LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN A. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ginjal Masing-masing ginjal mempuyai panjang kira-kira 12 cm dan lebar 2,5 cm pada bagian paling tebal. Ginjal terletak di bagian belakang abdomen. Ginjal kanan terletak lebih rendah dari ginjal kiri karena ada hepar di sisi kanan. Ginjal berbentuk seperti biji kacang dan permukaan medialnya yang cekung disebut hilus renal yaitu tempat masuk dan keluarnya saluran seperti pembuluh darah, pembuluh getah bening, saraf dan ureter. Bila ginjal dibelah dua, secara longitudinal (memanjang) dapat terlihat tiga bagian penting, yaitu korteks, medula dan pelvis renis. Bagian yang paling superfisial adalah korteks renal yang tempak bergranula. Sebelah dalamnya terdapat bagian lebih gelap yaitu medula ranal yang terdiri dari bangunanbangunan berbentuk kerucut yang disebut renal piramid, dengan dasarnya menghadap
korteks
dan
puncaknya
disebut
apeks
atau
papula
renis,
mengarah kebagian dalam ginjal. Satu piramid dengan jaringan korteks yang disebut lobus ginjal. Diantara piramid terdapat jaringan korteks yang disebut kolumna renal. Ginjal terdiri atas satuan-satuan fungsionalnya yang disebut nefron yang berjumlah lebih dari 1 juta setiap ginjalnya. -
Nefron adalah tempat pembentukan urine awal. Setiap nefron terdiri dari komponen vaskuler dan tuberkuler. Komponen vaskuler terdiri atas pembuluh-pembuluh darah yaitu glomerulus dan kapiler pestibular, yang mengitari tubuli. Komponen tubular berwal dengan kapsula bowmen (glomerular) dan mencakup tubuli kontortus proksimal, ansa henle dan tubuli kontortus distal. Dari tubuli distal, isinya disalurkan ke dalam duktus koligens (saluran penampung atau pengumpul).
-
Kapsula bowmen (Glomerular) Terdiri dari lapisan parietal (luar) dan lapis viseral (langsung membungkus kapiler glomerulus). Sel-sel parietal itu gepeng, namun sel-sel lapis viseral besar-besar, dengan banyak juluran mirip jari-jari disebut sek berkaki (podosit). Juluran-juluran mirip jari-jari ini disebut pedikel-pedikel dan
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memeluk kapiler secara teratur, sehingga celah-celah diantara pedikel itu
Ginjal mempunyai beberapa fungsi sebagai berikut : 1. Fungsi ginjal dalam pengaturan tekanan darah Pengaturan tekanan darah oleh ginjal dikendalikan oleh sistem renin-
GRF
yang
terendah
terlihat
pada
penyakit
ginjal
(seperti
2. Fungsi ginjal dalam pengaturan cairan dan elektrolit Ginjal
mempunyai
fungsi
pengendalian
cairan
elektrolit
yaitu
Jika bukan adanya sistem konservasi dari ginjal, orang yang akan
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Mekanisme tambahan pada ginjal memungkinkan urine menjadi
Mekanisme yang berperan untuk peningkatan konsentrasi urine dan
3. Fungsi ginjal dalam pengaturan asam basa. Ginjal turut mengatur asam basa bersama dengan sistem dapar
Ginjal
mengatur
konsentrasi
ion
hidrogen
terutama
dengan
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Sel epitel tubulus proksimal, tubulus distal, ubulus kongens, semuanya
-
Pengaturan sekresi ion hidrogen oleh konsentrasi karbondioksida
dalam cairan ekstra sel Reaksi kimia untuk sekresi ion hidrogen dimulai dengan karbondioksida
-
Interaksi ion bikarbonat dengan ion hidrogen dalam tubulus
“reabsorbsi” ion bikarbonat. Kecepatan normal filtrasi ion bikarbonat dan sekresi ion hidrogen ke dalam tubulus filtras ion bikarbonat terhadap ion hidrogen.
4. Fungsi ginjal dalam pembentukan sel darah merah Produksi atau eritrosit dikendalikan oleh ginjal. Eritroprotoen adalah
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Dari percobaan-percobaan diduga bahwa eritroprotoen ini mungkin
Fungsi lain dari ginjal adalah sebagai filtrasi, reabsorbsi/absorbsi, sekresi dan ekresi seperti dalam pembentukan urine ginjal berperan penting.
