UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA SAN PEDRO FACULT FACULTA AD DE MEDICINA HUMANA HUM ANA ESCUELA DE FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA
FUNDAMENTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
CARNE DE AVES, HUEVO
DOCENTE:
Q.F. JULIO MARIÑOS GINOCCHIO
CARRERA:
FARMACIA Y BUIOQUÍMICA
ASIGNATURA:
BROMATOLÓGIA ZOOGENO II
ALUMNO:
CUEVA JULCA EMERSON
CHIMBOTE - PERÚ 10-07-01!
INDICE DE CONTENIDO
CARATULA"""""""""""""""""""""""""""#$%&1 INDICE DE CONTENIDO""""""""""""""""""""&"#$%& INTRODUCCIÓN"""""""""""""""""""""&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#$%&' MARCO T(ORICO""""""""""""""""""""""""#$%&) C*+#*./ 23.*$4 56 4$ $6""""""""""""&&&&#$%&), 89! R%*3 +*32 6 $6""""""""""""""""""""&&#$%&7, 9; M<2*5* 56 .*63$./ 9 $4+$.6$+62* 56 4$ $6""""""&#$%&; EL HUEVO"""""""""""""""""""""""""""#$%&10 V$4*3 232* 9 =.*$4 564 >6*, D65$5 232$"""#$%&10 9 11 P3*26?$ 9 A+*@.5*""""""""""""""""""""&&&#$%&11 L?#5*""""""""""""""""""""&&""&&#$%&11, 1, 1' 9 1) V2$+$"""""""""""""""""""""""""&#$%&1) 9 18 M63$46"""""""""""""""""""""""""""&&#$%&18 REFERENCIA BIBLIOGRFICA"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#$%&1!
LAS AVES INTRODUCCIÓN: El prese!e !r"#"$% !r"!"r" &e l"s '%s(&er"'(%es #r%)"!%l*+('"s "'er'" &e l"s ",es- l"s '"les se &e/(e '%)% "()"l ,er!e#r"&% '0% 'erp% es!1 '#(er!% '% pl)"s. 2%see p('%- &%s "l"s 0 &%s p"!"s. L"s ",es p%e 3e,%s p"r" repr%&'(rse 0 p%r l% +eer"l s% '"p"'es &e ,%l"r. L" '"r"'!er4s!('" re"l)e!e 5('" &e l"s ",es s% l"s pl)"s- 0" 6e % e7(s!e (+5 %!r% "()"l '% es!"s es!r'!r"s &e!r% &el )e&(% ")#(e!e. L"s ",es 3" ser,(&% " l%s seres 3)"%s &e &(,ers%s )%&%spr('(p"l)e!e '%)% "l()e!%- per% !")#(8 3" s(&% s"&"s p"r" re're"'(*&e'%r"'(* 0 '%)% )e&(% &e '%)('"'(* 9:;. L"s ",es &e!r% &e l" '%'(" !(ee ss (('(%s &es&e !(e)p%s re)%!%s '%)% p%r e$e)pl% p"r" l" 'l!r" +re'%l"!(" el +"ll% 0 l" +"ll(" er" l"s ",es p%r e7'ele'("- e7(s!(e&% )er%s"s ,"r(e&"&es. A&e)1s &e &es!"'"r 6e &e!r% &e l" '%'(" se &(s!(+e l"s ",es &e '%rr"l 0 l"s ",es &e '"<"- l"s '"les s% !(l(<"&"s p"r" l" 're"'(* &e &el('(%s%s pl"!(ll%s '%)% el p%ll%- p"!%- +"s%- p",%- ",es!r<- l"s '%&%r('es- e!'. E el !r"#"$% "&e)1s se prese!" l"s &(/ere!es !8'('"s e)ple"&"s p"r" '%'("r l"s ",es 0" se" "l 3%r%- "s"&"s- +(s"&"s- es!%/"&"s 0 %!r"s !8'('"s 6e s% &e )'3" !(l(&"& &e!r% &e l" '%'(". Es )0 ()p%r!"!e &es!"'"r 6e "&e)1s se prese!"r" l%s ,"l%res !r('(%"les &e l"s ",es 6e )1s se !(l(<" &e!r% &e l" '%'("- '%%'(e&% l%s !r(e!es 6e %s "p%r!" " %s%!r%s l%s seres 3)"%s- '%)% p%r e$e)pl% l"s ",es s% r('"s e pr%!e4"s= !")#(8 '%%'ere)%s l" )"er" &e '%ser,"rl"s!8'('"s p"r" '%r!"r 0 prep"r"r l"s ",es e +eer"l 9>;. El 3e,% es (+re&(e!e 3"#(!"l e l" "l()e!"'(* &el 3%)#re &es&e s %r(+e. Se '"r"'!er(<" p%r s "l!" &es(&"& !r(!(,"- " e7'ele!e rel"'(* '"l(&"&?pre'(% 0 ser (+re&(e!e #1s('% 0 ,ers1!(l " (,el 'l("r(%.
