Jdt`jäthid
?
1» Aäshic - Frupc Ptdtläe ]rhj`r s`j`str` - HF@Q
Jdt`jäthid ? ]rhj`r s`j`str`
© Hesthtutc Fudt`jdlt`ic g` @guidihùe Qdghcbùehid, HF@Q. @s ued card prcguihgd pcr `l G`pdrtdj`et G`pdrtdj`etc c g` Q`gdiihùe y Ghs`ôc, pdrd `l Hesthtutc Fudt`jdlt`ic Fudt`jdlt`ic g` @guidihùe Qdghcbùehid, HF@Q. 44 dv`ehgd 4?-70, Ihugdg Eu`vd, zced 1 Ihugdg g` Fudt`jdld. ]A_; 1741 2222 Bdx; 1741 26=7 Icrr`c `l`itrùehic; hf`rMhf`r.`gu.ft ]äfhed w`a; www.hf`r.`gu.ft @ghihùe 1=47 Hjpr`sc `e HF@Q Wdll`r`s Fräics
Iùghfc; 444=?=71=4 HYAE 86?8818?=72 86?8818?=726? 6?
Q`s`rvdgcs tcgcs lcs g`r`iocs. Tu`gd rhfurcsdj`et` prcohahgd ld r`prcguiihùe tctdl c pdrihdl g` `st` jdt`rhdl `guidthvc, pcr iudlquh`r j`ghc c prci`ghjh`etc, she ld dutcrhzdihùe g`l Hesthtutc Fudt`jdlt`ic g` @guidihùe Qdghcbùehid, HF@Q. Y`fûe drtêiulc 71 g` ld Icesthtuihùe ]clêthid g` Fudt`jdld qu` s` r``r` d ld dutcrêd.
Êeghi` Êeghi` ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................................ ...................
H
Eu`strd crh`etdihùe hehihdl ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... ......................................... ....................
4
Y`jded 4 ................. ................ ................. ................. ............ .... Wrhäefulc,, ihriueb`r`eihd y iêriulc Wrhäefulc iêriulc .........
49
¡]drd icj`ezdr! @l eûj`rc (ph) ....................................................................................... @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Lcs trhäefulcs ................... ........................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ................................... .............. 4.4 Ildshidihùe g` lcs trhäefulcs ................................................................................. 4.1 ]`rêj`trc y är`d g` ue trhäefulc ................... ........................................ .......................................... .................................... ............... d. ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c g` ue trhäefulc ................... ........................................ .......................................... ........................................... ........................ a. Är`d g` ue trhäefulc .................. ....................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................. ............. 1. Ihriueb`r` Ihriueb`r`eihd eihd y iêriulc .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ................. 1.4 ]drt`s g`l iêriulc .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ..................... 1.1 @l usc g`l icjpäs ................... ........................................ ............................................. ............................................. ......................................... .................... 1.9 ]`rêj`trc y är`d g` ue iêriulc .................... ......................................... .......................................... ........................................ ................... d. ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c g` ue iêriulc ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... ..... a. Är`d g` ue iêriulc .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..................................... ................ Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ Dutcicetrcl ................................................................................................................................. Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
47 40 40 46 46 46 48 48 1= 14 14 14 19 17 12 16 1?
Y`jded 1
Iudgrhlät`rcs
............................................................................................................... ¡]drd icj`ezdr! Y`fuhjcs ice lcs iudgrhlät`rcs .................... ......................................... ...................................... ................. @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid
18 9=
4. @l rcjac ..................... ............................................ ............................................ .......................................... .......................................... ............................................ ....................... 4.4 ]`rêj`trc y är`d g`l rcjac .................... .......................................... ........................................... .......................................... ....................... d. ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c g`l rcjac ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... ................................. ............ a. Är`d g`l rcjac ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................................... .................... 1. @l rcjachg` .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ....................................... .................. 1.4 ]`rêj`trc y är`d g` ue rcjachg` ..................... .......................................... .......................................... ................................ ........... d. ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c g`l rcjachg` .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... ..... a. Är`d g`l rcjachg` ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... ..................................... ................
94 94 94 99 90 90 90 92
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Êeghi`
H
Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
96
Dutcicetrcl .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... .....
9?
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
7=
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
74
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
71
Y`jded 9
]clêfcecs r`fuldr`s
..........................................................................................
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Lcs adrrhl`t`s fhfdet`s ...........................................................................
79 77
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. ]clêfcecs r`fuldr`s .................. ....................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ......................... ....
70
4.4 @l`j`etcs g` ue pclêfcec r`fuldr ..................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................. ........
72
4.1 ]clêfcecs r`fuldr`s y trhäefulcs hsùsi`l`s .................... ......................................... .................................... ...............
76
1. ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c y är`d g` pclêfcecs r`fuldr`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... .....
7?
1.4 ]`rêj`tr ]`rêj`trc c g` lcs pclêfcecs .................. ....................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................... ...... 1.1 Är`d g` lcs pclêfcecs ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................. ............. Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
7? 78
Dutcicetrcl .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... .....
01 09
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
02
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
06
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
0?
Y`jded 7
@l iuac ................................................................................................................................... ¡]drd icj`ezdr! Bu`fc, dhr`, dfud, th`rrd… sùlhgcs pldtùehics pldtùehics ..................... .................................. .............
HH
08 2=
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. @l iuac ..................... ........................................... ........................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................................... ..............................
24
4.4 Är`d g`l iuac ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
21
4.1 Rclu Rcluj`e j`e g`l iuac .................... ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
27
Dutcicetrcl .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... .....
26 2?
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
6=
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
64
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
61
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
Y`jded 0
@l ihlhegrc ........................................................................................................................... ¡]drd icj`ezdr! Pe äracl `e ue ihlhegrc g` pdp`l ....................................................... @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Lcs ihlhegrcs ................... ........................................ ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ....................................... .................. 4.4 Är`d tctdl g` ue ihlhegrc .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .............................. ......... 4.1 Rcluj` Rcluj`ee g`l ihlhegrc .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ..................................... ................ Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
69 67 60 62 68 ?4 ?1 ?7 ?0 ?2
Y`jded 2
Ld phräjhg` ..................................................................................................................... ¡]drd icj`ezdr! Icestruiihce`s iurhcsds ........................................................................ @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Ld phräjhg` ..................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ....................................... .................. 4.4 Ildshidihùe g` lds phräjhg`s r`fuldr` r`fuldr`ss ................... ........................................ .......................................... ..................... 1. Är`d g` ued phräjhg` r`fuldr ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .............................. ......... 9. Rcluj`e Rcluj`e g` ld phräjhg` ..................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ............. Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
?6 ?? ?8 8= 84 80 86 8? 4== 4=4 4=1
Y`jded 6 Ld `sb`rd
............................................................................................................................ 4=9 ¡]drd icj`ezdr! @sb`rds ioheds g` ld sdlug ..................................................................... 4=7 @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Ld `sb`rd ................... ......................................... ........................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................................... ............................ 4=0 4.4 Är`d g` ld `sb`rd .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................ ... 4=2 4.1 Rcluj` Rcluj`ee g` ld `sb`rd ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... ..................................... ................ 4=? Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ 44= Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... 444 Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. 447 Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. 440 G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ........................................................................................... 442
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Êeghi`
HHH
Y`jded ?
....................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... Q`pdsc s`jdeds 4-6 ..................
446
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Wrhäefulcs, ihriueb`r`e ihriueb`r`eihd ihd y iêriulc .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... Iudgrhlät`rcs; Iudgrhlät`r cs; rcjac y rcjachg` ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... ............................ ....... ]clêfcecs r`fuldr` r`fuldr`ss ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ................................. ............ @l iuac ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ................................... .............. @l ihlhegrc ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................... .......... Ld phräjhg` ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................... ...... Ld `sb`rd .................. ....................................... ........................................... ........................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................. ............. Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. Crh`etdihce`s scar` ld pru`ad pdrihdl ................... ........................................ .......................................... ................................... ..............
448 411 417 412 41? 49= 499 497 490 492
Y`jded 8
Ld rdêz iudgrdgd ......................................................................................................
