgenm d m{ qdg{hndgpm{ gdlhpevm{# qhzh xtd {d ohkecepd h jt{kh d m éepm `m{ pzhphndgpm{' Dn otgìëm `m d{ph`m `d `d{kzdgìh dqdzendgph`m gh `dqzd{{ëm# å kmntn xtd qhzdgpd{ d hnelm{ `d{didn `d{did n h ndcfmzh `m `dqzene`m nhe{ `m xtd dcd nd{nm h `d{dih' Qmzån# egkdgpevè.cm h qzm{{dltez khnegfhg`m d {d omzphcdkdg`m å nhe{ qzm`tpevm `m xtd khzzdlè.cm eg`doege`hndgpd# kmnm {d om{{d zdhcndgpd egkhqhy `d {tqdzhz h kze{d' Gëm å qm{{îvdc pmzghz.{d ndcfmz qdch vmgph`d d egekehpevh `m mtpzm' Kh`h qd{{mh qzdke{h dgkmgpzhz# `dgpzm `d {e# zhyôd{ qhzh vevdz d {dz odcey' Mj{dzvh.{d xtd xthg`m hcltån `d{dih# dn {dt îgpenm# {tqdzhz tn qzmjcdnh# hkhjh kmg{dlteg`m kmn mt {dn hit`h dpdzgh' Hm kmgpzèzem# {d de{pd m `d{dim `d qdznhgdkdz `mdgpehndgpd vegktch`m hm {mozendgpm# pm`m d{omzìm hcfdem pmzgh.{d egdoekhy' Qmz ddnqcm# gm kh{m `d qd{{mh{ dnmkemghcndgpd `dqdg`dgpd{# qm`d mkmzzdz xtd m `dqzene`m pdgfh tn lhgfm kmn h nhgtpdgìëm `m pzhg{pmzgm# hpdg`dg`m {th gdkd{{e`h`d `d {dz ve{pm d kte`h`m' Dgxthgpm dcd hkzdèphz xtd qdznhgdkdz `mdgpd å nhe{ ctkzhpevm `m xtd kzd{kdz# èoekecndgpd ohzè hcltn d{omzìm dn ohvmz `m{ pzhphndgpm{' w :85 w


Mtpzh {epthìëm# heg`h nhe{ qzdmktqhgpd# å mj{dzvh`h xthg`m m qd{{ene{nm d h ohcph `d oå pmnhn kmgph `h qd{{mh# qzmvmkhg`m tnh hkdgpth`h `d{vephceyhìëm `m kmzqm d `h ndgpd# d{phg`m ozdxódgpdndgpd hlzhvh`h qmz mj{d{{ôd{ d{qezepthe{' D{{d xth`zm deld lzhg`d `dèkhìëm `m{ ohnecehzd{ d `m{ qzmoe{{emghe{ dgvmcve`m{# {dg`m nteph{ vdyd{ gdkd{{èzeh h qzd{dgìh kmg{phgpd `d hcltån xtd d{pentcd m qzm{{dltendgpm `h{ hpeve`h`d{ pdzhqétpekh{# hpå xtd fhih ndcfmzh `m d{ph`m ndgphc `m dgodznm d m `d{dim `d ctphz kmgpzh h `dqzd{{ëm d h ohvmz `h ve`h d `h htpm.{tqdzhìëm' Tn vhcem{m zdktz{m qhzh kmnjhpdz d{ph`m{ `d `d{êgenm d dnjmphndgpm hodpevm å m t{m `d ddzkîkem{ qhzh dqhg{ëm `h zd{qezhìëm d kmzzdìëm qm{ptzhc# hcån `hxtdcd{ xtd dgvmcvdn hlephìëm nmpmzh &qtchz# kmzzdz# '''%# ohvmzdkdg`m h dcdvhìëm `d dgdzleh gdkd{{èzeh qhzh m nmvendgpm qd{{mhc `d jt{kh `d hit`h qzmoe{{emghc' @d omznh {dndcfhgpd# h qzèpekh `d hcltn d{qmzpd qm`d# phnjån# otgkemghz kmnm omzpd hceh`m gh {tqdzhìëm `h egåzkeh' Phcvdy# m nhemz `d{hoem `m `dqzene`m {dih kmgpegthz khnegfhg`m nd{nm {dn dgdzlhz h qm{{ejece`h`d `d ndcfmzh d {dn hkzdèphz xtd h ve`h {dzè {dgpe`h `d nhgdezh èodzdgpd gtn mtpzm d{ph`m dnmkemghc'

H htpm.d{penh `d tnh qd{{mh qm`d {dz {t{pdgph`h qdcm zdkmgfdkendgpm `d {dt{ hpzejtpm{ egpdzgm{ &fmgd{pe`h`d# kmnqhgfdeze{nm# kmgoehjece`h`d# zd{qdepm# egpdcelégkeh# jmn {dg{m# '''% mt dpdzgm{ &jdcdyh oî{ekh# qm{{d{# khzlm{# {phpt{# {mjzdgmnd# '''%' H{ khzhkpdzî{pekh{ egpdzgh{ {ëm egdzdgpd{ hm d{qîzepm d kmnqôdn m [DZ' [ëm d{pèvde{ d xthg`m {ëm w ::1 w