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MARCO TEÓRICO 2%&e)%s &e/((r ",e '%)% "()"l ,er!e#r"&% '0% 'erp% es!1 '#(er!% '% pl)"s. 2%see p('%- &%s "l"s 0 &%s p"!"s. L%s '(e!4/('%s sp%e 6e l"s ",es !,(er% "l+" ,e< "'es!r% rep!(l. L" !r"s('(* e!re rep!(les 0 ",es se %#ser," " !r",8s &e l%s /*s(les &e "()"l 6e p"re'e ser el esl"#* e!re ")#%s +rp%s@ el Ar'3"e%p!er07 sp. A es!e "()"l 6e ,(,(* 3"'e %s : )(ll%es &e "%s- )'3%s l% '%s(&er" l" pr()er" ",e s%#re l" /"< &e l" T(err". E l" 8p%'" "'!"l- l"s ",es se &(s!(+e /1'(l)e!e &e l%s rep!(les p%r6e !(ee pl)"s e l+"r &e es'")"s- 'ere#r%s )1s +r"&es 0 '%)ple$%s 0 s% &e s"+re '"l(e!e. L"s ",es se p"re'e " l%s )")4/er%s e 6e s 'erp% se )"!(ee " !e)per"!r" '%s!"!e 0 !(ee 'ere#r% #(e &es"rr%ll"&%. Se e'e!r" !" ")pl(")e!e &(s!r(#(&"s e !%&% el pl"e!" 6e s%l% es!1 "se!es e l"s )%!""s )1s "l!"s 0 el /%&% &el )"r. A&e)1s- s% )(e)#r%s ()p%r!"!es 0 "#&"!es &e l%s e'%s(s!e)"s 9D;. El 'erp% &e l"s ",es !(ee " ser(e &e "&"p!"'(%es "'%r&es '% s /%r)" &e ,(&". T(ee 6e ser '"p"'es &e )"!eer r(!)% &e ,(&" (!es% 0 ser )0 l(,(""s p"r" p%&er ,%l"r. Es!% 5l!()% es p%s(#le +r"'("s " 6e ss 3es%s s% "3e'"&%s 0 l" )"0%r4" &e s pes% se '%'e!r" e l%s )5s'l%s &e ,el%. L" )"0%r4" &e ell"s )"!(ee " !e)per"!r" '%s!"!e 'er'"" " l%s C. Es!" !e)per"!r" les per)(!e )"!eerse "'!(,"s e s(!(%s )0 /r4%s per% !")#(8 ()pl('" " (,ers(* )"0%r &e eer+4". L"s ",es 6e e7(s!e 3%0 e &4" !%&"s per!ee'e " l" s#'l"se Ne%r(!3es. e es!" s#'l"se s*l% &%s spe *r&ees 3" s%#re,(,(&%- "6e 3" e7(s!(&% ,"r(%s )1s.
COMPOSICIÓN NUTRICIONAL DE LAS AVES: T%&"s l"s '"res es!1 e+l%#"&"s &e!r% &e l%s "l()e!%s pr%!e('%s 0 %s pr%p%r'(%" e!re : 0 > &e pr%!e4"s- 6e s% '%s(&er"&"s &e )0 #e" '"l(&"& 0" 6e pr%p%r'(%" !%&%s l%s ")(%1'(&%s ese'("les e'es"r(%s. L" '"re &e ",e es '%s(&er"&" '%)% '"re )"+r". L"s '"les '%!(ee )e%s &el : &e )"!er(" +r"s". T(ee es'"s" '"!(&"& &e '"r#%3(&r"!%s 0 el '%!e(&% e "+" %s'(l" e!re 0 . L" e&"& &e l"s ",es &e '%rr"l
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'%&('(%" el '%)p%e!e !r('(%"l. S '%!e(&% e "+" es )"0%r '"!" )e%r e&"& !(ee. L" '"re &e p%ll%- " &(/ere'(" &e l" &e %!r"s espe'(es- % p%see " '"!(&"& ele,"&" &e 3(err% 9(/er(%r " : )+: +; 9;. U" '"r"'!er4s!('" espe'("l)e!e &es!"'"#le &e l" '"re &e p%ll% es l" es'"s" '%'e!r"'(* &e +r"s"- espe'("l)e!e e l"s p"r!es )"+r"s- '%)% l" pe'3+"&%&e l" pr%p%r'(* &e l4p(&%s es (/er(%r "l :. S( " es!% s)")%s 6e l"s ",es s% ss'ep!(#les &e )%&(/('"r l" '%)p%s('(* &e s +r"s" '% l" &(e!" re'(#(&"se p%&r4" '%se+(r 6e es!" +r"s" % /ese e7'es(,")e!e s"!r"&")e$%r"&% s '"l(&"&. Es!"s '"r"'!er4s!('"s '%,(er!e "l pr%&'!% e '%'e!r"&% pr%!e('% &e ele,"&" e/('"'(" !r('(%"l- 0" 6e l"s pr%!e4"s s% /1'(l)e!e &(+er(#les 0 "l!" '"l(&"& #(%l*+('". 