LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PANGAN TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN BUAH DAN SAYUR ICE CREAM
Oleh : Nama NRP No. Meja Kelompo "a#$$a #$$all Pra Prat ti i%m %m A&i&te#
: Siti Armilah Armilah : 133020265 : 5 (Lima) :! : 11 11 April pril 2016 2016 : Pia Apri'a#e
LABORATORIUM TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PANGAN PROGRAM STUDI TEKNOLOGI PANGAN FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS PASUNDAN BANDUNG 2016
TUJUAN DAN PRINSIP PERCOBAAN
Tujuan P!"#$aan
"%j%a# peroaa# pe#$olaha# e& rim a*alah %#t% *i+er&i,ia&i pro*% olaha# pa#$a# (&%&%)- &alah &at% %#t% me#$aeta# &%&%- me#i#$ata# #ilai eo#omi&- *a# %#t% me#$etah%i ara pem%ata# e& rim. P!%n&%' P!"#$aan
Pri#&ip peroaa# pe#$olaha# e& rim a*alah er*a&ara# pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i lema %#t% mempereil %%ra# $lo%la lema *a# pro&e& peme%a# &ehi#$$a terja*i o+er r%# 'ait% tere#t%#'a %#it ri&tal e& *a# pe#i#$ata# +ol%me e& rim.
DIAGRAM ALIR PROSES PERCOBAAN
/%ah
Susu
'ula( )hipping cream( skim( gelatin Pencampuran I
Pendidihan T=1000C t=15-40’
Tepung mai*ena( kuning telur( essens Pencampuran II
Pengukuran volume !a"
Tempering
#omogenisasi Ice Cream $aker"
Pengukuran %ver run !&"
Ice Cream
amar 1. ia$ram Alir Pem%ata# e ream
PROSES PEMBUATAN ICE CREAM
amar 2. Pro&e& Pem%ata# e ream
HASIL PENGAMATAN
4a&il peroaa# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# ie ream *apat *ilihat pa*a tael eri%t: Ta$( 1) Ha&%( Pn*a+a,an P+$ua,an I" C!a+ K,!an*an
/a&i&
Ha&%(
1000 $ram
/aha# tama
S%&% m%r#i 1-178 9hippi#$ ream -558 S%ro&a 15-508
/aha# "amaha#
K%#i#$ tel%r 7-8 elati# 18 ;&&e#e 0-028
/erat Pro*%
1150 $ram
8 O+er r%#
35-28
Or$a#olepti: 1. 9ar#a
K%#i#$
2. Ra&a
;& rim ma#$$a
3.
Kha& e& rim ma#$$a
Aroma
7. "e&t%r
Lem%t
5. Ke#ampaa#
Me#ari
amar pro*%
(S%mer : Kelompo !- Meja 5- 2016) PEMBAHASAN
/er*a&ara# ha&il pe#$amata# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# pa#$a# 'a#$ telah *ila%a# *apat *ietah%i aha pro*% ie ream *e#$a# a&i& 1000 $ram me#$ha&ila# erat pro*% &ee&ar 1150 $ram *a# 8 o+er r%# &ee&ar 35-28. Pa*a pem%ata# ice cream *ila%a# pro&e& pe#amp%ra# *ima#a pe#amp%ra# i#i ert%j%a# %#t% me#amp%ra# &%&% m%r#i *e#$a# whipping cream &ehi#$$a *iha&ila# amp%ra# 'a#$ homo$e#. Kem%*ia# la%a# pema#a&a# &elama 30 me#it. Pema#a&a# ert%j%a# %#t% me#$hila#$a# miroor$a#i&me patho$e# 'a#$ *apat mer%&a &%&%. Pe#amp%ra# *ila%a# *e#$a# me#amp%ra# $%la *a# %#i#$ tel%r *e#$a# amp%ra# . "%j%a##'a %#t% me#amp%ra# &em%a aha# &ehi#$$a *iha&ila# a*o#a# ice cream. Lal% tempering ert%j%a# %#t% me#%r%#a# &%h% a*o#a# &ehi#$$a mem%*aha# pro&e& &ela#j%t#'a. Setelah &em%a aha# teramp%r rata- he#tia# pro&e& pema#a&a# *a# %%r +ol%me#'a.
