LABORATORIO DE ELECTROMAGNETISMO Nº5 LEY DE OHM
DUVAN GUIA TORRES DANIEL BROCHERRO PEREZ HAYDDER BELTRAN RIOS HAROLD OÑATE
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍAS Y TECNOLOGIAS UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR DEL CESAR ELECTROMAGNETISMO GRUPO: 03 VALLEDUPAR 2017 1
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LABORATORIO DE ELECTROMAGNETISMO Nº5 LEY DE OHM
DUVAN GUIA TORRES DANIEL BROCHERRO PEREZ HAYDDER BELTRAN RIOS HAROLD OÑATE Trabajo presentado como requisito de evaluación parcial en la asignatura de electromagnetismo, al Profesor Lic. Juan Pacheco Fernández
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍAS Y TECNOLOGIAS UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR DEL CESAR VALLEDUPAR - COLOMBIA
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TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
INTRODUCCIÓN OBJETIVO GENERAL MARCO TEORICO MATERIALES PROCEDIMIENTO Y ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS
PAGINAS 4 5 6-11 12 13-18 19 20
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INTRODUCCIÓN
Gracias al físico alemán Georg Simón se logró introducir y cuantificar la resistencia eléctrica, es decir, la igualdad de oposición que tienen los electrones al desplazarse a través de un conductor. Georg, al hacer la resistencia eléctrica algo medible pudo introducirla en su fórmula y además gracias a esto la unidad de resistencia eléctrica se denominó ohmio. Ohm, basado en sus experimentos enunció que el voltaje en las terminales de un conductor es directamente proporcional a la corriente que fluye a través del mismo; este enunciado fue reconocido muchos años después como la ley de
Ohm. En el siguiente informe se dará a conocer la estructura matemática de esta ley, de manera que también se daremos a conocer las formulas elaboradas por este personaje, como aplicarlas y cuando aplicarlas, ya que estas ecuaciones solo pueden ser usadas con conductores conocidos como Óhmicos.
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OBJETIVO GENERAL ➢
Comprobar experimentalmente la ley de ohm.
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MARCO TEÓRICO LA LEY DE OHM
La Ley de Ohm, postulada por el físico y matemático alemán Georg Simon Ohm, es una de las leyes fundamentales de la electrodinámica, estrechamente vinculada a los valores de las unidades básicas presentes en cualquier circuito eléctrico como son: 1. Tensión o voltaje "E", en volt (V). 2. Intensidad de la corriente " I ", en ampere (A). 3. Resistencia "R" en ohm ohm ( ) de la la carga carga o consumi consumidor dor conect conectado ado al circ circuit uito. o.
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eléctrica " R " y la. la .circulación de una intensidad o flujo de corriente eléctrica " I " suministrado por la propia propia pila.
Debido a la existencia de materiales que dificultan más que otros el paso de la corriente eléctrica a través de los mismos, cuando el valor de su resistencia varía, el valor de la intensidad de corriente en ampere también varía de forma inversamente proporcional. Es decir, a medida que la resistencia aumenta la corriente disminuye y, viceversa, cuando la resistencia al paso de la corriente disminuye la corriente aumenta, siempre que para ambos casos el valor de la tensión o voltaje se mantenga constante. Por otro lado y de acuerdo con la propia Ley, el valor de la tensión o voltaje es directamente proporcional a la intensidad de la corriente; por tanto, si el voltaje aumenta o disminuye, el amperaje de la corriente que circula por el circuito aumentará o disminuirá en la misma proporción, siempre y cuando el valor de la resistencia conectada al circuito se mantenga constante.
Postulado general de la Ley de Ohm El flujo de corriente en ampere que circula por un circuito eléctrico cerrado, es directamente proporcional a la tensión o voltaje aplicado, e inversamente proporcional a la resistencia en ohm de la carga que tiene conectada.
FÓRMULA MATEMÁTICA GENERAL DE REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA LEY DE
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VARIANTE PRÁCTICA: Aquellas personas menos relacionadas con el despeje de fórmulas matemáticas pueden realizar también los cálculos de tensión, corriente y resistencia correspondientes a la Ley de Ohm, de una forma más fácil utilizando el siguiente recurso práctico:
Con esta variante sólo será necesario tapar con un dedo la letra que representa el valor de la incógnita que queremos conocer y de inmediato quedará indicada con las otras dos letras cuál es la operación matemática que será necesario realizar.
HALLAR EL VALOR EN OHM DE UNA RESISTENCIA Para calcular, por ejemplo, el valor de la resistencia "R" en ohm de una carga
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despejar, en este caso la resistencia "R" en ohm) y nos queda representada la operación matemática que debemos realizar:
Como se puede observar, la operación matemática que queda indicada será: dividir el valor de la tensión o voltaje "V", por el valor de la intensidad de la corriente " I " , en ampere (A) . Una vez realizada la operación, el resultado será el valor en ohm de la resistencia "R" . En este ejemplo específico tenemos que el valor de la tensión que proporciona la fuente de fuerza electromotriz (FEM) (el de una batería en este caso), es de 1,5 volt, mientras que la intensidad de la corriente que fluye por el circuito eléctrico cerrado es de 500 mili ampere (mA). Como ya conocemos, para trabajar con la fórmula es necesario que el valor de la intensidad esté dado en ampere, sin embargo, en este caso la intensidad de la corriente que circula por ese circuito no llega a 1 ampere. Por tanto, para realizar correctamente esta simple operación matemática de división, será necesario convertir primero los 500 mili ampere en ampere, pues de lo contrario el resultado
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estamos trabajando, tal como se muestra a continuación:
Como se puede observar, el resultado de la operación matemática arroja que el valor de la resistencia "R" conectada al circuito es de 3 ohm.