2%r %!r" p"r!e- el p"!% es ",e )(+r"!%r(" '% '"p"'(&"& &e 'e#"rse "!es &e e)pre&er ss l"r+%s ,("$es"')l"&% +r"s"s pr('(p"l)e!e e s 34+"&%. E l" '%)p%s('(* !r('(%"l &e es!%s p"!8s &es!"'" l"s +r"s"s- 6e sp%e &e )e&(" el D: &el pr%&'!%. El '%!e(&% e pr%!e4" &e es!%s p"!8s- #e 'r(!er(% &e '"l(&"& !r('(%"l- es &el :: &e )e&("- ele,"&% per% )0 (/er(%r "l &e l" '"re 0 )0 &(s!(!% e!re %s 0 %!r%s p"!8s 9;. L" r"'(* re'%)e&"&" es@ : ? > +- D ,e'es p%r se)"" e "&l!%s 0 e (%s l"s r"'(%es ser4" &e %s : + p%r '"&" "% &e e&"& 6e se (+er(r1 (+"l)e!e "s D ,e'es p%r se)"". A,e 2%l G"ll( 2" O' 2" 2"l% l% " !% " ,% )" A+" K- - - : D -: D 2r%!e4 :: : : >- :- "s > - : Gr"s"s -> > >- D: >- >>-: - > M(er"l - :-: : : :- es
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RIGOR MORTIS EN AVES L" '"re &e p%ll% se &(/ere'(" &e l" '"re &e %!r"s espe'("s )"0%res p%r '%s(s!e'(" 0 &es(&"& &el !e$(&% '%e'!(,%- )e%r '"!(&"& &e +r"s" 0 '%l%r 'l"r% e l" )s'l"!r". 7
Se+5 Gr%ssl"s 9::;- l" '"re &e ",es '%!(ee e<()"s ()p%r!"!es 6e "'!" &r"!e l%s pr%'es%s &e )"&r"'(*. L"s pr('(p"les e<()"s s% l"s +l'%l4!('"s 9'()"s"s;- l(p"s"s- /%s/"!"s"s 0 pr%!e"s"s. Es!"s e<()"s se e'e!r" e el )(*+e% &el s"r'%pl"s)"= l"s !r"s")("s"s es!1 prese!es !")#(8 e !%&%s l%s !e$(&%s. Le+% &el s"'r(/('(% e el s"+r"&%- el s)((s!r% &e %74+e% "l )5s'l% es &e/('(e!e- l% '"l '%&'e " " +l('*l(s(s ""er*#('" p"r" )"!eer l" s4!es(s &e AT2- 6e " s ,e< '%&'e " l" /%r)"'(* &e 1'(&% l1'!('%- es!e se "')l" e el )5s'l% pr%&'(e&% &es'es% e el pH. E l"s ",es el &es'es% &el pH 0 l" pr%&''(* &el r(+%r )%r!(s s% )0 r1p(&%s- /("l(<"&% p%r l% +eer"l " l"s %'3% 3%r"s p%s!)%r!e). E p%ll%s- se pe&" re!r"s"r el (('(% &el r(+%r )%r!(s)"!e(e&% l" '""l s)er+(&" e "+" " " !e)per"!r" )"0%r &e :C "!es &e (('("r el e/r(")(e!% 9C;- l% "!er(%r pr%)e,e l" +l('*l(s(s p%s!)%r!e)- re!r"s" el r(+%r )%r!(s- resl!" e pH /("l &e . " . e el )5s'l%- 0 pr%&'e " '"re s",e- &e '%l%r "!r"'!(,% 9;. El r(+%r )%r!(s se &es"rr%ll" e )(!%s e l%s p%ll%s- L" '"re &e p(er" &e p%ll% !(ee el DD &el +l('*+e% 6e !(ee l" pe'3+" 0 se "pr%,e'3" )e$%r e '%&('(%es &e "0%= l%s &(s!(!%s /"'!%res 6e pr%,%'" es!r8s "!es &el #ee/('(%- '%)% el "!r"pe- e$"l"&% 0 !r"sp%r!e- ")e!" el '%s)% &e +l('*+e% &e l"s p(er"s- l% 6e pr%,%'" 6e el pH p%s!)%r!e) se &e)%re "5 )1s e &es'e&er &e!er(%r"&% s "p!(!& p"r" el pr%'es"&%. El !(e)p% 6e &e)%r" l" '"re e "l'"<"r el pH /("l es l% 6e &e!er)(" el l"ps% 6e se &e#e esper"r "!es &el &es3es"&%= el p%ll% &e e+%r&e se pe&e &es3es"r 3"s!" '"!r% 3%r"s &esp8s &e /"e"&% per% l% )1s '%)5 es esper"r %'3% 3%r"s % &e &4" p"r" %!r%. L%s )('r%%r+"(s)%s 6e se e'e!r" e l" '"re &e ",e pe&e ser p"!*+e%s 6e '"s" e/er)e&"&es e l%s 3)"%s 0 )('r%%r+"(s)%s "l!er"!es 6e &e!er(%r" el pr%&'!% 9K;.
