La crisis financiera. Guía para entenderla y explicarla

 Mplf ^hyy`u Oõz`} ehf ol eholihylekõf n`  Loi`y~h Dly}õf @uzkfhul

OL EYKUKU BKFLFEK@YL  DPÃL ZLYL @F^@FN@YOL [ @WZOKELYOL  Zyõohdh n` Zlueplo U`yylfh

L^^LE 9::;

 Mplf ^HYY@U OÕZ@] 'ttt&mplf~hyy`uohz`}&ehc+ `u nhe~hy `f Ek`feklu @ehfõckelu @ehfõckelu { El~`n El~`nyì~ke yì~keh h n` @ehfhcãl Lzokelnl `f ol Pfkr`yuknln n` U`rkool& Lp~hy n` pfl nhe`fl n` okiyhu ehch `o cl# fplo pfkr`yuk~lykh ‟@ehfhcãl Zhoã~kel–/ `o n` ilegkoo`y ‟@ehfhcãl–/ ‟^hcl `o nkf`yh { ehyy`& Ol dohilok}lekõf f`hoki`ylo n`o nkf`yh {  olu bkflf}lu– h ‟N`ukdplonln { eykuku `ehfõckel–/ n` fpc`yhuhu ly# ~ãepohu ek`f~ãbkehu { n` cìu n` epl~yhek`f~hu n` nkrpodlekõf { lfì# okuku zhoã~keh& @u ck`ciyh n`o Ehfu`mh Ek`f~ãbkeh n` L^^LE#@uzlül  { ehhynkfl ehf Loi`y~h Dly}õf ol t`i n` kfbhyclekõf { z`ful# ck`f~h `ehfõckehu lo~`yfl~krhu lo~`y`ehfhckl&hyd  LOI@Y^H DLY]ÕF @UZKFHUL 'ttt&ldly}hf&f`~+ `u oke`f# eklnh `f Ek`feklu @ehfõckelu zhy ol Pfkr`yuknln n` Cìoldl { `f ol le~ploknln lopcfh n` zhu~dylnh `f ol Pfkr`yuknln Ehczop~`fu` n` Clnykn& @u lp~hy n` ol t`i ldly}hf&f`~ { ehf Mplf ^hyy`u Oõz`} ehhynkfl lo~`y`ehfhckl&hyd

 N`nkelnh l fp`u~ylu lckdlu { lckdhu  n` L^^LE { l ~hnhu ohu |p` `f nkb`y`f~`u  hydlfk}lekhf`u/ zly~knhu/ ukfnkel~hu h chrkck`f~hu/ ehf u`fukikoknln`u/ ey``feklu  h ckok~lfeklu nkb`y`f~`u/ ~k`f`f/ ukf `c# ilydh/ ol ckucl ehfrkeekõf { ol ckucl lu#  zkylekõf |p` fhuh~yhu= gle`y y`loknln `u`  h~yh cpfnh cìu mpu~h |p` `u zhukio`&

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ZYÕOHDH Fhu nkm`yhf |p` ol `ehfhcãl `u~lil `f eykuku n`iknh lo lo~h zy`ekh n`o z`~yõo`h |p` `u~lil `fely`ek`fnh ol cl{hyãl n` ol zyh# npeekõf/ l ohu nhu c`u`u ol eykuku `yl zhy|p` ëu~` gliãl ilmlnh up zy`ekh l ol ck~ln& Ehf~lilf |p` ol `ehfhcãl kil ik`f eplfnh `o zy`ekh n` ol rkrk`fnl `u~lil l pfhu fkr`o`u |p` fkfdýf mhr`f zhnãl lee`n`y l `ool { `f elcikh u` ehf~likok}lilf ~y`u ckoohf`u n` elulu  rleãlu `f @uzlül/ glu~l fhu gleãlf b`oke`u zhy|p` ohu |p` ~`fãlchu  rkrk`fnl lghyl ëylchu ykehu n`iknh l ol upiknl n` ohu zy`ekhu/ {  `f y`loknln oh |p` upe`nãl `yl |p` fp`u~yhu gkmhu fh zhnãlf ehc# zyly pfl& Fhu kf|pk`~lilf ehf `o z`okdyh n` |p` `wzoh~lyl ol ipy# ipml kfchikoklykl |p` zyhrhelyãl ol elãnl n` ohu zy`ekhu/ l z`uly n` |p` `ul gpik`yl uknh ol ýfkel bhycl n` |p` lodpfhu zpnk`u`f ehc# zylyu` pfl elul& Npylf~` ~hnl ol rknl gliãlchu z`fulnh |p` pf ukdfh n` clol uk~plekõf `ehfõckel `yl |p` upik`ylf ohu zy`ekhu n` ohu zyhnpe~hu |p` f`e`uk~ìilchu/ z`yh lghyl nke`f |p` ehf ol eyk# uku ilmlyìf { `uh `u ~hnlrãl z`hy& Gle` nk`} lühu y`ehc`fnlilf |p` fhu gkekëylchu pf zolf n` z`fukhf`u zykrlnh zhy|p` `o uku# ~`cl zýiokeh fh `u~lyãl `f ehfnkekhf`u n` dlylf~k}ly `o zldh n` fp`u~yl mpikolekõf { gl y`upo~lnh |p` gl uknh `o uku~`cl zýiokeh `o |p` gl ~`fknh |p` y`uel~ly lo zykrlnh n` ol ilfelyyh~l& @f fp`u~yl uhek`nln/ ohu ‟`wz`y~hu– `f `ehfhcãl rk`f`f l u`y ehch ohu iypmhu n` olu ~ykipu ulorlm`u |p` lnr`y~ãlf n` pfl ~`# yykio` u`|pãl nhu u`clflu lf~`u n` |p` `o zhiolnh u` kfpfnlyl zhy pflu ~hyy`feklo`u ooprklu/ { l z`uly n` `uh u`dpãlf ehfukn`ylnhu ehch ohu uldylnhu lnkrkfhu eplfnh n`mlil n` oohr`y& Cpeghu g`chu oo`dlnh l ol ehfeopukõf n` |p` `f `u~` ukdoh  WWK o``y ip`fhu ―{ n`e`f~`u# okiyhu n` `ehfhcãl `u ~lf kczhy~lf~` 4

ehch ohu n` upz`yrkr`fekl uk u` rl l pfl kuol n`uk`y~l& [ zhy `uh  {h o`h l Mplf ^hyy`u/ zhy upz`yrkr`fekl `f `u~l `nln chn`yfl& N` bhycl |p` oo`dl pf el~`nyì~keh n` @ehfhcãl ehch ëo { fhu nke` |p` oh |p` lydpc`f~lilf ohu dylfn`u dpyýu n` ol `ehfhcãl c`# nklf~` cl~`cì~kelu cp{ uhbku~kelnlu `yl ‟pfl ~hf~`yãl ukf bpfnl# c`f~ c`f~h h ek`f ek`f~ã ~ãbk bkeh eh lo lodp dpfh fh z`yh z`yh |p` |p` u` nkrp nkrpod odli lill zl zlyl yl |p` |p` ohu ohu cpo~kckoohflykhu zp`nlf u`dpky mpdlfnh lo elukfh–& H u`l/ `o iypmh n` ol lon`l ~hcìfnhfhu `o z`oh `f `o ukdoh WWK& [ ol zyp`il cìu eolyl `u |p` glu~l l @ckokh Ih~ãf { l Lokekl Ahzohtk~} o`u uleõ `o nkf`yh pf `u~lnhpfkn`fu` n` fhciy` Clnhbb c`nklf~` `o ~hehch# egh n` pflu kfr`yukhf`u zkylcknlo`u nkdflu n` pf ~yko`yh n` ol Dylf  Rãl clnyko`ül& ^hnh oh |p` `u~ì upe`nk`fnh lghyl oh lnrky~kõ gle` epl~yh lühu Mplf ^hyy`u Oõz`} `f up okiyh ‟^hcl `o nkf`yh { ehyy`& Ol dohilok}lekõf f`hoki`ylo n`o nkf`yh { olu bkflf}lu– 'Kelykl+/ z`yh ^hyy`u fh ~`fãl `o y`ehfhekck`f~h n` ‟iypmh n` ol lon`l– |p` nlf ohu dylfn`u c`nkhu { olu kfu~k~pekhf`u bkflfek`ylu zhy|p` n`eãl oh |p` l `oohu fh o`u kf~`y`ulil/ { oh uko`feklyhf& Oh |p` uã zy`dhflilf zhehu c`u`u lf~`u n` |p` u` n`uzoh# clylf olu bkflf}lu `u~lnhpfkn`fu`u { `pyhz`lu/ `o 0 n` liyko/ `ylf ~k~poly`u ehch `u~` n`o nklykh @o Zlãu= ‟IIRL { `o yk`udh r`f`}h# olfh–& U` gleãlf `eh n` |p` `o ilfeh `uzlüho ‟IIRL lelil n` ln#  r`y~ky uhiy` ol uk~plekõf r`f`}holfl `f `o elzã~poh n` yk`udhu n`o kfbhyc` lfplo zy`u`f~lnh lf~` ol Ehckukõf n`o C`yelnh n` Rlohy`u n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu–& U`ku c`u`u n`uzpëu ohu dhik`yfhu `u~lnhpfk# n`fu`u { `pyhz`hu n`nkelilf upu bhfnhu zýiokehu l ulorly ol ilfel zykrlnl { `o r`f`}holfh ehfe`nãl 952/4 ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u zlyl <&0>4 zyh{`e~hu uhekhzyhnpe~krhu ehcpfk~lykhu& @uhu `m`ep~krhu { ilf|p`yhu |p` glf zyhrhelnh ol eykuku u` ukdp`f ipyolfnh n` ohu ekpnlnlfhu elnl nãl |p` zlul& Ck`f~ylu eh# fhe`chu ohu cpo~kckoohflykhu y`uel~`u ilfelykhu ehf nkf`yhu zýiok# ehu/ `f Cpfkeg u` kflpdpylil `f he~piy` n` 9::7/ ehf dylf ëwk~h n` luku~`fekl/ ol B`ykl n` Ckoohflykhu/ nhfn` `fehf~ylchu pf ~`oë# bhfh cõrko |p` u` r`fn` zhy <47&::: `pyhu/ pfl lochglnl lnhy# flnl ehf nklclf~`u zhy 5::&::: `pyhu/ ekdlyyhu `frp`o~hu `f hyh/ 7

`o ýo~kch B`yylyk/ `o cl{hynhch z`yb`e~h/ {l~`u/ elulu n` elrkly {  eglczìf&&& @uhu nãlu u` ehfhekõ |p` `o np`üh n` ol kfchikoklykl `u# zlühol Bln`ul u` lnmpnkeõ l up ep`f~l z`yuhflo <5; ckoohf`u n` `pyhu n` ol `czy`ul lf~`u n` n`eolyly ol upuz`fukõf n` zldhu/ |p` ohu `m`ep~krhu n` ol lu`dpylnhyl LKD u` bp`yhf pfl u`clfl n` rl# elekhf`u dlu~ìfnhu` pf ~h~lo n` cìu n` >>:&::: nõoly`u lohmìfnhu` `f pf gh~`o n` Elokbhyfkl |p` ep`u~l cko nõoly`u zhy fheg`/ ~ylu y`# ekiky ohu 70&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u n`o y`uel~` n`o dhik`yfh `u~l# nhpfkn`fu`& Ol nkrkukõf lu`dpylnhyl n`o n`ulzly`eknh Bhy~ku/ ep{hu y`u~hu bp`yhf ehczylnhu l zy`ekh n` ulonh zhy IFZ Zlykilu/ u` dlu~lyhf <0:&::: `pyhu `f pfl e`fl `f `o zy`u~kdkhuh y`u~lpylf~` Ohpku WR n`o gh~`o chf`dlueh n` Zlyku Chf~`#Elyoh/ `o cìu elyh n` ~hnh `o Zykfekzlnh&  Lpf|p` ol eykuku `u iìukelc`f~` bkflfek`yl { n`o u`e~hy n` ol ehfu~ypeekõf/ pf `u~pnkh < u`ülolil |p` ohu nky`e~krhu n` olu `f~k# nln`u bkflfek`ylu ~k`f`f pf ulolykh c`nkh n` `f~y` 7:&::: { 90:&::: `pyhu { ohu n` olu zyhch~hylu h ehfu~ype~hylu `f~y` <::&::: {  9>:&::: `pyhu& @u~hu up`onhu/ u`dýf `o `u~pnkh/ uõoh uhf upz`ylnhu zhy ohu uhekhu n` ohu n`uzleghu n` lihdlnhu& Ukyrl ehch `m`czoh |p` npylf~` 9::7 ol zy`ukn`f~l n` Ilf`u~h/ Lfl Zl~ykekl Ih~ãf/ ~prh pf lpc`f~h n` upu `chopc`f~hu n`o <7 % zlyl oo`dly l kfdy`uly 5/24 ckoohf`u n` `pyhu& L `oohu gl{ |p` lülnky ‟ohu 5/7 ckoohf`u |p` `o ilfeh lzhy~õ l up zolf n` z`fukhf`u/ |p` u` `o`rl {l l 9/2 %/ glu~l loelf}ly pf up`onh c`nkh n` 4>9&::: `pyhu& @f @u~lnhu Pfknhu fh `u nkb`y`f~`& Ck`f~ylu ol bkflfek`yl C`yykoo O{feg lzyhilil ohu zolf`u n` n`uzknhu { y`ekiãl l{pnlu n`o dh# ik`yfh/ up zy`ukn`f~`/ Mhgf ^glkf/ u` dlu~lil
92#<<#9::7 9>#<#9::; ;

pfh `u nky`e~krh n` pfl dylf `czy`ul h ilfeh& Lo bkflo ~`fãl yl}õf I`y~ho~ Iy`eg~ eplfnh lbkyclil |p` `o n`ok~h fh `yl yhily pf ilfeh/ ukfh bpfnlyoh& @f y`loknln/ ehch c` nkmh ck lckdh Ulf~kldh Loil/ l `u~lu lo# ~pylu fh n`i`yãlchu `uelfnlok}lyfhu/ `ul d`f~` uk`czy` u` n`nkeõ l ehc`y { l i`i`y ik`f ck`f~ylu ol gpclfknln u` cp`y` n` glc# iy`/ fh gl{ fkfdpfl fhr`nln&  [ ck`f~ylu ~hnh `uh upe`n`/ { ~ylu n`u~kfly `o dhik`yfh `u# zlüho ckoohf`u n` `pyhu zlyl ol ilfel zykrlnl/ `o rke`u`ey`~lykh d`f`ylo n`o ZUH@/ Mhuë Iolfeh/ u` okck~lil l n`eolyly= ‟[h ehfbãh `f |p` olu `f~knln`u bkflfek`ylu Q&&&S ~hc`f ol n`ekukõf n` dlylf~k# }ly eyënk~h l ohu ekpnlnlfhu– 5& [ ol hydlfk}lekõf n` ehfupcknhy`u HEP { `o ukfnkel~h EEHH z`nãlf lo dhik`yfh |p` uk pf ilfeh |pk`iyl u` lpc`f~` ol dlylf~ãl n`o bhfnh n` n`zõuk~hu n` ohu 9:&::: `pyhu n` lghyl l <0:&::: >& U` ~yl~lyãl n` |p` `f~y` ~hnhu ohu ekpnlnlfhu/ kfeopknhu ohu |p` fh ~`f`chu `u` nkf`yh/ zldìu`# chu ohu <0:&::: |p` lodpk`f ~`fãl lghyylnh `f pfl ep`f~l ilfel# ykl { |p` ohu nky`e~krhu n`o ilfeh u` gpik`ylf `felydlnh n` `ubpclyohu& @u~` okiyh n` Mplf ^hyy`u Oõz`} { Loi`y~h Dly}õf @uzkfhul/ ‟Ol eykuku bkflfek`yl& Dpãl zlyl `f~`fn`yol { `wzokelyol–/ fhu y`r`ol |p` `o nkf`yh |p` ekyepol zhy `o cpfnh `u blouh/ zp`u~h |p` u` cp`r`f 0/0 ikoohf`u n` nõoly`u `f ol `ehfhcãl bkflfek`yl n` ohu c`yelnhu n` elcikhu { `f olu ihoulu ck`f~ylu |p` `o ehc`yekh cpfnklo `u ek`f r`e`u c`fhu/ |p` ohu zy`u~lchu gkzh~`elykhu `ylf ohu n`fhckflnhu FKFML/ leyõfkch n` ‟Fh Kfehc`/ Fh Mhi lfn Fh  Luu`~–/ `u n`eky l z`yuhflu ukf kfdy`uhu/ ukf ~ylilmh { ukf zl~ykchfkh |p` luã ey`ãlf ~`f`y lodh1 { |p` `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ lo kdplo |p` `f @uzlül/ `o >: zhy ek`f~h n` olu rkrk`fnlu ehczylnlu fh `u~lilf n`u~kflnlu zlyl u`y glik~lnlu& @o elzk~lokuch gl ey`lnh pf uku~`cl `f |p` `o nkf`yh fh `u nkf`yh/ l ohu zhiy`u ohu gkzh~`elf zlyl |p` ey`lf |p` fh uhf zhiy`u { olu elulu fh uhf zlyl rkrky& ¸[ eõch 5 YF@ <<#<9#9::7 <<#<9#9::7 > Zýiokeh 9#<:#9::7

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zp`n` upe`n`y `u~h8 Zhy `uh ehc`feë nkek`fnh |p` gl{ |p` o``y okiyhu n` `ehfhcãl ehch uk u` ~yl~lu` n` dpãlu n` upz`yrkr`fekl& Fhu `fehf~ylchu `f pfl uk~plekõf `f ol |p` fk ohu d`u~hy`u n`o elzk~lokuch u` bãlf n` ëo& Lbkyclf ohu lp~hy`u n`o okiyh |p` fh `u |p` blo~lu` ok|pkn`} `f ohu c`yelnhu ukfh |p` ohu ilfehu fh u` bãlf n` `oohu ckuchu { fkfdpfh zy`u~l nkf`yh/ pfh n` `u~hu ilfehu zp`n` kfkekly pfl elczlül n` ypchy`u uhiy` ol kfuhor`fekl n` h~yh  { ehfu`dpky gpfnkyoh `f ol Ihoul zlyl ehczylyoh l zy`ekh n` ulonh& Ehch ehfu`ep`fekl/ `o nkf`yh |p`nl lzykukhflnh `f ol zukehuku |p` `oohu glf ey`lnh { ol `ehfhcãl u` zlylok}l& Upzkchu |p` `o ^`# uhyh n` @@PP `u~lil ehohelfnh upu o`~ylu l pf kf~`yëu n`o :% zhy# |p` ‟ohu kfr`yuhy`u zly`e`f u`f~kyu` c`mhy zhfk`fnh up nkf`yh `f clfhu n`o Dhik`yfh |p` `f olu n` ohu ilfehu– 0& Lo bkflo `o `u~kd# cl~k}lnh @u~lnh/ lepulnh n` kfelzl} zhy ohu f`hoki`ylo`u/ o`u c`# y`e` y`e` cìu cìu ehfb ehfbkl klf} f}ll |p` |p` ohu ohu ilfe ilfehu hu |p` |p` `ooh `oohuu glf glf ey`l ey`lnh nh {  d`u~khflnh&  [ ~hnh `u~h fh u`yãl ~lf dylr` uk fh bp`u` zhy|p` n`~yìu n` `ooh `wku~` ol cl{hy n` olu eyp`onln`u& Lodh cpegh z`hy |p` `w# zoh~ly ol bp`y}l n` ~ylilmh n` pf u`c`mlf~` ck`f~ylu u` o` clf~k`f` `f ol zhiy`}l ―|p` gl uknh `o zykfekzkh bpfnlc`f~lo n`o elzk~l# okuch gku~õykeh#/ `u olf}lyu` l ol `uz`epolekõf ehf ol ehczyl cl# ukrl ukrl n` zy zyhn hnpe pe~h ~huu lo lokc kc`f `f~k ~kek ekhu hu iìuk iìukeh ehuu zy zyhr hrhe helf lfnh nh upik upiknl nluu `uz`e~lepoly`u n` zy`ekhu { zyhrhelfnh |p` ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu cp`ylf n` glciy` lo fh zhn`y {l ehczylyohu& @u~` `u pf okiyh n` `ehfhcãl |p` kfeop{` lodh |p` ohu `eh# fhcku~lu n`o zhn`y {l fpfel fhu y`ep`ynlf= ol gpclfknln& Ol gp# clfknln f`e`ulykl zlyl ~`f`y `f ep`f~l l |pk`f`u zlulf glciy` h |pk`f`u fh ~k`f`f pf ~ylilmh zlyl uhiy`rkrky& Ehf ol `ehfhcãl |pk`y`f gle`y ehch ehf `o z`ykhnkuch/ |p` ehf up f`p~yloknln {  lu`zukl clf~`fdl ol `|pknku~lfekl `f~y` fl}ku { rãe~kclu n`o elczh n` ehfe`f~ylekõf/ h |p` clf~`fdl `o `|pkokiykh kfbhycl~krh `f~y` `o ‟~`yyhyku~l– zlo`u~kfh n` Dl}l |p` y`upo~l |p` ~`fãl ekfeh lühu  { `o ‟n`b`fuhy– n` Kuyl`o |p` ihcilyn`lil eho`dkhu n`un` pf B#<2& 0 @o Zlãu <<#<9#9::7

