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Group 1.UMAR KAMAL SHAH 2.UMER ZAMAN
LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENT Land locked water bodies.
They presently cover 1% of the earth surface.
Cowardin et al. (1979) define the lacustrine environment as "wetlands and deepwater habitats situated in a topographic depression or dammed river channel, lacking trees, shrubs, persistent emergent plants, mosses, or lichens with greater than 30% areal coverage.
LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENT They may be of shallow depth or hundreds of meters deep. They may be filled with terrigenous, carbonate or evaporitic sediments. Volcanic lakes are very deep but not very extensive.
RELATED ENVIRONMENTS
SWAMP =Saturated environment with standing water and stand of trees. MARSH= Saturated environment with grasses but lack of trees. BOGS=All saturated environments that contain peat.
CHEMISTRY
They are considered as fresh water if dissolved solid concentration is 5%.
Salinity or TDS of fresh water lake is 120ppm ,while that of sea water is 35000ppm. CACO3 ions are most abundant,followed by Mg,Na,K,SO4.
CHEMISTRY On basis of oxygen Oligotropic lakes with well oxygenated oxygen. Eutrophic lakes with oxygen deficiency.
TEMPERATURE
In almost all except shallow lakes, a distinct fairly persistent stratification develops due to temperature variation. Warm water overlies colder water. Thermocline = a zone b/w these waters where temperature changes rapidly with depth. Epilimnion= warm water surface. Hypolimnion=cold water mass below thermocline.
CIRCULATION The temperature profile actually controls the circulation in a lake. Water motion in lakes is either density driven or wind driven. If there is no stratification in the lake then circulation could take place in entire lake. If stratification is present then it will take place in epilimnion.
Amictic = no wind effect covered with snow. Monomictic= characterized by one period of over turn in a year. Dmictic = characterized by two periods of overturn in a year.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTS 1)Saline lakes Contain more than 5000ppm dissolved solids. Associated with arid or semi arid climates. Na is the most abundant ion The sequence of minerals follow the genereal evaporite sequence.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTS 2)Carbonate lakes Precipitation is not caused by evapoation. Not restricted to arid climates. Inorganic in nature but precipitation is caused by biological processes. Example gear salt lake (USA).
LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS Clastic lacustrine sediments can be classified as: Shallow littoral sediments=mostly sandy deposits. Pelagic sediments=muddy sediments at the deepest parts of the basin. Palustrine env= occurs where lake margin sediments are sub aerally exposed.
LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES Burrows Ripple marks stromatolites
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL Large accumulations of oil and gas trapped in rocks formed in ancient lake systems are known to be present in wester USA and china. Siliciclastic rocks of lacustrine origin are known to contain oil,natural gas and bitumen.