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2%r s pes% 9A; &e .- l" '"re &e p%ll% /",%re'e "l 're'()(e!% &e +r" 5)er% &e )('r%%r+"(s)%s p"!*+e%s 0 "l!er"!es= l"s #"'!er("s !(ee r"+%s *p!()%s &e "'!(,(&"& &e "+" p"r" s 're'()(e!% 0 %r)"l)e!e se &es"rr%ll" #(e e ,"l%r &e A p%r e'()" &e .:- p%r l% '"l l%s "l()e!%s 6e %/re'e es!" '%&('(* /"'(l(!" l" pr%l(/er"'(* #"'!er("". El pH &el )5s'l% &el p%ll% le+% &el &es3ese es "pr%7()"&")e!e &e K.- el '"l se re&'e &r"!e l" +l('*l(s(s 3"s!" . ? .. E /%r)" s()(l"r A- '"&" )('r%%r+"(s)% !(ee pH &e 're'()(e!% *p!()%- )4()% 0 )17()%= As4 l" 9
)"0%r4" &e l"s #"'!er("s p"!*+e"s 're'e e pH '"s( e!r% 9.?K.;. e#(&% " l% "!er(%r l%s "l()e!%s pr%!e('%s %/re'e "s '%&('(%es /",%r"#les p"r" el &es"rr%ll% &e l%s )('r%%r+"(s)%s- pes!% 6e prese!" pH 'er'"% " .. El &es"rr%ll% &e )('r%%r+"(s)%s 6e "l!er" l" '"re 'r&" 0 l%s pr%&'!%s '"r('%s se prese!" p%r l"s )"l"s '%&('(%es &r"!e el s"'r(/('(% 0 el pr%'es")(e!%. M"e$% ("&e'"&% &e !e)per"!r"s e el "l)"'e")(e!% 0 el &e!er(%r% &el pr%&'!% p%r re"''(%es e<()1!('"s 0 %7(&"!(,"s &e l%s l4p(&%s 0 pr%!e4"s 6e '%)p%e l" '"re. L" prese'(" &e E?C%l( %s (&('" 6e 3"0 '%!")("'(* &e %r(+e /e'"l 0 6e 3"0 &e/('(e'(" e l"s pr1'!('"s &e 3(+(ee 0 s"e")(e!% &el pr%'es%. L" prese'(" &e s"l)%ell" (&('" !r"!")(e!%s ("&e'"&%s- re'%!")("'(%es)"l" '"l(&"& 3(+(8('" 0 '%!")("'(* /e'"l. L" prese'(" &e S!"p30l%'%''ses (&('"!(,% &e &e/('(e!e s"(&"& 0 se le '%s(&er" resp%s"#le &e l" )"0%r4" &e l"s (!%7('"'(%es &e +rp% 9;.