). Pe#amaha# Whipping Cream er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#amah lema *a# peme#t% &%&% me#ja*i leih ai are#a me#$a#*%#$ a#'a lema. %la ti*a
ha#'a er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri ra&a ma#i& pa*a ice cream- tapi j%$a me#%r%#a# titi e% a*o#a#- &ehi#$$a a*o#a# ti*a terlal% epat meme% &aat *ipro&e&. #i pe#ti#$ a$ar %*ara 'a#$ ma&% e*alam a*o#a# i&a leih a#'a &ehi#$$a te&t%r me#ja*i leih lem%t. Ka*ar $%la *alam ice cream a*alah 158 (/%le et. al.- 1>). Mai?e#a er,%#$&i &ea$ai memeri te&t%r hal%& *a# lem%t pa*a pem%ata# ice cream. Essence pa*a pem%ata# e& rim *i$%#aa# %#t% me#i#$ata# ita ra&a pro*% e& rim. /era$ai flavor 'a#$ *itamahaa# pa*a pem%ata# ice cream- %m%m#'a era&al *ari %ah=%aha# ata% ta#ama# horti%lt%ra &eperti strawberry- oelat- +a#ila- a#$$%r *a# lai#=lai# (Saleh- 2007). K%#i#$ tel%r er,%#$&i &ea$ai &taili?er. Staili?er j%$a ia&a *i$%#aa# *alam &etiap pem%ata# e& rim. Staili?er er,%#$&i %#t% me#&taila# pe#$a*%a# *a# mole%l %*ara pa*a a*o#a#. Staili?er j%$a er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#amah ra&a- memperaii te&t%r- *a# pe#$hamat pe#$ri&tala#. ter*apat *%a maam &taili?er 'a#$ ia&a#'a *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim- 'ait% : "el%r (&ea$ai &taili?er alami) *a# &taili?er e& rim %ata# (Setia%- 2013). ;m%l&i a*alah amp%ra# a#tara *%a je#i& aira# 'a#$ &eara #ormal ti*a *apat eramp%r- *ima#a &alah &at% ,a&e ter*i&per&i *alam ,a&e pe#*i&per&i. K%#i#$ tel%r j%$a mer%paa# em%l&i mi#'a *alam air. K%#i#$ tel%r me#$a#*%#$ a$ia# 'a#$ er&i,at surface active 'ait% le&iti#- ole&terol *a# le&itoprotei#. Le&iti# me#*%%#$ tere#t%#'a em%l&i mi#'a *alam air (o@)- &e*a#$a# ole&terol e#*er%#$ %#t% meme#t% em%l&i air *alam mi#'a (@o) (M%hta*i- 12). #&%r poo peme#t% ie ream a*alah : 1. Lema &%&% : era&al *ari &%&% rim (&eat ream)- rim e%- rim pla&ti- me#te$a ti*a me#$a#*%#$ $aram ata% mi#'a me#te$a. 2. /aha# pema#i& : %la- era$ai maam &ir%p- ma*%- *etro&a- lato&a,r%to&a *a# lai#=lai#. 3. Mil Soli*& No# Bat (MSNB) : Sim &%&% &e$ar- &eat ream- %ttermil&%&% &im %%- &%&% &im ma#i& o#*e#&a&i*a# he' pa*at. 7. /aha# pe#&tail (&taili?er). 5. /aha# pe#$em%l&i (em%l&i,ier).