B. Pengertian Merupakan suatu penyakit yang salah satu gejalanya adalah pembentukan batu di dalam ginjal a. Batu ginjal adalah bentuk defosit mineral paling umum oksalat Ca 2+ dan
b. Batu ginjal adalah gangguan yang terjadi dengan gejala penggumpalan
c. Batu ginjal adalah terdapatnya batu dalam sistem pelvis dan kalises ginjal,
d. Batu ginjal adalah masa keras seperti batu yang terbentuk pada ginjal dan
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dan keadaan-keadaan lain yang masih belum terungkap (idiopatik). Secara
Faktor intrinsik antara lain : 1. Herediter (keturunan) : penyakit ini diduga diturunkan dari orang tuanya. 2. Umur : penyakit ini paling sering didapatkan pada usia 30-50 tahun 3. Jenis kelamin : jumlah pasien laki-laki tiga kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan pasien perempuan Faktor ekstrinsik diantaranya adalah : 1. Geografis : pada beberapa daerah menunjukkan angka kejadian batu
2. Iklim dan temperatur 3. Asupan air : kurangnya asupan air dan tingginya kadar mineral kalsium pada air yang dikonsumsi. 4. Diet : Diet tinggi purin, oksalat dan kalsium mempermudah terjadinya batu. 5. Pekerjaan : penyakit ini sering dijumpai pada orang yang pekerjaannya banyak duduk atau kurang aktifitas atau sedentary life.(3) D. Patofisiologi Terbentuknya batu biasanya terjadi air kemih jenuh dengan garam-garam
Terdapat beberapa teori tentang pembentukan batu pada ginjal, yaitu:
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Terbentuknya batu ginjal, batu seperti pada saluran kemih atau ginjal
b. Teori saturasi Teori ini berkaitan dengan terjadinya kejenuhan substansi bembentukan
c. Teori presipitasi- kristal Terjadinya perubahan pH urine mempengaruhi substansi dalam urine.
d. Teori berkurangnya faktor penghambat seperti peptisida fosfat, pirofosfat, sistrat, magnesium akan mempermudah terbentuknya batu pada ginjal
PATOFISOLOGI Faktor Predisposisi
Endapan zat2 tertentu di traktus urinarius
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Distensi piala ginjal dan ureter proximal
Iritasi dan Abrasi organ sekitar (ginjal)
Nyeri (kolik renal atau kolik ureteral) Infeksi (pielonefritis, cystitis) yg ditandai dg menggigil, demam dan dysuria Kerusakan nefron ginjal Retensi urine, hematuria Berlanjut
Sepsis Kerusakan ginjal lebih lanjut
KEMATIAN
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1. Tidak ada gejala atau tanda
Efek Batu Pada Saluran Kemih : Ukuran dan letak batu biasanya menentukan perubahan patologis yang terjadi pada traktus urinarius : a. Pada ginjal yang terkena -
Obstruksi
-
Infeksi
-
Epitel pelvis dan calis ginja menjadi tipis dan rapuh.
- Iskemia parenkim. -
Metaplasia
b. Pada ginjal yang berlawanan - Compensatory hypertrophy -
Dapat menjadi bilateral
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g. Gagal ginjal h. Sumbatan : akibat pecahan batu i.
Infeksi : akibat diseminasi partikel batu ginjal bakteri akibat obstruksi
j.
Kerusakan fungsi ginjal : akibat sumbangan yang lama sebelum pegobatan dan pengangkatan batu ginjal
G. Penatalaksanaan
TUJUAN a. Menghilangkan batu b. Menentukan jenis batu c. Mencegah kerusakan nefron d. Mengendalikan infeksi e. Mengurangi infeksi
TINDAKAN a. Pengurangan nyeri b. Analisa batu c. Terapi nutrisi dan medikasi d. ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) e. Pengangkatan Batu 1. Terapi medis dan simtomatik Terapi medis berusaha untuk mengeluarkan batu atau melarutkan
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Shock Wave Lithotripsy) yang adalah tindakan memecahkan batu ginjal dari luar tubuh dengan menggunakan gelombang kejut. 3. Tindakan bedah Tindakan bedah dilakukan jika tidak tersedia alat litotripsor, alat gelombang kejut, atau bila cara non-bedah tidak berhasil.