496
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Iorhstcpo Qugclbb .................................................................................... 49? @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Qdghidihùe .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ......................................... .................... 498 4.4 @l`j`etcs g` ld rdêz .................. ....................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................................ ................... 498 1. Qdêz iudgrdgd .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... .................................. ............. 47= 1.4 Iäliulc g` ld rdêz iudgrdgd `xditd .................... ......................................... .......................................... ............................... .......... 47= 1.1 ]rci`ghjh`etc ]rci`ghjh`etc pdrd `xtrd`r rdêi`s iudgrdgds g` idethgdg`s frdeg`s ... 471 Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ 470 Dutcicetrcl ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................... ...... 472 Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. 47? Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. 478 G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................. ....... 40=
Y`jded 4=
Hetrcguiihùee d lds `iudihce`s Hetrcguiihù
......................................... .................... ..................................... ................
404
¡]drd icj`ezdr! @vcluihùe g` lcs shfecs `e jdt`jäthid .......................................... 401 @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. L`efudk` dlf`ardhic .................... ......................................... ............................................. ............................................. .......................................... ......................... 409 4.4 Wèrjhec dlf`ardhic .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................................ ................... 407 4.1 Wèrjhecs s`j`kdet` s`j`kdet`ss ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................... ............... 400 1. @iudihce`s g` prhj`r frdgc ice ued heiùfehtd .................... ......................................... .................................. ............. 402 1.4 ]drt`s g` ued `iudihùe .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ................................ ........... 402 1.1 Q`scluihùe g` `iudihce`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... 40?
HR
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... .... Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
424 421 427 420
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .............................. .........
422
Y`jded 44
@iudihce`s HH
...............................................................................................................
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Ohstcrhd g` lds `iudihce`s ........................................................................... @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. @iudihce`s ice vdrhcs tèrjhecs .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .........................
4.4 @iudihce`s @iudihce`s ice shfecs g` dfrupdihùe ................... ........................................ .......................................... ......................... .... 4.1 @iudihce`s ice eûj`rcs g`ihjdl`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... ............................. ........ Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
426 42? 428 46= 461 467
Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... ....
460
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
46?
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
468 4?=
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
Y`jded 41
@iudihce`s HHH .............................................................................................................. ¡]drd icj`ezdr! ]rdithqu`jcs `l jêehjc icjûe jûlthplc (jij) .........................
4?4 4?1
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. @iudihce`s ice brdiihce`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ................................. ............
4?9
4.4 @iudihce`s ice gcs tèrjhecs brdiihcedrhcs .................... ......................................... ................................... ..............
4?9
4.1 @iudihce`s ice vdrhcs tèrjhecs brdiihcedrhcs ................... ........................................ ............................... .......... Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
4?0
Dutcicetrcl .................................................................................................................................
4?6 4??
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
481
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
489 487
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
Y`jded 49
Q`scluihùe g` prcal`jds ice `iudihce`s ...................
480
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Q`sclv`r prcal`jds ecs odi` icjp`t`et`s ....................................
482
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Q`scluihùe g` prcal`jds ice `iudihce`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... ......................... ....
4.4 ]rcal`jds g` `gdg`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................. .............
486 48?
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Êeghi`
R
4.1 ]rcal`jds g` f`cj`trêd ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
1=4
4.9 ]rcal`jds ice eûj`rcs ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
1=7
4.7 ]rcal`jds g` ghe`rc .................... ......................................... .......................................... ........................................... .................................... .............. Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
1=6
Dutcicetrcl ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................... ......
1=8
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
14=
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
144
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
141
1=?
Y`jded 47
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` hfudldihùe ................... ........................................ ........................................... ........................................... .......................................... ........................................ ...................
149
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Y`nh Ncwd ...................................................................................................
147
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Yhst`jd g` gcs `iudihce`s ice gcs heiùfehtds .................. ....................................... ..................................... ................
140
4.4 Jètcgc g` hfudldihùe ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .................................... ...............
140
4.1 Ld hjpcrtdeihd g` sda`r pldet`dr shst`jds .................. ....................................... ..................................... ................ Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
11= 111
Dutcicetrcl ................... ........................................ .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ........................... ......
119
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
112
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
116
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
11?
Y`jded 40
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` susthtuihùe ...................................................................................................................... ¡]drd icj`ezdr! Ycbêd Rdsêlh`ved Ncvdl`vsndhd ............................................................. @l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Jètcgc Jètcgc g` susthtuihùe .................. ....................................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................ ...................
4.4 Q`scluihùe g` prcal`jds dplhidegc shst`jds g` `iudihce`s .................... Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................ Dutcicetrcl .................................................................................................................................
RH
118 19= 194 190 19?
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
198 171
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
179
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ............................ .......
177
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
Y`jded 42
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` r`guiihùe ...........................................................................................................................
170
¡]drd icj`ezdr! Iodrl`s Adaadf` ......................................................................................
172
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid 4. Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` r`guiihùe .................... ......................................... ................................... ..............
176
d. Eûj`rcs prhjcs `e ld vdrhdal` d `lhjhedr .................. ....................................... ................................... .............. a. Yhfecs hfudl`s `e ld vdrhdal` d `lhjhedr ................... ........................................ ....................................... ..................
17? 178
4.4 Q`scluihùe g` prcal`jds ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................... ..... Q`suj`e ........................................................................................................................................
101
Dutcicetrcl ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................... ....
100
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl .................................................................................................. Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic .............................................................................................................
10? 108
G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s ...........................................................................................
12=
107
Y`jded 46
Q`pdsc s`jdeds 8-42
................................................................................
124
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Ld rdêz iudgrdgd ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ...................................... .................
129
Hetrcguiihùe d lds `iudihce`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................. .............
120
@iudihce`s ice shfecs g` dfrupdihùe y g`ihjdl`s ............................................... .......................... ............................ .......
126
@iudihce`s ice brdiihce`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................................... ....................
16=
Q`scluihùe g` prcal`jds ice `iudihce`s ................... ........................................ .......................................... ................................ ...........
161
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` hfudldihùe ................... ........................................ .......................................... .....................
166
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` susthtuihùe ..................... .......................................... ....................................... ..................
168
Yhst`jds g` `iudihce`s, jètcgc g` r`guiihùe .................... ......................................... .......................................... ..................... Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ..................................................................................................
1?4 1?9
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic ............................................................................................................. Crh`etdihùe scar` ld pru`ad pdrihdl ...............................................................................
1?7 1?2
Ildv`s .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .................................... ...............
1?6
Ahalhcfrdbêd ..................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .......................................... .....................
917
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Êeghi`
RHH
Eu`strd crh`etdihùe hehihdl ¡B`lhihtdihce`s! Ocy icetheûd ice su bcrjdihùe bcrjdihù e jdt`jäthid `e `l frupc Ptdtläe. Yh s` `sbu`rzd y prdithid tcgcs lcs gêds, iuljhedrä ice èxhtc y odarä ices`fuhgc ue p`lgdôc jäs `e su icjp`t`eihd jdt`jäthid. Ped p`rsced `s “icjp`t`et`‚ iudegc odi` juy ah`e sus tdr`ds, g` jde`rd pr`ihsd y `e `l th`jpc dg`iudgc. Dg`jäs ghsbrutd lc qu` odi` y `s ue au`e icjpdô`rc, idpdz g` trdadkdr `e `quhpc pdrd su a`e`ihc y `l g` lcs g`jäs. @e `l HF@Q qu`r`jcs qu` ust`g s`d ued
p`rsced icjp`t`et` `e jdt`jäthid. Dsê qu` gurdet` `st` dôc pr`t`eg`jcs qu`; G`sdrrcll` su odahlhgdg pdrd uthlhzdr y r`ldihcedr lcs eûj`rcs, sus cp`rdihce`s aäshids, lcs sêjaclcs y `l rdzcedjh`etc jdt`jäthic tdetc pdrd prcguihr ` het`rpr`tdr ghsthetcs thpcs g` hebcrjdihùe, icjc pdrd djplhdr su icecihjh`etc y dplhidrlcs d ld r`dlhgdg g` su vhgd icthghded.