6. aram mi#eral : a ata% M$ o&i*a- &o*i%m itrate- *i&o*i%m pho&phate&o*i%m tetrap'ropho&phate *a# &o*i%m heametapho&phat (Saleh- 2007). Bator 'a#$ mempe#$ar%hi pro*% e& rim a#tara lai#: 1. /aha#=aha# 'a#$ ter*apat pa*a e& rim 2. Pro&e& 'a#$ *ila%a# *alam pem%ata# e& rim /aha#=aha# 'a#$ ter*apat *alam e& rim a#tara lai#: a. Air Air mer%paa# ompo#e# tere&ar *alam amp%ra# e& rim- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pelar%t aha#=aha# lai# *alam amp%ra#. Kompo&i&i air *alam amp%ra# aha# e& rim %m%m#'a eri&ar 55=678. . Lema S%&% Lema ia&a *iataa# &ea$ai aha# a% e& rim- lema 'a#$ ter*apat pa*a e& rim era&al *ari &%&% &e$ar 'a#$ *i&e%t rim. Lema &%&% er,%#$&i %#t% me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i e& rim- me#amah ita ra&a- me#$ha&ila# arateri&ti te&t%r 'a#$ lem%t- mema#t% memeria# e#t% *a# epa*ata#&erta memeria# &i,at meleleh 'a#$ ai. Ka*ar lema *alam e& rim 'ait% a#tara 108 &ai 168. . /aha# Keri#$ S%&% "a#pa Lema /aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa lema er,%#$&i %#t% me#i#$ata# a#*%#$a# pa*ata# *i *alam e& rim &ehi#$$a leih e#tal. /aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa lema j%$a pe#ti#$ &ea$ai &%mer protei# &ehi#$$a *apat me#i#$ata# #ilai #%tri&i e& rim.#&%r protei# *alam pem%ata# e& rim er,%#$&i %#t% me#&taila# em%l&i lema &etelah pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i- me#amah ita ra&a- mema#t% pem%iha#- me#i#$ata# *a# me#&taila# *a'a iat air 'a#$ erpe#$ar%h pa*a ee#tala# *a# te&t%r e& rim 'a#$ lem%t.S%mer aha# eri#$ &%&% ta#pa lema a#tara lai# &%&% &im- &%&% e#tal ma#i&- *a# %% he'. Ka*ar &im *alam e& rim 'ait% a#tara 8 &ai 128. *. /aha# pema#i& /aha# pema#i& 'a#$ %m%m *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim a*alah $%la pa&ir (&%ro&a) *a# $%la it. /aha# pema#i& &elai# er,%#$&i memeria# ra&a ma#i&- j%$a *apat me#i#$ata# ita ra&a- me#%r%#a# titi e% 'a#$ *apat meme#t% ri&tal=ri&tal e& rim 'a#$ hal%& &ehi#$$a me#i#$ata# pe#erimaa# *a# e&%aa# o#&%me#. Pe#amaha# aha# pema#i& &eitar 128 &ai 168. e. /aha# Pe#&tail (Staili?er)
/aha# pe#&tail 'a#$ %m%m *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim a*alah M (aro' meth'l el%lo&e)- $%m ara- &o*i%m al$i#at- ara$e#a# *a# a$ar. /aha# pe#&tail erpera# %#t% me#i#$ata# ee#tala# M ter%tama pa*a &aat &eel%m *ie%a# *a# memperpa#ja#$ ma&a &impa# e& rim are#a *apat me#e$ah ri&tali&a&i e& &elama pe#'impa#a#. Ka*ar pe#&tail *alam e& rim 'ait% a#tara 08 &ai 0-78. ,. /aha# Pe#$em%l&i /aha# pe#$em%l&i %tama 'a#$ *i$%#aa# *alam pem%ata# e& rim a*alah $aram hal%&. /aha# pe#$em%l&i ert%j%a# %#t% memperaii &tr%t%r lema *a# *i&tri%&i %*ara *alam M- me#i#$ata# eompaa# aha#=aha# *alam M &ehi#$$a *iperoleh e& rim 'a#$ lem%t- *a# me#i#$ata# etaha#a# e& rim terha*ap peleleha# aha#. amp%ra# aha# pe#$em%l&i *a# pe#&tail aa# me#$ha&ila# e& rim *e#$a# te&t%r 'a#$ lem%t. Ka*ar pe#$em%l&i *alam e& rim 'ait% a#tara 08 &ai 0-258 (Ciro- 2017). Ker%&aa# ,la+or pa*a ie ream *apat *iate$oria# &ea$ai eri%t : 1. /ila ter*apat ra&a 'a#$ ti*a *ii#$i#a# ata% ra&a ti*a alamiah mi&al#'a me#$$%#aa# ra&a ata% aroma %ata# ti*a &ama *e#$a# ra&a ata% aroma 'a#$ a&li. 2. Me#$$%#aa# terlal% ti#$$i per&e#ta&e &ir%p ja$%#$ 'a#$ ma#a e#*er%#$ me#%t%pi ,la+or. 3. /ila ie ream tera&a a&am terja*i are#a me#$$%#aa# aha# 'a#$ a&am ata% are#a tere#t%#'a a&am latat *alam a*o#a#. 7. Ra&a ie ream 'a#$ ti*a e#a- era&al *ari alat *a# &%&% *ari peter#aa# ata% aha# pem%at ie ream 'a#$ &%*ah lama. 5. Ra&a a&i# 'a#$ *i&eaa# terlal% ti#$$i per&e#ta&e Mil Soli*& No# Bat (MSNB) ata% me#$$%#aa# me#te$a 'a#$ me#$a#*%#$ $aram. Ka#*%#$a# $aram e ream ti*a oleh meleihi 0-18 *ari a*o#a#. Ra&a a&i# memperte$a& ra&a pa*a ie ream. 6. "erlal% ma#i& aiat eleiha# $%la. %la ti*a oleh meleihi158. . /a% are#a pe#'impa#a# 'a#$ terlal% lama 'ait% a% ar*%&- a% %ah ata% a% aa#$ 'a#$ apa pa*a e&rim. >. Oi*i?e* ,la+or terja*i ila a*o#a# ie ream ata% aha##'a er&e#t%ha# la#$&%#$ *e#$a# al%mi#i%m tero&i*a&i &eperti opper ata% *e#$a# &i#ar matahari.