M(TODO DE CONSERVACIÓN Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE AVES L"s ",es '%ser,"&"s " > C &r"!e : &4"s s% e6(,"le!es " l"s 6e se +"r&" " :C &r"!e &4"s % " >C &r"!e &4". L"s ",es '%ser,"&"s " : C &r" &4"s )1s 6e l"s "l)"'e"&"s " C. El !(e)p% e 6e se +eer" )('r%%r+"(s)%s 6e res(s!e el /r4% ll")"&%s ps('r%/4l('%s e el p%ll% es &e : " D 3%r"s " C. L" ele,"'(* &e !e)per"!r" " >C 3"'e 6e es!%s %r+"(s)%s "p"re<'" e : % : 3%r"s. L" ,(&" e "l)"'e")(e!% % !(e)p% "!es &e pr%&'(rse el )"l %l%r &epe&e % s%l% &e l" !e)per"!r" &e "l)"'e")(e!% s( % &e l" '"r+" (('("l &e l%s p%ll%s "!es &e e!r"r " l%s '"r!%s &e re/r(+er"&%. 2%r l% !"!% !(ee +r" ()p%r!"'(" l" #e" 3(+(ee e el !r"!")(e!% &e )"!"<" 0 l" sele''(* p"r" )(()(<"r l" '%!")("'(* )('r%#("" (('("l 0 pr%l%+"r l" ,(&" e "l)"'e")(e!%. E7(s!e rep%r!es &e " &(s)('(* e l" '"!(&"& &e #"'!er("s e '""les'"&% es!"s s% l","&"s '% "+" 6e '%!(ee >)+l(!r% &e 'l%r% e "+" &e pr%'es% 0 re/r(+er"'(*. Se re'%)(e&" )"!eer !e)per"!r"s e s"l"s &e pr%'es% &e % )1s&e :C 0 !r"sp%r!es re/r(+er"&%s &e : " C p"r" ",es /res'"s e &(s!r(#'(* % e7pe&(&%s. L" ,(&" &e l"s ",es e re/r(+er"'(* re6(ere p%r l% !"!% '%!r%l es!r('!% &e 3(+(ee- e)p"6e- !e)per"!r"s '%s!"!es 0 '%!r%l"&"s- '"l6(er '")#(% " !e)per"!r"s ")#(e!e pe&e &e!er)("r )e%r &r"'(* &el pr%&'!%.
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EL HUEVO
El 3e,% es (+re&(e!e 3"#(!"l e l" "l()e!"'(* &el 3%)#re &es&e s %r(+e. Se '"r"'!er(<" p%r s "l!" &es(&"& !r(!(,"- " e7'ele!e rel"'(* '"l(&"&?pre'(% 0 ser (+re&(e!e #1s('% 0 ,ers1!(l " (,el 'l("r(%. U 3e,% es!1 /%r)"&%- #1s('")e!e- p%r " 0e)" 'e!r"l 9D:; r%&e"&" p%r el "l#)e % 'l"r" 9; 0 !%&% ell% e,el!% p%r " '1s'"r" e7!er" 9::;. El 3e,% !(ee %s '%!e(&%s )%&er"&%s e '"l%r4"s 0 1'(&%s +r"s%s 9AG; s"!r"&%s. O/re'e " pr%!e4" '% per/(l e ")(%1'(&%s (&e"l p"r" l"s e'es(&"&es &el %r+"(s)%- " "l!" pr%p%r'(* &e AG (s"!r"&%s- !%&"s l"s ,(!")("s e7'ep!% l" ,(!- C 0 )(er"les ese'("les &e /%r)" '%'e!r"&". Es!%s )"'r% 0 )('r%!r(e!es es!1 '%ser,"&%s 0 pr%!e+(&%s p%r l" '1s'"r". L" '1s'"r" es " es!r'!r" )0 '%)ple$" 6e '%!r(#0e "l s(s!e)" &e &e/es" /re!e " l" '%!")("'(* )('r%#("" &el 3e,% 0 es e7'ele!e e,%l!%r(% "!r"l 6e preser," el ,"l%r !r('(%"l &el 3e,% e!er%. T%&% ell% % es s%rpre&e!e s( re'%r&")%s 6e- el 3e,% /%r)" p"r!e &el s(s!e)" &e repr%&''(* &el ",e 0 '%!(ee !%&%s l%s '%)pes!%s- !r(e!es 0 %e'es"r(%s p"r" el &es"rr%ll% &el e)#r(* 9;.
V$4*3 N232* 9 F.*$4 564 H6* Se &e/(e '%)% "l()e!% /'(%"l- "6el '0% '%s)% '%!r(#0e " "p%r!"r #ee/('(%s s%#re l" s"l&- p%r e'()" &el "p%r!e es!r('!")e!e !r('(%"l. Es &e'(r 6e prese!" '%)pes!%s 6e 3" s(&% (&e!(/('"&%s '%)% /(s(%l*+('")e!e "'!(,%s 0 '% &e)%s!r"&%s e/e'!%s p%s(!(,%s p"r" )"!eer 0 p%!e'("r l" s"l&- "s4 '%)% pre,e(r l" "p"r('(* &e &e!er)("&"s p"!%l%+4"s es(&"& N!r(!(," es!"'" s )%&er"&% '%!e(&% eer+8!('%- '"l e 3e,% &e +- 6e '%rresp%&e " : '"l :+ &e 3e,% '%)es!(#le. E p"r"lel%- prese!" " "l!" &es(&"& !r(!