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@o ~ylilmh n` Mplf ^hyy`u { Loi`y~h Dly}õf fh ~`yckfl nlfnh y`e`~lu `ehfõckelu ckoldyhulu zhy|p` uhoh gl{ nhu= upir`y~ky ol kf# chyloknln nhckflf~` zlyl upu~k~pkyol zhy ol ë~kel { ol n`e`fekl/ {  o`rlf~ly ol rh} zlyl lch~kflyu` ehf~yl ohu cku`ylio`u |p` fhu glf oo`rlnh glu~l l|pã& Ohu lp~hy`u ~lczheh `rk~lf u`üloly l ohu ýo~kchu y`uzhfulio`u= ohu dhik`yfhu/ ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u { ohu dylfn`u hy# dlfkuchu kf~`yflekhflo`u |p` ehf up zlukrknln z`yck~k`yhf `u~l uk# ~plekõf zp`u~h |p` `u~lio`ek`yhf olu fhyclu { olu ehfnkekhf`u n` mp`dh zlyl `o ul|p`h { `o eykc`f n` ohu ilfehu& @u~h gl uknh zh# ukio` zhy|p` ohu np`ühu n`o nkf`yh glf ~hclnh `o ehf~yho n` ol zhoã~kel& Zhy `uh @ckokh Ih~ãf fh ykfn` ep`f~lu lf~` ohu mp`e`u lpf# |p` up ilfeh `f~y`dlu` l Glek`fnl kfbhyclekõf bloul uhiy` eluk nk`} cko hz`ylekhf`u ilfelyklu zhy rlohy n` <>0&::: ckoohf`u n` z`u`~lu zy`u`f~lfnh ehch ~k~poly`u l ~`u~lb`yyhu n`o ~kzh n` z`yuh# flu bloo`eknlu/ lfeklfhu n`urloknhu/ zlylnhu h `ckdylf~`u |p` flnl uliãlf n` `ulu hz`ylekhf`u& Olu o`{`u u` gle`f zlyl ohu |p` cl# f`mlf `o nkf`yh/ ohu dhik`yfhu `m`ep~lf olu zhoã~kelu |p` `oohu n`# u`lf { ol mpu~kekl `u~ì l up u`yrkekh { o`u dlylf~k}l ol kczpfknln& Zhy `u~h `f `u~l uhek`nln ~k`f` cìu n`y`eghu pfl bkycl ehc`yeklo |p` pfl z`yuhfl { glu~l y`upo~l zy`b`ykio` u`y pfl `czy`ul |p` pf u`y gpclfh& Oo`rìilchu lühu `uepeglfnh |p` fh gliãl nkf`yh zlyl opegly ehf~yl `o glciy` `f `o cpfnh/ zlyl luku~ky l ohu `fb`ychu n` UKNL h zlyl hby`e`y ulfknln l ~hnl ol zhiolekõf cpfnklo { n` ol fheg` l ol clülfl lzly`e`f ikoohf`u zlyl ulorly l ohu ilfehu& @u~` okiyh fhu nl olu eolr`u n` ol ly~kclül { ol `u~lbl& @u~lchu lf~`u pf dhoz` n` @u~lnh/ h ulokchu l ol eloo` h u` |p`nlyìf n`bkfk~krlc`f~` lo by`f~` n`o zhn`y&  Zlueplo U`yylfh& B`iy`yh 9::;

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KF^YHNPEEKÕF Ol eykuku |p` `u~lchu rkrk`fnh `u ol cìu u`ykl n`o ýo~kch ukdoh& @o elzk~lokuch ilupyl n` ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl d`f`ylok}lnl gl g`egh ulo~ly zhy ohu lky`u `o `czo`h { ol `u~likoknln cleyh`ehfõckel/  {l n` zhy uã zy`elykhu `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu n` zy`nhckfkh f`hoki`ylo& Ohu nkykd`f~`u zhoã~kehu fh ~k`f`f lo~`yfl~krlu/ ohu ilf|p`yhu 'r`ynln`yhu { nky`e~hu elpulf~`u n` ol eykuku+ ~yl~lf n` `rlnky upu y`uzhfulikoknln`u ck`f~ylu p~kok}lf olu ikoohflyklu l{pnlu |p` y`ek# i`f n` ohu `u~lnhu zlyl ulf`ly `f ol c`nknl `f |p` zp`n`f upu ilolfe`u& Ohu ekpnlnlfhu luku~`f z`yzo`mhu lo lpc`f~h r`y~kdkfhuh n`o n`u`czo`h/ l olu |pk`iylu n` `czy`ulu { lo kfey`c`f~h n` ol n`pnl&  [/ ck`f~ylu ~lf~h/ olu k}|pk`ynlu z`yclf`e`f zyìe~kelc`f~` lp# u`f~`u& Pflu/ uko`fekhulu zhy ~hyz`}l h ehczokeknln& H~ylu/ uko`fekl# nlu zhy|p` fh glf uknh elzle`u n` `czhn`yly l ohu ekpnlnlfhu& [  ~hnlu/ nkrknknlu/ ehfbpulu { ukf u`y elzle`u n` ~hcly ehf bkyc`}l ol kfkekl~krl zlyl kfbhycly/ bhycly { chrkok}ly l ohu ckoohf`u n` z`yuh# flu |p` elydlf ohu `b`e~hu n` ol eykuku uhiy` upu `uzlonlu& @u~h hepyy` `f dylf zly~` zhy|p` olu k}|pk`ynlu glf n`uepk# nlnh `f ohu ýo~kchu n`e`fkhu ol zyìe~kel pfk~lykl { ol bhyclekõf {  `o nku`üh n` lo~`yfl~krlu elzle`u n` ldop~kfly l ohu chrkck`f~hu uh# eklo`u/ l olu hydlfk}lekhf`u/ ukfnkel~hu/ zly~knhu { z`yuhflu kfnkrk# nplo`u `f pfl dylf ho`lnl n` y`i`onãl { y`uzp`u~l lo f`hoki`ylokuch& Ohu z`ympnkelnhu n` ~hnh `u~h uhf ohu ckoohf`u n` ~ylilmlnh# y`u { n`u`czo`lnhu/ cpm`y`u { ghciy`u n`ulczlylnhu |p`/ ukf y`# zy`u`f~lekõf zhoã~keh uheklo { byldc`f~lnhu/ fh zp`n`f `fby`f~ly lo nhckfkh f`hoki`ylo cìu |p` up y`ukdflekõf/ bypu~ylekõf { upbyk# ck`f~h& <5

Ol ~ly`l |p` ~k`f`f zhy n`olf~` olu k}|pk`ynlu fh `u zhel fk bìeko& Z`yh uk gl{ lodh |p` `u~ì eolyh `u |p` gl{ |p` `cz`}ly zhy lflok}ly ehf ykdhy ol uk~plekõf/ zhy n`fpfekly ukf n`uelfuh oh |p` `u~ì hepyyk`fnh { zhy hby`e`y l ol uhek`nln lo~`yfl~krlu |p` u` zp`# nlf ~hely ehf ol clfh/ |p` fh uhoh u`lf elf~kf`olu fk `o y`epyuh lo rk`mh fhckflokuch |p` l flnl ehfnpe`& @u~l ýo~kcl ehfrkeekõf `u ol |p` fhu gl oo`rlnh l zly~kekzly `f nhe`flu n` eglyolu/ u`ckflykhu n` bhyclekõf { y`pfkhf`u n` ~hnh ~kzh `f ohu ýo~kchu c`u`u& ^`f`chu ol u`dpyknln n` |p` ol eykuku `ehfõckel |p` `u~l# chu upbyk`fnh `u pf gk~h gku~õykeh |p` ol k}|pk`ynl n`i`yãl lzyh#  r`egly zlyl chu~yly l ohu ekpnlnlfhu |p` ol lepcpolekõf |p` `u elzl} n` d`f`yly `o elzk~lokuch fh `u ukfh pf dylf bklueh/ pf bylpn`/ pfl rãl ukf y`~hyfh/ pf eloo`mõf ukf uloknl/ pfl |pkc`yl |p` oo`rl mpu~lc`f~` l nhfn` `u~lchu/ l ol n`ileo` bkflfek`yl { l ol eykuku dohilo& @f `u~hu chc`f~hu `f |p` ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl gl lik`y~h olu elyf`u n`o elzk~lokuch/ olu hydlfk}lekhf`u n` ol k}# |pk`ynl/ n` ~hnlu upu u`fukikoknln`u { ehyyk`f~`u/ n`i`yãlf ehfr`y# ~kyu` `f y`n`u dohilo`u n` n`fpfekl { upu ckok~lf~`u { lbkoklnhu `f ohu dylfhu n` ly`fl |p` bp`u`f chu~ylfnh zhy nh|pk`y oh |p` `u~ì zlulfnh/ |p` `fu`ülylf l ohu ekpnlnlfhu oh |p` glf g`egh ohu ilfehu ehf up nkf`yh/ `o lzh{h |p` ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u { ohu dh# ik`yfhu glf zy`u~lnh l ohu `uz`epolnhy`u cpo~kckoohflykhu |p` glf zyhrhelnh ol eykuku {/ `f bkf/ |p` o` hby`ek`ylf olu c`nknlu lo~`yfl# ~krlu |p` gl{ |p` ~hcly ukf nkolekõf zlyl `rk~ly |p` ~hnh u` rl{l n`yypcilfnh zheh l zheh& @u~` z`|p`üh okiyh `u pfl chn`u~l ehf~ykipekõf l `u~l n`# fpfekl& Fh zhn`chu ky l cìu uk~khu l `wzokely oh |p` `u~ì hep# yyk`fnh { ey``chu |p` oh hzhy~pfh `yl zyhzhyekhfly `u~l dpãl zlyl `f~`fn`y { `wzokely ol eykuku& @o okiyh y`upc` pf ~`w~h cìu lczokh { nhepc`f~lnh uhiy` ol eykuku { upu lo~`yfl~krlu n` ohu ckuchu lp~hy`u |p` zpiokelyì @nk~hyklo Kelykl& @u~l `nkekõf y`upcknl `u~ì ehfe`iknh ehch pfl dpãl u`fekool zlyl `f~`fn`y ohu g`eghu { zykfekzkhu cìu kczhy~lf# <>

~`u { |p` fhu zly`e`f `u`feklo`u zlyl `wzokely ol eykuku/ zlyl gl# e`yol ehczy`fukio` `ehfõckel { zhoã~kelc`f~`& Zy`~`fn` u`y pfl `uz`ek` n` zyhf~plykh zlyl ol leekõf { ol chrkok}lekõf |p` chrk# ck`f~hu uheklo`u ehch L^^LE ~yl~lf n` zyhchr`y ehf~yl ol kfmpu# ~kekl dohilo |p` oo`rl ehfukdh `o elzk~lokuch bkflfek`yh& @u pf ~`w~h iy`r` |p` |pk`y` u`yrky zlyl |p` h~ylu cpeglu z`yuhflu zp`nlf u`dpky ol eln`fl n` ehfek`feklekõf { n`fpfekl zlyl zyhohfdlyol glekl ~hnlu olu ol~k~pn`u/ zlyl |p` fh |p`n` fk pf r`ekfh/ fk pf ehfekpnlnlfh n` elnl pfh n` fhuh~yhu l |pk`f fh o` gl{lchu `w# zokelnh `o yhih dkdlf~`ueh |p` glf z`yz`~ylnh ohu ilfehu { ohu bk# flfek`yhu/ ohu ehu~`u gpclfhu ~`yykio`u |p` ~k`f` ol `uz`epolekõf/  { ol eykckflo lo~`yfl~krl |p` ehfuku~` `f y`uel~ly ehf ikoohf`u n` `pyhu l ohu |p` glf elpulnh ol eykuku ck`f~ylu |p` u` fk`dl pf zpülnh n` cko`u zlyl `rk~ly |p` elnl nãl u` ukdlf cpyk`fnh n` glciy` cìu n` 90&::: z`yuhflu { cìu n` 2&::: zhy blo~l n` ldpl `f ~hnh `o cpfnh& Hmloì u`l ý~ko { ehf~ykip{l l d`f`yly olu holu n` y`i`onãl { n`# fpfekl f`e`ulyklu zlyl gle`y zhukio` h~yh cpfnh cìu mpu~h { gp# clfh& U`rkool { Clnykn/ b`iy`yh n` 9::;

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K @O NKF@YH [ OL @UZ@EPOLEKÕF BKFLFEK@YL  @u~l eykuku fh `u pf eluh lkuolnh  Rkrkchu pfl eykuku n` dylf `fr`ydlnpyl& Olu bkflf}lu n` ~hnh `o cpfnh glf ulo~lnh zhy ohu lky`u/ glf |p`iylnh ilfehu |p` glu~l gle` zheh u` `fhydpoo`eãlf n` up bhy~lo`}l { n` upu kfc`fuhu i`f`bkekhu { n`~yìu n` `ooh gl r`fknh pf y`z`f~kfh kfey`c`f~h n`o zlyh { n`o ek`yy` n` `czy`ulu n` ~hnh ~kzh& Eplfnh upe`n` lodh ~lf dylr` ~`fn`chu l z`fuly |p` fhu `fehf~ylchu `f pf g`egh fhr`nhuh { fpfel lf~`u rku~h/ z`yh fh `u luã& @f y`loknln/ olu eykuku/ `u n`eky/ ohu chc`f~hu `f |p` ~hnl ol `ehfhcãl u` rk`f` lilmh/ uhf lodh cp{ lf~kdph { zhnyãlchu n`eky |p` ehfupu~lfeklo lo elzk~lokuch& U` glf `u~pnklnh cpegh { gh{ nãl uli`chu |p` u`l eplo u`l `o ble~hy |p` `f elnl helukõf olu n`u`feln`fl uk`czy` ~`yckflf zyhnpekëfnhu`& ¸\pkëf fh gl{ hãnh glioly n` ol eykuku n` <;9; |p` ~ylmh ehf# ukdh `o n`u`czo`h n` ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu8 ¸H n` ol eykuku n` ohu lühu u`~`f~l { cìu y`ek`f~`c`f~`/ n` olu eykuku bkflfek`ylu n` Cë# wkeh/ n` Ypukl/ n` ohu `f~hfe`u oolclnhu ‟Nyldhf`u Lukì~kehu–/ n`  Mlzõf&&& h n` ol |p` upbykchu `f @uzlül `f <;;58 ^hnlu olu `ehfhcãlu upby`f eykuku ehf cìu h c`fhu y`epyy`f# ekl& @uh `u luã zhy|p` `o elzk~lokuch u` dpãl zhy ol iýu|p`nl n`o i`f`bkekh kfnkrknplo { `uh nkbkepo~l/ eplfnh fh gle` kczhukio`/ |p` <4

gl{l c`elfkuchu |p` y`dpo`f `o uku~`cl n` pf chnh lycõfkeh/ ehfmpdlfnh ohu kf~`y`u`u { olu `u~yl~`dklu n` ~hnhu& Ohu rk`mhu oki`ylo`u z`fulilf |p` n` `ul bhycl/ ipuelfnh elnl pfh up zyhzkh i`f`bkekh/ i`f`bkekh/ u` zhnyãl ehfu`dpky `o i`f`bkekh i`f`bkekh d`# f`ylo z`yh oh ek`y~h |p` `u `uh fh gl uknh luã& Zp`u~h |p` fh ~hnhu ~`f`chu olu ckuclu zhukikoknln`u/ `o ckuch zhn`y/ ol ckucl elzl# eknln n` n`ekukõf/ y`upo~l |p` lo bkflo olu uhopekhf`u |p` kczhf` ol iýu|p`nl kfnkrknplo n`o i`f`bkekh uhf ~lcikëf cp{ n`ukdplo`u& Pf `m`czoh u`fekooh ukyr` zlyl leolyly eõch ol oõdkel n`o i`# f`bkekh kfnkrknplo fh y`dpol ln`eplnlc`f~` lo ehfmpf~h n` ol `eh# fhcãl& Eplfnh pf `czy`ulykh ipuel uholc`f~` up i`f`bkekh zly~kep# oly ~yl~l n` kczhf`y ehu~`u cìu ilmhu l up zyhnpeekõf { zldlyì ohu ulolykhu cìu ilmhu |p` zp`nl l upu ~ylilmlnhy`u& Z`yh uk ~hnhu ohu `czy`ulykhu gle`f `uh oh |p` hepyy` `u |p` ol elzleknln n` ehc# zyl n`o ehfmpf~h n` ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u nkuckfp{` { `f~hfe`u ohu `c# zy`u zy `uly lykh khuu r`fn r`fn`y `yìf ìf c`fh c`fhu& u& Le~p Le~plf lfnh nh ukf ukf ehhy ehhynk nkfl flek ekõf õf zl zlyl yl hi~`f`y cìu i`f`bkekhu/ ~`yckflf zhy ~`f`y cpeghu c`fhu& ^lcikëf hepyy` lodh zly`eknh ehf `o `czo`h& L ohu `czy`# ulykhu o`u kf~`y`ulyãl |p` ~hnhu ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u ~prk`ylf zp`u~hu n` ~ylilmh ik`f y`~ykipknhu/ zlyl |p` luã gpik`yl pfl dylf n`clfnl zlyl upu zyhnpe~hu/ ehch lelilchu n` n`eky& Z`yh `o zo`fh `c# zo`h `frlo`f~hfl l ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u { ohu gle` bp`y~`u/ zhy|p` eplfnh fh gl{ ck`nh l z`yn`y `o zp`u~h n` ~ylilmh upu y`krkfnkel# ekhf`u uhf cpegh cìu zh~`f~`u { ~k`f`f c`fhu nkbkepo~ln`u zlyl hydlfk}lyu`& @uh oh uli`f ohu `czy`ulykhu { zhy `uh zy`bk`y`f zhoã~kelu |p` `f opdly n` ey`ly `czo`h clf~`fdlf ~lulu n` zlyh lo~lu h fk#  r`o`u n` ~ylilmh zy`elykh `o`rlnhu zhy|p` `f `ulu ehfnkekhf`u ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u ehyy`f dylf yk`udh uk y`krkfnkelf cìu n`y`eghu olih# ylo`u { `uh n`ikok~l upu n`clfnlu& @u n`eky/ ohu ckuchu `czy`ulykhu zyhrhelf |p` gl{l c`fhu i`f`bkekhu ehf ~lo n` fh ~`f`y `fby`f~` l ~ylilmlnhy`u ehf zhn`y n` f`dheklekõf& Oh |p` `uh cp`u~yl `u |p`/ epykhulc`f~`/ eplfnh u` ipuel `o i`f`bkekh lkuolnlc`f~` u` ~`yckfl zhy zyhnpeky c`fhu dlflf# <7

eklu/ |p` `u oh |p` gle` |p` u` r`fnl c`fhu { oh |p` oo`rl l olu `czy`ulu l y`npeky zolf~koolu& @u n`eky/ l olu eykuku |p` cìu h c`fhu z`ykõnkelc`f~` u` zyhnpe`f `f `o elzk~lokuch& Uhoh ol kf~`yr`fekõf n`o `u~lnh gl z`yck~knh/ ehch hepyykõ `f ohu oolclnhu ‟lühu dohykhuhu n`o elzk~lokuch– zhu~`ykhy`u l ol u`# dpfnl dp`yyl cpfnklo/ |p` ol `rhopekõf eãeokel glekl ol eykuku u` uplrk}lyl { |p` u` rkrk`yl pfl ëzhel cìu olydl n` `u~likoknln `eh# fõckel { n` ey`ekck`f~h n` ol le~krknln zyhohfdlnh 'oh |p`/ fl~p# yloc yloc`f `f~` ~`// fh |pk` |pk`y` y` n`eky n`eky |p` |p` n`ul n`ulzly zly`ek `ek`y `ylf lf `f~h `f~hfe` fe`uu h~yh h~yhuu zyhio`clu |p` zyhnpe` ol `ehfhcãl elzk~loku~l/ ehch olu n`ukdplo# nln`u+& Z`yh `o ~ykpfbh n` olu kn`lu { olu zhoã~kelu f`hoki`ylo`u n` ohu ýo~kchu ~y`kf~l lühu gk}h |p` ol kf~`yr`fekõf `u~l~lo z`ynk`yl bp`y}l ehch kfu~ypc`f~h ‟`u~likok}lnhy– { `uh gl cpo~kzokelnh `o fýc`yh  { ol lczok~pn n` olu eykuku& Olu ipyipmlu { olu eykuku Oh |p` lelilchu n` u`üloly `u oh |p` `wzokel |p` olu eykuku u`lf ehfupu~lfeklo`u lo elzk~lokuch& Z`yh/ ehch ~lcikëf lelilchu n` u`üloly/ `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu u` glf r`fknh zyhnpek`fnh cpeglu cìu eykuku |p` fpfel& U` glf zyhnpeknh `zkuhnkhu n` eykuku cp{ dylr`u `f Cëwkeh/ `f Lyd`f~kfl/ `f Mlzõf/ `f `o Upn`u~` lukì~keh/ `f Ypukl/ `f `o uku# ~`cl chf`~lykh `pyhz`h/ `f Up`ekl/ `f cpeghu zlãu`u lbykelfhu {  lghyl `f Kuolfnkl/ `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ `f `o Y`kfh Pfknh/ `f K~lokl/  Lo`clfkl/ @uzlül/&&&&  [ oh ukdfkbkel~krh `u |p` ~hnlu `oolu glf ~`fknh |p` r`y ehf lupf~hu bkflfek`yhu/ ehf ol dylf lepcpolekõf n` nkf`yh `f zhelu clfhu |p` u` gl knh zyhnpek`fnh `f ohu ýo~kchu n`e`fkhu {/ uhiy` ~hnh/ ehf `o kfey`c`f~h n` olu le~krknln`u n` fl~pylo`}l `uz`epol~krl |p` oo`rlf l elih `f ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu |pk`f`u oh zhu``f& @f opdly n` n`nkelyu` l kfr`y~ky `f le~krknln`u zyhnpe~krlu/ ey`lfnh yk|p`}l `b`e~krl { `czo`h/ cpeghu kfr`yuhy`u n`uepiyk`# yhf |p` u` zp`n` hi~`f`y cpegl dlflfekl ehczylfnh { r`f# nk`fnh { rhork`fnh l ehczyly { l r`fn`y& @u n`eky/ `uz`epolfnh& <;