. /a% aiat pema#a&a# 'ait% a% $o&o#$- ila terlal% lama *ima&a ata% %ra#$ pe#$a*%a# &elama pema#a&a# (Saleh- 2007). Ker%&aa# Pe#ampila# *a# te&t%r (/o*' a#* tet%re *e,et): /o*' erh%%#$a# *e#$a# etaha#a# %#t% me#air ila ie ream *io#&%m&i- hal i#i ter$a#t%#$ *ari ompo&i&i a*o#a# *a# j%mlah %*ara &elama peme%a#. "et%re *apat *ijela&a# a*alah ehal%&a# pa*a li*ah ila ie ream *io#&%m&i. /o*' *e,et& *apat *ila&i,ia&ia# &e#a$ai eri%t: 1. ;#er (ea) ata% a*a e#a#$ hal%& (,l%,,'). 2. Leme (&o$$')- tetapi i#i %a# mer%paa# er%&aa# 'a#$ &eri%& are#a o#&%me# leih &%a o*' erat *e#$a# o+err%# r e#*ah. 3. /er$etah ($%mm'). 7. Rap%h@m%*ah ha#%r (r%ml')- hal i#i *i&eaa# a#*%#$a# $%la re#*ah (Saleh- 2007). "e&t%r a&ar pa*a e ream mer%paa# er%&aa# 'a#$ &a#$at &eri%&- hal i#i *i&eaa# oleh: 1. Staili&a&i ti*a e#ar. 2. 4omo$e#i&a&i ti*a e#ar. 3. Peme%a# lamat *e#$a# memiara# ie ream me#%#$$% lama &eel%m *ima&%a# e ,ree?er- ,l%t%a&i &%h% pa*a retail ai#et *a# ,ree?er *i r%mah (Saleh- 2007).