zdkmgfdke`h{ omznhn tnh jh{d {ûce`h qhzh h htpm.d{penh' Qmz mtpzm ch`m# h{ khzhkpdzî{pekh{ dpdzemzd{ {ëm hpzejtpm{ pdnqmzèzem{# {ëm otlhyd{ d ohydn qhzpd `m PDZ# xtd {t{pdgph h ect{ëm `d qm{{tez m hnmz d h h`nezhìëm `h{ qd{{mh{' H vhcmzeyhìëm `m [DZ mt `m PDZ qm`d {dz egoctdgkeh`h qdch jhlhldn hktntch`h qdcm d{qîzepm zddgkhzghgpd hm cmglm `d {th{ de{pégkeh{ mt phnjån# {dz d{pentch`h gd{ph ve`h# heg`h gh egoêgkeh# xthg`m h kzehgìh zdkdjd dcmlem{ xtd vëm cfd ohydg`m {dgpez.{d hnh`h# h`nezh`h d enqmzphgpd' Nh{ hkmgpdkd xtd# á{ vdyd{# m{ dcmlem{ {ëm èzele`m{ á kh{h# hm khzzm# hm{ jzegxtd`m{# á{ zmtqh{ d h{{en# h kzehgìh `deh `d `d{dgvmcvdz tn zdodzdgkehc egpdzgm# gëm qdzkdjdg`m xtd å hnh`h qdcm {enqcd{ ohpm `d de{pez d dgkfdz `d hcdlzeh h ve`h `d {dt{ ohnecehzd{' Pdn egîkem h kmg{pztìëm `d tnh d{pztptzh dnmkemghc ozèlec d vtcgdzèvdc# qdzndh`h qdch gdkd{{e`h`d `d nhgpdz {dt{ –h`nezèvde{„ hkd{{ûzem{ dpdzgm{ d qdch eg{dltzhgìh xtd zmg`h h qd{{mh {dnqzd xtd hcltnh {epthìëm hndhìh.cfd h qm{eìëm' Tnh mtpzh {epthìëm jh{phgpd ozdxódgpd xtd cdvh á dhcphìëm `m PDZ å h de{pégkeh `d tnh jheh htpm.d{penh `d{`d kd`m# dn `dkmzzégkeh `d zdideìëm# nht{ pzhpm{# egèodzdgìh# dgpzd mtpzm{ kmgpdpm{ xtd ohydn kmn xtd h kzehgìh {egph.{d {dn vhcmz d qmtkm hnh`h' Jdn# tnh qd{{mh hqzdg`d h {d hnhz h qhzpez `m hnmz xtd å {egkdzhndgpd èzele`m h dch' Xthg`m d{{h zdodzégkeh å gdlhpevh# de{pd m kmnqzmndpendgpm `h htpm.d{penh# cdvhg`m h èvdz{h{ {epthìôd{ kmgocepevh{' Dgpzd dch{# d{pëm h hzzmlêgkeh# h qm{ptzh `d {tqdzemze`h`d d h e`åeh `d htpm.{toekeégkeh# dn zd{qm{ph hm {dgpendgpm `d egodzemze`h`d' Qm`d phnjån fhvdz h gdkd{{e`h`d `d qzmvhz hm{ mtpzm{# kmg{phgpdndgpd# m vhcmz xtd {d pdn' Mzh# xtdn Å# gëm {dgpd xtd qzdke{h qzmvhz# {enqcd{ndgpd Å' w ::8 w


De{pd heg`h# kmnm zdhìëm h tnh jheh vhcmzeyhìëm `d {e# m t{m `d zdktz{m{ dpdzgm{# kmnm khzzm{# khzlm{# enûvde{# dxteqhndgpm{ `d ùcpenh ldzhìëm# dgpzd mtpzm{# xtd qm`dn ohydz kmn xtd {dih ve{ph d {d {egph hcltån' Gm{ kh{m{ dn xtd h htpm.d{penh å {t{pdgph`h qmz dcdndgpm{ dpdzgm{# å kmntn xtd hm qdz`dz m mjidpm mt h {epthìëm `d hqmem# h qd{{mh {d hoh{pd `m kmgvîvem {mkehc# {dgpeg`m.{d hjhg`mgh`h' H {dg{hìëm `d d{phz vhyeh `d xthce`h`d{ ohy zdvevdz pm`h h khzégkeh hodpevh d gmznhcndgpd ktcnegh gh `dqzd{{ëm' Oekh dve`dgpd m xthgpm å enqmzphgpd kte`hz `h egoêgkeh# qzdvdgeg`m m pzhg{pmzgm `dqzd{{evm' Qmzån# m xtd ohydz xthg`m hcltån iè qh{{mt jmh qhzpd `h ve`h {dn h qdzkdqìëm îgpenh `d {th{ xthce`h`d{= M xtd ohydz xthg`m {d mcfh qhzh `dgpzm d {û {d zdkmgfdkd tnh dgmznd khnh`h `d zhevh d zd{{dgpendgpm kmjzeg`m xthcxtdz nhgeod{phìëm `d lzhpe`ëm qmz hxtdcd{ xtd gm{ qdznepezhn h ve`h= Å qzdke{m kmnqzddg`dz xtd hxtdcd{ h xtdn hnhnm{ d `d xtdn d{qdzhnm{ khzegfm d zdkmgfdkendgpm# gëm {ëm {dzd{ qdzodepm{ d xtd# kmnm xthcxtdz {dz ftnhgm# {ëm m ndcfmz xtd kmg{dltdn {dz' Å qzdke{m `dehz `d ch`m h qm{ptzh dlmkégpzekh d zd{{dgpe`h d zdkmgfdkdz xtd pm`h{ h{ qd{{mh{ {ëm d{qdkehe{ dn {th egève`thce`h`d# xtd pm`h{ ohydn ohcph gh ve`h `d hcltån d xtd {ëm ndzdkd`mzh{ `d khzegfm# zd{qdepm d hpdgìëm' hp dgìëm' [dnqzd å pdnqm qhzh hjzez m{ mcfm{# dqhgèz h kmg{keégkeh d {dgpez.{d km.kzeh`mz `h ve`h' [dnqzd å pdnqm `d mcfhz egpdzghndgpd d èydz á kzehgìh xtd de{pd `dgpzm `d kh`h [dz# m xthgpm dch å hnh`h' @d{{h omznh# hm{ qmtkm{# å qm{{îvdc [DZ'

