TEFQDZPFBMB EM@FNEMH BD DBT@M@FÐE Derfqud Iuzgíe y Qmhhd
Hms
HDEITMP MGM[ÐEF@MP Hf`. Metnefn Ahnrds ]ufspd
\mrtd bd eudstrm bfvdrsfbmb dstí `nestftufbm pnr hms hdeiums qud sd omjhme y sd ome omjhmbn de eudstrn tdrrftnrfn. Hm gmynr pmrtd bd dstms hdeiums sne hdeiums mgdrfebfms,
`uym vfide`fm sd rdgnetm m gfhds bd mýns, puds sd trmtm bd hns fbfngms bd hns pudjhns nrfifemrfns bd hm detfbmb qud monrm hhmgmgns \drû.
¾]uæ ds uem hdeium mgdrfebfm>
Pd detfdebd pnr ‘Hdeium Mgdrfebfm‗ mh sfstdgm bd `nguef`m`fðe dgphdmbn pnr ue irupn ætef`n emtfvn bdh `netfedetd mgdrf`men (bdsbd @membí omstm @ofhd), metds bd hm hhdimbm, de irme eûgdrn, bd dxphnrmbnrds, `nequfstmbnrds, `nhnens y ds`hmvns bd ntrns `netfedetds.
Audetd; ottps;//ds.meswdrs.ymo ottps;//ds.meswdrs.ymonn.`ng/qud nn.`ng/qudstfne/febdx>qfb7 stfne/febdx>qfb7:<=:<0=2 :<=:<0=2<1<4MM?Cc2V <1<4MM?Cc2V
\rnjhdgms de dh dstubfn bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms Dh prnjhdgm fef`fmh de dh dstubfn bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms en ds prd`fsmgdetd bd emturmhdzm hfeiøçstf`m3 pnr dh `netrmrfn, dstí rdhm`fnembn `ne hm amhtm bd fbdetfaf`m`fðe prd`fsm bd hns pudjhns qud ome omjftmbn y omjftme de hm Mgmznefm.
Dstm bfaf`uhtmb sd vd m`rd`detmbm pnr hm fedxfstde`fm n hm bfspdrsm ujf`m`fðe bd hm bn`ugdetm`fðe rdhdvmetd rdhdvmetd snjrd hms hdeiums y hns pudjhns mgmzðef`ns.
Hm bdsmpmrf`fðe bd hdeiums ds ntrn prnjhdgm, sf jfde embm pmrtf`uhmr de hm ofstnrfm bd hm ougmefbmb, sç qud hn ds de dh `msn mgdrf`men bdsbd hm hhdimbm bd hns durnpdns y pnr hms fedvftmjhds `nesd`ude`fms bd hms eudvms deadrgdbmbds (pdstds) qud msnhmrne m hns irupns pdqudýns.
Gmtdrfmh bfspdrsn snjrd hdeiums y irupns ougmens mgmzðef`ns Hm feanrgm`fðe snjrd hns irupns mgmzðef`ns `nrrdspnebfdetd m hns sfihns _QF, _QFF y _QFFF prnvfded auebmgdetmhgdetd bd hns bn`ugdetns bd hns gfsfnedrns kdsuftms y arme`fs`mens y, de
pmrtd, bd hms rdhm`fneds qud om`çme hns `nequfstmbnrds bd sus fe`ursfneds om`fm hm sdhvm, n bd hns feanrgds bd hns de`ngdebdrns snjrd sus rdspd`tfvms de`ngfdebms.
De dh `msn bd hns kdsuftms, irme pmrtd bd sus trmjmkns sd pdrbfð de hns mýns bd hm dxpuhsfðe bd Mgærf`m bd hns gfsfnedrns bd dstm nrbde (afeds bdh sfihn _QFFF).
Dhhns sd vfdrne anrzmbns m bdstrufrhns n m qudgmrhns pmrm qud sus mpuetds en `mfime de gmens febdsdmjhds.
Dh dstubfn bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms
Hm gfrmbm om`fm hms hdeiums bd hm sdhvm pnr pmrtd bd hns dstubfnsns pdrumens ds rdh rdhmtfvmgdetd ue od`on rd` rd`fdetd.
Omstm metds bd hm sdiuebm gftmb bdh sfihn __, hm sdhvm, su idetd y sus hdeiums, audrne ue sdigdetn dx`husfvn bd hns gfsfnedrns, auebmgdetmhgdetd auebmgdetmhgdetd bd hns kdsuftms y arme`fs`mens burmetd hm @nhnefm. @nhnefm.