;& rim j%$a *apat *ila&i,ia&ia# &ea$ai eri%t: a. Mo*er# e ream ( ;& Krim Mo*er# ) "e#olo$i pem%ata# e& rim terar% mem%#$i#a# pro*%&i e& rim *ila%a# *e#$a# m%*ah. /aha# *a&ar tel%r &ea$ai pe#&tail i&a *i$a#tia# *e#$a# em%l&i,er %ata#. ;m%l&i,er %ata# i#i *i%at *ari aha# alami 'a#$ *ipro&e& h%&%& me#ja*i %%. "i#$at e&taila##'ap%# leih ai *ari pa*a me#$$%#aa#
tel%r. ;m%l&i,ier a*alah aha#
melem%ta# *a# ti*a me#aira#. . e ream /a&e ( ;& Krim)
tamaha# 'a#$ er,%#$&i
;&rim eraha# *a&ar &%&% *a# ,re&h ream- 'a#$ *itamah tel%r &ea$ai aha# pe#&tail. Seel%m ma&% pro&e& pe#*i#$i#a#- amp%ra# aha# i#i j%$a i&a *i&e%t *e#$a# *a&ar ream %&tar*. . So,t e ream ;&rim 'a#$ lem%t i#i *i$%#aa# me#$$%#aa# me&i# h%&%& 'a#$ ere*a *e#$a# me&i# e& rim ia&a. e#$a# me&i# h%&%& i#i- %*ara 'a#$ tera#*%#$ *i *alam e& rim aa# *i$a#*aa# &ehi#$$a ha&il#'a leih lem%t *a# +ol%me#'a me#ja*i leih e&ar. Selai# it%- a#*%#$a# lema#'a me#ja*i ti*a terlal% ti#$$i. *. Soret Soret leih ri#$a# *a# &e$ar *ia#*i#$a# *e#$a# e& rim ia&a are#a ter%at *ari j%& %ah 'a#$ *itamah pema#i&. A*o#a# &oret ti*a perl% *ima&a a$ar e&e$ara# *a# ra&a %ah#'a tetap terja$a. Soret ti*a me#$a#*%#$ &%&%rim- *a# %#i#$ tel%r &ehi#$$a a#*%#$a# alori#'a re#*ah. Nam%# are#a ti*a me#$a#*%#$ lema- a*o#a# &oret &eai#'a j%$a *itamah em%l&i,ier a$ar te&t%r#'a leih ai. e. Sheret Sheret hampir &ama *e#$a# &oret- ha#'a a*o#a##'a *itamah *e#$a# lema. ,.
elato elato ter%at *ari &%&%- $%la- tel%r *a# pera&a maa#a#. /i&a j%$a
*itamaha# *e#$a# %ah *a# olat. A*o#a# elato leih e#tal *aripa*a a*o#a# e& rim 'a#$ era&al *ari a#*%#$a# %#i#$ tel%r ata% p%tih tel%r ( Sap%tri2012). P pa*a pro&e& pem%ata# e& rim tait% ter*apat pa*a pro&e& pe#amp%ra#- pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i *e#$a# me#$$%#aa# ie ream maer. Pa*a pro&e& homo$e#i&a&i mer%paa# tahap ahir 'a#$ har%& *iperhatia# P #'aalat 'a#$ *i$%#aa# &eperti ie ream maer har%& *ier&iha# terleih *ah%l% &eel%m *i$%#aa#- pe#$at%ra# o#trol terha*ap ie ream maer j%$a har%& *iperhatia# &ehi#$$a ie ream 'a#$ *iha&ila# ama# %#t% *io#&%m&i.
KESIMPULAN
/er*a&ara# ha&il pe#$amata# te#olo$i pe#$olaha# pa#$a# 'a#$ telah *ila%a# *apat *ietah%i aha pro*% ie ream *e#$a# a&i& 1000 $ram me#$ha&ila# erat pro*% &ee&ar 1150 $ram *a# 8 o+er r%# &ee&ar 35-28.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
/%le et al. (1>). I(+u Pan*an E-%&% ./2. Pe#erit #i+er&ita& #*o#e&ia : !aarta. M%hta*i- "ie#.R.- S%$i'o#o. (12). I(+u Pn*,auan Baan Pan*an . #&tit%t Perta#ia# /o$or : /o$or Saleh- ;.- 2007. T.n#(#*% Pn*#(aan Su&u -an Ha&%( I.u,an T!na.) Pro$ram St%*i Pro*%&i "er#a Ba%lta& Perta#ia# #i+er&ita& S%matera tara. Sap%tri-
Bi,i
ia#a.
2012.
E&
K!%+ .
E&
K!%+ .
Jn%&/Jn%&
http:@@,i,i*ia#a&ap%tri.lo$&pot.om@. ia&e& 15 April 2016 Setia%.
2013.