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Mj{dzvh.{d xtd ntepm{ ohpmzd{ dgvmcve`m{ gh kht{hce`h`d `h `dqzd{{ëm pén {th{ jh{d{ gh egoêgkeh' H kmg{pztìëm `h htpm.d{penh# `h omznh `d {d zdchkemghz# `h ve{ëm `d ntg`m# dgoen# `h qdz{mghce`h`d# {d `è `d{`d ntepm kd`m gh zdchìëm dgpzd h kzehgìh d h{ qd{{mh{ xtd {d mktqhn `d {dt{ kte`h`m{' Kmn jh{d dn pdmzeh{ `h qdz{mghce`h`d# hkzdèph.{d xtd m qdzîm`m kmnqzddgè`m dgpzd 1 d < hgm{ `d e`h`d {dih `d lzhg`d egoctégkeh gh d{pztptzhìëm `d qh`zôd{ `d kmnqmzphndgpm xtd hkmnqhgfhzëm h qd{{mh hm cmglm `h ve`h' H{{en# ohy.{d gdkd{{èzem xtd hxtdcd{ xtd {d `dèkhn hm{ kte`h`m{ `h egoêgkeh# {dih gm hnjedgpd ohnecehz mt d`tkhkemghc# qzdmktqdn.{d kmn m peqm `d vîgktcm hodpevm xtd d{pè {dg`m kmg{pztî`m' H kzehgìh hqzdg`d {mjzd dch d {mjzd h ve`h hpzhvå{ `d egomznhìôd{ xtd khqph `d mtpzh{ qd{{mh{ d xtd qzmkd{{h dn {th{ vevégkeh{ hodpevh{ d kmlgepevh{' Qhzpeg`m `m xtd ohchn {mjzd dch d `d {enqcd{ zdhìôd{ á {th qzd{dgìh# h kzehgìh vhe `d{kmjzeg`m xtdn dch å# e{pm å# vhe kmg{pzteg`m tnh enhldn `d {e nd{nh' @ey.{d xtd m{ h`tcpm{ otgkemghn kmnm d{qdcfm{ qhzh h kzehgìh' Nteph{ kzehgìh{ kzd{kdn d{ktphg`m xtd {ëm jtzzh{# egkhqhyd{# egkmnqdpdgpd{# pdenm{h{# kfhph{# egkmgvdgedgpd{ d tn qd{m gh ve`h `h{ qd{{mh{ # mt xtd {ëm egpdceldgpd{# qdz{dvdzhgpd{# kzehpevh{# hlzh`èvde{# khqhyd{# egè{qdg{èvde{ d hnh`h{' [dihn h{ egomznhìôd{ egkmzqmzh`h{ qm{epevh{ mt gdlhpevh{# h kzehgìh pdg`d h hlez `d hkmz`m kmn h enhldn xtd omznh `d {e' D{{h{ enqzd{{ôd{ hit`hn h kmnqmz h e`dgpe`h`d `h qd{{mh d pmzghn.{d `d èoîkec nt`hgìh gh ve`h h`tcph' Mtpzm qmgpm enqmzphgpd gh kmg{pztìëm `h e`dgpe`h`d {ëm m{ nm`dcm{ egpzmidph`m{ gh kmgvevégkeh kmn m{ h`tcpm{' w ::; w


Gm `dkmzzdz `m `d{dgvmcvendgpm# h kzehgìh vhe egpdzghceyhg`m qh`zôd{ `d kmnqmzphndgpm# d{qdcfhg`m.{d gh{ qd{{mh{ xtd h kdzkhn' Dgpzd m{ nm`dcm{ `d e`dgpeoekhìëm# xtd qm`dn otptzhndgpd {dzvez `d jh{d qhzh h `dqzd{{ëm# d{pëm m qdzodkkemge{nm d h egpmcdzêgkeh# zdvdchg`m tn hcpm gîvdc `d kzîpekh d delégkeh# m qd{{ene{nm# m {dgpendgpm `d egodzemze`h`d# h {tjne{{ëm# h èoektc`h`d `d dqzd{{hz h zhevh# h htpm.`dqzdkehìëm d h qm{ptzh ect{ûzeh d hzzmlhgpd `d htpm. {toekeégkeh' M idepm kmnm tnh kzehgìh å pzhph`h phnjån ddzkd egoctégkeh gh kmg{pztìëm `d {th htpm.d{penh# {dg`m d{ph m {dgpendgpm xtd tnh qd{{mh pdn `d {dz hnh`h# ùpec# hkdeph# `d pdz hclm `d jmn dn {e qhzh modzdkdz mt gëm' Pzhph.{d `m vhcmz xtd h qd{{mh {d hpzejte# `m xthgpm dch {d hnh d {d hkdeph' Qmz ddnqcm# qdzkdjd.{d xtd h{ kzehgìh{ {d d{omzìhn qhzh hlzh`hz {dnqzd m{ qhe{ d gëm `dkdqkemgè.cm{# pdgphg`m qzd{dzvhz h hpdgìëm d m khzegfm `dcd{' D{{h {epthìëm hteceh m `d{dgvmcvendgpm egohgpec# nh{ qm`d {dz tn qzmjcdnh xthg`m m gîvdc `d egpmcdzêgkeh d delégkeh `m{ h`tcpm{ å dcdvh`m# d{qdzhg`m `h kzehgìh kmnqmzphndgpm{ `d{pmhgpd{ `hxtdcd{ d{qdzh`m{ dn {th oheh dpèzeh' Phc delégkeh å mj{dzvh`h dn qdxtdgh{ {epthìôd{ gm èh.h.èh kmnm gëm kmcmzez omzh `m{ kmgpmzgm{ `m `d{dgfm# ohydz tnh cdpzh jmgeph# gëm `dzzhnhz {tkm gh nd{h# gëm {d {tihz# dgpzd mtpzh{ xtd vén {dnqzd hkmnqhgfh`h{ `d kmndgpèzem{ egodceyd{ `m peqm9 –Gëm å qm{{îvdc# vmké gëm hqzdg`d gtgkh=(„ 2 –Xthgph{ vdyd{ pdgfm xtd pd dqcekhz h nd{nh kme{h=(„ 2 –Dt gëm d{qdzhvh d{{d kmnqmzphndgpm `d vmké(„ ' Xthg`m e{{m mkmzzd# {dgpendgpm{ `d ktcqh# egh`dxthìëm# egkhqhke`h`d# zdideìëm d ozhkh{{m pmnhn kmgph `h kzehgìh# kmnqzmndpdg`m {th htpm.enldn d {th htpm.d{penh' H{{en# vhe {d pmzghg`m kh`h vdy nhe{ egpmcdzhgpd kmg{elm nd{nh d kmn m{ mtpzm{ d# hm cmglm `h w ::0 w


ve`h# {th qm{ptzh zîle`h d qdzodkkemge{ph cfd pzhzè qdzptzjhìôd{ dn omznh `d ktcqh d# kmg{dxódgpdndgpd# `dqzd{{ëm' Qhzh {d pdz h`tcpm{ kmn tnh jmh htpm.d{penh# å qzdke{m nm{pzhz á{ kzehgìh{ m vhcmz xtd dch{ pén' D gëm jh{ph hnhz# å gdkd{{èzem xtd h kzehgìh {d {egph hnh`h' Qmz e{{m# å enqmzphgpd `dnmg{pzhz m hnmz# ohchz `d{{d hnmz# hjzhìhz# ohydz khzegfm# zd{{hcphz {th{ xthce`h`d{ egpdzgh{ d {dz qhkedgpd kmn {dt qzmkd{{m `d hqzdgèyhldn# tnh vdy xtd pm`m {dz ftnhgm å hqzdgèy `m vevdz'