Eplfnh hepyy` `uh u` nke` |p` u` gl ey`lnh pfl ipyipml& Pfl ipyipml `u u`fekoolc`f~` pfl uk~plekõf `f ol |p` ohu kf#  r`yuhy`u ey``f |p` pfl upiknl chc`f~ìf`l `f `o zy`ekh n` lodh  rl l u`y z`yclf`f~`& @f `u` eluh/ uk zk`fulf |p` ohu zy`ekhu rlf l u`dpky upik`fnh/ oh |p` glyìf u`yì ehczyly zlyl rhor`y l r`fn`y { luã hi~`f`y dl# flfekl dyleklu l `u` nkb`y`feklo `f `o zy`ekh& @o n` ol ey`lekõf n` ipyipmlu `u pf b`fõc`fh bkflfek`yh lf# ~kdph { |p` uk`czy` ~`yckfl n` ol ckucl bhycl= `u~loolfnh& @f `o ukdoh WRKK u` zyhnpmh pfl ipyipml `f Gholfnl `f ~hyfh l ohu ~pokzlf`u& U` ol oolcõ ol ‟~pokzlclfãl– zhy|p` ohu ~pokzlf`u oo`dlnhu n`un` Hyk`f~` u` ehczylilf { r`fnãlf y`rlohyk}ìfnhu` glu~l `o zpf~h |p` blckoklu `f~`ylu gkzh~`elilf up elul zlyl zhn`y ehczylyohu { y`r`fn`yohu n`uzpëu& @f <;9;/ u` zyhnpmh h~yl `f ol ihoul n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu |p` ~`yckfõ ehf `o ek`yy` n` ;&::: ilfehu  { lyylu~ylfnh l pfl eykuku d`f`ylo l ~hnl ol `ehfhcãl cpfnklo& @f `o Mlzõf n` ohu zykc`yhu zykc`yhu lühu lühu 7: ehkfeknk`yh ehkfeknk`yhf f `f Mlzõf nhu dylf# dylf# nkhulu ipyipmlu/ kfchikoklykl { bkflfek`yl/ n` chnh |p` olu eh~k}l# ekhf`u n` olu `czy`ulu ey`eãlf `czpmlnlu zhy `o kfey`c`f~h n` up zl~ykchfkh kfchikoklykh/ lokc`f~lfnh pfl ipyipml l ol h~yl& @f ~hyfh lo lüh 9::: u` ey`õ h~yl ipyipml loy`n`nhy n` olu oolclnlu `czy`ulu ‟zpf~hehc–/ |p` l{pnlnlu zhy olu `wz`e~l~krlu |p` d`# f`ylilf olu fp`rlu ~`efhohdãlu n` ol ehcpfkelekõf rk`yhf kfey`# c`f~ c`f~ln lnlu lu `uz` `uz`e~ e~le lepo poly lyc` c`f~ f~`` upu upu eh~k eh~k}l }lek ekhf hf`u `u ukf ukf |p` |p` ëu~l ëu~luu dplynlylf y`olekõf lodpfl ehf up le~krknln y`lo& [ `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu g`chu rkrknh pfl dylf ipyipml kfchikoklykl `f @uzlül { `f h~yhu zlãu`u |p` `u~ì ãf~kclc`f~` y`olekhflnl ehf ol eykuku le~plo ehch lflok}ly`chu `f olu zìdkflu ukdpk`f~`u& Ck`f~ylu ol ipyipml ey`e` u` zp`n` dlfly cpegh nkf`yh& \pk`f ehczy`/ `fu`dpknl zhnyì hi~`f`y i`f`bkekhu eplfnh r`fnl&  [ `uh `u oh |p` oolcl l fp`rhu kfr`yuhy`u |p` rp`olf ehch chu# elu glekl ol ipyipml l~ylãnhu zhy ol blekoknln { ylzkn`} ehf |p` u` zp`n`f hi~`f`y lo~hu y`fnkck`f~hu& Z`yh lf~`u h n`uzpëu ol ipyipml `u~lool& @u kczhukio` |p` u` clf~`fdl `~`yflc`f~` zhy|p` fh gl{ flnl y`lo |p` cp`rl ohu 9:

zy`ekhu lo lo}l/ ukfh uhoh ol ey``fekl n` ohu kfr`yuhy`u `f |p` upikyì ehfu~lf~`c`f~`&  [ eplfnh ol ipyipml `u~lool/ ~hnh u` rk`f` lilmh { lzly`e` ol eykuku& Ohu kfr`yuhy`u u` |p`nlf ukf i`f`bkekhu { ohu |p` n`z`fn`f n` `uhu i`f`bkekhu zlyl oo`rly l elih up le~krknln `ehfõckel 'ehch h~yhu `czy`ulykhu h ohu ehfupcknhy`u+ el`f `f~hfe`u ~lc# ikëf mpf~h l `oohu& Oh |p` rk`f` hepyyk`fnh n`un` gle` pfhu n`e`fkhu `u |p` olu bkflf}lu zyìe~kelc`f~` `f up ehfmpf~h u` glf ehfr`y~knh `f pfl lp~ëf~kel { dylf ipyipml { `uh gl ~`fknh cpegh |p` r`y ehf ol eyk# uku |p` lghyl `u~lchu rkrk`fnh& Ol ~ylf ~ylfub ubhyc hycle lekõ kõf f n`o n`o nkf` nkf`yh yh== olu olu eyku eykuku ku bkfl bkflfe fek` k`yl yluu y`ek y`ek`f `f~` ~`uu2 ^ylnkekhfloc`f~`/ `o nkf`yh gliãl u`yrknh zlyl oo`rly l elih olu ~ylfuleekhf`u h/ uk leluh/ zlyl gle`y by`f~` l ol kfe`y~knpciy` n`o bp~pyh& Zhy `uh n`ekchu |p` `o nkf`yh `u pf c`nkh n` zldh 'uk oh p~k# ok}lchu zlyl olu ~ylfuleekhf`u+ h pf n`zõuk~h n` rlohy 'uk oh p~kok# }lchu zlyl dplynly fp`u~yl yk|p`}l zlyl `o bp~pyh+& Ol d`f~` fhyclo p~kok}l d`f`yloc`f~` cl{hy h c`fhy elf~knln n` nkf`yh cìu h c`fhu `f zyhzhyekõf l olu ~ylfuleekhf`u |p` rl l y`lok}ly&  [ l olu `czy`ulu |p` u` n`nkelf l zyhnpeky ik`f`u { u`yrkekhu o`u hepyy` zyìe~kelc`f~` oh ckuch& Zhy `ul yl}õf/ ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh |p` gl ekyepolnh gku~õ# ykelc`f~` `f ol `ehfhcãl gl dplynlnh pfl ek`y~l zyhzhyekõf ehf `o rhopc`f n` olu ~ylfuleekhf`u/ n`o ehc`yekh |p` u` y`lok}lil& @o nkf`yh u` ehczhy~lil ehch pf kfu~ypc`f~h lo u`yrkekh n` `ulu ~ylfuleekhf`u& Z`yh `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu `uh gl elciklnh& Pfl u`yk` n` yl}hf`u |p` r`y`chu `fu`dpknl/ glf nlnh opdly l |p` ey`}el n`uc`upylnlc`f~` ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh `f ekyepolekõf& 2 Pf lfìokuku cìu n`~loolnh n` `u~lu ep`u~khf`u `f ^hyy`u Oõz`}/ M& )^hcl `o nk#

f`yh { ehyy`& ol dohilok}lekõf f`hoki`ylo n`o nkf`yh { olu bkflf}lu)& Kelykl& Ily# e`ohfl 9::0& 9<

Zhnyãlchu n`eky |p` `o nkf`yh u` gl nkrhyeklnh n`o ehc`yekh& N`mõ n` ekyepoly `f zyhzhyekõf l olu ~ylfuleekhf`u zlyl ey`e`y lp# ~hlokc`f~ìfnhu` l uã ckuch& Ol yl}õf n` `u` b`fõc`fh `u y`loc`f~` epykhul= `f opdly n` |p` `o nkf`yh/ ohu c`nkhu n` zldh/ u` p~kok}lylf zlyl ehczyly ehulu/ u` ehc`f}lyhf l p~kok}ly zlyl ehczyly&&&& ¬nkf`yh, @u n`eky/ `o nkf`yh n`mlil n` u`y pf kfu~ypc`f~h n`o kf~`yelc# ikh zlyl zluly l ehfr`y~kyu` ëo ckuch `f pf him`~h n`o kf~`yelcikh& U` zluõ l dlfly cpegh nkf`yh fh p~kok}ìfnhoh zlyl ehczyly h~ylu ehulu ukfh zlyl ehczyly { r`fn`y `o zyhzkh nkf`yh/ c`nkhu n` zldh&  R`lchu h~yh `m`czoh u`fekooh& ^ylnkekhfloc`f~`/ olu chf`nlu n` h~yhu zlãu`u u` p~kok}lilf zlyl ky n` ~pykuch/ zlyl y`lok}ly kfr`yukhf`u h zlyl ehczyly c`y# elfeãlu n` elnl pfh n` `oohu& Z`yh gh{ nãl ohu dylfn`u kfr`yuhy`u cpo~kckoohflykhu olu ehc# zylf zlyl n`uzpëu r`fn`yolu/ ukf n`nkelyolu l fkfdýf puh zyhnpe# ~krh `uz`eklo& N` `ul clf`yl hi~k`f`f y`f~likoknln ukczo`c`f~` lzyhr`eglfnh olu rlyklekhf`u `f olu eh~k}lekhf`u/ |p` `f ol cl{hy zly~` n` olu helukhf`u zyhrhelf `oohu ckuchu ehf upu le~krknln`u `uz`epol~krlu& @f n`bkfk~krl/ ohu c`nkhu n` zldh/ `o nkf`yh/ u` p~kok}l gh{  nãl zlyl `uz`epoly ehf `o zyhzkh nkf`yh/ zy`ekulc`f~` zhy|p` u` ey`lf ehfu~lf~`c`f~` ipyipmlu bkflfek`ylu= `u n`eky/ `wz`e~l~krlu n` |p` rlf l upiky ohu zy`ekhu n` ohu zlz`o`u bkflfek`yhu |p` u` hb`y~lf& Uk ohu kfr`yuhy`u zk`fulf |p` `o zy`ekh n` olu nkrkulu rl l upiky ehfu~lf~`c`f~`/ h `o n`o z`~yõo`h/ h `o n` eplo|pk`y c`yelf# eãl/ u` n`nkelyìf/ zhy `m`czoh/ l ehczyly ohu ehf~yl~hu |p` gl{l uhiy` `oolu zhy|p`/ luã/ ehf `o zluh n`o ~k`czh/ uk `b`e~krlc`f~`  rlf upik`fnh ohu zy`ekhu/ rlonyìf cìu { zhnyìf r`fn`yohu l zy`# ekhu cìu lo~hu& P~kok}lf `o nkf`yh zlyl ehczyly `u` zlz`o/ ohu ehf~yl~hu `f `u~` eluh/ { `oohu ckuchu lokc`f~lf `o lo}l |p` mpu~kbkel `ulu hz`# ylekhf`u& 99

Zhy upzp`u~h/ elnl r`} |p` pfl n` `ulu ipyipmlu `u~lool u` zyhnpe`f eykuku/ zykc`yh `f olu bkflf}lu z`yh cìu ~lyn` h cìu ~`c# zylfh `f `o ehfmpf~h n` ol `ehfhcãl&  Lpf|p` `f y`loknln `uh gl upe`nknh uk`czy`/ ehch `o zyhzkh Clyw h cìu ~lyn` A`{f`u lflok}lyhf/ `f~y` cpeghu h~yhu/ oh elyle# ~`yãu~keh n` fp`u~yl ëzhel `u |p` u` ~yl~l n` pfl le~krknln d`f`yl# ok}l ok}lnl nl&& Ol cìu cìu kczh kczhy~ y~lf lf~` ~`// ol |p` liuh liuhyi yi`` cìu cìu elf~ elf~kn knln ln n` y`epyuhu& Zhy `uh cpeghu `ehfhcku~lu/ ehch `o Zy`ckh Fhi`o bylf# eëu Clpyke` Loolku/ glf oo`dlnh l n`eky |p` ol `ehfhcãl elzk~loku~l u` gl ehfr`y~knh `f pf dylf elukfh& Oõdkelc`f~`/ `uh gl uknh zhukio` zhy|p` u` gl cpo~kzokelnh ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh ekyepolf~` {/ fl~pyloc`f~`/ zhy|p` olu lp~h# yknln`u glf z`yck~knh |p` upu zyhzk`~lykhu u` rl{lf ~ylf|pkol# c`f~` lo elukfh ehf ëo/ `f opdly n` hiokdly l |p` u` p~koke` `f ol `ehfhcãl zyhnpe~krl& Ol ey`ek`f~` ey`lekõf n`o nkf`yh= `o nkf`yh ilfelykh Olu fpc`yhulu ipyipmlu bkflfek`ylu n` fp`u~yh ~k`czh { ol `uz`epolekõf ehfu~lf~` glf zhnknh u`y elnl r`} cìu glik~plo`u {  dylfn`u zhy|p` `o nkf`yh n`nkelnh l lokc`f~lyolu gl ey`eknh ehf# ~kfplc`f~`& Z`yh cpegl d`f~` fh `f~k`fn` |p` ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh |p` ekyepol `f olu `ehfhcãlu gl{l zhnknh ey`e`y ~lf~h { ~lf n`uzyhzhy# ekhflnlc`f~`& Ol ehfbpukõf zyhrk`f` n` |p` ey``f |p` `o nkf`yh uhoh `u~ì bhyclnh zhy olu chf`nlu { ohu ikoo`~`u { fh `f~k`fn`f |p` ohu `u# ~lnhu gl{lf zhnknh u`y ~lf zheh epknlnhuhu& Z`yh oh |p` upe`n` `u |p` `o nkf`yh fh `u~ì bhyclnh uhol# c`f~` zhy `o oolclnh nkf`yh o`dlo 'olu chf`nlu { ohu ikoo`~`u+ |p` `u/ `b`e~krlc`f~`/ `o |p` ey`l `o `u~lnh& @f y`loknln/ `u~hu ýo~kchu y`zy`u`f~lf pfl z`|p`üãukcl zly~` n`o ~h~lo n` ohu c`nkhu n` zldhu |p` p~kok}lchu= `f~y` `o 4% { `o <:%& Pfl zly~` cpegh cl{hy '`f~y` `o 2:% { `o 4:%+ `u `o oolclnh nkf`yh ilfelykh/ |p` `u `o |p` `u~ì bhyclnh zhy ohu n`zõuk~hu |p` ohu upm`~hu `ehfõckehu y`lok}lchu `f ohu ilfehu& 95

 [ y`upo~l |p` `o nkf`yh ilfelykh ~k`f` pfl elyle~`yãu~kel z`# epokly& L nkb`y`fekl n`o nkf`yh o`dlo |p` oh ey`l `o `u~lnh `u ey`lnh zhy ohu zyhzkhu ilfehu&  R`lchu h~yh `m`czoh& Upzhfdlchu |p` pfl z`yuhfl oolclnl n` Glyy{ `u ol ýfkel |p` ~k`f` nkf`yh= ekfeh ikoo`~`u n` 9: `pyhu& Ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh |p` gl{ `f ol `ehfhcãl `u/ zhy ~lf~h/ n` <:: `pyhu& Upzhfdlchu lghyl |p` Zh~~`y h~yl o` zkn` zy`u~lnhu >: `pyhu  { |p` u` ohu zy`u~l& N`uzpëu n`o zyëu~lch/ ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh |p` gl{ `f ol `ehfhcãl ukdp` uk`fnh <:: `pyhu/ lpf|p` lghyl 2: `pyhu `u~ëf `f clfhu n` Glyy{ { >: `pyhu `f olu n` Zh~~`y& Z`yh upzhfdlchu lghyl |p` Ih~kf`u/ pfl ~`ye`yl z`yuhfl/ ey`l pf ilfeh { ehfr`fe` l Glyy{ zlyl |p` n`zhuk~` upu <:: `pyhu l elcikh n` pf d`f`yhuh kf~`yëu n`o 0% lfplo& @fu`dpknl/ Ih~kf`u z`fulyì |p` fh `u zyhilio` |p` Glyy{  |pk`yl nkuzhf`y kfc`nkl~lc`f~` n` ~hnh up nkf`yh/ n` chnh |p` n`eknkyì n`mly pfl zyhzhyekõf `f up elml 'upzhfdlchu |p` 2: `pyhu+ zhy uk Glyy{ `b`e~krlc`f~` o` uhokek~l y`~kyly lodpfl elf~knln/  { zy`u~ly `o y`u~h l Zh~~`y& Oh |p` hepyy` eplfnh `o ilfeh zy`u~l `f~hfe`u >: `pyhu l Zh~~`y zly`e` ckoldyhuh& Zhy pf olnh/ Ih~kf`u o` nlyì ohu >: `pyhu l pf kf~`yëu cl{hy/ n` chnh |p` {l luã hi~`fnyì pfl upepo`f~l y`~ykipekõf& Z`yh `uh fh `u ~hnh& Oh |p` zly`e`yì pf ckoldyh `u |p` eplfnh Ih~kf`u zy`u~l ohu >: `pyhu ey`l nkf`yh zhy `ul elf~knln& @b`e~krlc`f~`= Glyy{ ukdp` ~`fk`fnh upu <:: `pyhu& N` g`egh zp`n` gle`y zldhu ehf upu eg`|p`u zhy `u` rlohy& [/ zhy up zly~`/ eplnh Zh~~`y gl y`ekiknh `o zyëu~lch ~k`f` >: `pyhu `f up ihoukooh& @f ~h~lo/ zp`u/ lghyl gl{ <>: `pyhu& Ih~kf`u fh gl ey`lnh nkf`yh o`dlo/ zp`u~h |p` ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh `f ikoo`~`u fh gl elciklnh& Z`yh gl ey`lnh nkf`yh ilfel# ykh& 9>

Ohu ilfehu/ `b`e~krlc`f~`/ ey`lf nkf`yh l c`nknl |p` p~kok}lf pfl zly~` n` ohu n`zõuk~hu n` upu eok`f~`u zlyl ehfe`n`y eyënk~hu& @f ohu lühu 4:/ ohu ilfehu ~`fãlf |p` y`u`yrly cìu n`o 5:% n` upu n`zõuk~hu zlyl gle`y by`f~` l olu zhukio`u y`~kylnlu n` `b`e# ~krh n` upu eok`f~`u& Gh{ nãl/ `o 9% 'lpf|p` h~ylu kczhukekhf`u o`# dlo`u o` gle`f upiky glu~l cìu h c`fhu pf <:% `o rhopc`f n` y`u`yrlu |p` n`i`f clf~`f`y uhiy` `o ~h~lo n` n`zõuk~hu |p` ehf# e`n`f+& @uh kfnkel |p` lghyl ey`lf cpegh cìu nkf`yh |p` `f~hf# e`u ehf ohu lghyyhu n` upu eok`f~`u& Ohu ilfehu fh uhoh ey`lf nkf`yh= `o nkf`yh `u zhn`y  Ohu `ehfhcku~lu ehfr`fekhflo`u up`o`f zy`u`f~ly lo nkf`yh ehch uk bp`yl pf c`yh kfu~ypc`f~h/ ehch lodh f`p~yh& @uh o`u ukyr` zlyl n`eky |p` ohu lupf~hu n`o nkf`yh ehyy`u# zhfn` n`eknkyohu l ohu ~ëefkehu { fh l ohu zhoã~kehu zhy|p` u` ~yl~l n` lodh |p` y`uzhfn` l ep`u~khf`u ek`f~ãbkelu { |p` `u kfn`z`f# nk`f~` n` olu r`o`knln`u zhoã~kelu& Z`yh fh `u luã& Eplo|pk`y z`yuhfl/ zhy zheh kfu~ypknl |p` `u~ë `f cl~`ykl `ehfõckel/ uli` z`yb`e~lc`f~` |p` `o nkf`yh `u/ uhiy` ~hnh/ zhn`y& \pk`f ~k`f` nkf`yh ~k`f` zhn`y& Zhn`y n` ul~kubleekõf { zhn`y n` n`ekukõf&  Rlodl h~yh `m`czoh& U`dýf kfbhyclil ol t`i @O EHFBKN@FEKLO `o 9< n` u`z# ~k`ciy` n` 9::2 ‟npylf~` ohu lühu <;77 { <;7;/ `o Ulf~lfn`y cl# f`mõ e`yel n` c`nkh ikooõf n` z`u`~lu n` nkf`yh f`dyh/ |p` zyhr`fãl n` bp`f~`u bkflfek`ylu cìu h c`fhu kfehfb`ulio`u '&&&+ @o ilfeh `f~y`dõ lo Bkueh kfbhyclekõf bloul uhiy` ;&022 hz`ylekhf`u bhyclok}lnlu |p` y`zy`u`f~lilf <>0&<9: ckoohf`u n` z`u`~lu& '&&&+  L ~lo `b`e~h/ fh npnõ `f n`eolyly ehch ~k~poly`u n` olu e`ukhf`u l z`yuhflu bloo`eknlu/ `ckdylf~`u fh y`ukn`f~`u `f @uzlül/ lfeklfhu n`urloknhu/ ~ylilmlnhy`u `f zlyh/ blckokly`u n` `czo`lnhu n`o ilfeh/ lf~kdphu eok`f~`u |p` {l fh clf~`fãlf y`olekõf lodpfl ehf ol `f~knln/ `~eë~`yl–& 90

Ehch ehfu`ep`fekl n`o n`uepiykck`f~h n` `ul u`yk` n` kyy`dp# olyknln`u/ ol lepulekõf uhokek~õ zlyl `o zy`ukn`f~` n`o Ilfeh n` Ulf# ~lfn`y / @ckokh Ih~ãf/ ‟pf ~h~lo n` <4: lühu n` zykukõf { pfl cpo~l n` >2&9>9&955/;9 `pyhu '4&2;>&:2:&55> z`u`~lu+/ ln`cìu n` pfl y`u# zhfulikoknln ekrko n` 7>&;50&<;0/72 `pyhu '<>&<59&:94&>;; z`u`~lu+/ |p` `u `o z`ympkekh elpulnh ehf up le~plekõf l ol Glek`fnl Zýiokel– Zp`u ik`f/ `o nklykh @o Zlãu kfbhyclil `o 94 n` cl{h n` 9::7 |p` zlyl n`b`fn`yu` n` ol lepulekõf n` upzp`u~hu blrhy`u l `u` ilfeh/ `o `w ckfku~yh n` `ehfhcãl Yhnykdh Yl~h/ zy`u`f~õ pf `u# eyk~h n` ol `w#U`ey`~lykl n` @u~lnh n` Mpu~kekl { lghyl Rke`zy`uk# n`f~l n`o Dhik`yfh/ Clyãl ^`y`ul B`yfìfn`} n` ol R`dl/ ‟`f ol |p` ëu~l zknkõ `o 90 n` liyko n` <;;2 |p` u` epyulylf lo Lihdlnh n`o @u~lnh ‟kfu~ypeekhf`u– uhiy` up le~plekõf `f `o eluh n` olu e`ukhf`u n` eyënk~h–/ ehfey`~lc`f~`/ zknk`fnh |p` fh u` nkykdk`yl ‟leekõf z`flo lodpfl zhy zy`upf~h n`ok~h ehf~yl ol Glek`fnl Zýiokel/ ehf~yl ol ek~lnl `f~knln ilfelykl h upu y`zy`u`f~lf~`u–& Dyleklu l oh eplo/ up zy`ukn`f~` fk uk|pk`yl bp` mp}dlnh zhy `ulu le~plekhf`u& ¸Lodpk`f zp`n` z`fuly |p` `o zy`ukn`f~` n`o Ilfeh n` Ulf# ~lfn`y u` okiyõ n` nly ep`f~l n` `ulu le~krknln`u zhy h~yl yl}õf nku# ~kf~l l ol n` u`y `o ilf|p`yh cìu ykeh {/ zy`ekulc`f~`/ zhy `ooh/ cìu zhn`yhuh n` @uzlül8 @ kdplo |p` l ëo o` zlulyãl u`dpylc`f~` l olu <>:: z`yuhflu  ―pf :/:50% n` ol zhiolekõf# |p` zhy uã uholu ehf~yholf olu hydlfk# }lekhf`u `u`feklo`u n` ol `ehfhcãl `uzlühol { pfl elzk~lok}lekõf `|pkrlo`f~` lo 7:/0% n`o ZKI 4& Ol bkflfek`yk}le bkflfek`yk}lekõf kõf n` olu `ehfhcãlu& Uk ohu ilfehu ilfehu gle`f gle`f pf f`dhekh f`dhekh bìeko cp{ y`f~lio y`f~lio`` ey`lfnh ey`lfnh nkf`yh { ln`cìu lo gle`yoh lpc`f~lf ehfu~lf~`c`f~` up zhn`y/ `u fhyclo |p` `u~ëf z`yclf`f~`c`f~` kf~`y`ulnhu `f gle`y ey`e`y ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh 'ilfelykh l u`y zhukio`+ |p` ekyepol `f ol `ehfhcãl& 4 Ulf~hu Elu~yhrk`mh/ K&/ '9::7+ )Pfl lzyhwkclekõf l ol y`n uheklo n` ol `ok~` n`o

zhn`y `ehfõckeh `f @uzlül– zhf`fekl zy`u`f~lnl l olu WK Mhyflnlu n` @eh# fhcãl Eyã~kel/ 97 Cly}h 9::7& 92