(,"- es &e'(r 6e "p%r!" " "l!" pr%p%r'(* &e l"s e'es(&"&es &("r("s &e " pers%" e !r(e!es ese'("les "'%)p""&% &e " #"$" pr%p%r'(* &e ss e'es(&"&es e '"l%r4"s. As4- l" &es(&"& !r('(%"l &el 3e,% 9+- )+ * P+ &e !r(e!e: '"l "l()e!%; es )0 /",%r"#le e rel"'(* " %!r%s "l()e!%s pr%!e('%s '%)% l" '"re- s%#re !%&% e re/ere'(" " l%s AG2I 0 " )('r%!r(e!es '%)% el 3(err% 0 l"s ,(!")("s B>- B:>- A- E 0 /%l"!%. 2%r ell%- el '%s)% &e 3e,%s es espe'("l)e!e "&e'"&% e pers%"s 6e (+(ere " l()(!"&" '"!(&"& &e "l()e!% 0% eer+4" per% 6e e'es(!" "se+r"r l" (+es!(* &e !r(e!es ese'("les 9pers%"s &e e&"& ","<"&"- (%s- &(e!"s &e "&el+"<")(e!%- e!'.;
D65$5 N232$
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es!"'" s )%&er"&% '%!e(&% eer+8!('%- '"l e 3e,% &e +- 6e '%rresp%&e " : '"l :+ &e 3e,% '%)es!(#le. E p"r"lel%- prese!" " "l!" &es(&"& !r(!(,"- es &e'(r 6e "p%r!" " "l!" pr%p%r'(* &e l"s e'es(&"&es &("r("s &e " pers%" e !r(e!es ese'("les "'%)p""&% &e " #"$" pr%p%r'(* &e ss e'es(&"&es e '"l%r4"s. As4- l" &es(&"& !r('(%"l &el 3e,% 9+- )+ * P+ &e !r(e!e: '"l "l()e!%; es )0 /",%r"#le e rel"'(* " %!r%s "l()e!%s pr%!e('%s '%)% l" '"re- s%#re !%&% e re/ere'(" " l%s AG2I 0 " )('r%!r(e!es '%)% el 3(err% 0 l"s ,(!")("s B>B:>- A- E 0 /%l"!%. 2%r ell%- el '%s)% &e 3e,%s es espe'("l)e!e "&e'"&% e pers%"s 6e (+(ere " l()(!"&" '"!(&"& &e "l()e!% 0% eer+4" per% 6e e'es(!" "se+r"r l" (+es!(* &e !r(e!es ese'("les 9pers%"s &e e&"& ","<"&"- (%s- &(e!"s &e "&el+"<")(e!%- e!'.;
P3*26?$ 9 $+*@.5* U 3e,% "p%r!" %s + &e pr%!e4"- rep"r!(&%s /&")e!"l)e!e e!re l" 0e)" 0 l" 'l"r". El "l#)e '%s(s!e e " s%l'(* "'%s" 9; 0 pr%!e('" 9:: &el "l#)e;. e l"s )er%s"s pr%!e4"s prese!es e l" 'l"r"&es!"'" l" %,%"l#5)(" 9; 0 %,%)'(" 9::; resp%s"#les &e l" '%s(s!e'(" &el "l#)e- 0 l" l(s%<()" 9D-; p%r ss pr%p(e&"&es "!(#"'!er(""s. El res!% &e l"s pr%!e4"s &el 3e,% se e'e!r" e l" 0e)" 9: &e l" 0e)";- 6e '%s(s!e e " e)ls(* &e "+" 9 ; 0 l(p%pr%!e4"s. L" '"l(&"& &e l" pr%!e4" 6e "p%r!" "l()e!% ,(ee &e!er)("&" p%r s &(+es!(#(l(&"& 0 s '%)p%s('(* ")(%"'4&('". L" '%)p%s('(* pr%!e('" &el 3e,% es '%s(&er"&" &e "l!% ,"l%r #(%l*+('%- 0" 6e '%!(ee !%&%s l%s ")(%1'(&%s ese'("les 0 e l" pr%p%r'(* "&e'"&" (&e"lp"r" '#r(r l"s e'es(&"&es &e l"s pers%"s. 2%r ell%- se !(l(<" '%)% p"!r* &e re/ere'(" p"r" l" e,"l"'(* &e l" '"l(&"& pr%!e('" &e l%s "l()e!%s. A&e)1s se '%s(&er" " /e!e &e pr%!e4" "l!")e!e &(+es!(#le 0" 6e )1s &el &e l" pr%!e4" &el 3e,% es &(+er(&" 0 resl!" &(sp%(#le p"r" '#r(r l"s &(s!(!"s e'es(&"&es &el %r+"(s)%. 2%r %!r% l"&%- l%s resl!"&%s &e "l+%s !r"#"$%s (&('" 6e el '%s)% &e "l()e!%s &e "l!% ,"l%r pr%!e('%- '%)% el 3e,%pe&e "0&"r " '%!r%l"r el "pe!(!% 0 " )"!eer el es!"&% 9)"s" 0 res(s!e'("; &e l" )s'l"!r" 9:;. E '%'re!%- se 3" &es'r(!% el ()p%r!"!e p"pel &e l" le'(" e el '%!r%l &e l" s4!es(s &e !e$(&% )s'l"r 0 e el '%!r%l &e l" s"'(e&"&- el 3e,% es " /e!e '%'e!r"&" &e es!e !r(e!e. L%s 3e,%s % "p%r!" pr("s 96e se !r"s/%r)" e 1'(&% 5r('% e el %r+"(s)%; 0 s% espe'("l)e!e (!eres"!es e l" "l()e!"'(* &e pers%"s 6e p"&e'e +%!".