Gm kmgpdpm `h d`tkhìëm egohgpec# å kmntn mj{dzvhz qhe{ d d`tkh`mzd{ xtd {d {dgpdn `d{nmpevh`m{# ozt{pzh`m{ d kmgot{m{ qmz gëm kmg{dltezdn kmcmkhz dn qzèpekh h{ èkh{ xtd ntepm{ htpmzd{ modzdkdn dn zdchìëm á qm{ptzh d`tkhpevh h {dz h`mph`h dn `dpdznegh`h {epthìëm' Å gdkd{{èzem kmnqzddg`dz xtd# hm hkmnqhgfhz m `d{dgvmcvendgpm `m{ oecfm{# m{ qhe{ zdvevdn m qzûqzem kzd{kendgpm d m{ kmgocepm{ dqdzendgph`m{ `tzhgpd h egoêgkeh' Qmz ddnqcm# tnh qd{{mh d`tkh`h `d omznh zdqzd{{mzh# qzmvhvdcndgpd dgkmgpzhzè èoektc`h`d{ qhzh ce`hz kmn h{ –jezzh{„ d h zhevh `d {dt{ oecfm{# hleg`m hlzd{{evh w ::4 w


d enqtc{evhndgpd' M zd{tcph`m è{{m å h ktcqh# qzegkeqhcndgpd xthg`m {d pdn kmg{keégkeh `m{ dkd{{m{# `h{ kmg{dxóégkeh{ `d{pd{ d kmgfdkendgpm `d omznh{ nhe{ d`tkhpevh{ `d {d hlez' D{{h {epthìëm ohy qdg{hz xtd {û {dzè qm{{îvdc kte`hz ndcfmz `h{ kzehgìh{ á ndè`h xtd m{ h`tcpm{ qt`dzdn kte`hz ndcfmz `d {e nd{nm{# zd{lhphg`m h qzûqzeh htpm.d{penh d dgkmgpzhg`m m dxtecîjzem `d {th{ dnmìôd{' Å jmn cdnjzhz xtd kmzzelez kmn pmcdzêgkeh d {dz oeznd kmn zd{qdepm# phnjån {ëm omznh{ `d èydz hm{ oecfm{ m xthgpm dcd{ {ëm hnh`m{# qme{ m cenepd qm{pm kmn khzegfm d kchzdyh# qzmqmzkemgh qhzh h kzehgìh h {dg{hìëm `d {dltzhgìh# `d d{phz qzmpdle`h d `d pdz qhzêndpzm{# zd{tcphg`m gtnh ndcfmz d{pztptzh dnmkemghc'

Xthg`m {d hjmz`h m pdnh odceke`h`d# khjdn hcltnh{ qdzltgph{9 M xtd å {dz odcey= M xtd {t{pdgph d{pd d{ph`m `―hcnh xtd dgkhgph d kmgphleh= Hgpd{ `d jt{khz zd{qm{ph{ h phe{ xtd{pemghndgpm{# å qzdke{m è{pegltez odceke`h`d `d tn d{ph`m `d hcdlzeh xtd pdg`d á dtomzeh' @dgpzd h{ èvdz{h{ {epthìôd{ xtd m {dz ftnhgm dqdzendgph hm cmglm `h ve`h# de{pdn hxtdch{ gh{ xthe{ {d mj{dzvh tnh dqcm{ëm `d {dgpendgpm{# dgvmcvdg`m dqzd{{ëm kmzqmzhc dhldzh`h d zdhìôd{ oe{emcûlekh{ xtd gtn ktzpm d{qhìm `d pdnqm &negtpm{# fmzh{ mt èh{% vëm `hg`m ctlhz h tn d{ph`m nhe{ khcnm d zmpegdezm' Kmnm ddnqcm# å qm{{îvdc kephz h zdhìëm `d hcltån èhgpd `m zd{tcph`m qm{epevm `d tn kmgktz{m mt {mzpdem# h{{en kmnm gh vepûzeh `m pend ohvmzepm' Pzhph.{d `d tn d{ph`m `d dkephìëm xtd pdn kmnm khzhkpdzî{pekh h pzhg{epmzed`h`d' w ::? w


Iè h odceke`h`d# hqd{hz `m{ nmndgpm{ `d pze{pdyh# egdvepèvde{ gh pzhidpûzeh `d xthcxtdz qd{{mh# pdg`d h {dz tn {dgpendgpm nhe{ d{pèvdc d `tzh`mtzm# tnh kmgxte{ph d{qezepthc' Ntepm{ jt{khn ect{mzehndgpd hckhgìhz d{{d {dgpendgpm gm {tkd{{m oeghgkdezm# gh ht{égkeh `d èoektc`h`d{ mt gtnh ve`h nhzkh`h qdch jt{kh `d{dgozdh`h `d qzhydz' Gmznhcndgpd# ozt{pzhn.{d hm qdzkdjdzdn h vtcgdzhjece`h`d `d {th ve`h –odcey„' Gtnh hgèce{d nhe{ kte`h`m{h# qdzkdjd.{d xtd h odceke`h`d å tn d{ph`m `d d{qîzepm xtd pdn kmnm jh{d h khqhke`h`d `d `hz d zdkdjdz hnmz' D{phz odcey å d{phz `d jdn kmn h ve`h d xtdn {d dgkmgpzh gd{{h {epthìëm dqdzendgph h {dg{hìëm `d hnhz h pt`m d h pm`m{' D{{h kmgèìëm `d hnhz pdn egîkem xthg`m# gm{ {dgpenm{ hnh`m{ d hkdepm{ qmz hcltån' Pzhph.{d `d tnh kmg{pztìëm xtd kmndìh gmznhcndgpd gh egoêgkeh d hit`h h kmnqmz h e`dgpe`h`d d# kmg{dxódgpdndgpd# h htpm.d{penh' Xthg`m m [dz {d {dgpd hnh`m# hqzdg`d h {d hnhz d d{{h kmgèìëm å otg`hndgphc qhzh {d kmg{dltez hnhz h ve`h' D{pd å m khnegfm ghptzhc `h odceke`h`d9 {dz hnh`m# hnhz.{d d hnhz' Gm dgphgpm# khjd hxte h qdzltgph9 M xtd mkmzzd xthg`m ohcph h hcltån m {dgpendgpm `d {dz hnh`m= Kmnm å qm{{îvdc {dz odcey= M {dlzd`m d{pè dn kmndìhz `m oeghc# e{pm å# vdgkdz m dlmî{nm d h nèlmh qmz gëm pdz {e`m hnh`m kmnm lm{phzeh d ez `d dgkmgpzm hm mtpzm# `mhz.{d' M hpm `d {d `mhz.{d dgvmcvd tnh {hctphz pzmkh dgdzlåpekh d gtpzd m {dgpendgpm `d {dz ùpec# enqmzphgpd' D{{h jmh dgdzleh èzele`h h mtpzh qd{{mh km{ptnh pzhydz jmh{ vejzhìôd{# mt {dih# jmg{ {dgpendgpm{' D h{{en# kmndìhg`m `m oen# å qm{{îvdc qzddgkfdz.{d kmn m ndcfmz `m{ {dgpendgpm{# m hnmz# jh{d `h odceke`h`d'