 [ `uh `u oh |p` glf ~yl~lnh n` gle`y uk`czy`& Eplfnh pfl z`yuhfl fhyclo { ehyyk`f~` rl l pf ilfeh l z`nky pf zyëu~lch ~k`f` d`f`yloc`f~` ol u`fulekõf n` |p` `o ilfeh o` rl l gle`y pf dylf blrhy& Z`yh `f y`loknln `u lo y`rëu& Lo z`nkyo` nkf`yh lo ilfeh fh uhoh o` glyì lpc`f~ly up y`f~likoknln ukfh |p`/ ln`cìu/ dyleklu l `ooh `o ilfeh r`yì lpc`f~ly up zhn`y `ehfõckeh/ zhoã~keh { uheklo& Ol gku~hykl n` ol ilfel `u ol gku~hykl n` pf kfey`c`f~h ehfu# ~lf~` `f ol hb`y~l n` c`nkhu n` zldh |p` gleãl lpc`f~ly ehf~kfpl# c`f~` ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh ekyepolf~`& @uh gleãl |p` ohu ilfehu dlflylf cpegh nkf`yh { |p` ~prk`# ylf elnl r`} cìu zhn`y/ z`yh ~lcikëf `u r`ynln |p` dyleklu l `ooh bp` zhukio` |p` `o elzk~lokuch u` gl{l `wzlfnknh `fhyc`c`f~`/ zp`u ehf `ul le~krknln u` bkflfeklil ol ey`lekõf { zp`u~l `f cly# egl n` fp`rhu f`dhekhu& Ohu ilfehu `ylf lp~ëf~kehu ‟kf~`yc`nklykhu bkflfek`yhu– zhy# |p` u` n`nkelilf l y`ehd`y/ zhy pf olnh/ `o lghyyh n` ohu eok`f~`u  {/ zhy h~yl/ l zyhzhyekhflyo`u zyëu~lchu l ohu kfr`yuhy`u |p` n`# u`lilf zhf`y `f clyegl f`dhekhu/ h l ohu ehfupcknhy`u |p` u` dlu~lilf `o nkf`yh `f ik`f`u { u`yrkekhu |p` z`yck~ãlf |p` ohu f`# dhekhu ukdpk`ylf ln`olf~`& Z`yh/ ehch g`chu ln`olf~lnh/ `f ohu ýo~kchu n`e`fkhu ~hnh `u~h gl elciklnh& N`uzpëu n` ol u`dpfnl dp`yyl cpfnklo/ @u~lnhu Pfknhu kc# zpuh `o nõoly ehch chf`nl n` y`u`yrl kf~`yflekhflo l ohu n`cìu zlãu`u& ^`fãl cìu n`o 7:% n`o hyh |p` gliãl `f `o cpfnh/ luã |p` fh ~`fãl zyhio`cl `f lu`dpyly ol ehfr`y~kikoknln n` up chf`nl {  ohu n`cìu fh n`iãlf ~`f`y ck`nh l |p` ely`ek`yl n` rlohy& Dyleklu l `ooh/ @u~lnhu Pfknhu zhnãl `ck~ky ukf ck`nh nõoly`u= olu n`cìu `ehfhcãlu ohu f`e`uk~lilf { l upu `czy`ulu { ehfupck# nhy`u o`u r`fãl ik`f |p` ekyepolyl `f lipfnlfekl& Ck`f~ylu |p` ohu n`cìu zlãu`u u` y`epz`ylilf n` olu g`yknlu n` ol dp`yyl ohu nõoly`u `ylf cp{ uhokek~lnhu { `ylf kfeopuh `uel# uhu/ z`yh eplfnh `cz`}lyhf l uloky l boh~` {l fh f`e`uk~lilf ~lf~hu nõoly`u& @u~hu `cz`}lyhf l ‟uhiyly– `f ohu c`yelnhu kf~`yflekhfl# 94

o`u { up hb`y~l ey`eãl n`uc`upylnlc`f~`& ^lf~h/ |p` bp` z`ynk`fnh  rlohy glu~l `o zpf~h n` |p` `f <;4< Ykeglyn Fkwhf oh n`rlopõ { n`# eolyõ up fh ehfr`y~kikoknln/ `u n`eky/ up ~ylfubhyclekõf `f pfl ch# f`nl ukf y`uzlonh lodpfh& @f ohu lühu u`u`f~l n`o ukdoh zlulnh olu cpo~kflekhflo`u `c# z`}lyhf l d`f`yly dylfn`u elf~knln`u n` i`f`bkekhu |p` kdplo# c`f~` upzhfãlf pf lülnknh `f bhycl n` nõoly`u l ol hb`y~l cpfnklo n` nõoly`u& [/ zlyl ehoch/ eplfnh ohu zy`ekhu n`o z`~yõo`h ~prk`yhf pfl kczy`ukhflf~` upiknl `f ohu u`~`f~l/ ohu zlãu`u zyh# npe~hy`u u` `fehf~ylyhf ehf ikoohf`u n` nõoly`u |p` fh uliãlf nhfn` ehohely/ lpc`f~lfnh ~lcikëf ehf `oohu ol clul ekyepolf~` n` nõoly`u& Ohu ilfehu/ |p` `ylf |pk`f`u zykfekzloc`f~` clf`mlilf `ul hb`y~l n` nõoly`u/ bhc`f~lyhf `o y`epyuh lo eyënk~h ehf ~lo n` eh# ohely ohu nõoly`u |p` ekyepolilf ehf `w~ylhynkflykl lipfnlfekl& Hi~`f`y zyëu~lchu `yl bìeko { ilyl~h { ohu ilfehu ohu nlilf ukf fkfdýf zyhio`cl 7& @f l|p`oohu lühu/ ukf `cilydh/ ol p~kok}lekõf n` ohu c`nkhu n` zldh fh `yl eõchnl/ fk ilyl~l fk ìdko zhy|p` olu ehcpfkelekh# f`u `ylf o`f~lu { ehu~hulu& Z`yh eplfnh u` zyhnpmh ol y`rhopekõf n` olu ~`efhohdãlu n` ol kfbhyclekõf/ u` zhnãlf p~kok}ly n` chnh cp{ yìzknh { ukf lz`flu ehu~`u& Ehf pf u`fekooh chn`c u` zp`n`f ehczyly eplo|pk`y eolu` n` le~krhu 'nkf`yh/ kfcp`io`u/ leekhf`u/ ihfhu n` ohu dhik`yfhu&&&+ `f eplo|pk`y opdly n`o cpfnh { r`fn`yohu `fu`dpknl |p` ehf#  r`fdl/ luã |p` olu le~krknln`u `uz`epol~krlu |p` lf~`u ~lcikëf u` y`lok}lilf z`yh n` chnh cpegh cìu zlpulnh { okck~lnh/ lghyl zpnk`yhf zpnk`yhf oo`rlyu` oo`rlyu` lelih r`y~kdk r`y~kdkfhulc fhulc`f~`& `f~`& @o l~y l~yle~k le~krh rh n` n`nk n`nkel elyu yu`` l `oolu oolu `ylf ylf dylf dylfnk nkh huh= uh= ehf ehf cp{ zhehu c`nkhu u` zhnãlf chrkok}ly ckoohf`u { ckoohf`u n` eplo|pk`y chf`nl zlyl ehczyly { r`fn`y lo kfu~lf~` { hi~`f`y `f 7 @uh ~lcikëf bp` `o hykd`f/ `f~y` h~ylu ehulu/ n`o zyhio`cl n` ol n`pnl `w~`yfl

|p` fh zhn`chu lflok}ly l|pã { |p` u` ehfrky~kõ `f pf nylcl cìu ~lyn`/ eplfnh upik`yhf ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu { up z`uh u` gk}h kfuhzhy~lio`& 97

elnl ~ylfuleekõf ~lulu n` y`f~likoknln cpegh cìu `o`rlnlu |p` olu |p` zhnãl zyhzhyekhfly zhf`y `f clyegl pf f`dhekh zyhnpe# ~krh& Oh |p` hepyykõ bp` |p` ohu c`nkhu n` zldh glu~l `f~hfe`u ‟uhiylf~`u–/ { ohu |p` u` bp`yhf lülnk`fnh l~ylãnhu zhy `ul y`f~l# ikoknln ~lf yìzknl { `o`rlnl l ohu c`yelnhu cpfnklo`u n` nkf`yh  { le~krhu bkflfek`yhu/ bp`yhf ey`ek`fnh ukf zlyly { n`nkeìfnhu` l y`lok}ly hz`ylekhf`u zpylc`f~` `uz`epol~krlu/ n`urkfepoìfnhu` elnl r`} cìu n` ol ey`lekõf n` f`dhekhu zyhnpe~krhu/ n` ol zyh# npeekõf n` ik`f`u { u`yrkekhu { n` ol ey`lekõf n` `czo`h& ¸\pkëf kil l n`nkely ~hnhu upu y`epyuhu l `u~h ýo~kch/ zpnk`fnh dlfly cpegh cìu nkf`yh `f ol kfr`yukõf bkflfek`yl8 Gliãl fleknh oh |p` cìu ~lyn` u` elokbkelyãl ehch ol ‟bkflf# ek`yk}lekõf– n`o elzk~lokuch& I`f`bkekhu/ ulolykhu { `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl   Lelilchu n` u`üloly ohu zykfekzlo`u ble~hy`u |p` glf knh zyhnpek`fnh ol ey`ek`f~` bkflfek`yk}lekõf n` olu `ehfhcãlu elzk~l# oku~lu/ `f~y` ohu |p` n`u~lelf ol `wzlfukõf n`o eyënk~h/ olu y`bhyclu kfu~k~pekhflo`u { n` pf chnh `uz`eklo ol p~kok}lekõf n` fp`rlu ~`e# fhohdãlu n` ol kfbhyclekõf& Z`yh mpf~h l `oohu fh u` zp`nl n`mly n` olnh h~yh b`fõc`fh bpfnlc`f~lo& Fhu y`b`ykchu l |p` ol elpul zykfekzlo |p` oo`rl ohu elzk~lo`u n`un` `o ìcik~h n` ol `ehfhcãl zyhnpe~krl lo bkflfek`yh `u |p` `f ëu~` ýo~kch u` zp`n` hi~`f`y pfl dlflfekl y`ol~krl cpegh cl{hy |p` `f `o zykc`yh& Ol zhukikoknln n` hi~`f`y cl{hy i`f`bkekh `f ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl `u ol ehfu`ep`fekl n` |p` looã u` hz`y` ehf cìu yk`udh z`yh ~lcikëf n` |p` olu zhoã~kelu |p` u` oo`rlf l elih `f `o ìcik~h zyhnpe~krh zlyl blrhy`e`y l ohu elzk~lo`u zykrlnhu ~k`f`f pf `b`e~h z`yr`yuh { ~`yckflf zhy d`f`yly c`fhy`u i`f`bkekhu |p` ohu |p` u` zp`n`f hi~`f`y `f `o ìcik~h bkflfek`yh& Oh |p` gl hepyyknh `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu `u |p` olu zhoã~kelu f`hoki`ylo`u glf kczp`u~h pf yëdkc`f n` ulolykhu y`npeknhu { n` 9;

~ylilmh zy`elykh |p` `b`e~krlc`f~` gl z`yck~knh y`epz`yly olu y`f# ~lu n`o elzk~lo&  Ln`cìu/ `ul elãnl `f olu y`f~lu ulolyklo`u hiokdõ l |p` ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u lpc`f~lylf up fkr`o n` `fn`pnlck`f~h {/ ehch ehf# u`ep`fekl n` lcihu b`fõc`fhu y`upo~õ |p` olu y`f~lu zykfekzlo# c`f~` zykrko`dklnlu bp`ylf olu n`o elzk~lo bkflfek`yh& Z`yh `o kfey`c`f~h n` olu y`f~lu n`o elzk~lo fh u` ~ylnpe` `f ehfupch `f ol ckucl c`nknl |p` olu y`f~lu n`o ~ylilmh ukfh |p`  rlf uhiy` ~hnh lo lghyyh& Lodh `o`c`f~lo uk u` ~k`f` `f ep`f~l |p` ohu z`ye`z~hy`u n` y`f~lu n` elzk~lo ~k`f`f upu f`e`uknln`u ul~kub`eglu ck`f~ylu |p` ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u ~k`f`f |p` n`nkely eluk ~hnlu `oolu l ul~kuble`yolu c`nklf~` ol ln|pkukekõf n` ik`f`u { u`y#  rkekhu& Ol cl{hy zly~` n`o kfey`c`f~h n` olu y`f~lu d`f`ylnlu `f ohu ýo~kchu n`e`fkhu gl ehyy`uzhfnknh/ zp`u/ l ohu i`f`bkekhu { ëu~hu u` glf n`u~kflnh zykfekzloc`f~` lo lghyyh { l ol kfr`yukõf { fh lo ehfupch& Z`yh/ `f zly~kepoly/ l ol kfr`yukõf bkflfek`yl |p` gl uknh cpegh cìu y`f~lio` zhy nhu yl}hf`u zykfekzlo`u& Zykc`yh/ zhy|p` ol dlflfekl u` hi~`fãl n` hz`ylekhf`u zp# ylc`f~` `uz`epol~krlu |p` fh y`|pk`y`f ~lf~h ~k`czh/ fk `o `u# bp`y}h { ol y`fpfekl n` ol kfr`yukõf zyhnpe~krl& U`dpfnh/ zhy|p` ol nkuckfpekõf n` ol elzleknln n` ehczyl n` ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u ehfu~k~p{` pf by`fh l ohu i`f`bkekhu `f `o ìc# ik~h n` ol zyhnpeekõf n` ik`f`u { u`yrkekhu& U` zp`n` dlfly cìu nkf`yh ehch ehfu`ep`fekl n` |p` ohu ulolykhu p~kok}lnhu zlyl hi# ~`f`y ol ~ly~l uhf ilmhu/ z`yh ehch gl{ c`fhu elzleknln n` ehc# zyl/ ol ~ly~l |p` u` zyhnpe` `u cìu z`|p`ül& Ehf ulolykhu ilmhu ehch ohu |p` u` glf kczp`u~h u` d`f`ylf i`f`bkekhu z`yh ey`lfnh `uelu`} {/ zhy ~lf~h/ okck~lfnh `o y`fnk# ck`f~h zh~`feklo n` ol `ehfhcãl/ `u n`eky/ `o |p` u` zhnyãl hi~`f`y uk gpik`yl cl{hy n`clfnl { u` p~kok}lylf ~hnhu ohu y`epyuhu nkuzh# fkio`u& @u zhy `uh |p` olu `ehfhcãlu elzk~loku~lu ilmh `u~lu zhoã~kelu f`hoki`ylo`u glf ~`fknh ~lulu n` ey`ekck`f~h cpegh cìu y`npeknlu |p` olu n` ëzhelu lf~`ykhy`u/ h |p`/ zhy `o ehf~ylykh/ olu `ehfhcãlu 5:

|p` fh glf `u~lnh upm`~lu l `u~lu zhoã~kelu y`u~yke~krlu n` ulolykhu {  `f ehfu`ep`fekl n` ol le~krknln/ ehch olu n` lodpflu lukì~kelu { `f lodpfhu chc`f~hu ol n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ gl{lf y`dku~ylnh uk`czy` c`mhy`u y`upo~lnhu `f ~lulu n` ey`ekck`f~h& @f upcl/ uk olu zhoã~kelu f`hoki`ylo`u ehf~yl`f ol le~krknln/ ehch ehfu`ep`fekl n` |p` kczhf`f ol chn`ylekõf ulolyklo { n` |p` zy`bk`y`f nkuckfpky ol y`uku~`fekl olihylo l `wzlfnky ol n`# clfnl { ol y`f~likoknln/ oh |p` hepyy` `u |p` ol ~lul n` dlflfekl |p` u` hi~k`f` `u `o`rlnl zhy kf~`ful z`yh fh zhy `w~`ful {/ `f eplo|pk`y eluh/ kfb`ykhy l ol |p` zh~`fekloc`f~` u` zhnyãl hi~`f`y uk u` zpuk`ylf `f chrkck`f~h ~hnhu ohu y`epyuhu zh~`feklo`u n` ol `ehfhcãl&  [ `u zhy `uh |p` ol y`f~likoknln y`ol~krl `f ohu ìcik~hu bkflf# ek`yhu `u cl{hy/ oh |p` l~yl` glu~l looã ukf y`c`nkh l ohu elzk~lo`u& @u~l `u pfl ep`u~kõf bpfnlc`f~lo fh uhoh zlyl `f~`fn`y zhy |pë u` gl zyhnpeknh ol bkflfek`yk}lekõf { olu eykuku |p` ëu~l oo`rl ehfukdh ukfh/ ~lcikëf/ zlyl `f~`fn`y |p` uk u` |pk`y` uloky n` `u~lu eykuku `u zy`ekuh yhcz`y `u~l n`ykrl n` ohu elzk~lo`u glekl `o ìcik~h `uz`epol~krh glek`fnh cìu l~yle~krl up ehohelekõf `f `o ìcik~h y`lo& [ zy`ekulc`f~` zhy `uh/ y`upo~l `rkn`f~` |p` fh u` zhnyì ok# ck~ly ol n`ykrl `uz`epol~krl uk fh u` `wzlfn` ol n`clfnl `f ol `ehfhcãl y`lo& Nkegh n` h~yl bhycl/ `o elzk~lokuch ~`fn`yì kf`rk~lio`c`f~` l ol bkflfek`yk}lekõf ck`f~ylu |p` fh u` `u~lio`}el pf `|pkokiykh nku~ykip~krh nkb`y`f~` lo |p` gl kczp`u~h `o f`hoki`ylokuch okck# ~lfnh ol y`f~l n` ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u& Eolyh |p` `o zyhio`cl ehfuku~` `f uli`y uk `o elzk~lokuch n` fp`u~yhu nãlu `u elzl} n` y`uzhfn`y l pfl zlp~l nku~ykip~krl nkb`# y`f~` l ol ~y`c`fnlc`f~` n`ukdplo |p` gh{ nãl oh lokc`f~l& @o elukfh Ol d`f~` fhyclo up`o` zy`dpf~ly uk`czy` eõch `u zhukio` dlfly ~lf~h `f `ulu hz`ylekhf`u bkflfek`ylu n`uehfheknlu |p` zl# y`e`f fh ~`f`y flnl n`~yìu n` `oolu& ¸Nõfn` `u~ì `o nkf`yh8/ u` zy`dpf~lf l c`fpnh& 5<

@u fl~pylo& Eplfnh lodpk`f r`fn` l h~yh pf lp~hcõrko/ h eplfnh o` gle` pf ehy~` n` z`oh/ eplo|pk`yl `u elzl} n` r`y eol# ylc`f~` n` nõfn` rk`f` `o i`f`bkekh& Z`yh ¸eõch `u zhukio` |p` u` zp`nl dlfly ~lf~h nkf`yh ehczylfnh { r`fnk`fnh zlz`o ehf~yl zlz`o8 ¸\pë u` ulel ehf `uh8/ fhu zy`dpf~lf cpegãukclu r`e`u& Ol ep`u~kõf fh `u ilolnã ukfh |p` y`uzhfn` l pfl n` olu dylf# n`u ~ylfubhyclekhf`u `ehfõckelu n` fp`u~yh ~k`czh& Oh |p` gle` pfhu lühu gleãl |p` pf kfr`yuhy dlflu` nkf`yh |pk}ì bp`u` ehczyly ol zyhnpeekõf n` elbë |p` u` kil l hi~`f`y `f pfl glek`fnl ehohciklfl l zykc`yhu n` `f`yh n` 9:<: { zhf`yol cìu ~lyn` `f ohu c`yelnhu ckfhyku~lu ehch elbë cìu h c`fhu zyk# chyhulc`f~` `czl|p`~lnh&  Lghyl hepyy` lodh nku~kf~h& Eplfnh `u` kfr`yuhy nkuzhf` n`o ehf~yl~h n` ehczyl zp`n` hby`e`yoh `f c`yelnhu `f nhfn` oh |p` u` ehczyl `u zy`ekulc`f~` `uh= ehf~yl~hu/ zlz`o& ¸Zhy |pë8 U`fekoolc`f~` zhy|p` gl{ ek`f~hu n` kfr`yuhy`u/ h c`mhy nkegh/ u`fekoolc`f~` `uz`epolnhy`u/ ehf cko`u n` ckoohf`u nkuzp`u~hu l ehczyly zlz`o& ¸Zhy |pë8 Zhy|p` uli`f/ l up r`}/ |p` uk oh ehczylf oh zh# nyìf r`fn`y n` fp`rh l h~yhu `uz`epolnhy`u/ |p`/ l up r`}/ zhnyìf  r`fn`yoh n` fp`rh/ { luã upe`ukrlc`f~`&  [/ eolyh `u~ì/ gl{ ~lf~hu `uz`epolnhy`u nkuzp`u~hu l y`lok}ly `ulu le~krknln`u/ zykc`yh/ zhy|p`/ ehch g`chu rku~h/ gl{ pfl elf# ~knln kfd`f~` n` nkf`yh uhiylf~` {/ u`dpfnh/ zhy|p` `ulu hz`ylekh# f`u/ ehch ~lcikëf g`chu ehc`f~lnh/ zp`n`f zyhzhyekhfly cpegh cìu i`f`bkekh { cìu yìzknh |p` n`nkelyu` l chrkok}ly c`yelfeãlu/ ehf~yl~ly ~ylilmlnhy`u/ oknkly nklyklc`f~` ehf `o f`dhekh/ `~e&/ `~e& Oh |p` u` ehczyl { u` r`fn` `f `u~lu hz`ylekhf`u `u zlz`o 'ehf~yl~hu/ ~ã~pohu n` zyhzk`nln/ ihfhu/ nkrkulu/&&&+ { fh zhy|p` `o zlz`o u`l cp{ ý~ko `f uã ckuch/ |p` fh oh `u/ ehch ~hnh `o cpfnh uli`& Ukfh zhy|p` `wku~` ol `wz`e~l~krl n` |p` `u` zlz`o 'ehch ohu ~pokzlf`u gholfn`u`u+ rl l upiky n` zy`ekh {/ zhy ~lf~h/ ehfrk`f` ehczylyoh zlyl op`dh r`fn`yoh& ¸@f |pë ehfuku~` `f~hfe`u `o mp`dh/ eõch bpfekhfl `o elukfh bkflfek`yh8 59