H. Pencegahan Cara penanggulangan batu ginjal dan kemih bervariasi. Yang utama dicari
Ada beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah timbulnya batu ginjal (Selamiharja, Nanny, 1998) yaitu: a. Obat
diuretik
thiazid
(misalnya
trichlormetazid)
akan
mengurangi
pembentukan batu yang baru. b. Dianjurkan untuk banyak minum air putih (8-10 gelas per hari) c. Diet rendah kalsium seperti ikan salam, sarden, keju, sayur kol. Makin
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f.
Pengobatan
penyakit
yang
dapat
menimbulkan
batu
ginjal
seperti
g. Dianjurkan mengurangi asupan daging, ikan dan unggas, jeroan karena
h. Untuk mengurangi pembentukan asam urat biasa diberikan allopurinol. i.
Kurangi minuman bersoda dan es teh karena mengandung asam osfalat yang akan meningkatkan pembentukan batu dalam ginjal.
j.
Mulailah berolahraga dan kurangi berat badan.
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sebelumnya.
Penderita
dengan
riwayat
batu
sebelumnya
sering
mempunyai tipe nyeri yang sama. b. Pemeriksaan Fisik -
Penderita dengan keluhan nyeri kolik hebat, dapat disertai takikardi, berkeringat, dan nausea.
-
Masa pada abdomen dapat dipalpasi pada penderita dengan obstruksi berat atau dengan hidronefrosis.
-
Bisa didapatkan nyeri ketok pada daerah kostovertebra, tanda gagal ginjal dan retensi urin.
-
Demam, hipertensi, dan vasodilatasi kutaneus dapat ditemukan pada pasien dengan urosepsis
h. Riwayat
penyakit
immobilisasi
dahulu
(infeksi),
pengobatan,
riwayat
dehidrasi,
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adalah bila ginjal yang mengandung batu tidak berfungsi lagi sehingga
- Ultrasonografi (USG) Dilakukan bila pasien tidak mungkin menjalani pemeriksaan IVP, yaitu
-
Laboratorium Pemeriksaan laboratorium diperlukan untuk mencari kelainan kemih
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d. Pemeriksaan radiologi (USG, CT-Scan, MRI) Dengan pemeriksaan radiologi ini, dapat teridentifikasi batu-batu yang kecil yang sulit ditemukan dengan cara konvensional.
2. Diagnosa Keperawatan a. Nyeri b.d. inflamasi, obstruksi dan abrasi traktus urinarius b. Gangguan pola berkemih (BAK) : spesifik b.d. terbentuknya batu di…… (spesifik) c. Resiko
kurang
volume
cairan
b.d.
ketidakadekuatan
intake
cairan
d. Kurang pengetahuan ttg kondisi, prognosa penyakit, program pengobatan dan pencegahan kekambuhan batu renal e. Resiko komplikasi : infeksi, sepsis, gga, dll b.d. proses abrasi/iritasi sekunder pembentukan batu di ……. (spesifik)
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Criteria hasil: -
Klien mengatakan nyeri berkurang atau hilang.
Intervensi :
-
Beri pendampingan dan posisi nyaman
- Kaji TTV -
Cegah injury saat nyeri (kolik) timbul, spt aktivitas dapat mengurangi nyeri, bantu saat ambulasi
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-
Klien dapat BAK spontan
Intervensi : POLA BERKEMIH KEMBALI NORMAL -
Monitor I – O adekuat
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d. Kurang pengetahuan ttg kondisi, prognosa penyakit, program pengobatan dan pencegahan kekambuhan batu renal
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e. Resiko komplikasi : infeksi, sepsis, gga, dll b.d. proses abrasi/iritasi sekunder pembentukan batu di ……. (spesifik)
-
Tidak ada infeksi atau sepsis
Intervensi : PENCEGAHAN KOMPLIKASI
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- Nyeri berkurang/hilang -
Klien tampak rileks
-
Tanda-tanda vital dalam batas normal
Intervensi : 1. Kaji tingkat nyeri, perhatikan lokasi, intensitas (skala 0 - 10).
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1. Buat hubungan saling percaya dengan klien/orang terdekat.
c. Risiko tinggi terhadap infeksi berhubungan dengan insisi bedah/ adanya luka operasi dan prosedur invasive.
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a. Nyeri teratasi b. Pola berkemih (BAK) normal
DAFTAR PUSTAKA