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@tzhgpd m pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm mt `d omznh qzdvdgpevh# å enqmzphgpd xtd h qd{{mh jt{xtd hlez `d nhgdezh h qzd{dzvhz m jmn êgenm# m mpene{nm d tnh jmh htpm.d{penh' Å enqzd{keg`îvdc zdkmgfdkdz xtd kh`h qd{{mh å zd{qmg{èvdc qmz {th{ hcdlzeh{ d pze{pdyh{ d xtd h ve`h qm`d {dz ceg`h mt fmzzîvdc# `dqdg`dg`m `m{ mcfm{ xtd h védn' Gëm fè kzd{kendgpm {dn d{omzìm qd{{mhc' [dg`m h{{en# hcltnh{ èkh{ {ëm vèce`h{ qhzh xtd {d dvepd m pzhg{pmzgm `dqzd{{evm mt qhzh xtd h qd{{mh {d zdktqdzd nhe{ zhqe`hndgpd d kmn ndgmz ze{km `d zdkmzzégkeh9                  

Ohìh hcltnh hpeve`h`d oî{ekh' Ohìh ddzkîkem{ `d zd{qezhìëm' Hcendgpd.{d h`dxth`hndgpd' Qzmktzd ohydz hnelm{' Cdeh jmg{ cevzm{' Jt{xtd tnh zdceleëm' Kmgpd qeh`h{' @é jmh{ lhzlhcfh`h{' Qchgdid {dt èh' Dvepd h{ `zmlh{ cîkeph{ d ecîkeph{' Qzmktzd [DZ nhe{ `m xtd PDZ' Pzhjhcfd kmnm vmctgpèzem' @md.{d' [mzzeh# `d{did –jmn èh„# {dih hlzh`èvdc' [dih nhe{ pmcdzhgpd kmn vmké' Qdz`md.{d' _evh tn èh `d kh`h vdy' Dvepd h hg{ed`h`d' Jt{xtd omznh{ {ht`èvde{ `d mjpdz qzhydz' D{phjdcdìh mjidpevm{ h ktzpm qzhym dn {th ve`h' T{d påkgekh{ `d zdchhndgpm qhzh kmnjhpdz m d{pzd{{d' @é qzdodzégkeh h hnjedgpd{ jdn hzdih`m{ d ectnegh`m{' w ::6 w


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Ohìh khnegfh`h{ hqzd{{h`h{ kmn h khjdìh dzlte`h d m mcfhz omkh`m gm fmzeymgpd# ndgphceyhg`m tn mjidpevm h hckhgìhz' Kte`d jdn `d {th{ hpept`d{ qhzh xtd h{ qd{{mh{ cfd dgvedn jmh{ vejzhìôd{' Mj{dzvd m xtd fè dn vmké d xtd cfd ohy tnh qd{{mh ùgekh d d{qdkehc' Qzmktzd ndcfmzhz.{d egpenhndgpd d zdvdz {th qm{ptzh èhgpd `h ve`h# hpzhvå{ `m htpmkmgfdkendgpm' Dqdzendgpd m kmgphpm kmn h Ghptzdyh' Hcån `m kmzqm# hcendgpd èhzehndgpd h {th hcnh' Cevzd.{d `m{ zd{{dgpendgpm{' Hcendgpd jmg{ {dgpendgpm{' Ohcd {mjzd h {th zhevh qhzh xtd dch gëm {d vmcpd kmgpzh vmké' Dvepd xtdehz.{d `h ve`h' Qzmjcdnh{ {ëm mqmzptge`h`d{ `d kzd{kendgpm qd{{mhc' Gëm {d kmnqhzd kmn m{ mtpzm{# kmnqhzd.{d kmn vmké nd{nm dn pdnqm{ qh{{h`m{' Kte`d `m {dt qdg{hndgpm' _mké {dgpd m xtd qdg{h' Qmgfh kmzd{ vejzhgpd{ dn {th ve`h' Khgpd d `hgkd' Cejdzpd.{d' HND d HND.[D (((

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[mc xtd ectnegh# @dt{ xtd hgenh M {dgpe`m `m de{pez [dz ve{ph å m xtd `d ohpm dg{egh Tnh qd{{mh h lm{phz `d {e M{ mcfm{ `h kzehgìh Xtd hqzdg`d h {d hkdephz [d dgkfdn `d d{qdzhgìh Lhgfh omzìh m khnegfhz Gtn ld{pm `d `d lzhpe`ëm D egpdg{h odceke`h`d Ezzhèh m kmzhìëm H cty `h ozhpdzge`h`d ozhpdzge`h`d M èh xtd kfdlh å jdn.veg`m Kmn nù{ekh# kmz d d{qcdg`mz D hqd{hz `d kh`h d{qegfm Pzetgoh m qdzotnd `h ocmz Nh{ {d m kmcm xtd dgkmgpzh{pd{ dgkmgpzh{pd{ Pzhyeh gm{ mcfm{ h `mz Dgkmgpzhzè{ zd{lhpd Gtn hjzhìm zdqhzh`mz zdqhzh`mz [tqdzh h pth kcht{tzh Cdvhgph# pzhjhcfh pzhjhcfh d hg`h Qme{ gëm de{pd gmepd d{ktzh Xtd zd{e{ph á ndgmz kfhnh [mzzeh# hjzhkd d {egph Gm kzd{kdz `m pdt chjmz Xtd h ve`h {û å _E@H [d hnqhzh`h qdcm HNMZ' &\hlgdz Ctey% w :;1 w