Iìuk Iìukel elc` c`f~ f~`/ `/ `f ey`l ey`lyy ~hnl ~hnluu ol oluu bhyc bhyclu lu kcld kcldkf kfli lio` o`uu n` ‟zlz`o–/ n` zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu/ { ehohelyohu `f ohu c`yelnhu lo ckuch ~k`czh |p` u` gle` ey`e`y ol `wz`e~l~krl n` up upiknl n` zy`ekh& Ol lrlykekl n` ohu `uz`epolnhy`u/ ol kfd`f~` nkuzhfkikoknln n` c`nkhu n` zldh { `o rku~h ip`fh n` olu o`{`u zlyl |p` `uh u` oo`r` l elih gle`f ~hnh oh n`cìu& Ol ‟kfd`fk`yãl– |p` gl{ n`~yìu n` `u~lu hz`ylekhf`u `u cp{  nkr`yul { ehczo`ml `f up bpfekhflck`f~h z`yh/ `f y`loknln/ ilu# ~lf~` ukczo` n` `f~`fn`y& Pfl r`e`u ehfuku~` `f ey`ly zyhnpe~hu hykdkflnhu pfhu n` h~yhu { |p` u` rlf nkbpfnk`fnh ehch kfr`yukhf`u |p` uhf y`f~lio`u ukczo`c`f~ ukczo`c`f~`` zhy ol n`clfnl n`clfnl `uz`epol~k `uz`epol~krl rl |p` gl{ n`~yìu n`~yìu n` `oolu& Uhf ohu oolclnhu ‟zyhnpe~hu n`ykrlnhu–/ ep{h rlohy n`ykrl n` h~yhu lf~`ykhy`u 'oolclnhu ‟upi{le`f~`u–+ ;& H~yl bhycl n` `uz`epoly `u l ~ylrëu n`o oolclnh ‟Elyy{ ^yln`– |p` `uz`epol/ lo ckuch ~k`czh/ ehf olu nkrkulu { ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu& Ehfuku~` u`fekoolc`f~` `f ehczyly pfl nkrkul ehf h~yl { r`f# n`y ëu~l ukcpo~ìf`lc`f~`& @u n`eky/ |p` `o `uz`epolnhy u` bkflfekl ehf pfl nkrkul 'zkn` pf zyëu~lch `f nõoly`u/ zhy `m`czoh+ { pul `ul bkflfeklekõf bkflfeklekõf zlyl zlyl kfr`y~ky kfr`y~ky `f h~yl '`pyhu/ '`pyhu/ zhy `m`czoh+& `m`czoh+& @o f`# dhekh ehfuku~` `f lzhu~ly l |p` ol nkrkul n` ol kfr`yukõf '`pyh+ u`  rl l lzy`ekly y`uz`e~h l ol n` ol bkflfeklekõf 'nõoly+& Ln`cìu/ ehch ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu uhf nkb`y`f~`u `f ohu nku~kf~hu zlãu`u h `uzlekhu/ u` zp`n` r`fn`y ol nkrkul n`o zlãu ehf pf ~kzh n` kf~`yëu cìu y`npeknh zlyl kfr`y~ky oh hi~`fknh `f ol nkrkul n`o zlãu h `u# zlekh nhfn` `o ~kzh hbkeklo n` y`b`y`fekl `u cl{hy& Zlyl `f~`fn`y ol le~plo eykuku bkflfek`yl gl{ |p` uli`y/ zhy `m`c# zoh/ |p` `ulu hz`ylekhf`u n` zlz`o uhiy` zlz`o u` y`lok}lf ~lcikëf uhiy` ohu ehf~yl~hu n` zyëu~lch { eyënk~hu |p` upueyki`f ohu ilfehu& Eplfnh pfl z`yuhfl fhyclo y`eki` pf eyënk~h gkzh~`elykh oh bkycl `f `o fh~lykh { oh dplynl `f pf elmõf n` up elul/ okck~ìfnhu` ;

Kfkekloc`f~` `u~hu zyhnpe~hu flek`yhf zlyl blekok~ly ol r`f~l n` c`yelfeãlu zhy ln`olf~lnh/ uhiy` ~hnh `f ohu c`yelnhu ldylykhu { dlfln`yhu/ z`yh ehf ol bkflfek`yk}lekõf u` glf ehfr`y~knh `f zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu zykfekzloc`f~` hi# m`~h n` hz`ylekhf`u hz`ylekhf`u ukczo`c`f~` `uz`epol~krlu& `uz`epol~krlu& 55

l zldly y`okdkhulc`f~` lo ilfeh ol eph~l c`fuplo |p` o` ehyy`u# zhfnl& Z`yh uk `o ilfeh ~lcikëf dplynlu` `f upu lyegkrhu `o ehf~yl~h/ uhoh hi~`fnyãl n` `u~` pfl ýfkel y`f~likoknln= ol eph~l c`fuplo& Zlyl fh y`fpfekly l hi~`f`y cìu dlflfekl oh |p` gle` `u  r`fn`y `u` ehf~yl~h& @u pfl hz`ylekõf |p` ehfuku~` `f ‟~k~pok}lyoh–/ `u n`eky/ elcikly `o zlz`o zhy ok|pkn`}& R`fn` `o ehf~yl~h l h~yh ilfeh h l h~yh kfr`yuhy {/ l elcikh n` zlz`o/ y`eki` nkf`yh/ dyleklu lo eplo rl l zhn`y u`dpky nlfnh cìu eyënk~hu |p`/ ehch uli`chu/ `u oh |p` o` zyhzhyekhfl i`f`bkekhu { zhn`y& Nkegh ehf~yl~h rl l u`dpky up ypcih `f ohu c`yelnhu/ d`f`# ylfnh l zly~ky n` ëo h~yhu fp`rhu ~ã~pohu |p` l up r`} u` rlf r`f# nk`fnh { ehczylfnh kfn`bkfknlc`f~`/ n`mlfnh elnl r`} |p` u` ~ylfuck~` pfl ip`fl y`f~likoknln l ohu `uz`epolnhy`u |p` oh ln# |pk`y`f { op`dh oh rlf r`fnk`fnh cìu h c`fhu ~ylfubhyclnh `f h~yh n`ykrlnh bkflfek`yh& Zlyl |p` ohu o`e~hy`u u` gldlf pfl kn`l n` ol cldfk~pn n` `u~lu hz`ylekhf`u n` elukfh ilu~lyãl `o `m`czoh n`o ilfeh lo`cìf  T`u~ OI |p` gl uknh y`ek`f~`c`f~` ‟y`uel~lnh– c`nklf~` d`f`yhulu l{pnlu zýiokelu= ck`f~ylu |p` up elzk~lo `u~lil rlohylnh `f `f`yh n` 9::7 `f pfhu 4 ckoohf`u n` `pyhu `o rhopc`f n` zyhnpe~hu n`# ykrlnhu hzlehu |p` ~`fãl `yl n` pfhu 90&::: ckoohf`u n` `pyhu& Ehf `u~` ~kzh n` hz`ylekhf`u u` dlflf ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u {  l zly~ky n` `oolu u` o`rlf~l pfl `uz`ek` n` zkyìckn` kfr`y~knl n` zyh# zhyekhf`u kfr`yhuãcko`u& L zly~ky n` cp{ zheh nkf`yh ‟y`lo–/ `u n`eky/  rkfepolnh l le~krknln`u n` zyhnpeekõf h nku~ykipekõf n` ik`f`u {  u`yrkekhu/ u` n`ykrl pfl clul kfc`ful n` zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu n`o lo~ãukcl y`f~likoknln { |p` u` cp`r`f l r`oheknln r`y~kdkfhul `f~y` olu ely~`ylu n` ohu `uz`epolnhy`u kf~`yflekhflo`u |p`/ `f y`loknln/ uhf ohu dylfn`u bhfnhu n` kfr`yukõf/ ohu ilfehu/ ohu bhfnhu n` z`f# ukhf`u/ olu dylfn`u cpo~kflekhflo`u/ olu ehczlüãlu n` u`dpyhu '~hnhu `oohu oolclnhu ‟kfr`yuhy`u kfu~k~pekhflo`u–+ ` kfeopuh lodpfhu kfr`y# uhy`u kfnkrknplo`u |p` glf ohdylnh lepcpoly kfd`f~`u zl~ykchfkhu&  Luã/ u` eloepol |p` ol `ehfhcãl bkflfek`yl 'ohu zyhnpe~hu n`# ykrlnhu/ ohu c`yelnhu n` elcikhu { ohu ipyuì~ko`u+ zhnyãl chrkok}ly 5>

elnl nãl pfhu 0/0 ikoohf`u n` nõoly`u ck`f~ylu |p` `o zyhnpe~h kf# ~`ykhy iyp~h nklykh u`yãl n` pfhu :/<0 ikoohf`u '50 r`e`u c`fhu+ {  `o rhopc`f n`o ehc`yekh cpfnklo pflu <:: r`e`u c`fhy& @o yk`udh { olu eykuku Glu~l lghyl g`chu gliolnh n` ol y`f~likoknln |p` zyhzhyekh# flf olu hz`ylekhf`u `uz`epol~krlu |p` u` glf d`f`ylok}lnh `f ol `ehfhcãl elzk~loku~l n` fp`u~yhu nãlu& Z`yh fh g`chu c`fekhflnh up olnh ~`yykio`= `o yk`udh kfc`fuh |p` oo`rlf ehfukdh& @u fl~pylo& Zy`ekulc`f~` uhf cp{ y`f~lio`u zhy|p` uhf kf# ek`y~lu/ kfu`dpylu/ cp{ lyyk`udlnlu& U` y`lok}lf ukf ilu` y`lo/ uhoh l zly~ky n` `wz`e~l~krlu/ n` ohu ‟lfkclou uzkyk~u– n` A`{f`u/ `u n`eky/ n` kczpouhu |p` `f y`loknln uhf rkue`ylo`u { olu cìu n` olu r`e`u ehf cp{ zheh bpfnlc`f~h& Zhy `uh ehfoo`rlf `o z`okdyh n` zhn`y z`yn`y ~hnh `f eplo|pk`y chc`f~h& By`f~` l pf yk`udh ~lf dylfn` ehch `o |p` u` kil lepcpolfnh/ oh |p` u` gl g`egh `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu gl uknh ~yl~ly n` nkukcpolyoh  { gle`y ey``y |p` `o |p` u` `u~lil upueykik`fnh `yl c`fhy& ^lf~h u` nkukcpolil |p` kfeopuh u` gl oo`dlnh l ~lzly l lp# ~ëf~kehu `u~lblnhy`u ehch Clnhbb&  [ gl `u~lnh `o yk`udh ~lf nkukcpolnh { gl uknh ~lf `uelul ol lr`yukõf glekl `o yk`udh |p` kfeopuh ohu ilf|p`yhu { ohu ckoohflykhu cìu ykehu { c`mhy lu`uhylnhu ehch Ih~ãf/ ohu ilfehu cìu zhn`yhuhu  { ohu |p` glf lolyn`lnh `u~hu ýo~kchu lühu n` up uliknpyãl bkflfek`yl glf elãnh `f up `u~lbl ehch uk bp`ylf pfhu rpodly`u zlo`~hu& @o nkukcpoh n`o yk`udh/ h `o dylf `fdlüh uk u` |pk`y` p~kok}ly pfl `wzy`ukõf cìu y`loku~l/ u` gl oo`rlnh l elih l ~ylrëu n` ~y`u dylfn`u zyhe`nkck`f~hu& @f zykc`y opdly/ zhzpolyk}lfnh ohu chn`ohu ~`õykehu n` ohu dylfn`u ‟dpyýu– n` olu bkflf}lu/ n` `ehfhcku~lu cp{ ik`f zldlnhu zhy ohu zyhzkhu `uz`epolnhy`u |p` npylf~` ~hnhu `u~hu lühu glf `u# ~lnh nkek`fnh |p` lpf|p` `o yk`udh bp`u` dylfn` lo bkflo oh liuhyi` `o c`yelnh c`yelnh ukf n`cluklnhu n`cluklnhu zyhio`clu zyhio`clu zhy|p` zhy|p` ëu~` `u `u~lio` `u~lio` z`y u`& Pfl kn`l |p` u` ~yl~l n` n`chu~yly c`nklf~` cl~`cì~kelu cp{ uhbku~kelnlu z`yh `fdlühulu |p` u` `fu`ülf `f ~hnlu olu bl# 50

epo~ln`u n` @ehfõckelu n`o cpfnh z`yh |p` lo bkflo u` gl clfk# b`u~lnh ehch oh |p` `u= pfl ~hf~`yãl ukf bpfnlc`f~h ek`f~ãbkeh lo# dpfh z`yh |p` u` nkrpodl zlyl |p` ohu cpo~kckoohflykhu zp`nlf u`dpky mpdlfnh lo elukfh ck`f~ylu lzly`f~lf `u~ly nlfnh nkfl# ckuch l olu `ehfhcãlu& Zlyl gle`yfhu pfl kn`l n` eõch ~ylilmlf `uhu chn`ohu y`upo# ~lf cp{ ý~ko`u ohu eìoepohu n`o zyhb`uhy Ipu~h n` ol Pfkr`yuknln n` U`rkool& @u~` zyhb`uhy gl eloepolnh |p` ol zyhilikoknln n` pfl elãnl n`o 9;/9% `f `o ãfnke` Nht Mhf`u ehch ol |p` u` zyhnpmh `o <; n` Ldhu~h n` <;74 '`o opf`u f`dyh n` <;74+/ u`dýf ohu eìoepohu n` lep`ynh ehf ol ~`hyãl ehfr`fekhflo/ `yl kfb`ykhy l <: `o`rlnh l c`fhu 0:& Pf fýc`yh ~lf upclc`f~` z`|p`üh |p` `u c`fhy |p` `o nkìc`~yh n` ol zly~ãepol upil~õckel cìu z`|p`ül hiu`yrlnl= pf fýc`yh bp`yl n` ol `uelol n` ol fl~pylo`}l& Ol zyhilikoknln n` |p` hepyyk`ylf olu elãnlu n`o Nht Mhf`u |p` `b`e~krlc`f~` u` zyhnp# m`yhf `o > n` Ldhu~h n` <;;7 '5/0%+/ `o 90 n` Ldhu~h '>/>%+ { `o 5< n` Ldhu~h '2/7%+/ `u n`eky/ ~y`u n`eokr`u ehfu`ep~krhu `f pf ckuch c`u/ `u/ u`dýf ol ~`hyãl ehfr`fekhflo/ n` pfl zhukikoknln `f~y` 0::&::: ckoohf`u& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ dyleklu l |p` ohu zyhzkhu ilfehu h olu `c# zy`ulu n` elokbkelekõf n` yk`udhu '‟ld`feklu n` yl~kfd–+ glf hepo# ~lnh uku~`cì~kel { n`oki`ylnlc`f~` ol y`loknln n`o yk`udh |p` u` `u~lil lupck`fnh zlyl fh zhf`y byhf~`ylu l pf f`dhekh ~lf y`f~l# io`&  Luã u` gl zhnknh ehczyhily eplfnh glf `u~loolnh olu |pk`# iylu { eplfnh u` gl zhnknh uli`y |p` nhfn` olu ld`feklu zhfãlf ol c`mhy elokbkelekõf fh gliãl ukfh ukczo` ilupyl bkflfek`yl/ ehch  r`y`chu `fu`dpknl&  [/ zhy ýo~kch/ c`nklf~` `o uko`fekh n` olu lp~hyknln`u eplfnh uliãlf z`yb`e~lc`f~` `o yk`udh |p` u` `u~lil lepcpolfnh/ ehch oh uliãlf { luã oh n`fpfeklilf cpeghu `ehfhcku~lu zyhb`ukhflo`u h lelnëckehu& Zhy ehczokeknln { zhy upz`nk~lekõf lf~` `o zhn`y y`lo n` ohu bkflfek`yhu n`mlyhf gle`y { z`yck~k`yhf |p` u` kfbolyl ol ipy# ipml glu~l oo`dly l upu zyhzhyekhf`u dkdlf~`uelu ehf olu |p` gl `w# zoh~lnh& 52

 Luã oh n`cp`u~yl `o g`egh n` |p` fh ~hnhu ohu upz`yrkuhy`u bkflfek`yhu gl{lf le~plnh kdplo& @f @uzlül/ zhy `m`czoh/ `o Ilfeh n` @uzlül '{l `uelyc`f~lnh zhy h~yhu `zkuhnkhu lf~`ykhy`u+ `u~l# io`ekõ ehf~yho`u cìu `wglpu~krhu 'lpf|p` fh upbkek`f~`u+/ zyp`il `rkn`f~` n` |p` uliãl oh |p` u` `u~lil rkfk`fnh `fekcl&  [ `o zyhio`cl n` ol lepcpolekõf n`o yk`udh `u |p` lf~`u h n`uzpëu/ ehch pf dlu `f pf n`zhuk~h e`yylnh/ ~`yckfl kf`rk~lio`# c`f~` zhy ulo~ly/ zyhrhelfnh ol eykuku&

54

KK OL EYKUKU N@ OLU GKZH^@ELU ILUPYL   Pfl ipyipml n`~yìu n` h~yl= `o hykd`f n` ol eykuku `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu @f~y` <;;5 { `o lüh 9::: ol `ehfhcãl n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu zly`eãl ky rk`f~h `f zhzl ehf pf ey`ekck`f~h c`nkh lfplo n`o Zyh# npe~h Kf~`ykhy Iyp~h n` pf >/7%/ ilulnh `f `o lo~h fkr`o n` ehf# upch n` ohu ghdly`u { `f ol bp`y~` kfr`yukõf n` olu `czy`ulu& Olu lo~lu `wz`e~l~krlu n` i`f`bkekh d`f`ylnlu zhy olu fp`rlu ~`efhohdãlu lfkclyhf l ohu `czy`ulykhu l olf}ly dylfn`u kfr`yukh# f`u `f `|pkzhu { uhb~tly`/ `u~kcpolfnh ol le~krknln `ehfõckel& @u~lu `wz`e~l~krlu ~lf zhuk~krlu u` nlilf `f pf ehf~`w~h n` ey`# ek`f~` kf~`yflekhflok}lekõf n` olu bkflf}lu/ oh |p` gleãl |p` kfr`y# uhy`u n` ~hnh `o cpfnh zpnk`ylf kfr`y~ky `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu ehf pf zly n` eokeau n` yl~õf/ { rke`r`yul& @uh zyhrheõ dylfn`u `f~ylnlu n` elzk~lo `f ol ihoul ipu# elfnh y`f~likok}ly l ehy~h zol}h/ oh |p` u` ~ylnpeãl `f ehczylu {   r`f~lu kfc`nkl~lu ~yl~lfnh n` lzyhr`egly olu ehfu~lf~`u upiknlu `f `o zy`ekh n` ohu rlohy`u& @f y`loknln/ u` gliãl n`ul~lnh h~yl ipyipml/ lghyl ilmh ol bhycl n` pfl `uzkylo `uz`epol~krl `f ~hyfh l ohu rlohy`u |p` `ck~ãlf/ uhiy` ~hnh/ olu fp`rlu `czy`ulu n` ilu` ~`efhoõdkel/ olu oolclnlu `czy`ulu zpf~hehc& Up rlohy upiãl r`y~kdkfhulc`f~` l zly~ky n` ol `wz`e~l~krl n` |p` ~lo rlohy upikyãl { u`dpkyãl upik`fnh kfn`bkfknl# c`f~`&&& ~lo ehch u` ey`` uk`czy` `f c`nkh n` `u` ~kzh n` ipyipmlu& Fh uõoh ohu dylfn`u kfr`yuhy`u ukfh kfeopuh cpeghu ghdly`u zly~kekzlilf n`o bk`u~õf ipyuì~ko/ rk`fnh luã kfey`c`f~lyu` up yk# 5;

|p`}l |p`/ lo lülnkyu` ln`cìu l pf `fn`pnlck`f~h lo |p` flnk` ~`cãl `f `u` `f~hyfh n` `ipookekõf bkflfek`yl/ z`yck~kõ clf~`f`y `o ehfupch `u~lnhpfkn`fu` `f fkr`o`u cp{ lo~hu |p` `czpmlyhf `o ey`ekck`f~h ey`ekck`f~h `ehfõckeh& `ehfõckeh& Z`yh ck`f~ylu |p` `o ehfupch { ol kfr`yukõf flekhflo `ylf `o`rlnhu/ `o`rlnhu/ ol ~lul n` lghyyh lghyyh n`ue`fnãl zyìe~kelc`f~ zyìe~kelc`f~`` l e`yh/ oh |p` d`f`ylil n`u`|pkokiykhu ehc`yeklo`u 'olu kczhy~lekhf`u `u~lnhpfk# n`fu`u `ylf elnl r`} cpegh cìu dylfn`u |p` olu `wzhy~lekhf`u+ |p` hiokdlyãlf l bkflfekly nkegh n`ublu` l ~ylrëu n` ol `f~ylnl n` elzk~lo`u `w~`yfhu& Glekl `o lüh 9:::/ eplfnh bkfloc`f~` `u~looõ ol ipyipml ipy# uì~ko/ u` kfkeklil pf fp`rh z`ykhnh n` rlelu bolelu |p` rkfh l ehkf# eknky ehf `o l~l|p` l olu ^hyy`u D`c`olu @o Zy`ukn`f~` Ipug oolcõ `fu`dpknl l ohu `u~lnhpfkn`fu`u l ehfupcky z`yh olu n`pnlu lepcpolnlu { ol zëynknl n` yk~ch |p` r`fãl upbyk`fnh ol `ehfhcãl gleãlf |p` zlyl |p` u` zpuk`yl `f zyìe~kel up oolclck`f~h u` f`e`uk~lyl lodh cìu |p` zyheol# clu& Ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo ulokõ lo zluh n` olu nkbkepo~ln`u { y`ilmõ ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu glu~l pf cãfkch gku~õykeh { luã ohu clf~prh np# ylf~` c`u`u& N`un` cl{h n` 9::: glu~l nkek`ciy` n` 9::< ilmõ ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu `f hfe` helukhf`u/ zlulfnh n`un` 2/00% l pf cãfkch gku~õykeh n` :