Det`s g` s`fuhr prcbueghzdegc `e lds icjp`t`eihds qu` g`sdrrclldrä gurdet` `st` dôc g` `stughc, pldthqu`jcs scar` ld pcrtdgd g` su lharc. ³Tuè v`3 @l cak`thvc `s qu` `std hjdf`e ecs trdesjhtd dlfueds hg`ds, s`ethjh`etcs y su`ôcs qu` g`a`jcs t`e`r pr`s`et`s. ]cr `k`jplc; •
@l juegc ecs r`iu`rgd qu` scjcs pdrt` g`l plde`td
Wh`rrd y qu` `e èl, ld jdt`jäthid `s ued o`rrdjh`etd qu` ecs dyugd d g`siuarhr, dpr`eg`r y sdacr`dr lds ih`eihds, lds drt`s y ld iulturd. •
Ld hjdf`e g` ue frupc g` jdecs dlr`g`gcr
g` ue icrdzùe ecs odald g` `stdal`i`r r`ldihce`s ice lds p`rsceds qu` ecs rcg`de. Het`ridjahdjcs bcrjds g` s`ethr, p`esdr y v`r ld vhgd. Ld rhqu`zd g` `stds r`ldihce`s y ld jde`rd `e qu` dpr`eg`jcs d r`sclv`r eu`strds ghb`r`eihds ecs icevh`rt` `e j` kcr`s p`rsceds.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
4
Ll`fdr d s`r jdt`jäthidj`et` icjp`t`et` `s ue prci`sc icetheuc qu` s` p`rb`iihced gurdet` tcgd ld vhgd. vhgd. @st` dôc `e jdt`jäthid g`a` trdadkdr `sp`ihdlj`et` `e lds icjp`t`eihds qu` s` g`sirha`e d icetheudihùe y qu` hrä g`sdrrclldegc `e lds ghb`r`et`s s`iihce`s g`l lharc. 4.
7.
Wrdguihr hebcrjdihùe qu` cath`e` g` su `etcrec dl l`efudk` shjaùlhic.
Icev`rthr brdiihce`s `e g`ihjdl`s y vhi`v`rsd dplhidegc ld k`rdrquêd g` cp`rdihce`s `e `l icekuetc g` eûj`rcs rdihcedl`s.
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic
1. Pthlhzdr lds r`ldihce`s y prcph`gdg`s `etr` ghb`r`et`s pdtrce`s (f`cjètrhics, dlf`ardhics y trhfcecjètrhics) `e ld r`pr`s`etdihùe g` hebcrjdihùe y r`scluihùe g` prcal`jds.
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Dutcicetrcl Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic
0. Idliuldr cp`rdihce`s aäshids y icjahedgds g` lcs icekuetcs eujèrhics ice dfhlhgdg.
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Dutcicetrcl Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic
9.
2.
Pthlhzdr jcg`lcs jdt`jäthics (r`ldihce`s, bueihce`s y `iudihce`s) `e ld r`pr`s`etdihùe y pr`s`etdihùe g` r`sultdgcs.
G`sdrrclldr `strdt`fhds g` dutcdpr`eghzdk` qu` dplhid y v`rhid `e `l dutcicetrcl
y `e `l iudgrc g` ld `vdludihùe edl g` ld s`jded.
1
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid Dutcicetrcl Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic
Dutcicetrcl Q`vhs` su dpr`eghzdk`
³Iùjc `s ld `struiturd g` idgd s`jded3 ¡Hehihdegc ice au`e ph`! Idgd s`jded hehihd ice ld pcrtdgd pcrtdgd,, `e `lld `eicetrdrä;
@l eûj`rc g` ld s`jded g` `stughc y `l têtulc g`l t`jd qu` dpr`eg`rä.
4 `r`ei b` Wrhäefulc, ihriue b Wr
@e ³Tuè `eicetrdrä `std s`jded3 l` heghide lcs icet`ehgcs qu` trdadkdrä `e idgd s`iihùe g`l lharc.
hd y iêriulc
d s`jded 3 td trrdrä `s t ³T uè `eice t h) @l eûj`rc (p ) trrc y är`d iêêriulc; p`rêj` t y i b`rr`eihd y äefulc, ihriueb` Wrhä Wrh l d td t ` e j c l i u l ` iä g` dg g hgd Dfhlhlhg hriiueb`r`eihd y iêriulc ihr äefulcs, i rhä trh ärr`d g` t y ä trrc y ` t êj` ` p`rêj g` ]rcal`jds g
d s`jded lcfrdrä; td @s t
trrhäefulcs. tc cs t e t the urd `e ghs th ltu d dlt ld y l ds` y ad thhbhidr ld a `e t Hg` Hg s. s ldgcs y g` sus äefulc u su s ` g d g h ` g j l d c r p lcss efulc häe trhä dr tr hid hbhi ldsshb Ild êriiulcs. êr i y s c u l f e ä r h tr t ` g d ` r är trrc y `l ä ldrr `l p`rêj` t uld liu Idli êriiulc. g` ue iêr ` ued ihriueb`r`eihd y g` c g trc ghhäj` tr dghc y `l g rd thhbhidr y j`ghr `l r `e t Hg` Hg . lc. lc u r i i ê ihhriueb`r`eihd g` ue ed i ue hdrr u Ghb`r`eihd ulcs ice icjpäs. riu Wrrdzdr iêri W trrhäefulcs y trrc y `l är`d g` t rêj` t thhics dplhlhiidegc `l p` `jä t t` lv`r prcal`jds jd t Q`sc v` êriiulcs. iêr ds bhfurds ice èl. td he t the Wd defrdj y drjdr ghs t e W ue hr u uhr tru Ices tr
1 Iudgr hlät`r cs
³T uè `eicetr dr ä `std
s`jded3
Y`fuhjcs ice lcs iud gr hlät`rc rcss Qcjac y y r r cjachg`; p`r êj` êj`tr c y är är `d Dfhlhlhhgdg g` iäliulc j `etdl ]r cal` l`j jds jdt`jäthi hic cs
Lu`fc `e @std s`jded lcfrdrä, lcfrdrä , s` g`sirha`e lcs brutcs qu` ices`fuhrä dl edlhzdr `l `stughc g` idgd s`jded.
]drd pcg`r dlidezdr lcs lcfrcs, lèdlcs ice dt`eihùe, icjprèegdlcs y crfdehi` su th`jpc.
@std s`jded lcfr dr ä; Q`icr gdr r iiùjc i id dli liu uld ldr r ` `l p`r ê ê j`tr c y y ` `l är `d g` i iu udgr dgcs y y r r `itäefulc lcss. Idli liu uldr r p p`r êj` êj`tr cs y y ä är `ds g` r cjacs y y r r cjachg`s uthlhzdegc lds b ùr juld icr r ldss. r` itdj`et` Idliuldr j` j`etdlj lj` `et` `l p`r ê ê j`tr c g` ue r cjac y y ` `l är `d g` u ue e r cjachg`. Q`sclv `r r p pr cal`jds r `ldihcedg cs ice `l ä är r `d y y ` `l p`r ê ê j`tr c g g` ` r cjacs y y r r cjachg`s. Q`iceci`r r p pdtr ce`s g` s`iu`eihd s lùfhi hid ds.
Ld lhstd t`rjhed ice ued lêe`d `e aldeic pdrd qu` s` prcpcefd ue lcfrc p`rscedl.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
9
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthid @l prcpùshtc g` `std s`iihùe `s dpr`eg`r, prdithidr y dplhidr lcs buegdj`etcs g` ld jdt`jäthid. Iceci`r`jcs `sp`ihdlj`et` ld f`cj`trêd, lcs buegdj`etcs g`l älf`ard y lcs prheihphcs aäshics g` `stdgêsthid.
Dprcv`io` `l `spdihc vdiêc g` ld iclujed pdrd odi`r dectdihce`s, `sirhahr hg`ds hjpcrtdet`s, pr`fuetds, `ti.
thhid `jä t t` @l juegc g` ld jd t 4.