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 HITZEHLTDZZH#

I' Nhgthc `d q{extehpzeh egohgpec' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Nh{{mg `m Jzh{ec# 8561'  HCJTXTDZXTD# H'2 OZHGKM# @'Q'2 QHTCM# I'Z'2 @TPZH# C'N'Q'2 ZHNM[# N'H'C'2 NMZDEZH# M'F'2 [MTYH# Z'C'_' @h{ qhpmcmleh{ hm{ pzhg{pmzgm{ d{qezepthe{ - H{{mkehìëm Nåèkm D{qîzeph `d Negh{ Ldzhe{' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' EGD@D# :116'  HC@ZM_HG@E# D' [dih Odcey9 èlh gëm á `dqzd{{ëm ' Khqevhze9D`' DND# :11?'  HG@ZDH# I' Q{ekmcmleh d{qîzeph' &vmc' 8% Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' [mkedpm Cmzdgy# 8550'  JHKBDZ# N'\' Id{t{# m nhemz q{ekûcmlm xtd iè de{pet ' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' [dphgpd# :114'  JDKB# H'P'2 ZT[F# H'I'2 [FH\# J'O'2 DNDZU# L' Pdzhqeh kmlgepevh `h `dqzd{{ëm' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# 855<'  JMKB# H'N'J'2 OTZPH@M# M' / PDEVDEZH# N'C' Q{ekmcmleh{' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' [hzhevh# 8554'  JMZLD[# H'N'[' @mtpzegh D{qîzeph gm pdnqm d gm d{qhìm9 611 vdzjdpd{ d{qdkehceyh`m{ ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Qhgmzhnh# :111'  JZELL[# @'K' H htpm.d{penh `m {dt oecfm' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Nhzpeg{ Omgpd{# :11:'  JMONHG# L' Lztqm kmn `dqzene`m{' Eg9 Kmnm pzhjhcfhnm{ kmn lztqm{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# 855<'  JTKF[JHTN# Q' Ozh{d{ ldgehe{ xtd vmké lm{phzeh `d pdz èpm' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Dèmtzm# :110'  KHIHYDEZH[# O' @dqzd{{ëm9 `mdgìh `h hcnh . h{ kht{h{ d{qezepthe{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' Khqevhze9 D`' DND# :116' w :;: w


 KDZXTDEZH

OECFM# H' Ktzh d{qezepthc `h `dqzd{{ëm ' [hgpm Hg`zå9 D`' djn# :11<'  KFH_D[# I' H kmnqzddg{ëm `h qd{{mh9 q{ekmcmleh `h qdz{mghce`h`d' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Hlmzh# 855:'  KCHZM# E' @dqzd{{ëm9 kht{h{# kmg{dxóégkeh{ d pzhphndgpm' Nhpëm9 D`' M Kchzen# :114'  Kch{{eoekhìëm `d pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{ d `d kmnqmzphndgpm `h [email protected] @d{kzeìôd{ kcîgekh{ d èzdpzeyd{ èhlgû{pekh{' Kmmz`' Mzlhgeyhìëm Ntgèhc `d [hù`d' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# 855;'  KTGFH# K' M xtd `dvdnm{ {hjdz {mjzd kzmnmpdzhqeh ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Ymfhz# 855:'  @[N.E_' Nhgthc `d èhlgû{pekm d d{phpî{pekh `h{ qdzptzjhìôd{ ndgphe{' Hndzekhg Q{ukfehpzek H{{mkehpemg' Ce{jmh9 D`' Kcendq{e# 8550'  @TGKHG# H' M khnegfm `h{ qd`zh{ ' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Gmvh Dzh# :114'  ODCEKEHGM# H' / KHNQH@DCCM# Q' Zdocdmcmleh dgdzlåpekh' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Nh`zh{# 8555'  OEMZH_HGPE# K' Kht{h{ d{qezepthe{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Qdg{hndgpm# 8554'  OZHGKM# @'Q' &d{qîzepm Imhggh `d Êgldce{% H`mcd{kégkeh d ve`h' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# 8556'  ]]]] Hnmz# enjhpîvdc hnmz ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :111'  ]]]] Hqû{ h pdnqd{ph`d' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# 8558'  ]]]] Htpm`d{kmjzendgpm9 tnh jt{kh egpdzemz ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :111'  ]]]] Kmgocepm{ de{pdgkehe{ ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :11?'  ]]]] Id{t{ d m Dvhgldcfm9 á cty `h q{ekmcmleh qzmotg`h ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :111'  ]]]] Ectneghìëm Egpdzemz ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :11?  ]]]] Pzetgom Qd{{mhc' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :11:' w :;; w


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OZHGKM# @' &èvdz{m{ d{qîzepm{% H{qdkpm{ q{exteèpzekm{ d d{qezepthe{ gm{ pzhg{pmzgm{ dnmkemghe{ ' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :11;' OZDT@# [' Ctpm d Ndchgkmceh' Eg9 Mjzh{ kmnqcdph{ &vmc' VE_%' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Enhlm# 85?5' ]]]] M{ kfe{pd{ d {th zdchìëm kmn m egkmg{kedgpd' Eg9 Mjzh{ kmnqcdph{ &vmc' _EEE%' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Enhlm# 85?5' OZED@NHG# F'['2 [KFT[PHKB# N'\' Pdmzeh{ `h qdz{mghce`h`d' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Qdhz{mg# :110' LECCHG@DZ[# H' Zdocdmcmleh qhzh ntcfdzdz{' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Qdg{hndgpm# :11?' FMC@DG# Z' Zez heg`h å m ndcfmz zdnåèm' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Jtppdzocu# :114' FMCND[# ['@' Q{ekmcmleh `m{ pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :118' BHZ@DK# H' M Dvhgldcfm [dltg`m m D{qezepe{nm ' Hzhzh{9 D`' E@D# 8550' ]]]] M Cevzm `m{ D{qîzepm{' Jzh{îceh9 D`' ODJ# 855<' ]]]] M Cevzm `m{ Nåètg{' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' E@D# 8550' BEGL[PMG# B' Hzztnd h {th jhltgìh kmn m odgl {fte d pzhg{omznd zhèkhcndgpd h {th ve`h ' [ëm Qhtcm2 D`' Qdg{hndgpm# :110' BÓFC# D' Pûekm{9 `th{ vehldg{' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' Omgpd vevh# 8554' CHNJDZP# B' / BEG[CDU# K'F' Gdtzmkeégkeh kcîgekh9 h{ jh{d{ gdtzmjemcûlekh{ `h {hù`d ndgphc ' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :11?' CHG@MCE Iz'# @' Oe{emcmleh Pzhg{èndg{emghc' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' OD# :110' CDH@JDHPDZ# K'\' M{ kfhbzh{' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Qdg{hndgpm# 8554' w :;0 w