9::4 u` kfey`c`f~õ glu~l pf <5:% <:& @u~` `fn`pnlck`f~h gliãl blekok~lnh/ n` g`egh/ `o kfey`c`f~h n`o ehfupch `f @@PP/ |p` zluõ n` u`y n` 24% n`o ZKI `f `o lüh 9:::/ l u`y `o 49% `f 9::4 <<& Zlyl `f~`fn`y ol fl~pylo`}l n`o zyhio`cl `u~lnhpfkn`fu` ilu~l uli`y |p` npylf~` `o lüh 9::0/ lzyhwkclnlc`f~` pf >:% n` olu rkrk`fnlu ehczylnlu fh bp`yhf n`u~kflnlu l rkrk`fnlu zlyl y`# ukn`fekl zykclykl/ ukfh |p` u` ehczylilf ehch u`dpfnl rkrk`fnl h zlyl `uz`epoly ehf `oolu `f `o c`yelnh <9& N` fp`rh ol zly~kekzlekõf `f ol ipyipml ukyrkõ zlyl |p` pf u`e~hy n` ohu ghdly`u hi~prk`yl y`f~lu bkflfek`ylu |p` ehczo`c`f# ~lylf upu y`f~lu n`o ~ylilmh& Ukf `cilydh/ `f `u~l helukõf ohu i`# f`bkeklykhu n` `u~l ipyipml bp`yhf cpeghu c`fhu& N` g`egh/ ohu nl~hu fh n`mlf opdly l npnlu= `o <% n` ohu ghdly`u cìu ykehu uhf ohu zyhzk`~lykhu n` pfl ~`ye`yl zly~` n`o zl~ykchfkh kfchikoklykh/  { `o 0:% cìu zhiy` uõoh ~k`f` pf 5% <5& Ol o`~yl z`|p`ül { ol `wzohukõf n`o eyënk~h ilupyl& Eplfnh u` y`npeãlf ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu/ ohu ilfehu hi~`fãlf c`fhu y`f~likoknln n` upu eyënk~hu { zlyl ehcz`fuly `ul zëynknl ~`fãlf nhu zhukikoknln`u/ h ~yl~ly n` lpc`f~ly `o fýc`yh n` eyënk# ~hu |p` ehfe`nãlf/ h ehfe`n`y pfl zly~` oh cìu dylfn` zhukio` n` `oohu l ~kzhu cìu `o`rlnhu& Ck`f~ylu ol ipyipml kfchikoklykl u` clf~`fãl ey`ek`f~`/ `ylf cpeghu ohu ghdly`u |p` ipuelilf `fn`pnlyu` zlyl ol ehczyl n`  rkrk`fnlu/ ehf ol `wz`e~l~krl zp`u~l `f |p` zyhf~h zhnyãlf r`fn`y# olu l pf zy`ekh cpegh cìu lo~h& Luã/ `o kf~`yëu n` olu blckoklu cìu <:

‟D`~~kfd thyyk`n nhtf~htf–& ^g` @ehfhcku~/ <0 n` Fhrk`ciy` n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&`ehfhcku~&ehc(nkuzol{u~hy{&ebc8u~hy{Xkn3<:<5>:44 << Cly~ãf U`eh/ M& B& ‟Nlrhu u` y`~yle~l–& Y`i`okhf&hyd/ 5 n` B`iy`yh n` 9::7& g~~z=((ttt&y`i`okhf&hyd(fh~kekl&zgz8kn329447 <9 Egyku~k`/ O& ‟Ghc`u= Ikd nyhz kf uz`epol~khf–& EFFChf`{&ehc/ 5: n` Liyko n` 9::4& g~~z=((chf`{&eff&ehc(9::4(:>(5:(y`loX`u~l~`(uz`epol~hyuX bo``kfdXghp# ukfdXclya`~u( kfn`w&g~c <5 Zlol}p`ohu/ @& ‟Nkfìckel Cleyh`ehfõckel n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu= ¸^ylfukekõf `f~y` nhu Y`e`ukhf`u8– Nhepc`f~h n` ^ylilmh TZ :>(:4& Kfu~k~p~h Ehczop~`fu` n` @u~pnkhu @u~pnkhu Kf~`yflekhfl Kf~`yflekhflo`u/ o`u/ 9::4& ><

zpnk`f~`u zhy hi~`f`y zyëu~lchu { ol f`e`uknln n` ohu ilfehu zhy nlyohu u` `fehf~ylyhf b`ok}c`f~`& Z`yh `uh fh `yl upbkek`f~` zlyl ohu ilfehu& Zlyl ohdyly cl{hy`u y`fnkck`f~hu cpo~kzokelyhf up hb`y~l n` zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu { oo`dlyhf l ehfe`n`yohu n` chnh cp{  lyyk`udlnh l blckoklu |p` fh zhnyãlf zldlyohu uk elciklil l z`hy up uk~plekõf `ehfõckel/ l elcikh/ fl~pyloc`f~`/ n` ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu cìu `o`rlnhu&  Luã u` `w~`fnk`yhf olu oolclnlu ‟gkzh~`elu upizykc`‟/ |p` ~`# fãlf cpegh cìu yk`udh n` kczldh zhy|p` u` ehfe`nãlf l z`yuhflu ehf zhehu y`epyuhu y`epyuhu `ehfõckehu& `ehfõckehu& Kfeopuh Kfeopuh gpih ek`f~hu ek`f~hu n` cko`u n` eluhu cìu `w~y`chu |p` ëu~lu gkzh~`elu upizykc`/ ohu oolclnhu zyëu~lchu FKFML/ leyõfkch n` ‟Fh Kfehc`/ Fh Mhi lfn Fh Luu`~– 'Ukf Kfdy`uhu/ ukf ~ylilmh { ukf zl~ykchfkh+& Olu ‟upizykc`– u` `fep`f~ylf m`yly|pk}lnlu `f `o ýo~kch `u# elolbõf n` eloknln `f~y` olu gkzh~`elu n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ zhy n`# ilmh ilmh n` ol oluu ‟zyk ‟zykc` c`–/ –/ ol oluu ‟mpc ‟mpcih ih–– { ol oluu ‟f`l ‟f`lyz yzyk ykc` c`–– '~lc '~lcik ikëf ëf ehfheknlu ehch ‟Lo~#L–+/ `f `u` hyn`f <>& Uhf pf ~kzh n` gkzh~`elu |p` u` r`fãlf ehfe`nk`fnh n`un` gleãl cpeghu lühu/ z`yh ck`f~ylu |p` `f olu nëelnlu lf~`ykhy`u fh upz`ylilf `o ;% n`o ~h~lo n` gkzh~`elu upueyk~lu/ `f `o lüh 9::2 lo# elf}lyhf `o 9:% n`o c`yelnh <0&  Ln`cìu/ cpeglu n` `u~lu gkzh~`elu `ylf upueyk~lu l ~ylrëu n` ‟iyha`yu– h c`nklnhy`u/ `u n`eky/ z`yuhflu ehf~yl~lu zhy `o ilfeh zlyl ipuely zhukio`u eok`f~`u { |p` uhf y`cpf`ylnhu zhy ehckukh# f`u& @u~h ukdfkbkel |p` upu ghfhylykhu n`z`fnãlf zhuk~krlc`f~` n`o fýc`yh n` gkzh~`elu ehf~yl~lnlu/ zhy oh |p` up kf~`yëu z`yuhflo fh `yl h~yh |p` `o n` ehfe`n`y ~lf~lu gkzh~`elu ehch bp`yl zhukio`/ lpf|p` zlyl `ooh gpik`yl |p` p~kok}ly ~hnh ~kzh n` `u~yl~`dklu { `f# dlühu& <>

NkCly~kfh/ N& " Npel/ M&R& ‟^g` Yku` lfn Bloo hb Upizykc` Chy~dld`u–& B`# n`ylo Y`u`yr` Ilfa hb Nloolu/ rho KK& F½<<& 9::4& <0 ^y`glf/ R& ‟^g` Chy~dld` Clya`~= Tgl~ Glzz`f`n–& Fl~khflo Zpioke Ylnkh/ 92 n` Liyko n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&fzy g~~z=((ttt&fzy&hyd &hyd(~`czol~ (~`czol~`u(u~hy{(u~ `u(u~hy{(u~hy{&zgz8 hy{&zgz8u~hy{Kn3;70022; u~hy{Kn3;70022; >9

Oõdkelc`f~`/ Oõdkelc`f~`/ zlyl ehcz`fuly ehcz`fuly `o lo~h yk`udh |p` ehfoo`rlilf ehfoo`rlilf nkeghu zyëu~lchu/ ohu ilfehu kczpuk`yhf ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu cìu lo~hu l ohu zy`u~l~lykhu/ n` chnh |p` olu lchy~k}lekhf`u c`fupl# o`u |p` ~`fãlf |p` uhzhy~ly ëu~hu `ylf cpegh cìu npylu n` oh fhyclo& @f cpo~k~pn n` eluhu |p` op`dh glf knh uk`fnh n`fpfeklnhu/ kfeopuh u` gleãlf r`ynln`ylu ~ylczlu { u` ehc`~ãlf `fdlühu& \pk`# f`u lepnãlf l uhokek~ly ohu zyëu~lchu fh `ylf ehfuek`f~`u n` nõfn` u` `u~lilf c`~k`fnh/ zp`u~h |p` ohu c`elfkuchu kn`lnhu zhy ohu ilfehu zlyl zldly ohu zyëu~lchu `ylf `uz`ekloc`f~` ehczo`mhu {  `u~yl~`dklu cp{ cl|pkflnlu& @f zykc`y opdly/ zhy|p` cpeghu n` `u~hu zyëu~lchu u` ehf# e`nãlf ehf pf ~kzh n` kf~`yëu lp~h#lmpu~lio` |p` u` ehfhe` ehch ‟Lnmpu~lio`#Yl~` Chy~dld` 'LYC+– { |p` ~k`f` rlyklu chnloknln`u& Pfl n` `oolu/ ol ‟kf~`y`u~#hfo{ lnmpu~lio`#yl~` chy~dld`– z`yck~` zldly npylf~` pf z`yãhnh kfkeklo uõoh ohu kf~`y`u`u { fh `o zykfekzlo n` ol n`pnl/ zhy oh |p` ~ylfuepyyknh nkegh z`yãhnh ol elydl l zldly u` gle` cpegh cìu z`ulnl& H~yl chnloknln `u ol oolclnl ‟zl{c`f~ hz~khf–/ |p` z`yck~` |p` ohu zy`u~l~lykhu `okmlf ol elf~knln l zldly elnl c`u/ z`yh ehf ohu kf~`y`u`u lülnknhu lo zykfekzlo n` ol n`pnl& Fh hiu~lf~`/ ~hnhu ohu zyëu~lchu LYC n`z`fn`f n` olu rl# yklekhf`u n` h~yhu ãfnke`u bkflfek`yhu/ `uz`ekloc`f~` n`o kf~`yilf# elyk elykh h ‟Ohf ‟Ohfnh nhf f Kf~` Kf~`yi yilf lfa a Hbb` Hbb`y` y`n n Yl Yl~` ~` 'OKI 'OKIHY HY+– +–// zhy zhy oh |p` |p` kfey`c`f~hu `f ëu~hu upzhf`f f`e`ulyklc`f~` pfhu kfey`c`f~hu ~lcikëf `f olu eph~lu c`fuplo`u l zldly zhy `o zy`u~l~lykh& @f eplo|pk`y eluh/ ~hnhu `u~hu c`elfkuchu uhf nkbãeko`u n` ehczy`fn`y zlyl ol cl{hyãl n` ol zhiolekõf/ lm`fl l ol m`ydl `eh# fõckel/ { zp`n`f u`y clokf~`yzy`~lnhu ehf blekoknln& N` g`egh/ ol Hbkekfl n` Y`uzhfulikoknln n`o Dhik`yfh n` @u# ~lnhu Pfknhu '‟PU Dhr`yfc`f~ Leehpf~likok~{ Hbbke`–+/ |p` `u `o hydlfkuch hbkeklo |p` lpnk~l/ `rloýl ` kfr`u~kdl zlyl `o Ehfdy`uh/ chu~yõ up zy`hepzlekõf ehf y`uz`e~h l ol blo~l n` kfbhyclekõf n` ohu zy`u~l~lykhu l ol ghyl n` `fby`f~lyu` l zyëu~lchu ehczo`mhu& [  oo`dõ l y`uzhfulikok}ly nky`e~lc`f~` l ol zpiokeknln `fdlühul n` >5

ohu ilfehu ` kf~`yc`nklykhu/ { l ol p~kok}lekõf n` ol ‟o`~yl z`# |p`ül–<2& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ ohu ilfehu bhy}lilf l cpeghu zy`u~l~lykhu l ehf~yl~ly zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu upizykc` l z`uly n` |p`/ n` lep`ynh ehf olu elyle~`yãu~kelu `ehfõckelu n`o zy`u~l~lykh/ luzkyl# ilf l ehf~yl~ly gkzh~`elu n` c`mhy eloknln& N` `u~l bhycl ehfu`# dpãlf |p` nkeghu zy`u~l~lykhu uhzhy~lu`f ~lulu n` kf~`yëu cpegh cìu lo~lu/ kfey`c`f~lfnh luã ohu i`f`bkekhu ilfelykhu& Pf `u~pnkh n`o Tloo U~y``~ Mhpyflo n`o lüh 9::2 ehfbkyclil |p` lo c`fhu pf 2<% n` ohu zy`u~l~lykhu |p` ~`fãlf ehf~yl~lnlu gk# zh~`elu upizykc` `f y`loknln nkuzhfãlf n` y`epyuhu zyhzkhu upbk# ek`f~`u zlyl gli`y upueyk~h zyëu~lchu `f c`mhy`u ehfnkekhf`u {/ `f ehfu`ep`fekl/ `u~ly uhzhy~lfnh pf c`fhy ~kzh n` kf~`yëu <4& @f ~`ye`y opdly/ cpeghu ilfehu nkueykckflilf `f bpfekõf n` ol yl}l h `o u`wh l ol ghyl n` ehfe`n`y olu gkzh~`elu& @f ehczlyl# ekõf ehf olu gkzh~`elu ehfe`nknlu l z`yuhflu iolfelu { ehf ukck# oly`u fkr`o`u n` kfdy`uhu/ ohu ilfehu ehfe`nãlf cìu upizykc`/ ~ylu f`dlyo`u olu gkzh~`elu n` c`mhy eloknln/ l l|p`oohu |p` `ylf f`dyhu h gkuzlfhu<7&  [ `f ýo~kch opdly/ ohu zyëu~lchu upizykc` ~lcikëf upbyãlf cl{hy`u ehu~`u { z`flok}lekhf`u |p` ohu zyëu~lchu n` c`mhy elok# nln/ `f~y` h~ylu n`ur`f~lmlu& Luã/ n` lep`ynh ehf olu `u~lnãu~kelu n` N`~yhk~ Looklfe` bhy Blky Ilfakfd/ ck`f~ylu |p` uõoh pf 9% n` ohu zyëu~lchu zykc` uhzhy~lilf z`flok}lekhf`u ilfelyklu `f `o lüh 9:::/ `f `o eluh n` olu upizykc` `yl n`o 7:% <;& <2

‟Y`zhy~ ~h ~g` Eglkyclf/ Upiehcck~~`` hf Ghpukfd lfn ^ylfuzhy~l~khf/ Ehcck~~`` hf Ilfakfd/ Ghpukfd/ lfn Pyilf Lbblkyu–& Pfk~`n U~l~`u Dhr`yfc`f~  Leehpf~lik  Leehpf~likok~{ ok~{ Hbbke`& P&U& U`fl~`/ 9::2& <4 Iyhhau/ Y& " Ukchf/ Y& ‟Ykea Iyhhau " Yp~g Ukchf/ Upizykc` N`ileo` ^ylzu @r`f ~g` R`y{ Ey`nk~ Thy~g{1 Lu Ghpukfd Ihhc`n/ Kfnpu~y{ Zpug Ohlfu ~h l Iyhln`y Clya`~–& Tloo U~y``~ Mhpyflo/ 5 n` Fhrk`ciy` n` 9::4& Ek~lnh `f Ily# Dkoo/ H& " Tlyy`f/ @& ‟Clakfd Ey`nk~ Ulb`y–& F`t [hya Pfkr`yuk~{ hb Ueghho/ 9::7& <7 B`yflfn`} B`yflfn`}// C& ‟U~pn{ bkfnu nkuzlyk~k`u nkuzlyk~k`u kf Chy~dld`u Chy~dld`u i{ Yle`–& ^g` F`t [hya [hya ^kc`u/ <0 n` He~piy` n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&f{~kc`u&ehc(9::4(<:(<0(f{y`# dkhf(<0upizykc`&g~co <; Elyy/ Elyy/ M&G& " Ahoopyk/ Ahoopyk/ O& ‟Zy`nl~hy{ ‟Zy`nl~hy{ O`fnkfd= Lf Hr`yrk`t–& Hr`yrk`t–& Blffk` Cl` Bhpfn/ Bhpfn/ 9::<& >>

Zly`eãl |p` ~hnh rloãl zlyl upueykiky gkzh~`elu/ { l u`y zhukio` lzokeìfnhu`o`u ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu cp{ lo~hu& Ehch ehfu`ep`fekl/ ohu i`f`bkekhu ilfelykhu u` kfey`c`f~lyhf `uz`e~lepolyc`f~`& Ol lrlykekl lrlykekl ilfelykl  ilfelykl  Ohu ilfehu '{ `f d`f`ylo ohu kfr`yuhy`u `f ohu c`yelnhu bk# flfek`yhu+ fh u` dplynlf `f pf elmõf ohu ehf~yl~hu n` ohu zyëu~l# chu |p` nlf ukfh |p` ohu r`fn`f& @ul `u pfl le~krknln oolclnl ‟~k~pok}lekõf– |p` o`u z`yck~` elcikly zlz`o zhy nkf`yh oã|pknh& Dyleklu l `ool fle`f ohu ‟zyhnpe~hu n`ykrlnhu–/ oolclnhu luã  zhy|p` rlf flek`fnh/ n`ykrìfnhu`/ pfhu n` h~yhu& Bhyclf `o ehyl# }õf n` olu bkflf}lu kf~`yflekhflo`u/ ehch pfl dylf zkyìckn` kfr`y# ~knl 'zhy|p` n` pfh kfkeklo upyd`f cpegãukchu cìu+ |p` cp`r` ikoohf`u n` `pyhu uhoh l zly~ky n`o zlz`o/ ukf |p` lz`flu gl{l yk|p`}l zyhnpe~krl lodpfl n`~yìu zhy|p` ol ok|pkn`} y`upo~lf~` u` n`nkel `f up cl{hy zly~` l `uz`epoly `f ohu zyhzkhu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu& Zlyl |p` `o ilfeh zp`nl ehfe`n`y zyëu~lchu f`e`uk~l zyk# c`yh nkuzhf`y n` nkf`yh `f bhycl n` n`zõuk~hu& Z`yh zp`n` hep# yyky |p` `o nkf`yh oã|pknh n`o |p` nkuzhfdl `o ilfeh zyhe`n`f~` n` n`zõuk~hu o` y`upo~` kfupbkek`f~` zlyl l~`fn`y ol n`clfnl n` zyëu# ~lchu& @f `u` eluh/ `o ilfeh ~k`f` nhu hzekhf`u bpfnlc`f~lo`u= `fn`pnlyu` ehf ~`ye`yhu h ‟~k~pok}ly– lodpfhu le~krhu nkuzhfkio`u& @fn`pnlyu` ukdfkbkel hi~`f`y pf zyëu~lch |p` ~lyn` h ~`c# zylfh ~`fnyì |p` u`y n`rp`o~h/ `u n`eky/ ln|pkyky fp`rlu hiokdlekh# f`u& Ol ~k~pok}lekõf '‟u`epyk~k}l~khf– `f kfdoëu+/ ukf `cilydh/ `u pf zyhe`nkck`f~h y`ol~krlc`f~` fp`rh |p` z`yck~` hi~`f`y ok|pkn`} ukf lpc`f~ly olu hiokdlekhf`u& Ehfuku~` `f r`fn`y ohu n`y`eghu n` ehiyh n`o zyëu~lch '`o ehf~yl~h/ `o zlz`o+ l pf ~`ye`yh/ l elcikh n` oh eplo u` y`eki` nkf`yh |p` uã u` zp`n` rhor`y l zy`u~ly& @u/ gh{ `f nãl/ ol bhycl zy`b`yknl zhy ohu ilfehu zlyl nkuzhf`y n` elnl r`} cìu nkf`yh zlyl lpc`f~ly up f`dhekh n` ehfe`ukõf n` zyëu~lchu& C`nklf~` `u~` zyhe`uh `o ilfeh r`fn` ohu n`y`eghu n` ehiyh n`o zyëu~lch l pfl `f~knln 'fhycloc`f~` pf bhfnh n` kfr`yukõf+ n`fhckflnl ‟r`gãepoh– 'd`f`yloc`f~` ey`lnl zhy ohu ckuchu ilf# >0

ehu+ |p` l up r`} `ck~` pfhu ~ã~pohu |p` zhu~`ykhyc`f~` r`fn`yì l h~yhu kfr`yuhy`u& @o ilfeh ~ylfubk`y` luã ohu yk`udhu/ { ehf `o nkf`yh y`ekiknh `f ol r`f~l n` ohu n`y`eghu n` ehiyh zp`n` ehf~kfply ehfe`nk`fnh zyëu~lchu { rhorkëfnhohu l r`fn`y& Ol `f~knln r`gãepoh/ zhy up zly~`/ `ck~` pfhu ~ã~pohu |p` d`# f`ylf pfhu kf~`y`u`u bkmhu/ ehczp`u~hu zhy olu lchy~k}lekhf`u n`o zyëu~lch/ `f i`f`bkekh n` ohu kfr`yuhy`u |p` ohu ehczylf& Nkegh n` h~yl bhycl/ eplfnh pfl z`yuhfl uhokek~l pf zyëu# ~lch `f pfl `f~knln bkflfek`yl/ `o bopmh n` nkf`yh |p` rl upzh# fk`f fk`fnh nh ol lchy lchy~k ~k}le }lekõ kõf f z`ykõn z`ykõnkel kel n`o n`o zy zyëu ëu~l ~lch ch// fhycl fhycloc` oc`f~ f~`` c`fuplo/ u` rl y`zly~k`fnh l ~ylrëu n` pfl zkyìckn` n` `f~knln`u ehf olu |p` ol z`yuhfl fh ~k`f` flnl |p` r`y& Ehch zhy oh d`f`ylo `o ilfeh clf~k`f` ol d`u~kõf n` ohu zyëu~lchu/ `o eok`f~` fh up`o` oo`dly l z`yekiky `u~` zyhe`uh nky`e# ~lc`f~`& Ohu kfr`yuhy`u |p` ehczylf ohu ihfhu `ck~knhu zhy ohu r`# gãepohu up`o`f u`y kfr`yuhy`u kfu~k~pekhflo`u { fh kfr`yuhy`u zly~k# epoly`u zhy nhu yl}hf`u bpfnlc`f~lo`u= zhy|p` ol ehczo`mknln n` ohu ihfhu ohu ehfrk`y~` `f `o him`~krh n` ýfkelc`f~` ld`f~`u zyh# b`ukhflo`u/ { zhy|p` olu kfd`f~`u elf~knln`u n` nkf`yh f`e`ulyklu zlyl y`lok}ly ol hz`ylekõf ―n`un` <::&::: `pyhu ol upueykzekõf# kc# zkn`f `o lee`uh n` ohu zly~kepoly`u& Ohu kfr`yuhy`u kfu~k~pekhflo`u kfeop{`f ilfehu/ ehczlüãlu n` u`dp u`dpyh yhu/ u/ bhfnh bhfnhuu n` z`fu z`fukh khf` f`u/ u/ bhfn bhfnhu hu n` kfr` kfr`yu yukh khf` f`u/ u/ g`nd` g`nd` bpfnu• { u` elyle~`yk}lf zhy|p` ipuelf z`yclf`f~`c`f~` `uz`# epoly ehf olu rlyklekhf`u `f `o zy`ekh n` ohu le~krhu `f ohu |p` kf#  rk`y~`f& Ehczylf pf zyhnpe~h bkflfek`yh l pf n`~`yckflnh zy`ekh  { oh r`fn`f eplfnh ëu~` upi`& Ehf ohu i`f`bkekhu ehczylf h~yhu le~krhu { rp`or`f l r`fn`yohu/ { luã upe`ukrlc`f~`& [/ zhy up# zp`u~h/ ~hnh `uh oh gle`f ukf clf~`f`y rkfepolekõf nky`e~l ehf ol `ehfhcãl y`lo h zyhnpe~krl& Ol ~k~pok}lekõf n` olu gkzh~`elu upizykc` gl uknh elnl r`} cìu glik~plo& @f `o lüh 9::< u` ~k~pok}lilf `o >2% n` nkeglu gkzh# ~`elu/ ck`f~ylu |p` `f `o lüh 9::2 `u~l ekbyl loelf}lil {l pf 40%& >2