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(,el &e /%s/%l4p(&%s &el 3e,% 6e represe!"- "pr%7()"&")e!e- > + p%r 3e,% 0 &es!"'" l" prese'(" &e /%s/"!(&(l'%l(" % le'(!(". L"s ,(!")("s l(p%s%l#les 0 l%s '"r%!e%(&es /%r)" p"r!e &e : &e l%s l4p(&%s &e l" 0e)". E rel"'(* "l p%r'e!"$e &e @.5* %3$* e el 3e,% e!er% '%)es!(#le- D s% AG s"!r"&%s AGS- s% AG )%%(s"!r"&%s 9AGMI; 0 > s% AG2I- e '%'re!% :- &e 1'(&% l(%le('% ese'("l. N% s%l% l" '"!(&"& s(% !")#(8 l" rel"'(* e!re AG !(ee " ()p%r!"!e reper's(* e l" s"l&. C%)% ,e)%s l" rel"'(* AG2IAGS es &e -?-KD- s(e&% )0 /",%r"#le- 0" 6e se s(!5" p%r e'()" &e l%s ,"l%res )4()%s re'%)e&"&%s 9.D;. Es!1 #(e es!"#le'(&% 6e l" )%&(/('"'(* &el per/(l e AG &el p(es% per)(!e '")#("r l" '%)p%s('(* e AG &e l" 0e)". Es!e '")#(% se #"s"/&")e!"l)e!e- e l" ,"r("'(* (,ers" e!e l"s /r"''(%es &e AG2I 0 AGMI)(e!r"s 6e l%s AGS per)"e'e pr1'!('")e!e '%s!"!es. E es!e se!(&%e l" "'!"l(&"& e'%!r")%s e el )er'"&% 3e,%s e '1s'"r" er(6e'(&%s e AG2I %)e+"?D- es!% es p%s(#le +r"'("s " l" ('%rp%r"'(* &e "'e(!e &e l("<" % pes'"&% e l" r"'(* &e l"s +"ll("s. Es!% per)(!e ")e!"r l%s (,eles &e AG e('%s"pe!"e%('% 9E2A; 0 &%'%s"3e7"e%('% 9HA;- 6e s% AG2I %)e+"?D &e '"&e" )0 l"r+" '0% '%s)% 3" &e)%s!r"&% re&'(r el r(es+% &e e/er)e&"&es '"r&(%,"s'l"res 0 )e$%r"r l"s /'(%es ,(s"les 0 )e!"les 9B"'ells e! "l.- >;. U 3e,% er(6e'(&%- "6e e7(s!e " +r" ,"r("#(l(&"& &e '%!e(&% 0 pr%p%r'(* &e l(%l8('% E2AHA-; pe&e lle+"r " '#r(r pr1'!('")e!e el : &e l" (+es!" &("r(" re'%)e&"&" 9CR;. E '"!% $4 .*46263*4- el '%!e(&% )e&(% es &e D )+ p%r : + &e 3e,% e!er% 9>: )+ e 3e,% &e %s +; 0 es!1 &ep%s(!"&% e l" 0e)". Es!" '"!(&"& '%!r(#0e &e )"er" ()p%r!"!e " l" (+es!" &("r(" &e es!e '%)pes!%. Es!1 &e)%s!r"&% 6e e7(s!e " rel"'(* e!re el r(es+% &e e/er)e&"&es '"r&(%,"s'l"res 0 l" prese'(" &e "l!%s (,eles &e '%les!er%l e l" '(r'l"'(* s"+4e"- espe'("l)e!e '%les!er%l (!e+r"&% e l(p%pr%!e4"s &e #"$" &es(&"& 9LL;. 2er% el '%les!er%l &e l" &(e!" % es el pr('(p"l resp%s"#le &e l%s (,eles &e '%les!er%l '(r'l"!es. e 3e'3% se se"l" 6e l" '"!(&"& 0 el !(p% &e +r"s" (+er(&"- es )0 resp%s"#le ('ls% )1s 6e el '%les!er%l- ")e!"&% l%s (,eles &e '%les!er%l LL e p"r"lel% '% el ('re)e!% &el '%s)% &e AGS. E '%'re!%- &(/ere!es es!&(%s re"l(<"&%s 3" &e)%s!r"&% 6e % e7(s!e " "s%'("'(* e!re el '%s)% &e 3e,%s 0 l" "p"r('(* 0 &es"rr%ll% &e e/er)e&"&es '"r&(%,"s'l"res. L"s re'%)e&"'(%es !r('(%"les &e l" AHA )"!(ee el )17()% &e D )+ &e '%les!er%l p%r pers%" 0 &4" per% 3" re'!(/('"&% 0 % l()(!" el '%s)% &e 3e,%s. Es ()p%r!"!e &es!"'"r 6e %!r%s '%)pes!%s &el 3e,% '%)% l%s AG2I- "!(%7(&"!es 9'"r%!e%(&es- ,(!. Esele(%;- /%s/%l4p(&%s 9le'(!(" 0 es/(+%)(el(";- ,(!")("s &el +rp% B 0 /%l"!% 13