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CEKEGEM# I' dp hc' Jemcmleh `h `dqzd{{ëm' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :11<' CE[[M# \' _dgkdg`m h `dqzd{{ëm' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' djn# :115' CM\DG# H' M kmzqm dn `dqzd{{ëm ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' [tnnt{# 8561' ]]]] Hcdlzeh9 h dgpzdlh hm kmzqm d á ve`h ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' [tnnt{# 855<' CM\DG# H' / CM\DG# C' Ddzkîkem{ `d jemdgdzlåpekh9m khnegfm qhzh tnh {hù`d vejzhgpd ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Èlmzh# 8564' NHUM omtg`hpemg omz ndèkhc d`tkhpemg hg` zd{dhzkf' @dqzd{{ëm9 qd{xte{h`h d kmndgph`h qdch kcîgekh Nhum' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Hgenh# :110' NDCM# I' H ktzh `h `dqzd{{ëm qdcm nhlgdpe{nm' Omzphcdyh9 D`' Qzdnet{# :11?' ]]]] M qh{{d9 {dt d{pt`m# {th{ påkgekh{ d {th qzèpekh' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' ODJ# 855:' GDNEHF# I'K' Otg`hndgpm{ `h q{ekmqhpmcmleh' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Yhfhz# 8568' GMJZD# N' @dqzd{{ëm á cty `m qhzhèlnh nåèkm. d{qîzeph' Eg9 @dqzd{{ëm9 hjmz`hldn nåèkm.d{qîzeph' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' HND.Jzh{ec# :114' MCE_DEZH# K'H'B'2 H_DCHZ# I'2MCE_DEZH# \'['2 CDNM[# \'C' @dqzd{{ëm d ndètge`h`d' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' Ephqtë# :110' MCE_DEZH# \'[' &d{qîzepm Dznhgkd @toht% Zdomznh îgpenh {dn nhzpîzem' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' EGD@D# :110' ]]]] Qzhydz `d vevdz' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' @TOHTV# :116' w :;4 w


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]]]] Ndzdìh {dz odcey' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' @TOHTV# :116' ]]]]D{ktphg`m {dgpendgpm{' Jdcm Fmzeymgpd9 D`' @TOHTV# :11<' oe cm{moeh d{qîzeph ' Zem `d QHCFHGM IZ'# C' @ekemgèzem `d oecm{moeh Ihgdezm9 D`' Kdc`# :111' QHTCM# I'Z'2 NMZDEZH# M'F' / [MTYH# Z'C'_' @dqzd{{ëm9 hjmz`hldn nåèkm.d{qîzeph' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' HND.Jzh{ec# :114' QDZDEZH# U'H' &d{qîzepm Khnecm Kêgè`m Jmpdcfm% Ndnûzeh{ `d tn {teke`h' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' ODJ# 8544' QÛ_MH# F'2 KHCDLHZM# I' / HUDZ# C' Gtpzeìëm kdzdjzhc' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Mjidpevh# :114' ZDXTDGH# U' Hktqtgptzh d q{ekmcmleh' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Hg`zde# 8551' ZM[H# N' Q{ekmcmleh Dvmctpevh &_mc E_%9 q{ekmcmleh `h e`h`d h`tcph' Qdpzûqmce{9 D`' _myd{# 855?' [HGPM GDPM# O'D' &d{qîzepm Fhnnd`% H{ `mzd{ `h hcnh' Khphg`tvh9 D`' Jmh Gmvh# 8556' ]]]] M{ qzhydzd{ `h hcnh' Khphg`tvh9 D`' Jmh Gmvh# :11?' ]]]] Zdgmvhg`m Hpept`d{ ' Khphg`tvh9 D`' Jmh Gmvh# :110' [MTYH# I'N'N' &mzl'% &d{qîzepm Imhggh `d Êgldce{ - q{ekmlzhoeh `d @evhc`m Qdzdezh Ozhgkm% Imhggh `d Êgldce{ zd{qmg`d' [hcvh`mz9 D`' CDHC# :110' [QDPFNHGG# K'G' Ndèkegh hcpdzghpevh `d H h Y ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Dèphd# :111' PFH[D# N'D'2 CHGL# ['[' [hez `h `dqzd{{ëm' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' Enhlm# :114' w :;? w


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PMZPMZH# L'I' Kmzqm ftnhgm9 otg`hndgpm{ `d hghpmneh d oe{emcmleh' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :111' PDQD@EGM# ['_'B' Dxtecejzd {th{ dnmìôd{ kmn m{ ocmzhe{ `m `z' Jhkf' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Nh`zh{# :11?' PMCNHG# H' @dqzd{{ëm dn h`tcpm{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :115' _HCKHQDCCE' Kzmnmpdzhqeh9 h kmz d vmké ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`' Zmkh# :114' VH_EDZ# O'K' 2 _edezh# \' &d{qîzepm Hg`zå Ctey% Dvmctìëm dn `me{ ntg`m{' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' ODJ# 855<' VH_EDZ# O'K' &d{qîzepm Dnnhgtdc% Qdg{hndgpm d ve`h' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' ODJ# 85<4' \DEC# Q' / PMNQHBM\# Z' M kmzqm ohch' Qdpzûqmce{9 D`' _myd{# 8561' \DE[[# J' H ktzh hpzhvå{ `h pdzhqeh `d ve`h{ qh{{h`h{ ' Zem `d Ihgdezm9 D`' [dphgpd# :11<' UHNHNTZH# U' Hktqtgptzh pzhèkemghc9 h hzpd `d eg{dzez ' [ëm Qhtcm9 D`'Zmkh# 8556' YENDZNHG# @'D' Otg`hndgpm{ jè{ekm{ `h{ lztqmpdzhqeh{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# :111' ]]]] Otg`hndgpm{ q{ekhghcîpekm{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# 8555' YENDZNHG# @'D' / M[MZEM# C'K' &dp' hc% Kmnm pzhjhcfhnm{ kmn lztqm{' Qmzpm Hcdlzd9 D`' Hzpnd`# 855<'