`rd b` L d `s b
k`-cs ca k` tc de t td y t acl y ta p`lc td g` bu t u` ecs dlujard c ued qu Ycl q Lds `sb`rds ioheds, `l . d ` r b ` s ` g` g d thh`e`e bcrj `g iceci` t t` uss t tc t cs qu` u cs yc vd, iu y up`rfflih` iur vd c bcrjdgc pcr ued s hic trrhi è t thhefuhr `jcs ghs t `rd `s ue iu`rpc f`cj b` Ld `s b trrc. @e ued `sb`rd pcg `l i`e t g` hd g i e td t d h s g d j hsj jhs j l d d e tä ä cs `s t tc pue t cs; tc j`e t l`j cs `l` tc `s t d d ld trd ` `eiu`e tr s` t` `rhcr qu` s c he t tc I ) `s `l pue t (I trrc ( I`e t g d sup`rfflih`. ld c g` l tc h`rr pue t r deihd g` iudlquh` td jhsjd ghs t l d I ` g c tc t e trrc d ue pu t e ` i l ` g d i h e d s td t h g d l s ) ` Q dghc (r ) sup`rfflih` `sbèrhid. u` pdsd pcr `l qu c q tc uh`r s`fj`e t lqu udlq iu g ) `s i (g trrc ( j` t häj Ghä cs g` ld sup`rfflih`. tc ue t pu y ue` gcs p rc y trc i`e t
Wdjahèe `eicetrdrä r`iudgrcs ice r`icrgdtcrhcs c `xplhidihce`s qu` `erhqu`i`e `l icet`ehgc.
c `s ld tc Y`fj`e t d td t ` g` ued r `i t pdr t` trr ` d `e t hgd ghg e r ` p icj tc cs, qu` s` gcs pue t td dr pu`g`e r`pr `s`e t d. trd uh`r l` tr lqu udlq iu ice i A D
`rihihc 4 k` @ k
egd. `eihùe ld `sb`rd y r`spc t` v` ice juiod d t D. Cas`r v` IBB3 c I tc b`rrd bcrjd `l s`fj`e t `ssb` ` ld ` g` c g tc j`e t l`j 4 ) ³Tuè `l`
d `s ld c g` l tc 1 ) ³Tuè `l`j`e t
I33 c I tc b`rd `s `l pue t
@
B
c @F 3 tc `fj`e t s` c g` ld `sb`rd `s `l s tc 9 ) ³Tuè `l`j`e t c bc efde b t`e cjardgc y qu` t` ec djcs e yd d y od cs qu` ec o tc trr`s ca k` t A. @sirhad t
O
I
a.
F
r `d g`l r cjachg hg` `
@l är `d g`l r cjachg` `s ld sup`r fflih` qu` `e ih`r r rd su p`r êj` êj`tr c. Y Y` ` r `pr `s`etd ice ld b ù r juld ld;;
`ssb`rd. rjd g` ` rjd
d
o
D : a x o o
4 )
Y` l` l`` `; `l är `d g ` u ue e r cjachg ` `s `s h h fu f udl d d ld ld a ad ds`
1 )
@ k k` `jplc
9 )
a
(a ) ) p pc cr ld ld j`g hg hg d g ` l d d dlt lt urd
(o ).
Idliuld ldj jcs `l ä är r `d g` ued v `etded `e b cr jd g` rc rcj jachg`. Ld ads` jhg y lld dltur d 0 y 0= = ij. hg` ` 6= ij W `e`jcs lcs g gd dtcs a :
6= ij, o : 0= ij
Idliuldjcs ` `ll är `d •
•
•
•
@ k k` `r ihihc 9
Icphdjcs ld b ùr juld Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtcs Cp`r djcs
D : a x x o o D : ( 6= i ij j x x 0 0= i ij j) D : ( 6= x x 0 0=)( ij x x iij) D : 90== ij1
@sir hahjcs ld r `spu`st d; ld v `etd tde ed t thh`e `e` ` ue ä är r `d g` 9 90 0== ij1.
]r dithqu` `l iäliulc g `l p`r ê ê j`tr c y y g g`l är `d g` ue r cjac hg`. 4) Ped i ic ccp`rd rdtthv d g` j ju u k k` `r `s pr cgui` kd kdll`ds. Idgd r `ihph`et` g jd g` r cjachg`. @l ldgc ` k kd dl`d th`e` ued `thqu`t g` l ld d ads` jhg` 0 i d `e b cr ij j y ` y `l ld ldg gc heilhe g` ued `thqu`td3 hed dgc 7 ij. ³Iuäl `s `l p`r ê ê j`tr c Icphdjcs ld b ùr juld ] : 1d + 1a Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtcs ] : 1( ij) + 1( ij) Cp`r djcs ]: + •
•
•
Q`su`lvd lcs `k`rihihcs y r`pêtdlcs, dsê kdrä `e su j`jcrhd lcs icei`ptcs
eu`vcs y l` gdrä s`furhgdg `e lc qu` dpr`eg`.
]: ij @sir hahjcs ld r `spu`s td;; td 1) Yh ld dltur d g` lds `t hqu`tds `s g` 9 ij y y lld ads` `s g` 0 ij, ³i uäl `s `l ä är r `d g` ued ` Icphdjcs ld b ùr juld `tthqu`td3 D : a x o o Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtcs D : ( ij)( ij) Cp`r djcs D : ( x )( ij x ij ij) D : @sir hahjcs ld r `spu`std; •
•
•
•
•
Dect` sus gugds y r`sdlt` lc qu` g`a` r`icrgdr c pr`stdr dt`eihùe.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
0
³Iùjc sda`r qu` `stä dlidezdegc lcs lcfrcs qu` l` ll`vde d g`sdrrclldr lds icjp`t`eihds3 Q`sclv`r lcs `k`rihihcs gurdet` ld ilds` rdghdl ice ld dyugd g` sus jd`strcs lciutcr`s l` p`rjhthrä icjprcadr sh icjpr`eg` lcs icet`ehgcs prcpu`stcs y pcr lc tdetc sh vd dlidezdegc lcs lcfrcs.
Yh l ld d ghd hdf fcedl jdy cr r g g`l t`ioc jhg` ? j y y lld
g D : G x g 1
Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtc tcss `e ld b ùr juld
•
D:
Cp`r djcs
•
W`efd pr`s`et` qu` ld jdt`jäthid “`etrd pcr `l läphz‚. Q`sclv`r tcgcs lcs `k`rihihcs y odi`rlc iudetds v`i`s s`d e`i`sdrhc l` p`rjhthrä hr fdedegc s`furhgdg y dfhlhgdg.
j`ecr 2 2 j, ³què sup`r bhi bhih` iuar ` `l t`ioc3
@sir hah hahjcs ld b ùr juld g`l ä r `d
•
(
j)( 1
(
x
D:
D:
)( j x x j j) 1
j1
1
D: @sir hahjcs ld r `spu`std ; `l
•
j)
j1
t`ioc iuar `
j1 g` s su up`r fflih`.
1) Djdegd i ic cestr uy ` ue pdpdlct` `e b cr jd g` r cjac. I Id dgd l 17 ij y ld dgc jhg` 49 ij, ld gh y lld ghdfcedl j`ecr 4= dfcedl j 4= ij. jd dy cr d. ³Iuäetd phtd e`i` shtd Djdegd p pd dr d odi`r `l `l acr g` g`l pdpdlc lctt`3 @sir hahjcs l ld d b ùr juld g`l p`r ê ê j`tr c ]: •
•
•
•
a.
Yusthtu tuhhjcs `l gdtc
•
•
ij)
] :
Q`spu`std; Djdegd e `i`shtd
³Tuè i id deth thg gdg g` p pd dp` •
] : 7 x x ( (
Cp`r djcs
g` phtd.