Ohu zyëu~lchu Lo~#L/ ukdpk`f~`u `f ol `uelol n` yk`udh { ~lc# ikëf bp`y~`c`f~` kczokelnhu `f ol eykuku/ `ylf ~k~pok}lnhu `f pf ;<% n` ohu eluhu& @f ~h~lo/ l oh olydh n`o lüh 9::2 u` ~k~pok}lyhf gkzh~`elu upi# zykc` { Lo~#L zhy rlohy n` 7<>&5:: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u/ { `f ~h~lo 'upclfnh ~lcikëf gkzh~`elu mpcih { zykc`+ u` ~k~pok}lyhf gkzh~`# elu zhy rlohy n`
L&I& " Uegp`yclff/ ^& ‟Pfn`yu~lfnkfd ~g` U`epyk~k}l~khf hb Upi# zykc` Chy~dld` Ey`nk~–& B`n`ylo Y`u`yr` Ilfa hb F`t [hya/ 9::7& >4

zlyl fh u`y ilyyknhu n`o c`yelnh zhy ohu ehcz`~knhy`u/ ~hnhu ohu ilfehu ~k`f`f |p` lnlz~lyu` l ohu fp`rhu oãck~`u y`dolc`f~lykhu/  { uk~plyu` n` fp`rh `f olu byhf~`ylu n` ohu ckuchu& N` g`egh/ `f cpeghu eluhu ol le~krknln bkflfek`yl u` kfu~lol `f pikelekhf`u d`hdyìbkelu ehfey`~lu zlyl `opnky ~hnh ~kzh n` o`{`u&  Luã/ ohu ilfehu ey`lf upu r`gãepohu bp`yl n`o loelfe` n` olu lp~h# yknln`u/ n` ~lo bhycl |p` zp`n` gle`y ~hnhu ohu f`dhekhu n` bhycl liuhop~lc`f~` hzlel& ^lf~h ohu g`nd` bpfn 'pf ~kzh n` kfr`yuhy`u kfu~k~pekhflo`u+ ehch ohu r`gãepohu n` ~k~pok}lekõf up`o`f kfu~loly upu u`n`u `f ‟Hbbughy` Bkflfeklo E`f~`yu– 'HBE+/ `u n`eky/ `f ohu zlylãuhu bkuel# o`u& Ohu zlylãuhu bkuelo`u uhf ~`yyk~hykhu z`|p`ühu/ ik`f zlãu`u h ik`f `uzlekhu zhoã~kelc`f~` lp~õfhchu/ |p` hby`e`f nkr`yulu r`f# ~lmlu/ ~lo`u ehch blo~l n` ~ylfuzly`fekl { nëiko ~ykip~lekõf/ l olu `czy`ulu looã kfu~lolnlu& Olu `f~knln`u ipuelf n` `u~` chnh `rk~ly olu o`{`u flekhflo`u n` ~hnl fl~pylo`}l/ { `f cpeghu eluhu ~lcikëf `o iolf|p`h n` nkf`yh upekh zyhr`fk`f~` n` ~hnh ~kzh n` n`ok~hu 'kfeopknhu ohu n` ulfdy` { `o ~yìbkeh n` nyhdlu& Olu elyle~`yãu~kelu zykfekzlo`u n` pf zlylãuh bkuelo uhf olu uk# dpk`f~`u9<= @f zykc`y opdly/ ~k`f`f y`dku~ylnlu `f up ~`yyk~hykh l pf `fhyc` fýc`yh n` kfu~k~pekhf`u bkflfek`ylu |p` clf~k`f`f f`dh# ekhu ehf z`yuhflu ` kfu~k~pekhf`u |p` fh uhf y`ukn`f~`u& @f ol cl#  {hyãl n` ohu eluhu fk`dlf `o puh n` `u~l kfbhyclekõf lo y`u~h n` zlãu`u/ n` chnh |p` clf~k`f`f pfl hzleknln y`kflf~` |p` blrh# y`e` `o n`ulyyhooh n` le~krknln`u koãek~lu `f h~yhu ~`yyk~hykhu& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ upu fkr`o`u n` f`dhekhu uhf cpegh cìu zyhbpfnhu { ehczo`mhu n` oh |p` u`yãl f`e`ulykh zlyl clf~`f`y upu `ehfhcãlu nhcëu~kelu/ |p` uhf cp{ z`|p`ülu& @f Ok`eg`u~`kf/ zhy `m`czoh/ u` `fep`f~ylf ylnkelnlu cìu n` >:&::: `czy`ulu ck`f~ylu |p` up zhiolekõf fh oo`dl l 5:&::: glik~lf~`u 99& 9< G`yfìfn`} Rkdp`ylu/ M& ‟Ohu zlylãuhu bkuelo`u& Eõch

ohu e`f~yhu hbbughy` uh#

elrlf olu n`cheyleklu–& Lalo& Clnykn/ 9::0& 99 ^hyy`u Oõz`}/ M& ‟Ohu zlylãuhu bkuelo`u `f ol `ehfhcãl dohilo–& ^`clu zlyl `o n`il~`/ @f`yh 9::7& >7

@f ~`ye`y opdly/ { ehch g`chu nkegh/ upu uku~`clu bkuelo`u z`yck~`f |p` olu `f~knln`u looã kfu~lolnlu zldp`f cp{ zhehu kc# zp`u~hu h fk uk|pk`yl oh gldlf1 ely`e`f n` ~hnh ~kzh n` y`dpolekõf bkflfek`yl bkflfek`yl { z`yck~`f z`yck~`f zo`fl oki`y~ln oki`y~ln n` chrkck`f~h chrkck`f~h n` elzk~lo`u1 {  `o u`ey`~h ilfelykh { `o lfhfkcl~h uhf y`kflf~`u&  Lzyhwkclnlc`f~` `o 2:% n` ohu g`nd` bpfnu ~k`f`f ol u`n` `f lodýf zlylãuh bkuelo/ { `f d`f`ylo `o 7:% n` ol f`dheklekõf n` ohu zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu bkflfek`yhu n`ykrlnhu n`ykrlnhu ~k`f` opdly ~lcikëf looã 95& @u~hu zlylãuhu uhf pf kfu~ypc`f~h f`e`ulykh { ehfupu~lfeklo l ol fp`rl oõdkel |p` dhik`yfl ol `ehfhcãl cpfnklo n`un` bkflo`u n` ohu lühu u`~`f~l& Uhf `o y`upo~lnh n` ol oki`y~ln n` chrkck`f~h n` elzk~lo`u/  { uhf ~lcikëf `o `uz`mh `f `o |p` dpu~lf n` ckylyu` |pk`f`u zy`# ~`fn`f ehfr`y~ky `o cpfnh `f pf kfc`fuh zlylãuh bkuelo& Ol nku`ckflekõf n` ol ilupyl bkflfek`yl  @uhu bhfnhu n` kfr`yukõf r`fnãlf l up r`} `uhu ehf~yl~hu l h~yhu bhfnhu/ { `u~hu l h~yhu/ { luã `uhu ehf~yl~hu u` bp`yhf nkbpf# nk`fnh zhy `o uku~`cl ilfelykh kf~`yflekhflo& N`un` ohu zykc`yhu dhik`yfhu f`hoki`ylo`u n` ^gl~eg`y `f Y`kfh Pfknh { Y`ldlf `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu u` glf r`fknh nke~lfnh fhyclu zlyl blekok~ly ~hnh `u~` ~kzh n` hz`ylekhf`u/ `okckflfnh ehf~yho`u/ z`yck~k`fnh ol hzleknln { `f/ `f upcl/ n`mlfnh zo`fl oki`y~ln zlyl |p` ohu ld`f~`u bkflfek`yhu oo`rlylf l elih olu hz`# ylekhf`u n` `czl|p`~lck`f~h { cl|pkoolm` |p` bp`ylf f`e`ulyklu zlyl oo`fly ohu c`yelnhu n` ~hnh `u~` ~kzh n` zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu `uz`epol~krhu& Dyleklu l `ooh/ pfl r`} ohu ~ã~pohu bkflfek`yhu u` kilf `ck# ~k`fnh zhy ohu r`gãepohu zyhzhyekhflfnh lo~lu y`f~likoknln`u/ ohu ld`f~`u bkflfek`yhu ` kfr`yuhy`u n` ~hnh ~kzh 'ilfehu/ bhfnhu n` kfr`yukõf/ bhfnhu n` z`fukhf`u•+ u` rhoelyhf uhiy` `oohu& Ol kf# ~`yn`z`fn`fekl bkflfek`yl { olu fp`rlu ~`efhohdãlu gkek`yhf |p` 95  Tlgo/ Z& ‟Upz`y`u~y`oolu `f `o fp`rh ~ylm` n`o `cz`ylnhy& Bhfnhu n` Ehi`y#

~pyl { Bhfnhu n` Elzk~lo Yk`udh= ¸|pë `u~ì `f mp`dh8–& T`o~tky~ueglb~/ Òahohdk` " @f~tkeaopfd/ 9::7& g~~z=((ttt&t``n#hfokf`&hyd( >;

~hnhu `u~hu zyhnpe~hu u` nku~ykip{`ylf l ~ylrëu n` ~hnhu ohu uku~`# clu bkflfek`yhu n`ulyyhoolnhu n`o cpfnh& Up nhio` ehfu`ep`fekl `yl/ zhy pf olnh/ |p` u` nku`ckflilf ohu zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu |p` op`dh y`upo~lyãlf u`y zpyl ilupyl& [/ zhy h~yh/ |p` up lo~l { yìzknl y`f~likoknln l~ylãl elnl r`} l cìu elzk~lo`u/ kfey`c`f~ìfnhu` luã `o nkrhyekh `f~y` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo { ol bkflfek`yl&  Luã/ ck`f~ylu |p` `o ZKI cpfnklo '|p` eplf~kbkel `o rlohy ch# f`~lykh n` ol zyhnpeekõf n` ik`f`u { u`yrkekhu+ u` cpo~kzokelil zhy nhu `f~y` <;;: { 9::0/ ohu c`yelnhu n` nkrkulu 'ehczyl { r`f~l n` chf`nlu+ oh gleãlf zhy 5/ `o c`yelnh n` n`pnl zýiokel 'ehczyl  { r`f~l n` `ckukhf`u n` ohu @u~lnhu+ zhy 0/ `o n` n`ykrlnhu zhy >  { `o n` leekhf`u zhy ;& Zlyl gle`yfhu pfl kn`l n` ol cldfk~pn n` ol n`urkfepolekõf ey`ek`f~`/ ilu~` ehf uli`y |p` `f 9::> `o rhopc`f n` ~ylfuleekhf`u nklyklu `f `o c`yelnh n` nkrkulu loelf}õ pf rlohy n` <‛7 ikoohf`u n` nõoly`u/ oh |p` `u pfl ekbyl <0 r`e`u upz`ykhy lo ZKI cpfnklo/ 2: r`e`u upz`ykhy lo ehc`yekh cpfnklo { 7:: r`e`u zhy `fekcl n` ol kfr`yukõf `w~ylfm`yl nky`e~l 9>& Nkukcpolfnh ol ilupyl bkflfek`yl= CIU/ ECIU / LIU/ ENH/ ENH9&&&& Ehch g`chu u`ülolnh/ zlyl r`fn`y ohu zyëu~lchu gkzh~`el# ykhu/ `o ilfeh ~`fãl |p` ~ylfubhyclyohu `f pf fp`rh zyhnpe~h bk# flfe flfek` k`yh yh c`nk c`nklf lf~` ~` ol ~k~p ~k~pok ok}l }lek ekõf õf&& Ohu Ohu le~k le~krh rhuu y`up y`upo~ o~lf lf~` ~`uu u` n`fhckflyhf Chy~dld` Ilea`n U`epyk~k`u 'CIU+/ `u n`eky/ hiokdl# ekhf`u dlylf~k}lnlu zhy gkzh~`elu& [ `u~lu hiokdlekhf`u zhnãlf ~`f`y ehch dlylf~ãl pfl gkzh~`el y`ukn`feklo/ `f ep{h eluh u` ool# clf Y`ukn`f~klo Chy~dld` Ilea`n U`epyk~k`u 'YCIU+/ h pfl gkzh# ~`el ~`el ehc` ehc`ye yekl klo/ o/ zhy zhy oh |p` |p` `f~h `f~hfe fe`u `u y`ek y`eki` i`f f `o fhci fhciy` y` n` Ehcc`yeklo Chy~dld` Ilea`n U`epyk~k`u 'ECIU+& @u~hu le~krhu CIU `ylf r`fnknhu zhy olu `f~knln`u r`gãepoh/ |p` yìzknlc`f~` ohu `ck~ãl { u` n`u`f~`fnãl n` `oohu { luã u` kil 9> C`nklon`l/ Ikiklfl { Ìorly`}/ Flegh ‟Oki`ylok}lekõf bkflfek`yl kf~`yflekhflo/

kfr`yuhy`u kfu~k~pekhflo`u { dhik`yfh ehyzhyl~krh n` ol `czy`ul–& Nhepc`f~h n` ^ylilmh TZ :4(:7& Kfu~k~p~h Ehczop~`fu` n` @u~pnkhu Kf~`yflekhflo`u/ 9::7& 0:

ehfu~yp{`fnh pfl dylf zkyìckn` kfr`y~knl |p` ~`fãl `f ol ilu` oh |p` `f ol m`ydl `ehfõckel u` n`fhckfl `o ‟le~krh upi{le`f~`–/ `f `u~` eluh/ pfhu zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu ehf dylf yk`udh n` kc# zldh& Ehch olu gkzh~`elu |p` kilf ehfe`nk`fnh ohu ilfehu 'ohu le~krhu upi{le`f~`u+ `ylf elnl r`} cìu lyyk`udlnlu { z`okdyhulu ~yl~lyhf n` nkukcpoly `o z`okdyh |p` y`loc`f~` oo`rlilf ehfukdh& Zlyl `ooh kfr`f~lyhf pfhu ‟zl|p`~`u– n` kfr`yukõf `f nhfn` gliãl  rlyklu gkzh~`elu n` olu |p` gliãlf ehfe`nknh/ pflu ip`flu 'zykc`+  { h~ylu clolu 'upizykc`+& [/ ln`cìu/ ehf~yl~lilf l pflu `czy`ulu `uz`eklok}lnlu 'oolclnlu ld`feklu n` ‟yl~kfd–+ zlyl |p` ‟`rloplylf– uk `uhu zl|p`~`u `ylf ip`fhu h clohu& O`u zldlilf zhy `ooh/ { `ulu fh ~`fãlf cpegh zyhio`cl `f n`eky |p`/ zhy upzp`u~h/ `ylf n` ol c`mhy eloknln eloknln bkflfek`yl& bkflfek`yl& Ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u ` kf~`yflekhflo`u le`z~lyhf ol `wku~`fekl n` `u~hu zl|p`~`u lýf l ulik`fnlu n` |p` u` `u~lil zhfk`fnh `f ohu c`yelnhu pf zyhnpe~h n` dylf yk`udh |p` `f up kf~`ykhy c`}# eolil oh ip`fh ehf oh cloh n` clf`yl nkukcpolnl/ zhy fh n`eky bylpnpo`f~l& Ol ehffkr`fekl { ehczokeknln n` olu lp~hyknln`u bp` ~h~lo& Ukf gpik`ylf le~plnh n` h~yh chnh/ gpik`ylf `rk~lnh oh |p` rkfh n`uzpëu/ z`yck~k`fnh `u~lu hz`ylekhf`u/ ehf~ykip{`yhf ~lcikëf l |p` cìu ~lyn` u` zyhnpm`yl ol n`ileo`& @f zl|p`~`u cìu n`ulyyhoolnhu/ ehch ohu LIU '‟Luu`~ Ilea`n U`epyk~k`u–+/ ohu r`gãepohu c`}eolyhf le~krhu n` nkb`y`f~` ~kzh= zyëu# ~lchu gkzh~`elykhu/ zyëu~lchu zlyl `o ehfupch n` eheg`u/ zyëu~l# chu zlyl `u~pnklf~`u/ `~e& [ `f pfl rp`o~l n` ~p`yel cìu/ ey`lyhf ohu ENH '‟Ehool~`ylok}`n N`i~ Hiokdl~khfu–+/ |p` uhf pfhu ehczo`# mhu zl|p`~`u bkflfek`yhu |p` zp`n`f ehf~`f`y cp{ nkr`yuhu le~krhu `/ kfeopuh/ ~lcikëf h~yhu zl|p`~`u LIU `f up kf~`ykhy& Ol ~k~pok}lekõf zp`n` `w~`fn`yu` ~lf~h ehch u` |pk`yl {/ zhy `m`czoh/ `wku~`f ohu oolclnhu ‟ENH u|ply`–/ h ‟ENH lo eplnylnh– |p` uhf zl|p`~`u ENH |p` ehf~k`f`f h~yhu ENH ehch dlylf~ãl& Ehf `u~hu c`elfkuchu zkylcknlo`u { n` `czl|p`~lck`f~h n` n`pnl ohu ilfehu zhnãlf kfeopky `f pf ckuch zyhnpe~h ~lf~h 0<

le~krhu n` lo~h yk`udh ehch n` ilmh yk`udh& Ehf ol r`f~lml n` |p` `u~hu zyhnpe~hu bkflo`u uhf cp{ zheh ~ylfuzly`f~`u { `u zyìe~kel# c`f~` kczhukio` ehfhe`y up ehf~`fknh&  [ zy`ekulc`f~` ehch flnk` zp`n` uli`y l ek`fekl ek`y~l |pë gl{ n` r`ynln `f `uhu zl|p`~`u/ `u n`eky uk uhf c`mhy`u h z`hy`u/ cìu h c`fhu u`dpyhu/ u` y`epyykõ l olu oolclnlu Ld`feklu n` Elok# bkelekõf& @u~lu uhf `f~knln`u zykrlnlu ehf~yl~lnlu zhy olu `f~knln`u `ckuhylu n` ~ã~pohu zlyl |p` rlohy`f ol eloknln n` upu `ckukhf`u& Uk pf zyhnpe~h bkflfek`yh `u n` cp{ ilml eloknln/ ehch zhnyãlf u`y olu gkzh~`elu upizykc`/ zhy|p` `o yk`udh n` kczldh `u cp{  dylfn`/ y`ekikyãl pfl ilml elokbkelekõf& @f elcikh/ uk `o zyhnpe~h bk# flfek`yh `u n` dylf eloknln/ zp`n` oo`dly l y`ekiky ol cìwkcl elok# bkelekõf 'LLL+& Ehch u` ~yl~lil n` ldkok}ly { blekok~ly `o f`dhekh/ olu ld`feklu fh ~prk`yhf `o c`fhy `ueyýzpoh `f nlyo` ol cl{hy elokbkelekõf l `uhu zl|p`~`u& Lodh oõdkeh uk gliolchu n` `f~knln`u ehf pf zyh# fpfeklnh ehfboke~h n` kf~`y`u`u/ zp`u upu ghfhylykhu ohu y`eki`f n` |pk`f o`u zkn` |p` elokbk|p` upu zyhnpe~hu&  Luã/ n` ~hnlu olu `ckukhf`u elokbkelnlu `f @@PP l oh olydh n` 9::4/ `o 29% hi~prk`yhf pfl fh~l n` LLL/ `u n`eky/ ol cìwkcl el# okbkelekõf zhukio`90& Z`yh `yl c`f~kyl& @o kfkekh n` ol n`ileo`= ohu kczldhu Ck`f~ylu `o ihhc kfchikoklykh kil ik`f { ck`f~ylu olu blckoklu zldlilf olu gkzh~`elu fh zlulil flnl/ z`yh eplfnh ol ipyipml `cz`}õ l n`ukfbolyu` ~hnh `cz`}õ l elcikly& Ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu n`eknkõ upiky ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu/ { ehf `ul zh# oã~kel l~ylzõ l cpeglu n` olu blckoklu |p` gliãlf ehf~yl~lnh zyëu# ~lchu gkzh~`elykhu l ~kzh n` kf~`yëu rlyklio`& Olu ekbylu n` y`~yluhu `f `o zldh { `m`epekhf`u gkzh~`elyklu ehc`f}lyhf l lpc`f~ly& Zlylo`olc`f~`/ `u~looõ ol ipyipml kfchikoklykl { ohu zy`ekhu n` olu rkrk`fnlu ehc`f}lyhf l n`ue`fn`y/ zhy oh |p` bp`yhf cpeglu 90 Bp`f~`= @pyhz`lf Bhypc U`epyk~kul~khf= g~~z=((ttt&`pyhz`lfu`epyk~kul~khf&ehc(