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HCJTXTDZXTD# N'C' M xtd å QGC= Eg9 |||'nchcjtxtdzxtd'kmn  JHCCMGD# L'I' H{qdkpm{ Kdzdjzhe{ `h `dqdg`égkeh' Eg9 |||'vezpthcq{u'cmkh|dj'kmn'jz  ]]]]Kzehgìh{ h`mph`h{ d `d mzohghpm ' Eg9 |||'q{ex|dj'nd`'jz  ]]]] @dqzd{{ëm' Eg9 |||'q{ex|dj'nd`'jz  ]]]] @dqzd{{ëm2 `h`m{ {mjzd m qzmjcdnh {ëm hchznhgpd{' Eg9 |||'ljhccmgd'{epd{'tmc'kmn'jz ]]]] @dqzd{{ëm gm e`m{m' Eg9 |||'q{ex|dj'nd`'jz ]]]]Pzhg{pmzgm{ `dqzd{{evm{' Eg9 |||'q{ex|dj'nd`'jz JDZGHZ@M# K'P' @d{lm{pm qdch ve`h qzmvmkh {tekîèm' Eg9 |||'d{qezepm'kmn'jz  Jemlzhoeh `d Kfekm Vhvedz ' Eg9 |||'kfekmhvedztjdzhjh'kmn'jz  Jemlzhoeh `d @evhc`m Qdzdezh Ozhgkm' Eg9 |||'èvhc`mozhgkm'kmn JEPPDCJZTGG# K'N'E' @dqzd{{ëm egohgpec ' Eg9 |||'q{extd'mzl  JMZLD[# [' M xtd å odgl.{fte ' Eg9 |||'{hg`zhjmzld{'kmn  JZHG@HCE[D# N'F' _mké `d{kmjzet m {dgpe`m `d {th ve`h= Eg9 |||'q{ekmcmlmpdzhqeh'q{k'jz  KH[PDCÔD[# C' Jzh{ecdezm{ {ëm nhe{ `dqdg`dgpd{ dn èckmmc# phjhkm d nhkmgfh ' Eg9 |||'kmnkedgkeh'jz  KDYENJZH# N' @dqzd{{ëm egohgpec ' Eg9 |||'hcdzphndèkm'nd`'jz  KMZZDH# M' Nt{ekmpdzhqeh' Eg9 |||'hzpd{qezeph'vechjmc'tmc'kmn'jz 

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@DC.QMZPM# I'H' / @DC.QMZPM# B'M' Fe{pûzeh `h khzhkpdzeyhìëm gm{mcûlekh `m pzhg{pmzgm jeqmchz ' Eg9 |||'fkgdp't{q'jz @EH[# _' E`dgpeoekhìëm `d ohpmzd{ `d ze{km qm`d dvephz `dqzd{{ëm qû{.qhzpm' Eg9 |||'t{q'jz  @MGEKD# N'L' H hgèce{d jemdgdzlåpekh' Eg9 |||'{ht`dve`hmgcegd'kmn'jz  OHZEH# H'C' Dgpzdlh' Eg9 |||'{zm{{dp'kmn'jz  ODJ Od`dzhìëm D{qîzeph Jzh{ecdezh' Eg9 odjgdp'mzl'jz  LTENHZËD[# K' H' O' H oî{ekh nm`dzgh' Eg9 |||'ldmkeped{'kmn-khzcm{'ltenhzhd{  ]]]] H q{ekmcmleh pzhg{qd{{mhc' Eg9 |||'ldmkeped{'kmn-khzcm{'ltenhzhd{  CHNJDZP' D' Zez å m ndcfmz zdnåèm' Eg9 |||:'tmc'kmn'jz-vuhd{pdchz  CED\DCCUG# Z' M qm`dz mktcpm `h nù{ekh ' Eg9 |||'nt{ekhdh`mzhkhm'kmn'jz  CENH# I'H'N' @dqzd{{ëm `m hnmz mt hnmz `h `dqzd{{ëm' Eg9 |||'mcfm{hcnh'kmn'jz NHKFH@M# I'J'['K' @d{dgvmcvendgpm `h{ zdchìôd{ ftnhgh{' Eg9 ijkhchyhg{'{epd{'tmc'kmn'jz  NH[KE# K' Fmndmqhpeh d fmndmpdzhqeh' Eg9 |||'nh{ke'kmn'jz NDEZDCCD[# [' H{ kht{h{ `h `dqzd{{ëm' Eg9 |||'eg{peptpmvezh{dz'kmn'jz  GHPE_E@H@D# N' H `dqzd{{ëm `m qzd{dgpd qm`d hqmgphz `mdgìh{ lzhvd{ gm otptzm ' Eg9 |||'jhumtjzh{ec'kmn  QDCPEDZ# N' H ktzh hpzhvå{ `h hgèce{d pzhg{hkemghc' Eg9 nhzkehqdcpedz'el'kmn'jz  QMZKT dp' hc' D{pt`m kmnqhzhpevm {mjzd h qzdvhcégkeh `d {egpmnh{ `dqzd{{evm{ dn e`m{m{ fm{qephceyh`m{# eg{peptkemghceyh`m{ d zd{e`dgpd{ gh kmntge`h`d' Eg9 |||'qql'tdn'jz 

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QZEDPM# @' / PH_HZD[# N' Pzhg{pmzgm{ ndgphe{ h{{mkeh`m{ hm {tekîèm d á pdgphpevh `d {tekîèm ' @e{qmgîvdc Eg9 |||'eqtj'tozi'jz  [H@DZ# N' Pzhg{omznhìëm xtêgpekh `m qdg{hndgpm ' Eg9 |||'nmhkez{h`dz'kmn  [HGPM[# @'K' / JHZDPPH# E'Q' Hzmnhpdzhqeh gm pzhphndgpm `h `dqzd{{ëm ' Eg9 |||'q{ekmqd`hlmleh'kmn'jz  [HGPM[# N'[' [dt kmzqm å {th kh{h' Eg9 |||'iqdzdlzegm'kmn'jz  [HGPM[# M'N'L' Jemdgdzlåpekh' Eg9 |||'{zm{{dp'kmn'jz  _DELH GDPM# H'Z' Hgèce{d pzhg{hkemghc ' Eg9 |||'vdelh'gdp _EKEGE# L' _dcfm{ d `dqzene`m{ ‛ `dqzene`m{ ‛ heg`h heg`h `è qzh {mzzez= Eg9 |||'qmzphc`mdgvdcfdkendgpm'gdp  _EBPMZ OZHGBC' Jemlzhoeh ' Eg9 |||'cmlmpdzhqehmgcegd'kmn'jz  \EDC# Q' M xtd å q{ekmcmleh pzhg{qd{{mhc ' Eg9 |||'qcdgept`d'kmn'jz  \MZC@ FDHCPF MZLHGEYHPEMG' Eg9 |||'|fm'egp 

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Livro "Depressão: corpo, mente e alma"

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