l uthlhzdr ä pdr d odi`r r ` `l
@sirh rha ahjcs ld b ùr juld g`l är `d Yusthtuhj hjc cs lc lcss g gd dtcs
pdpdlct`3
x g g D : G x 1
`e ld b ùr juld
Cp`r djcs
D: D:
(
ij )( 1
(
x
ij)
)( 1
x
)
Q `sDu: j`eij
1
1
•
D: cs ulcs ful häef Wrhäe 4. Wr @sir hahjcs ld r `spu`s s. lcs. fulc äefu r`ss äe y t tr` gcs y ldg r`ss ld td;; Djdegd utlcs td pcrr tr` dgcs pc rjd bcrj ecss bc cec h lêfc l h pclêf z e d s c rä s fulc fu e rhäe s t trhä Lc g` pdp`l. pdr d. urd ltur dlt ld d y ld s` y ads` s; ld ad t`s; cs pdrt` gcs hr g fuhr hefu hstthe ghs cs g jcs g`j cg` pc lc p fulc äef trhäe gc trh tcg @e tc
d tl u r d
ad s`
lcss fulc efu rhäe trhä ` lcs lcs t g` e g hùe dihù bhidi shbhi ldsh Ild .4 I 4.4 ulcs efu äef ` sus ä g` gd g ghgd j`gh ld d j` ûe l s`fûe
cs dgc suss ldg u`etd su iu `e e i degc ` cjd tcj lcss lätt`rc, lc `q quhlä lc ` fulc äef Wrhhäe Wr `s.. udll`s hfud cs hf dgcs tr` tr `s ldg
l`ss, i`l` hssùsi` ulc c h häe eful Wrrhä W ec y ue l`ss y u hf fudl` ldg gcs h cs ld gcs
tc,, `itc lc r r` äef fulc `ittäefulc, ue äe ulc r`i efu häef Wrrhä W df fugcs. lcss d fulc äefu gc cs äe y g )½½ y (8= )
lcss äe efulc r`ss ä lcss tr` lc,, lc utä äefulc diut efulc di häe Wrhä Wr 8=½½. ecss g` 8= e j`ec g`e gcs, jhg` fug dfu sce sc e d
r`e et`. hb`r` ghb`
lcss c, lc `ec `siidl`e efulc `s häe Wrhä Wr s. tcs. thetc ghssthe ldgcs gh tr`ss ld tr`
suss g` su ue ec g` atu usäefulc, u cat häe efulc c Wrrhä W ` 8=½ y g` usc c, jhg` jäs g `s catus lcss `s äefulc g` ` 4?=½. j`ecs g
ulc efu häef trhä e tr ue g` u d g` r`d är` y ä rc y `trc j`t rêj ]`rê .1 ]` 4.1 u ld rju bùrj bù `trc ] : 4 + 1 + êj` p`rêj r`d är`d
D:
o x o a x 1
9
`; l``; s` l` jd g ` ld suj hf udl d ld su `s hf ulc `s efu rhäef g`ll t rhä c g` trc j`tr `rêj @l p `rê @l p cs.. ldgcs suss ldg d g` su hgd `ghg j`g rd,, lturd dltu ld d cr ld pcr s` p ads` d ld ad dl d h fudl `ss hfu lc ` fulc häef trhäe `l tr g`l `d g ärr`d @l ä @l ` gc gcs. tr` `etr c `e ghgc hvhghg ghvh
lc iulc êriu iêr y i ihd y eihd r`e b`r` ueb` Ihriue 1. Ihri
Ctrd s`iihùe qu` icjpl`j`etd `l g`sdrrcllc g` lds icjp`t`eihds `s `l r`suj`e.
ulc iêriu ulc. @l iêri êriu iêri ue i g` ue hcrr g` `rhc xt`r `xt vd ` iur vd `d iu lêe` ld lêe d `s ld ihd b`rr`eih ueb` riue ihri Ld ih hd.. eihd r`e b`r` ueb` hriue ihri ld i g` ld c g` trc `etr g`e tä g `sstä u` ` qu h` q bhih` `rbhi up`r su ld s `s ld `s c (g) trc `tr äj` ghhäj r), g c ( (r), ghc rdgh s; rd tcs; j`etc l`j `l` rdrr `stcs ` etrd ice `eic cs `e `jc cg`j pc lc p iulc êriu e iêr ue @e u y i`etrc (I ).
c ulc riul iêri `l iê g`l `d g är`d c y är trc `tr êj` `rêj ]` .4 ] 1.4
@l Q`suj`e Q`suj`e r`icf` ar`v`j`et` tcgc `l icet`ehgc g` ld s`jded. @std s`iihùe l` dyugd d r`icrgdr g` ue fclp` g` vhstd, tcgc lc `stughdgc.
2
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
ùrj juld bùr j`trc p`rêj p`rê
]:1 r
är`d
D : r1
g I
`; l`` s` l` s` uitc cgu `l prrcg v` `i`s `l p cs v d gcs udll d g hfud c `s hf ulc i êriul g`ll iêri c g` trc j`tr rêj` `rê @l p` @l p hc. rdg g`ll rd d g` hgd `ghg j`g ld j pcr ld ph,, pcr g` ph dll ghc d rdghc rd `l g`l gd g ghgd ld j`gh pcrr ld hf fudl d ph pc `ss h lc ` iulc iêrriu `l iê g`l `d g ärr`d @l ä @l gc.. rdgc dgrd iudg iu
r
@l dutcicetr dutcicetrcl cl ]rdithidr, prdithidr y prdithidr ³Yda` jde`kdr ahihil`td3 Yh pu`g` odi`rlc, sda` qu` tuvc qu` prdithidr juioc y subrhr dlfûe rdspùe pdrd dpr`eg`r ld tèiehid y icev`rthrs` `e ue ihilhstd `xp`rtc. Lc jhsjc sui`g` ice ld jdt`jäthid. @e `l dutcicetrcl `eicetrdrä gcs s`iihce`s;
rcl tr cice t tc Du t trr` lc dpr`eghgc 4.. G`ju`s t vhgdg 4 thv Di th
Whh`e lcss. W efulc häe trhä `s tr t` uh`e t hfu e lcs shf `e lturd ` d ads` y ld d tu ld hbhhqu` l thb Hg`e t D. Hg
G`ju`str` lc dpr`eghgc `s ued s`rh` g` `k`rihihcs `e lcs qu` prdithidrä icet`ehgcs aäshics ice dithvhgdg`s s`eihllds.
lc.. `jplc k` e ` k ue ` u
d r u t l d
ads`
k` `jplc. e` ue ` k h`e Wh` d. W td td d d idgd pr`fue t crr`i t ic td d i pu`s t o x o a x D : 1 uldr `l är`d g` ue liu pdrd idli o x o = ) ³Iuäl `s ld bùrjuld D : a x lc33 efulc häe trrhä t D : r1
r`ss ulc g` ld r` riu A. Q`ll`e` `l iêri
furd3 bhf efulc g` ld bh häe trhä hbhhid `l tr ldsshb 4 ) ³Iùjc s` ild
trrc g` ` t êj` `rêj p` d pdrd idliuldr `l p 1 ) ³Iuäl `s ld bùrjul äefulc3 rhä trh ue t
ihhriueb`r`eihd3 9 ) ³Tuè `s ld i
phh3 e` `l eûj`rc p h`e th` lcrr t vd dlc 7 ) ³Tuè v
tä äefulc diu t äefulc tä r`i t usäefulc tu cas t ] : 4 + 1 + o x o ] : a x ] : 1a + 1d
9
êriiulc iêr trrc g` ue i `l p`rêj` t trrc `l gcal` g`l ghäj` t r tr t ` j h ä g l ` g htdg I. cJhgd ice su r `fld jh td ld j `l r dghc y y ` `l ghä häj j`tr c g` lcs iêr iulcs y g ` k k` `jplc. y g`t`r jhe he` ` `l v dlcr r g g` djacs. W h`e` ue 9 =) l c u êrii iêr dgd i id 4) idjahd pdrd i 1) ` t` xhhjdgdj`e t 42 dprc x 74 9.4 7 i j 1
d g ` ue ld pdrd idliuldr `l är` 0 ) ³Iuäl `s ld bùrju êriiulc3 iêr
` g` c g trc ldrr `l p`rêj` tr uld pdrd idliuld rju ùrj bù 2 ) ³Iuäl `s ld b ulc3 riu ue iêri
o x o D : a x D : 1 r 1 D : r x o a x ] : a ]:1 r x 7 x ] : 7
r dghc
1 i j 1 i
ghäj`tr c
r dghc
7 i j 7 i
r dghc
ghä häj j`tr c
ghäj`tr c
Dit hvhgdg 1. ] r rd ith thq qu` lc dpr` r`e eghgc
D. Dôdgd d idgd b hfur d `l ld ldg gc qu` l` b dltd pdr d b c r jdr ue ue tr häe y u y ue l häefulc lä äphz. L lc.. Oäfdlc ice ld dy ugd Lu u`fc h hg g`ethb hqu hqu` ld ads` y ld g` g ` ued r `fld ld dltur d. W h`e` ue ` k k` `jplc.