HALLAR EL VALOR DE INTENSIDAD DE LA CORRIENTE Veamos ahora qué ocurre con la intensidad de la corriente eléctrica en el caso que la resistencia "R", en lugar de tener 3 ohm, como en el ejemplo anterior, tiene ahora 6 ohm. En esta oportunidad la incógnita a despejar sería el valor de la corriente " I ", por tanto tapamos esa letra:
A continuación sustituimos “V” por el valor de la tensión de la batería (1,5 ( 1,5 V) y la “R” por el valor de la resistencia, o sea, 6. A continuación efectuamos la operación
matemática dividiendo el valor de la tensión o voltaje entre el valor de la
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HALLAR EL VALOR DE LA TENSIÓN O VOLTAJE Ahora, para hallar el valor de la tensión o voltaje "V" aplicado a un circuito, siempre que se conozca el valor de la intensidad de la corriente " I " en ampere que lo recorre y el valor en ohm de la resistencia "R" del consumidor o carga que tiene conectada, podemos seguir el mismo procedimiento tapando en esta ocasión la "V”, que es la incógnita que queremos despejar.
A continuación sustituyendo los valores de la intensidad de corriente " I " y de la resistencia "R" del ejemplo anterior y tendremos:
El resultado que obtenemos de esta operación de multiplicar será 1,5 V, correspondiente a la diferencia de potencial o fuerza electromotriz (FEM), que proporciona la batería conectada al circuito. Los más entendidos en matemáticas pueden utilizar directamente la Fórmula
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I: Intensidad de la corriente que recorre el circuito en ampere (A) E: Valor de la tensión, voltaje o fuerza electromotriz en volt (V) R: Valor de la resistencia del consumidor o carga conectado al circuito en ohm (). Si, por el contrario, lo que deseamos es hallar el valor de la resistencia conectada al circuito, despejamos la “R” en la fórmula de la forma siguiente:
Y por último, para hallar la tensión despejamos la fórmu la así y como en los casos ca sos anteriores, sustituimos las letras por los correspondientes valores conocidos:
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MATERIALES ➢
2 Multímetros
➢
Resistencias entre 50 y 100 ohmios
➢
Fuente de alimentación D.C. variable
➢
Cables de conexión
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PROCEDIMIENTO Y ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS 1. En la base para armar circuitos conecte la resistencia y la fuente eléctrica, tal como se muestra en la Figura 1, cerciorándose de que se encuentre apagada y con la perilla reguladora en cero voltios.
Fig ura 1
2. Ponga uno de los multímetros en el modo de medición de corriente directa
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tanto que el voltaje mídalo con el voltímetro. No tome en cuenta la lectura que marca la carátula de la fuente ya que no son exactos los valores que indica. Si la corriente que pasa por la resistencia es tan pequeña que el medidor prácticamente no la registra, use la siguiente escala menor hasta que ésta pueda medirse sin dificultad.
7. Incremente el voltaje a 4 voltios y lleve a cabo las mediciones descritas en el paso anterior.
8. Incremente el voltaje a 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 y 20 voltios, midiendo para cada valor las cantidades indicadas en el paso 6. Registre estos valores en una tabla de datos.
9. Terminadas las mediciones, apague la fuente, desconecte los medidores y
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VARIANZA
RESISTENCIA
VOLTAJ E (V) 2,00V
CORRIENTE (I)
RESISTENCI A (R)
POTENCIA DISIPADA (P)
02,2mA
0,90K
4,4 mW
5,329 * 10
4,00V
04,1mA
0,98K
16,4 mW
4,9 * 10
6,00V
06,2mA
0,97K
37,2 mW
9,0 * 10
8,00V
08,1mA
0,99K
64,8 mW
2,89 * 10
10,00V
10,2mA
0,98K
102 mW
12,00V
12,2mA
0,98K
146,4 mW
4,9 * 10
14,00V
14,2mA
0,99K
198,8 mW
2,89 * 10
16,00V
16,3mA
0,98K
260,8 mW
4,9 * 10
18,00V
18,3mA
0,98K
329,4 mW
4,9 * 10−5
20,00V
20,4mA
0,98 K
408 mW
∑
9,73 K
(R - RP) 2
−
−
3
5
− −
6
4
4,9 * 10−5
− − −
5
4
5
−
4,9 * 10 7,533 *
5 3
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=
△
Despejando R:
=
△
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haya medido. Con todos los valores de resistencia, calcule:
Resultados. La resistencia promedio (RP).
∑ ∑ − =
=
10 = 0,97 0,973 3
=
9,73,
10
La desviación promedio ( ).
=
(
) 2
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CONCLUSIONES ➢
La ley de Ohm fue aplicable porque se utilizaron conductores óhmicos.
➢
El voltaje aplicado a la resistencia en el circuito no fue el mismo y la resistencia fue constante, lo cual hace que solo varié la corriente. Para cada
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA http://www.asifunciona.com/electrotecnia/ke_ley_ohm/ke_ley_ohm_4.htm Consultado el 16 de Mayo