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:. Apple+"!e- E. >. I!r%&'!(%@ N!r(!(%"l "& F'!(%"l R%les %/ E++s ( !3e (e!. J%r"l %/ !3e A)er('" C%lle+e %/ N!r(!(%- V%l. :N%. - SS. >. B"'ells M- Cresp% N- B"rr%e!" AC- L%pe. I'%rp%r"!(% %/ &(//ere! p%l0s"!r"!e& /"!!0 "'(& (!% e++s. 2%l!r0 S'(.- K@ :? D. C"r#"$"l- M-A- >. H1#(!%s &e '%s)% &e '"re &e p%ll% 0 3e,%s. C"l(&"& !r('(%"l 0 rel"'(* '% l" s"l&. LII S0)p%s() &e A,('l!r" C(e!4/('". C1'eres- Esp"". . C%&%0- R. >>.C%)p%s('(* 0 ,"l%r !r!(,% &el 3e,%. E@ Le''(%es s%#re el 3e,%- E&- Is!(!!% &e Es!&(%s &el He,%. M"&r(&- Esp"". . C3+ H- R"s)sse HM- J%3s% EJ. >. L!e( #(%","(l"#(l(!0 (s 3(+3er /r%) l!e(?er('3e& e++s !3" /r%) spple)e!s "& sp("'3 ( )e. J N!r :D9;@:K?:D. . Crr"?Cele!"% JM- eD. E,"l"!(+ !3e (/le'e %/ e++ '%s)p!(% "s " s%r'e %/ )"'l"r '"r%!e%(&s "& !3e ()p"'! % ser) '3%les!er%l r(s r"!(%s. I,es! Op!3"l)%l V(s S'( @E?"#s!r"'!@ D. K. 0er JH- 2"l?L"#r"&%r MJ- F" J- S3(r'%re AM- Mer< CN- 0er M. > 2r%+ress(% %/ '"r%!(& (!()"?)e&(" !3('ess "& pl"s)" "!(%7(&"!s@ !3e L%s A+eles A!3er%s'ler%s(s S!&0.Ar!er(%s'ler T3r%)# V"s' B(%l. >9>;@D:D?. . H"&el)" GJ- N(+3!(+"le Z- L('3!es!e( AH- S'3"e/er EJBl)#er+ JB. :. L!e( "& K>:. . F(s'3er LM- S'e"r'e JA- M"r MH- Bl"'3"r& RT- M"'(!%s3 BA- Bs#0 MG- Ze(sel SH. >. A& l(#(!) '3%l(e (!"e ( 3e"l!30 (&(,(&"ls )ee!s %r e7'ee&s !3e pr%p%se& "&e6"!e (!"e le,el. J N!r :D@>? >. :. G"l%#"r!- J.- B"rr%e!"- AC- C%r!("s- L.- B"'ells- M "& C%&%0- R. >>. A'')l"!(% %/ "l/"!%'%p3er%l ( e++s er('3e& (!3 %)e+"?D "& %)e+"? p%l0s"!r"!e& /"!!0 "'(&s. 2%l!r0 S'(e'e:@:KD?:K. ::. Fe'3"@ H FB- S!")p/er MJ- R()) EB- e! "l. :. A pr%spe'!(,e s!&0 %/ e++ '%s)p!(% "& r(s %/ '"r&(%,"s'l"r &(se"se ( )e "& %)e. JAMA >:@:DK?. :>. H%p"l"3!(- R.- L*pe
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J("+ Y- N%3 S- %% SI. >:. E++ p3%sp3"!(&0l'3%l(e &e're"ses !3e l0)p3"!(' "#s%rp!(% %/ '3%les!er%l ( r"!s. J N!r :D:@>D?>DD. 14. %,"'s?N%l"-J.- M"rs3"ll 2. 0 M(e-Y. >- A&,"'es ( !3e V"le %/ E++s "& E++ C%)p%e!s /%rH)" He"l!3. J. A+r('. F%%& C3e). D- >:?D:.
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