Dh amgnsn prnyd`tn bdh rdifstrn dteniríaf`n bdh Njfspn trukfhhmen Jmhtmzmr Gmrtçedz bd @ngpmýðe, qud ens bm gudstrms hdxf`mhds bd bns fbfngms mgmzðef`ns; ofjftn y `onhðe. `onhðe.
Hm bfvdrsfbmb dstru`turmh bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms
Te rmsin qud `mrm`tdrfzm m hm rdmhfbmb hfeiøçstf`m bd hm mgmznefm pdrumem ds hm prdsde`fm bd uem irme bfvdrsfbmb bd hdeiums de tærgfens dstru`turmhds de ue dspm`fn idniríaf`n rdhmtfvmgdetd pdqudýn.
Pf jfde dh eûgdrn bd hdeiums mgmzðef`ms pdrumems ds gdenr, `ngpmrmbn `ne hm `metfbmb bd fbfngms qud dxfstd de Jrmsfh n de @nhngjfm, sfe dgjmrin, hm bfvdrsfbmb bd amgfhfms hfeiøçstf`ms ds rdhmtfvmgdetd dhdvmbm.
Bfvdrsfbmb sfetí`tf`m De hm Mgmznefm pdrumem dstíe vfidetds hns sfiufdetds
tfpns
sfetí`tf`ns
bd
fbfngms;
hdeiums PNQ (Pukdtn-N ukdtn-Njkdtn-Q jkdtn-Qdrjn), hdeiums QPN (gfdgjrns bd hm amgfhfm Mrmwmc ), hdeiums PQN (tf`uem, tf`uem, jnrm), y hdeium NQP (urmrfem). urmrfem).
Dh dspmýnh mgmzðef`n ds fbdetfaf`mjhd `ngn pdrtded`fdetd mh tfpn fpn PNQ. Pfe dgjrmin, en ds pdrtfedetd gde`fnemr `mrm`tdrçstf`ms sfetí`tf`ms gís dspd`çaf`ms de rmzðe m qud hms fevdstfim`fneds snjrd dstd mspd`tn bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms sne fesuaf`fdetds.
Bfvdrsfbmb gnranhðif`m Hm gmynr pmrtd bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms sne mhtmgdetd mihutfemetds, sfdebn bd prdadrde`fm suafkmetds, pdrn omy fbfngms `ne mhiûe irmbn bd prdafkm`fðe, `ngn ds dh `msn bd hms hdeiums bd hms amgfhfms Vmium, Mrmwmc, n de idedrmh hms hdeiums bdh irupn mebfen d`umtnrfmh.
Bfvdrsfbmb anenhðif`m Hm prdsde`fm bd tnens de vmrfms bd dstms hdeiums, prdpnebdrmetdgdetd de hms hdeiums tf`uem y jnrm. Pfst Pfstdg dgms ms vn` vn`íhf íhf`ns `ns bfv bfvdri dridetd detds s `ne dh dspmýnh sd bme de vmrfns fbfngms,
sdm
pnr
hm prdsde`fm bd
gís
n
gdens
sdigdetns n pnr hm emturmhdzm mrtf`uhmtnrfm bd dhhns dhhns (ems (emsmh mhfzm fzm`fð `fðe) e).. De
dh
`nesnemetfsgn,
de`netrmgns
qud
mhiuens anedgms en rdprdsdetmbns pnr snefbns pmrd`fbns de dh dspmýnh.
Bfvdrsfbmb sdgíetf`m Hms `uhturms qud sd vdrjmhfzme m trmvæs bd hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms sne guy bfvdrsms3 `ne bfadrde`fms qud en pdrgftde trmbu`tfjfhfbmb mbd`umbm bd sus rdspd`tfvms pd`uhfmrfbmbds sdgíetf`ms.
Mhiuems rdmhfbmbds dspd`çaf`ms dspd`çaf`ms bd dstms `uhturms pudbde `mptmrsd m trmvæs bd hns præstmgns.
Dkdgphn; -, bdh miumkûe, pmrm ue `fdrtn tfpn p d e b d - p d e b ç bd kdad rftumh (od`of`drn) bd iudrrm.
Bfvdrsfbmb y pnhçtf`m hfeiøçstf`m Hm `ngphdkfbmb bd hdeiums de hm Mgmznefm njhfim, tmetn m `nhnens `ngn m gfsfnedrns, m nptmr uem bd bns snhu`fneds; • Mprdebdr hms vmrfms hdeiums pmrm fetdrm`tumr `ne hns bfadrd bfadrdetd etds s pudjhn pudjhns. s. • Idedrmr uem hdeium qud pdrgftm hm fetdr`nguef`m`f `m`fð ðe gís gís mgph mgphfm fm..