]rdithqu` lc dpr`eghgc l` prcpcrihced ld präithid g` ghb`r`et`s `k`rihihcs ice ghsthetcs ehv`l`s g` ghiultdg.
d r u t l d
ad s s` `
A. W r r di` ice `l icjpäs; 4) Pe iê r r iulc ice r dghc
g` 4 ij
9)
Pe iê r r iulc ice r dghc g
` 1 1..0 ij
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
6
Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ]`esdr räphgc, p`esdr j`kcr
Dfhl hlhhgdg g` iäliulc j`e tdl
Pst`g e`i`shtd gcjhedr `l iäliulc j`etdl y odi`rlc juy räphgc. Ld dfhlhgdg y ld v`lcihgdg g` iäliulc sce gcs odahlhgdg`s juy dp`t`ihal`s `e jdt`jäthid.
D. Icjpl`t` lds tdalds. Idliul` `l p`r ê êj `tr c y `l `l är `d g` lcs tr häeful ue ` k k` `jplc cs ice lcs shfuh`et`s g lc.. gd dtcs. W h`e h`e` p`r êj` êj`tr c g`l tr häe häefulc 4
+ 1 + 4j 1j 9j
9
]:
4
+
1
+
är `d g`l tr häefulc r `spu`std
9
] : : 4 j j + + 1 1 j j + 9 9 j j
] : ] : 2 j j
2 ij 0 ij 9 ij 4. 0 i ij j 7 ij 2 ij 41 j 4? j 92 j 47 ij 19 ij 6 ij 4= ij 44 ij 40 ij
Yh ust`g lcfrd r`dlhzdr cp`rdihce`s aäshids icjc ld julthplhidihùe, ghvhshùe, sujd c r`std, ice dfhlhgdg, su i`r`arc s` `stdrä `etr`edegc `e p`esdr g` bcrjd crg`edgd y `e odi`r ice`xhce`s ice jäs bdihlhgdg.
a
o
D:
4 ij 9 ij
a x o o 1
4 x 9 9 D : 1
r`spu`std r`s D : 4 4..0 0 j j 1
2 ij 1 ij =.0 ij 1.0 ij 7j
7j
41 ij 2 ij 8 ij 0 i ij j 4= ij 41 ij =.7 j =.? j
A. Icjpl`t` ld ldss tdalds. Idliul` `l p` r ê ê j`tr c y y ` `l är `d g g` ` lcs iê r `l r `sultdgc ice 1 ihbr ds ri ulcs ice lcs shf hfu uh`et`s gdtcs. @x pr `s` g`ihjdl`s. W h`e` ue ` k k` `jplc. r 4 i ij j 1 ij
p`rê j`tr c g g` `l iê r r iulc ] : 1 r ] : 1 : 1 ( (9 9 .47 .47 )( ) ( 4 i j )
r `spu`std ] : : 2 1 .1 ? ? i i j
är `d g`l iê r r iulc D:
r 1
D : D : (9 .47 )(4 ) (4 ij ) 1
r `spu`std D : 9 .47 7 i i j 1
0 i ij j 2 ij 9 i ij j 4.0 ij 6.1 ij 4= ij
c lùfhic tc Q dzcedjh`e t D.
`rcs y t` lä t rhlä cs y är`ds g` iudgrh trc ` p`rêj` tr g` `frdr lc qu` dpr`eghù g t` d d he t vd ` v t` hihhc shfuh`e t `rihi k` @e `l ` k trrhäefulcs. t thgd icjc r th hall`s ice ue är`d r`pd pceha hsp ed idsd. Od y gcs ghs d idsd , l ld tzzdr g`s`d icjprdr u cr är`d, ³iuäl `sicf`e yc d Jd t `efd jd y t` t Ld bdjhlhlhd ` u q d s i d ld r r d p j c ic i `e hg` `ihg g` dihùe. Yh g trd luss tr hlu dpdr`i` `e ld h I 4 c ld idsd I 13
Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic Q`sclv`r prcal`jds
I1
I4
8j
6j 0 j
8j ? j
41 j
2j 7 j
1 j
49 j 1 j 0j 7 j 7 j 7 j
9j 4 j
ltdgcs pdrd y suj` lcs r`su td rd y gd bhfurd ` prhj`rc `l är`d g` id `r `l prcal`jd, idliul lv` ]drd r`sclv dl`s. td tc t c t s d ` ä r d s l ` r d p j c ic i c dl, lu`f td tc c t `ll är`d t `e`r ` t` ca t ` ld s`jded. g` `ehgc g t` qu` `l ice t s `e su iudg`rec. Dplh d ` j l a r c p s c l d vd l v u` qu td d q hilhlhss t A. Q`su` j.. Pe ihi = j ?= trrc g` ? j` t häj e hriiuldr ice u ghä d ihr rjd crj bc ` g` c g` b c g trc `e tr i` tc c dl i ku us t iclcid k yù ù ued phs td g` ihilhlhssj s ` ` trru y u qu q r c d g e ` tr t r 4 ) Y` ices t e ` u s dgc pcr vd r v td d3 rhllld g` ld phs td `s cas` ths t ` pcr ld crh rr` y `l g`pcr th r icrr c g d e r ` tr t e ` l `l ` r ` tr t e ` y deihd qu` od td d. ³Iuäl `s ld ghs t td ld phs t c. trc ghhäj` tr hriiuldr g` 9 j g` g crjd ihr bc b icrrdl pdrd fdllllhheds g` e u y` y ` u tr t r s e c i d h e th t d r 1 ) J l 3 d r r c `ll i thed pdrd odi`r ` d icjprù Jdr th d. ³Iuäe td jdlllld ld33 dlld jd tù `e ld j ds tù fd tc c f trrc, ³iuäe t ` t j` = pcr j .== 41.= T4 d jdlld `s g` T ld ` l g` a. Yh `l pr`ihc g =j 1= 10 j g` ads`, 1 ; s t`s t` e h ` u f s h s d g trrhdefuldr ice lds j`gh crjd t bc `ec `e b rr` `rr t` thh`e` ue t ehc t tce 9 ) De tc j.. 7 j jldj lturd y 1 7 dl tu trrcs g` dld ` t g` d j` tcss j jar`, ³iuäe tc ldj ohhldgds g` dld trrc o ec ice iud t r`e t`rrr` `ridr su t` i` uh`r` i qu cehc q tc d. De t ar` g`a` icjprdr3 ehc3 tce dr De tc hvd lthv ult iu ec, ³què är`d pu`g` i lde ` pld t` `j`e t t` hihh`e t `rr`ec `s lc subhi t` a. ³Yh `l t r`d g` ld idrd3 l är ä ` s ` l ä u ³ I . i j .? 1 ` t` xhhjdgdj`e t 4.== `s dprc x T4 ` ued jce`gd g` T g` trrc g 7 ) @l ghäj` t c tc ³iiuäe t fhhrdr ld iu`rgd, ³ di`jcs f od y o j y .0 j ` ued iu`rgd g` 4.0 g` trr`jc g dl ` x t jdrrdjcs ued ph`grd dj 0 ) Yh d grd3 h`g cr ld ph` pc d p htd ueb`r`eihd g`sirht riu jhg` ld ihri jded 4 Y`j ∑ Y` id ∑ thid jä th t`j Jd t`
?
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
16
Lcs `xp`rtcs `e `guidihùe ecs heghide qu` ld r`scluihùe g` prcal`jds `s `l j`kcr idjhec pdrd g`sdrrclldr icjp`t`eihds jdt`jäthids yd qu` ecs calhfd d uthlhzdr idpdihgdg`s icjc; • l``r icjpr`eshvdj`et`, • r`bl`xhcedr, • `stdal`i`r ue plde g` trdadkc y • v`rhbhidr qu` ld r`spu`std `s icrr`itd.
Ld s`iihùe Qdzcedjh`etc lùfhic l` lùfhic l` dyugdrä d `etr`edrs` y d dplhidr lcs icecihjh`etcs jdt`jäthics d ld r`scluihùe g` prcal`jds.