Ma"a+/+a"a+
R&'
http:@@&etia%.or*pre&&.om@. ia&e& 15 April 2016
Ciro. 2017. E& K!%+. http&:@@*&a*&a*a&*a.aa*emia.e*@. a.i*@. ia&e& 15 April 2016
LAMPIRAN PERHITUNGAN P!%,un*an P+$ua,an I" C!a+
9 &%&% m%r#i
D
× Basis
9 &%ro&a
D 71,14 100
D 5-5 $ram
x 1000
D >-7 $ram 9 hippi#$ ream D D 100
x 1000
× Basis
D 15,5
7,55
D
100
x 1000
× Basis
D 155 $ram 9 %#i#$ tel%r
D
× Basis
D 4,79 100
D 0,02
x 1000
100
x 1000
D 7- $ram 9 $elati#
D
× Basis Va −Vb
D 1 100
D 0-2 $ram
8 O+er r%#
D
Vb
x 100
x 1000
1150 −850
D
850
D 10 $ram 9 e&&e#e
D
× Basis
D 35-28
x 100
LAMPIRAN TABEL SNI Ta$( Sa!a, Mu,u I" "!a+ N#) K!%,!%a 1. Kea*aa# :
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 2. 3. 7. 5. 6.
.
>. .
Pe#ampaa# /a% Ra&a
Lema %la *ihit%#$ &ea$ai &%ro&a Protei# !%mlah Pa*ata# /aha# "amaha# Maa#a# :
Sa,uan
P!&a!a,an
=
Normal
=
Normal
= 8@ 8@ 8@ 8@
Normal Mi#. 5-0 Mi#. >-0 Mi#. 2- Mi#. 3-7
6.1. Pear#a "amaha#
=
6.2. Pema#i& /%ata#
=
6.3. Pema#tap *a# Pe#$em%l&i emara# Lo$am :
=
Ne$ati,
.1. "imal (P)
m$@$
Ma&. 1-0
.2. "ema$a (%) emara# Ar&e# (A&) emara# Miroa :
m$@$ m$@$
Ma&. 20-0 Ma&. 0-5
Kolo#i@$r
Ma&. 2 10 5
APM@$
E3
Kolo#i@25 $r
Ne$ati,
Kolo#i@25 $r
Ne$ati,
.1. A#$a Lempe#$ "otal .2. MPN Coliform .3. Salmonella .7. Listeria SPP (S%mer : SN 01=313=15)
LAMPIRAN SOAL DISKUSI
1. !ela&a# ,%#$&i *ari aha#=aha# eri%t i#i *alam pem%ata# e& rim : !aa : a. elati#- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$e#tal ata% &tailitator *ari e& rim. Selai# it% er,%#$&i j%$a *alam memperaii te&t%r. . %la- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri ra&a ma#i& pa*a e& rim.
. Whipping Cream- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pemeri lema a$ar te&t%r e& rim hal%& *a# memeri e,e &i#er$i& terha*ap ,la+or. *. "ep%#$ mai?e#a- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$e#tal *a# pe#&tail &aat *ie%a# *a# j%$a pro&e& thawing . e. Sim- er,%#$&i %#t% me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i. ,. "el%r- er,%#$&i &ea$ai pe#$em%l&i- me#i#$ata# #ilai $i?i *a# me#amah ita ra&a. 2. Pro&e& apa &ajaah 'a#$ terja*i pa*a pem%ata# e& rimF !ela&a# G !aa : a. Pe#amp%ra# - me#amp%ra# whipping cream- &im- tel%r *a# mai?e#a. . Pe#*i*iha#- %#t% me#$hila#$a# miroa 'a#$ er&i,at pato$e#. . 4omo$e#i&a&i- %#t% me#i#$ata# ee#tala# a*o#a# *a# &eali$%& mem%at partiel a*o#a# me#ja*i &era$am mole%l#'a. *. Pe#*i#$i#a#- %#t% me#$he#tia# pema#a&a# 'a#$ erla#j%t. 3. Apa 'a#$ *ima&%* *e#$a# overrunF !ela&a# G !aa : Overrun a*alah pe#i#$ata# j%mlah +ol%me e& rim 'a#$ *i&eaa# oleh ma&%#'a $elem%#$=$elem%#$ %*ara &elama pro&e& pe#$a*%a#. 7. /a$aima#a ara alter#ati, 'a#$ *apat memperaii pe#ampila# *a# %alita& pro*% e& rim F !aa : ara alter#ati, 'a#$ *apat *ila%a# *alam memperaii %alita& *a# pe#ampila# pro*% e& rim a*alah *e#$a# ara : a. Pe#amaha# %ah ata% a&e&ori& %ah=%aha# . Pe#amaha# aa#$- a,er- *a# cone $ili#$ . Pe#amaha# pelapi& olat d+ Kema&a# 'a#$ ai *a# me#ari