Hm dxtfe`fðe bd hms hdeiums Gmry Z. Yfsd (=662), (=662), dgphdme dgphdmebn bn `ngn `ngn `rftdrfn `rftdrfns s auebmgdetmhds hm bdshdmhtmb hfeiøçstf`m bd hns omjhmetds bd uem hdeium y dh `nrtn eûgdrn bd sus gfdgjrns gnenhfeiøds, om`d ue hfstmbn bd hms hdeiums pdrumems de pdhfirn bd dxtfe`fðe.
Dh tntmh bd hdeiums de pdhfirn bd dxtfe`fðe sdiûe Yfsd rdsuhtm sdr bd :4. Hm fevdstfimbnrm bfstfeiud bns `mtdinrçms detrd hms hdeiums de pdhfirn;
• Mqudhhms qud dstíe de fegfedetd pdhfirn. • Mqudhhms qud pnr tdedr gfdgjrns `dr`mens m hns 1<<, pdrn en gís bd dsm `farm, tmgjfæe sd de`udetrme de uem sftum`fðe bd `ufbmbn.
Hdeiums de prn`dsn bd dxtfe`fðe Hns fevdstfimbnrds qud sd n`upme bdh prn`dsn bd dxtfe`fðe bd hdeiums ome m`uýmbn hm dxprdsfðe sn`fdbmb dxprdsfðe sn`fdbmb v v f m j h d n f e v f m j h d . Dhhns mentme qud hms hdeiums h deiums bd sn`fdbmbds qud tfdede gdens bd :4< gfdgjrns n omjhmetds bdvfdede de fevfmjhds pmrm sujsfstfr. sujsfstfr.
De `mgjfn, sf tfdede gís bd dsm `metfbmb bd gfdgjrns (:4<), bf`oms sn`fdbmbds n hdeiums sne sne vfmj vfmjhd hds. s. Pfe dgjmrin, hm fevfmjfhfbmb ds bdtdrgfembm snjrd hm jmsd bd `rftdrfns `umetftmtfvns rdhmtfvns n `uhturmhds, puds dh tmgmýn bd uem pnjhm`fðe tmgjfæe rmbf`m de dstm vmrfmjhd.
Hm rdvftmhfzm`fðe bd hdeiums Dh fetdræs `netrm hm dxtfe`fðe bd hdeiums ds uem prdn`upm`fðe rdhmtfvmgdetd rd`fdetd de dh \drû. Hns prnyd`tns pr nyd`tns bd dbu`m`fðe jfhfeiød sne pnr monrm hms h ms
anrgms gís dvfbdetds bd rdvftmhfzm`fðe, dspd`fmhgdetd dspd`fmhgdetd mqudhhns prnyd`tns qud sd fes`rfjde de hms nrfdetm`fneds nrfdetm`fneds bd hns prnpfns irupns febçidems fetdrdsmbns.
Hdeiums vfidetds Hms hdeiums mgmzðef`ms vfidetds prdsdetme bfstfetn irmbn bd vftmhfbmb, bd m`udrbn m `rftdrfns tmhd tmhds s `ngn; m) eûgdrn bd omjhmetds j) rdprnbu``fðe bd hm hdeium m trmvæs bd su mprdebfzmkd pnr hns efýns.
Hms hdeiums de hns `desns pdrumens De dh `netdxtn pdrumen uem de`udstm de hm qud sd phmetdm m hms pdrsnems prdiuetms prdiuetms bdh tfpn ‘¾fbfngms qud omjhm>‗ omjhm>‗ y msugd tnbm rdspudstm `ngn mbd`umbm, hhdvm m `ne`husfneds drrðedms drrðedms
rdspd`tn m hm rdmhfbmb bd hdeiums y su usn, bdjfbn m `udstfneds bd bfs`rfgfem`fðe edimtfvm rdhm`fnembms `ne hms hdeiums mgdrfebfms pdrumems.
Hm prdiuetm snjrd «hdeiums qud omjhm³ bdjd, mh gfsgn tfdgpn, `nehhdvmr hm dvfbde`fm bd qud dad`tfvmgdetd dh fbfngm (n hns fbfngms) qud sd rdafdrd ds omjhmbn.
Omy qud mentmr snjrd dstd puetn qud hns `desns sudhde afkmrsd njkdtfvns gçefgns, puds idedrmhgdetd sd om`d hm prdiuetm pnr `umhqufdr efvdh bd `nen`fgfdetn bd ue fbfngm `ngn febf`fn bd qud uem pdrsnem omjhm uem bdtdrgfembm hdeium.