X pcr ûlthjc ld s`iihùe G`sdrrcll` eu`vds odahlhgdg`s supce` ue r`tc pcrqu` g`a` odahlhgdg`s dplhidr su hef`ehc pdrd dgquhrhr eu`vds g`str`zds. ]drd `llc, g`a` icjahedr sus icecihjh`etcs pr`vhcs ice lcs qu` dpr`eghù gurdet` ld s`jded.
ds odahlhgdg`s vd ` eu` v ll` G`sdrrcll t`rrcs ä t` hlä trrhäefulcs y iudgrhl e t ice ds` ic td hèrr t hvhè Ghv Wd W defrdj. ceci` ice `l ecjar` g` ic i s ` ` u qu q c hec he o io i cjp`ida`zds rc e r ue `ss u t` ` ` @s t t`lds. ed y r`iùr t`l ulhlhe rtu ed idrt u e ` s d z h`z h` p s u s ` g d e Icph` idgd u
4
9 1
6 0 2
7
`s. t` shfuh`e t drd bcrjdr lds fflfurds pd Wd defrdj p h`zzds g`l W ds 6 ph` ld ` l hi` thlhlhi P t
@vdludihùe bhedl g` ld s`jded @e `st` ûlthjc dpdrtdgc l` prcpce`jcs qu` odfd ue dltc y r``xhce` scar` su dpr`egh zdk`. @s juy hjpcrtdet` qu` ust`g jhsjc `vdluè sus lcfrcs y g`t`rjhe` `e què od bdlldgc pdrd sup`rdrlc. Icet`st` ice tcgd shei`rhgdg y, pcst`rhcrj`et`, icesult` ice su jd`strc crh`etdgcr lds gugds qu` t`efd.
Dg`jäs l` suf`rhjcs qu`; •
Ausqu` ue lufdr trdequhlc y prcfrdj` su th`jpc pdrd pdrd `stughdr `stughdr she het`rrupihce`s.
•
Odfd r`sûj`e`s icrtcs g` idgd s`jded. @sirhahr @sirhahr sus icecihjh`etcs l` dyugdrä d
r`t`e`rlcs j`kcr. •
@siuio` ld ilds` rdghdl. Yus jd`strcs jd`strcs lciutcr`s l` dicjpdôdräe y l` dyugdräe d
r`sclv`r dlfueds dithvhgdg`s. •
Dect` lcs icet`ehgcs qu` qu` ec l` odyde qu`gdgc ildrcs. Ec s` qu`g` ice gugds. Yu
crh`etdgcrd u crh`etdgcr vcluetdrhc l` `xplhidrä ice fustc. Wdjahèe pu`g` icesultdr ice ecsctrcs pcr icrr`c `l`itrùehic. Eu`strd ghr`iihùe `s; hf`rMhf`r.`gu.ft hf`rMhf`r.`gu.ft •
Det`s g` r`sclv`r lcs `k`rihihcs, l`d lds hestruiihce`s.
•
Dl r`sclv`r lcs `k`rihihcs, oäfdlc ice crg`e y lhjph`zd.
¡Tu` edgd lc g`t`efd! @stugh` tcgcs lcs gêds y `sbuèri`s` pcr dpr`eg`r.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
8
Lharc, ilds` rdghdl y r`uehùe s`jdedl ¡Yu `quhpc g` trdadkc! @l lharc, ice s`r ued au`ed o`rrdjh`etd, ec lc `s tcgc. ]drd qu` ust`g dlidei` `l ehv`l g` icjp`t`eihd g`s`dgc, icjc `stughdet` d ghstdeihd, eu`strc shst`jd pce` d su ghspcshihùe ue `quhpc hebdlhal`; `l lharc, ld ilds` rdghdl y ld r`uehùe s`jdedl `e `l iêriulc g` `stughc. ¡Dprcv`io` tcgcs lcs r`iurscs!
•
4=
@l
lharc iujpl` tr`s bueihce`s;
d.
W`xtc, `e `l qu` dshjhld `l g`sdrrcllc g`sdrrcllc g` lcs icet`ehgcs, r`pdsd `k`jplcs y r`su`lv` `k`rihihcs.
a.
]hzdrrùe, pdrd qu` gurdet` ld ilds` rdghdl suardy` hg`ds hjpcrtdet`s c r`dlhi` ghsthetds dithvhgdg`s.
i.
Iudg`rec g` trdadkc trdadkc,, ice `k`rihihcs pdrd prdithidr lc dpr`eghgc dpr`eghgc..
•
Ld ilds` rdghdl th`e` icjc bueihùe prheihpdl `xplhidr y bdihlhtdr ld icjpr`eshùe g` lcs t`jds trdtdgcs `e `l lharc.
•
@l iêriulc g` `stughc `s `l lufdr g` r`uehùe s`jdedl y iujpl` gcs bueihce`s; crh`etdihùe y scihdlhzdihùe.
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
Eu`strd j`tcgclcfêd pdsc d pdsc ]drd bdihlhtdr `l `stughc d ghstdeihd y dprcv`iodr jäs y j`kcr `l dpr`eghzdk` g` lcs icet`ehgcs g` idgd s`jded, shfd `stcs pdscs.
4
L`d `l icet`ehgc g` ld s`jded…
L``r `l icet`ehgc ecs p`rjht` t`e`r ued hg`d f`e`rdl g`l t`jd g` ld s`jded; què sda`jcs, què ecs lldjd ld dt`eihùe,, ice què lc r`ldihcedjcs, `ti. @st` prhj`r icedt`eihùe tditc tdjahèe ecs odrä id`r `e ld iu`etd g`l `sbu`rzc qu` t`e`jcs qu` r`dlhzdr pdrd dpr`eg`r lc eu`vc y ecs pcegrä “`e cegd‚ pdrd ld `siuiod g` ld ilds` rdghdl.
1
@siuio` ld ilds` rdghdl… Ice lcs 0 s`ethgcs
Ld ilds` rdghdl `s eu`strd jd`strd. G` doê qu` `l prcfrdprcfrd jd s` lldj` "@l Jd`strc `e Idsd". Lcs jd`strcs lciutcr`s `xplhide `l icet`ehgc g` ld s`jded, ecs prcpce`e `k`rihihcs y ecs gde ctrcs `k`jplcs pdrd djplhdr ld `xplhidihùe g`l t`jd.
9
G`spuès g` ld ilds` rdghdl, su trdadkc p`rscedl… @stughc y dutcicetrcl
Bhedlhzdgd ld ilds` rdghdl y det`s g` ll`fdr dl iêriulc g` `stughc `s `l jcj`etc g` su trdadkc p`rscedl pdrd dpr`eg`r ah`e lcs icet`ehgcs g` ld s`jded. Ghstrhauyd su th`jpc; `s j`kcr ue pcic idgd gêd, qu` tcgc ld vêsp`rd.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ ¡Ah`ev`ehgd y ah`ev`ehgc!
44
7
Icesult` sus gugds Pe `stughdet` het`lhf`et` sda` iuäegc p`ghr dyugd
Yh g`spuès g` `stughdr `e prcbueghgdg y r`sclv`r `l dutcicetrcl dûe l` qu`gde gugds, ausqu` dyugd. G` `std bcrjd, ec t`egrä qu` `sp`rdr odstd `l gêd g` ld crh`etdihùe y pcgrä dvdezdr `e su dpr`eghzdk`.
0
Dshs Ds hstd td dl iêri iêriulc ulc g` `stugh ` stughcc Dpr`eg`r kuetcs
@l iêriulc g` `stughc `s ue `spdihc g` `eiu`etrc pdrd dpr`eg`r y icjpdrthr `l trdadkc r`dlhzdgc gurdet` ld s`jded. @s tdjahèe `l jcj`etc pdrd r`sclv`r sus gugds y r`bcrzdr lc dpr`eghgc. Dg`jäs, `s ued cpcrtuehgdg pdrd het`ridjahdr dpr`eghzdk`s, p`esdjh`etcs y s`ethjh`etcs ice sus icjpdô`rcs y su crh`etdgcrd u crh`etdgcr vcluetdrhc.
Het`re`t `s ued bu`et` g` icesultd qu` pu`g` dprcv`iodr `e sus `stughcs. @e eu`strd päfhed w`a t`e`jcs ue `spdihc pdrd ust`g, ice r`iurscs y dithvhgdg`s qu` `erhqu`i`räe sus icecihjh`etcs. ]cgrä odi`r icesultds y icjpdrthr sus hequh`tug`s ice ctrcs `stughdet`s, crh`etdgcrds u crh`etdgcr`s vcluetdrhcs. L` hevhtdjcs d qu` hefr`s` d www.hf`r.`gu.ft y `xplcr` lds s`iihce`s qu` doê `eicetrdrä.
41
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
4 Wrhäefulc, ihriueb`r`eihd y iêriulc ³Tuè `eicetrdrä `std s`jded3 @l eûj`rc (ph) Wrhäefulc, ihriueb`r`eihd y iêriulc; p`rêj`trc y är`d Dfhlhgdg g` iäliulc j`etdl ]rcal`jds g` p`rêj`trc y är`d g` trhäefulcs, ihriueb`r`eihd ihriueb`r`eihd y iêriulc
@std s`jded lcfrdrä;
Hg`ethbhidr ld ads` y ld dlturd `e ghsthetcs ghsthetcs trhäefulcs. Ildshbhidr trhäefulcs pcr ld j`ghgd g` sus ldgcs y g` sus äefulcs. Idliuldr `l p`rêj`trc y `l är`d g` trhäefulcs y iêriulcs. Hg`ethbhidr y j`ghr `l rdghc y `l ghäj`trc ghäj`trc g` ued ihriueb`r`eihd y g` ue iêriulc. Ghb`r`eihdr ued ihriueb`r`eihd g` ue iêriulc. Wrdzdr iêriulcs ice icjpäs. Q`sclv`r prcal`jds jdt`jäthics dplhidegc `l p`rêj`trc y `l är`d g` trhäefulcs y iêriulcs. Icestruhr ue Wdefrdj Wdefrdj y drjdr ghsthetds bhfurds ice ic e èl.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Y`jded 4
49
@l juegc g` ld jdt`jäthi jdt`jäthidd 4. Lcs trhäefulcs Q`iu`rg` qu` `e ld s`jded 99 g`l frupc Tuhrhfuä `stughdjcs lcs pclêfcecs. Lcs trhäefulcs sce pclêfcecs bcrjdgcs pcr tr`s ldgcs y tr`s äefulcs. @e tcgc trhäefulc pcg`jcs ghsthefuhr gcs pdrt`s; ld ads` y ld dlturd. Ld ads` ads` `s `s `l ldgc g`l trhäefulc `e `l qu` "s` dpcyd". Cas`rv`;
ads`
ads`
ads`
Ld dlturd dlturd `s `s ld lêe`d p`rp`eghiuldr g`l vèrthi` d ld ads` c d su prclcefdihùe. R`djcs; d r u t l d
d r u t l d
d r u t l d
Yh ld lêe`d g` ld ads` `s juy icrtd, pcg`jcs dldrfdrld pdrd qu` ld lêe`d g` ld dlturd s`d p`rp`eghiuldr.
4.4 Ildshbhidihùe g` lcs trhäefulcs Lcs trhäefulcs s` ildshide g` diu`rgc dl tdjdôc g` sus ldgcs y s`fûe s` fûe ld j`ghgd
g` sus äefulcs. ]r`st` dt`eihùe d ld tdald; tcjdegc `e iu`etd sus ldgcs
s`fûe ld j`ghgd g` sus äefulcs
Wrhäefulc `quhlät`rc, lcs `quhlät`rc, lcs tr`s ldgcs hfudl`s.
Wrhäefulc r`itäefulc, ue r`itäefulc, ue äefulc r`itc, jhg` 8=½ 8=½,, y gcs äefulcs dfugcs.
Wrhäefulc hsùsi`l`s, gcs ldgcs hfudl`s y uec ghb`r`et`.
Wrhäefulc diutäefulc, lcs diutäefulc, lcs tr`s äefulcs sce dfugcs, jhg`e j`ecs g` 8=½. 8=½.
Wrhäefulc `sidl`ec, lcs `sidl`ec, lcs tr`s ldgcs ghsthetcs.
Wrhäefulc catusäefulc, Wrhäefulc catusäefulc, uec uec g` sus äefulcs `s catusc, jhg` jäs g` 8=½ y j`ecs g` 4?=½. 4?=½.
Jdt`jäthid ∑ Y`jded 4
40
@k`rihihc 4 D. Dôdgd d idgd bhfurd `l ldgc qu` l` bdltd pdrd bcrjdr ue trhäefulc. trhäefulc. Oäfdlc ice ld dyugd g` su r`fld r`fld y su läphz. Lu`fc eùjar`lcs tcjdegc `e iu`etd sus ldgcs y `l vdlcr g` sus äefulcs. Wh`e` ue `k`jplc.
pcr sus ldgcs
hsùsi`l`s
pcr sus äefulcs r`itäefulc A. Hg`ethbhqu` ld ads` y ld dlturd `e lcs trhäefulcs shfuh`et`s. Wh`e` ue `k`jplc. d r u t l d
ads`
I. Q`ll`e` `l iêriulc iêriulc g` ld r`spu`std icrr`itd d idgd pr`fuetd. pr`fuetd. Jhgd ice su r`fld y su trdespcrtdgcr det`s g` r`spceg`r. Wh`e` ue `k`jplc. =) ³Iùjc s` s` ildshbhid ue trhäefulc iuycs ldgcs th`e`e ld jhsjd j`ghgd3
`quhlät`rc r`itäefulc diutäefulc
42
4) Cas`rv` ld bhfurd g` ue trhäefulc hsùsi`l`s. ]cr ld j`ghgd g` sus äefulcs, ³iùjc s` pcgrêd ildshbhidr3
diutäefulc r`itäefulc catusäefulc
1) Ld bhfurd `s ue trhäefulc catusäefulc. ]cr ]cr ld j`ghgd g` sus ldgcs, ³iùjc s` pcgrêd ildshbhidr3
`quhlät`rc hsùsi`l`s `sidl`ec
HF@Q ∑ Ptdtläe
4.1 ]`rêj`trc y är`d g` ue trhäefulc d. ]`rêj`trc g` ue trhäefulc @l p`rêj`trc g` ue trhäefulc `s hfudl d ld sujd g` sus ldgcs. Y` r`pr`s`etd ice ld bùrjuld;
] : 4 + 1 +
9
Y` l``; @l p`rêj`trc g` ue trhäefulc `s hfudl d ld sujd g` ld j`ghgd g` sus ldgcs. ]cr `k`jplc; j i 0
Idliul`jcs `l p`rêj`trc g` ue trhäefulc iuycs ldgcs jhg`e 9, 7 y 0 i`etêj`trcs r`sp`ithvdj`et`.
7 ij
Yhfdjcs lcs pdscs; +
+
•
Icphdjcs ld bùrjuld
]:
•
Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtcs `e ld bùrjuld
] : 9 ij + ij + 7 ij + ij + 0 ij
•
Yujdjcs ld j`ghgd g` lcs ldgcs
] : 6 ij + 0 ij
•
@sirhahjcs ld r`spu`std
] : 41 ij
4
9 ij
1
9
a. Är`d g` ue trhäefulc Yh icrtdjcs ue r`itäefulc pcr ld jhtdg j htdg ice ued lêe`d ghdfcedl, s` bcrjde gcs trhäefulcs hfudl`s qu` icjpdrt`e ld jhsjd ads` y dlturd qu` `l r`itäefulc. ]cr `sc, `l är`d g` ue trhäefulc `s ld jhtdg g`l är`d g`l r`itäefulc.. r`itäefulc är`d g`l r`itäefulc;
D:axo
ads` d r u t l d
d r u t l d
ads`
Lds uehgdg`s g` lcefhtug s` jhg`e `e nj,, j, ij nj ij,, jj jj y y lds uehgdg`s g` är`d `e nj1, j1 , ij1 , jj1 .
är`d g`l trhäefulc;
D : a 1x o
Y` l``; @l är`d g` ue trhäefulc `s hfudl d ld ads` pcr ld dlturd, ghvhghgc `etr` gcs. ]cr `k`jplc; Idliul`jcs `l är`d g` ue trhäefulc qu` jhg` 41 ij g` ads` y 0 ij g` dlturd. • Icphdjcs ld bùrjuld D: axo 1 •
Yusthtuhjcs lcs gdtcs `e ld bùrjuld
•
Cp`rdjcs
•
@sirhahjcs ld r`spu`std
ij)(00 ij) ij) D : (41 ij)(
1 D : (41 x 0)(ij x ij) 1 2= ij1 D: 1 D: 9= ij1 Jdt`jäthid ∑ Y`jded 4
46