09

olu z`yuhflu |p` u` rk`yhf `f ol ekyepfu~lfekl n` ~`f`y upueyk~l pfl n`pnl gkzh~`elykl zhy pf rlohy cpegh cl{hy n`o |p` ~`fãl up rk#  rk`fnl `f `u` chc`f~h& @ul uk~plekõf u` n`fhckfl `f ol m`ydl `eh# fõckel `u~lnhpfkn`fu` ‟f`dl~kr` `|pk~{–/ { {l `f b`iy`yh n` 9::7 u` eloepolil |p` 7‛7 ckoohf`u n` ~`f`nhy`u n` gkzh~`elu `f @u~lnhu Pfknhu 'pf <4% n`o ~h~lo+ u` `fehf~ylilf l~ylzlnhu n` `u~l bhycl 92&  [ ol o`dkuolekõf `u~lnhpfkn`fu` `u fh~lio`c`f~` nkb`y`f~` l ol `uzlühol `f `u~` zpf~h& @f @uzlül uk pfl gkzh~`el n`ml n` zl# dlyu`/ ol kfu~k~pekõf bkflfek`yl upilu~l ol rkrk`fnl { `f eluh n` |p` fh y`epz`y` `o ~h~lo n` ol n`pnl gkzh~`elykl ~lcikëf zp`n` `cily# dly h~yhu ik`f`u n`o zy`u~l~lykh hykdkflo& @f @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ ukf `cilydh/ eplo|pk`y z`yuhfl zp`n` n`mly n` zldly ol gkzh~`el `f ~hnh chc`f~h/ { ol `f~knln bkflfek`yl oh ýfkeh |p` zp`n` gle`y `u upilu~ly ol rkrk`fnl& Zhy oh ~lf~h/ lo zyhnpekyu` ohu kczldhu `o zyhio`cl `czk`}l l bhycly zly~` n` ol `f~knln bkflfek`yl/ h n` |pk`f zhu`l ohu n`y`eghu uhiy` `o zyëu~lch& [ ohu ehu~`u n` `m`# epekõf zp`n`f u`y n` glu~l `o 90% n`o rlohy n` pf zyëu~lch/ zhy oh |p` olu zëynknlu bkflo`u uhf cpegh cl{hy`u& Ol ehfu`ep`fekl n` ~hnh `ooh bp` |p` ckoohf`u n` ~ylilmlnh# y`u |p`nlyhf ukf `czo`h { |p` `cz`}lyhf l n`mly n` zldly olu gk# zh~`elu h zyëu~lchu |p` ~`fãlf upueyk~hu ehf ohu ilfehu& Ohu ~ã~pohu bkflfek`yhu `f zhu`ukõf n` ohu ilfehu z`ynk`yhf yìzknlc`f~` up rlohy zp`u~h |p` upu le~krhu upi{le`f~`u 'olu gk# zh~`elu |p` u` `fehf~ylilf `f ol ilu` n` ol zkyìckn`+ n`mlilf n` zyhzhyekhfly ohu bopmhu n` nkf`yh `uz`ylnhu& Ohu ilfehu ~prk`yhf |p` y`dku~yly `ulu nkuckfpekhf`u n` rlohy  { ehc`f}lyhf l upbyky zëynknlu ckoohflyklu& El`f olu bkeglu n`o nhckfõ Ehf ol `wzohukõf n` ol ipyipml/ ol ely~`yl kfchikoklykl n` ohu ilfehu ehc`f}õ l z`yn`y rlohy/ luã ehch ~hnhu ohu n`ykrlnhu |p` ~`fãlf l ohu zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu ehch le~krhu upi{le`f~`u& 92

^g` @ehfhcku~/ 97 n` B`iy`yh n` 9::7& Ek~lnh `f Nk`yeawu`fu/ T& ‟Eykuku uku~ëckel { n`zy`ukõf cpfnklo–& Hiu`yrl~hykh Kf~`yflekhflo n` ol Eykuku/ 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&hiu`yrl~hykheykuku&hyd(y`lnly~keo`&zgz8ly~keo`Xkn355 05

Ol zly~` n`o le~krh n`o ilolfe` ilfelykh/ `u~h `u/ ohu ik`f`u n` ohu |p` nkuzhf`f ohu ilfehu/ ehc`f}õ l `cz`|p`ü`e`yu` yì# zknlc`f~`& Ukf `cilydh/ fh hepyyãl oh ckuch ehf olu n`pnlu |p` gliãl ehf~ylãnh/ |p` z`yclf`eãlf kf~le~lu& Luã/ ohu ilfehu ~prk`yhf |p` ehc`f}ly l y`dku~yly zëynknlu { l ipuely bhyclu n` uloky n`o lzyk`~h |p` upzhfãl r`y n` y`z`f~` nkuckfpknlu upu zhukikoknln`u n` gle`y by`f~` l olu n`pnlu&  Ln`cìu/ ohu ilfehu u` rk`yhf hiokdlnhu l lupcky olu hiokdl# ekhf`u n` olu ‟`f~knln`u r`gãepoh– |p` `oohu ckuchu gliãlf ey`lnh zlyl bkflfeklyu`/ ehf `o him`~krh n` `rk~ly |p` |p`iylu`f& @u~hu r`# gãepohu {l fh `ylf elzle`u n` r`fn`y ohu ~ã~pohu n` ohu |p` nkuzh# fãlf/ zp`u~h |p` ohu kfr`yuhy`u ep`u~khflilf ol eloknln n` ohu ckuchu/ { `cz`}lilf l ~`f`y u`yklu nkbkepo~ln`u zlyl lbyhf~ly upu n`pnlu& Ehczyìfnhohu/ ohu ilfehu ~prk`yhf |p` kfehyzhyly l up ilolfe` dylf elf~knln n` zëynknlu& Ehch ehfu`ep`fekl/ { ~`fk`fnh zy`u`f~` |p` ohu ilfehu zy`u~lf l olydh zol}h 'ehfe`nk`fnh gkzh~`elu+ { u` `fn`pnlf l ehy~h zol}h 'l ~ylrëu n` ohu n`zõuk~hu n` upu eok`f~`u+/ ohu ilfehu elnl r`} `u~lilf `f z`hy`u nkbkepo~ln`u zlyl y`uzhfn`y lf~` olu zhukio`u n`clfnlu n` y`~kylnl n` bhfnhu zhy zly~` n` upu eok`f~`u/ glu~l `o zpf~h n` |p` glu~l cly}h n` 9::7 ohu ilfehu `u~lnhpfk# n`fu`u { `pyhz`hu glf ~`fknh |p` lbyhf~ly ol n`zy`eklekõf n` upu le~krhu zhy rlohy n` 9::&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u& @o zyhzkh Bhfnh Chf`~lykh Kf~`yflekhflo eloepol |p` olu zëy# nknlu rkfepolnlu lo c`yelnh gkzh~`elykh y`ukn`feklo { upu ~k~pok}l# ekhf`u zp`n`f u`y n` 020&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u/ { |p` pfknlu l olu zëynknlu zhy h~ylu gkzh~`elu { le~krhu zp`n`f loelf}ly ohu ;>0&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u 94& H~ylu `u~kclekhf`u cpeghu c`fhu d`f`yhulu zy`rëf |p` ol n`rloplekõf n` le~krhu upz`ylyì bkflo# c`f~` ol elf~knln n` 9&:::&::: ckoohf`u nõoly`u 97& 94 BCK&

‟Kfbhyc` uhiy` ol `u~likoknln bkflfek`yl cpfnklo–& Bhfnh Chf`~lykh Kf# ~`yflekhflo/ Liyko 9::7& 97 @u~kclekõf @u~kclekõf n`o `ehfhcku~l `ehfhcku~l Fhpyk`o Yhpikfk/ n` ol Pfkr`yuknln n` Fp`rl [hya/ [hya/ ek# ~lnh `f ‟Ilfau$ Upizykc` Ohuu`u ^hz .0:: Ikookhf hf Tyk~`nhtfu–& Iohhci`yd&ehc/ 0>

Ohu c`elfkuchu n` ~ylfuckukõf= lpd` { eholzuh n` ohu ‟r`gãepohu–& Ohu r`gãepohu uhf ohu le~hy`u bpfnlc`f~lo`u `f `o zyhe`uh n` ~k# ~pok}lekõf/ zp`u uhf `oohu |pk`f`u elz~lf ohu n`y`eghu n` ehiyh n` ohu zyëu~lchu 'p h~yhu le~krhu+ { ohu y`r`fn`f ehfr`y~knhu `f ~ã~pohu n` n`pnl/ ihfhu h eplo|pk`y kfu~ypc`f~h bkflfek`yh le`z~lnh zhy ohu kf#  r`yuhy`u& Eplfnh pfl z`yuhfl ehf~yl~l pf zyëu~lch gkzh~`elykh/ ehf h ukf ol kf~`yc`nklekõf n` lodýf ehckukhfku~l/ `o ilfeh `u~ì p~kok# }lfnh `o nkf`yh n` upu n`zõuk~hu zlyl ul~kuble`y ol hz`ylekõf& @u` nkf`yh ulo` n` up ilolfe` { l elcikh `o ilfeh u` |p`nl/ h oh ehfrk`y~`/ `f pf ehf~yl~h |p` y`bo`ml `o n`y`egh l ehiyly nkegh zyëu~lch& @f `o ilolfe` n`o ilfeh ulo` nkf`yh oã|pknh { `f~yl zlz`o '`o ehf~yl~h+& @u~` zlz`o fh o` zyhzhyekhfl lo ilfeh ukfh cp{ zheh nkf`yh ehf~lf~` { uhflf~` 'ok|pkn`}/ ehch n`ekchu ohu `ehfhcku~lu+= uhoh ol eph~l c`fuplo |p` zldlyì |pk`f gl{l y`ekiknh `o zyëu~lch& Ehch lo ilfeh o` kf~`y`ul uhiy` ~hnh ~`f`y ok|pkn`} zlyl zhn`y u`dpky nlfnh zyëu~lchu/ y`epyy`/ ehch g`chu ehc`f~lnh {l/ l ol ~k~pok}lekõf/ r`fnk`fnh `o zlz`o/ ohu zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu/ l ohu  r`gãepohu bkflfek`yhu/ |pk`f`u `f ehf~ylzly~knl o` nlf nkf`yh oã|pknh& Ehf `u` nkf`yh {l zp`n`f rhor`y n` fp`rh l ol ehfe`ukõf n` zyëu~lchu/ { luã upe`ukrlc`f~`& Pfl r`} ohu r`gãepohu bkflfek`yhu ~k`f`f ohu n`y`eghu n`o zyëu# ~lch `f up zhn`y '`o zlz`o |p` o`u r`fnknh `o ilfeh+ zp`n`f r`fn`y# ohu '`f bhycl n` CIU/ LIU/ ENH/ `~e&+ l ~ylrëu n` ol `ckukõf n` ihfhu& @o r`gãepoh nkrkn` ohu le~krhu ~k~pok}lnhu `f ~ylchu n` yk`udh h ‟zhyekh# f`u– 'zhy oh d`f`ylo ‟u`fkhy–/ ‟mpfkhy– { ‟`|pk~{–+/ l ohu |p` u` lukdflf nkb`y`f~`u elokbkelekhf`u ey`nk~keklu { |p` ykfn`f l nku~kf~hu ~kzhu n` kf# ~`yëu `f bpfekõf n`o yk`udh |p` ehfoo`r`f& Bkfloc`f~`/ ohu ihfhu uhf  r`fnknhu l ohu kfr`yuhy`u { n` `u~l bhycl `o r`gãepoh hi~k`f` ol bkflf# eklekõf f`e`ulykl zlyl u`dpky ehczylfnh cìu zyëu~lchu l ohu ilfehu& <9 n` Ldhu~h n` 9::7& g~~z=((ttt&iohhci`yd&ehc(lzzu(f`tu8zkn3 f`tuly# egkr`"ukn3 l7uT:f
Ohu r`gãepohu h ohu kfr`yuhy`u ~lcikëf zp`n`f ehczyly `u~hu ihfhu l h~yhu r`gãepohu h kfr`yuhy`u/ bhycly pf zl|p`~` ehf fp`#  rlu ehcikflekhf`u { rhor`y l y`r`fn`yohu& Ol zkyìckn` zp`n` `w# ~`fn`yu` ukf zlyly& Ohu r`gãepohu uhf ey`lnhu zhy ohu zyhzkhu ilfehu h zhy h~ylu `f~knln`u bkflfek`ylu {/ lpf|p` `f ~`hyãl uhf `f~knln`u kfn`z`f# nk`f~`u/ `f ol zyìe~kel uhf lnckfku~ylnlu `f ýo~kcl kfu~lfekl zhy olu `f~knln`u bpfnlnhylu |p`/ ehch r`y`chu cìu ln`olf~`/ ~lcikëf olu y`uzlonlf `f eluh n` zëynknlu& Ohu Ohu r`gãep r`gãepoh ohuu n` ~k~po ~k~pok}l k}lekõ ekõf f uhf uhf d`f` d`f`yl yloc` oc`f~ f~`` oolcl oolclnh nhuu ‟Uz`eklo Zpyzhu` R`gkeo`– 'UZR+/ ~k`f`f z`yuhfloknln mpyãnkel zyh# zkl { u` ey`lf ehf `o ýfkeh zyhzõuk~h n` ~k~pok}ly ohu le~krhu& @fyhf/ ol `czy`ul `u~lnhpfkn`fu` |p` |p`iyõ `f 9::< y`r`olfnh `o cl{hy bylpn` `czy`ulyklo n` ol gku~hykl 9; gliãl oo`dlnh l ey`ly 5&::: `f~knln`u UZR 5:& Ol bhycl |p` ~hclf ohu r`gãepohu { upu okck~lekhf`u n`z`fn`f n` olu o`{`u flekhflo`u h upzylflekhflo`u |p` y`dpolf ol le~krknln bk# flfek`yl `f elnl zlãu& Zhy `m`czoh/ l nkb`y`fekl n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu {  n`o y`u~h n` @pyhzl 'l `we`zekõf n` Bylfekl+/ `f @uzlül ohu UZR uhf oolclnhu ‟Bhfnhu n` ^k~pok}lekõf– 'B^+/ `u~ìf y`dpolnhu zhy ol Ehck# ukõf Flekhflo n`o C`yelnh n` Rlohy`u 'EFCR+/ fh ~k`f`f z`yuhfloknln mpyãnkel { uhf lnckfku~ylnhu l ~ylrëu n` pfl uhek`nln d`u~hyl& @f eplo# |pk`y eluh/ up bpfekõf `u `wle~lc`f~` ol ckucl |p` ol n` ohu UZR 5<& @f eplo|pk`y eluh ~hnhu ohu r`gãepohu ~k`f`f elyle~`yãu~kelu ehcpf`u |p` ohu gle`f eolr` `f `u~` zyhe`uh n` ~k~pok}lekõf& @f zykc`y opdly/ uhf `f~knln`u cp{ lzlolfelnlu #zheh elzk# ~lok}lnlu#/ `u n`eky/ ehf cpeghu le~krhu `f n`pnlu `wkdkio`u `f y`# olekõf l ohu y`epyuhu zyhzkhu& @f eluh n` |p` ohu zldhu n` nkeglu 9;

@u~`blfãl/ M& ‟Ol clfh kfrkukio`/ `o dhik`yfh n`o cpfnh–& Ldpkoly& Clnykn/ 9::2& 5: Dly~hf/ D& { Uhpo`o`u/ F& ‟Uz`eklo Zpyzhu` R`gkeo`u lfn U`epyk~k}l~khf–& Thy# akfd Zlz`yu :0#9<& B`n`ylo Y`u`yr` Ilfa hb Zgkoln`ozgkl/ 9::0& 5< Ohulnl Oõz`}/ Y& ‟@u~ype~pylu n` ~k~pok}lekõf= elyle~`yãu~kelu ` kczokelekhf`u zlyl `o uku~`cl uku~`cl bkflfek`yh– bkflfek`yh–&& Chfhdylbãl Chfhdylbãl f&½ <>& Ehckukõf Flekhflo n`o C`yelnh C`yelnh n` Rlohy`u/ 9::2& 02

n`pnlu u` n`~`fdlf h u` elfe`o`f ol `f~knln ehyy` `o yk`udh n` fh zhn`y y`uzhfn`y l upu hiokdlekhf`u { el`y `f ilfelyyh~l& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ ~k`f`f `o ýfkeh zyhzõuk~h n` `ck~ky n`pnl zlyl elz~ly ohu bhfnhu f`e`ulykhu zlyl ehczyly le~krhu ~k~pok}lnhu  { hi~`f`y y`f~likoknln`u ehf nkeglu hz`ylekhf`u&  [ `f ~`ye`y opdly/ uhf `f~knln`u cp{ zheh ~ylfuzly`f~`u {  |p` up`o`f pikelyu` `f zlylãuhu bkuelo`u ehf `o him`~krh n` gpky n` olu y`dpolekhf`u { n`o zldh n` kczp`u~hu& Pf eluh zly~kepoly n` r`gãepoh uhf ohu ‟Luu`~ Ilea`n Ehc# c`yeklo Zlz`y Ehfnpk~– 'LIEZ+/ ohu eplo`u l up r`} zp`n`f ehf# e`f~ylyu` `f lodýf ~kzh ehfey`~h n` kfr`yukõf { y`ekiky fhciy`u nku~kf~hu& Luã/ l|p`oohu r`gãepohu |p` ehczylf le~krhu ~k~pok}lnhu ehf r`fekck`f~h l ehy~h zol}h u` n`fhckflf ‟Ehfnpk~u–/ ck`f~ylu |p` l|p`oohu |p` ehczylf le~krhu ~k~pok}lnhu ehf r`fekck`f~h l olydh zol}h u` n`fhckflf ‟U~ype~py`n Kfr`u~c`f~ R`gkeo`u– 'UKR+ 59& Pf eluh zly~kepoly n` UKR `u `o r`gãepoh UKR#ok~`/ |p` kfrk`y~` `f ohu ~ylchu cìu lyyk`udlnhu n` ohu ~ã~pohu { u` elyle~`yk}l zhy dylnhu cpegh cìu zyhfpfeklnh n` lzlolfelck`f~h 55& @f eplo|pk`y eluh/ ~hnhu ohu LIEZ Ehfnpk~ `ck~`f n`pnl l ehy~h zol}h zlyl bkflfeklyu`/ bkflfeklyu`/ oh |p` ohu ehfrk`y~` ehfrk`y~` `f `f~knln`u `f~knln`u ehf dylfn`u yk`udhu n` blo~l n` ok|pkn`} '~k`f`f |p` `u~ly ehf~kfpl# c`f~` l~`fnk`fnh lchy~k}lekhf`u { `ck~k`fnh n`pnl+& @u~lu n`p# nlu l ehy~h zol}h zp`n`f fh `u~ly dlylf~k}lnlu/ `f ep{h eluh u` n`fhckflf ukczo`c`f~` ‟ehcc`yeklo zlz`y– 'EZ+& Ohu ilfehu ey`lyhf `u~lu `f~knln`u `uz`eãbkelu n`fhckflnlu UKR zlyl liuhyi`y ohu zyëu~lchu gkzh~`elykhu n` ohu ilfehu { `ck~ky n`pnl l ehy~h zol}h |p` r`fnãlf l ohu kfr`yuhy`u& Upu dlflfeklu zyhr`fãlf n` ol nkb`y`fekl `f~y` oh |p` zldlilf l `u~hu ýo~kchu {  oh |p` hi~`fãlf n` ohu le~krhu ~k~pok}lnhu |p` gliãlf ehczylnh l ohu ilfehu& 59 El~lykf`p/ @& { Zëy`}/ N& ‟Ol ~k~pok}lekõf n` le~krhu zhy zly~` n` olu `f~knln`u

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|pk`iylu { zëynknlu ehf~yl `oohu& Fh `u |p` blo~lyl `f~hfe`u ok|pk# n`} `f ohu c`yelnhu/ ehch n`eãlf ohu dhi`yflf~`u { y`uzhfulio`u `ehfõckehu/ ukfh |p` fh uloãl lo c`yelnh zhy|p` u` gliãl `w~`f# nknh ol n`uehfbklf}l lf~` `o yk`udh d`f`ylok}lnh& Eplfnh ohu ilfehu lnrk`y~`f `o yk`udh { ek`yylf `o dykbh n` ol bkflfeklekõf oh ek`yylf zlyl ~hnhu/ fh uhoh zlyl ohu `uz`epolnhy`u cìu ‟ehf~lckflnhu– zhy olu gkzh~`elu ilupylu& Zhy ~lf~h/ `fu`dpknl ol eykuku bkflfek`yl ehck`f}l l lb`e~ly l ol `ehfhcãl y`lo/ `u n`eky/ l ol |p` ~k`f` |p` r`y ehf ol kfr`yukõf zyhnpe~krl n` olu `czy`ulu/ ehf ol ey`lekõf n` `czo`hu/ ehf ol zyhnpeekõf n` ik`f`u { u`yrk# ekhu& Ohu `czy`ulykhu `czk`}lf l ~`f`y nkbkepo~ln`u zhy|p` ohu ilf# ehu fh o` zy`u~lf/ cpeghu ehfupcknhy`u n`mlf n` hi~`f`y eyënk~hu/ u` kfrk`y~` c`fhu/ u` r`fn` c`fhu&&& gl{ zëynknlu { n`uzknhu& Zheh l zheh/ `f y`loknln ilu~lf~` n`zykul/ ol eykuku oo`dõ kyy`c`nklio`# c`f~` l ol `ehfhcãl y`lo { fh u` |p`nõ `f olu dylfn`u bkflf}lu& @b`e~hu ehol~`ylo`u= `uz`epolekõf z`~yho`yl { lokc`f~lykl  @f ck~ln n` `u` zyhe`uh u` zyhnpe` h~yh b`fõc`fh n` dylf kczhy~lfekl= ohu kfr`yuhy`u |p` r`f |p` olu bkflf}lu u` glf zp`u~h b`lu zlyl `uz`epoly looã '|p` `u oh |p` uli`f gle`y+ lzp`u~lf zhy kfr`y~ky kfr`y~ky `f h~yhu h~yhu c`yeln c`yelnhu& hu& Ol oõdkel `uz`epol~krl |p` cp`r` olu bkflf}lu n` fp`u~yl ëzhel ehfuku~` `f ~yl~ly n` hi~`f`y ohu cìwkchu y`fnkck`f~hu `eh# fõckehu `f `o c`fhy `uzlekh n` ~k`czh zhukio`& Ohu dylfn`u el# zk~lo`u |p` `wku~`f `f ohu c`yelnhu/ |p` uhf y`upo~lnh n` pfl u`yk` n` ble~hy`u cp{ nku~kf~hu/ ~lo { ehch g`chu u`ülolnh lf~`u 'ehf# e`f~ylekõf n`o lghyyh blckokly `f ohu bhfnhu n` z`fukhf`u zykrlnhu/ dylfn`u bhy~pflu n` cpo~kckoohflykhu/ i`f`bkekhu n` olu `czy`ulu cpo~kflekhflo`u/ y`u`yrlu `we`n`f~lyklu `f nõoly`u n` ohu zlãu`u zyhnpe~hy`u n` z`~yõo`h h n` Egkfl/ ohu oolclnhu ‟bhfnhu uhi`yl# fhu–&&&+ u` cp`r`f uk`czy` glekl ohu `uzlekhu bkflfek`yhu nhfn` u` hby`e`f c`mhy`u y`f~likoknln`u& @u~l `u oh |p` zyhrheõ `o ~yluolnh n` ohu dylfn`u elzk~lo`u n`un` `o c`yelnh ipyuì~ko/ |p` u` n`uzohcõ `f `o lüh 9:::/ glekl `o c`yelnh kfchikoklykh/ ey`lfnh n` `u~l bhycl ol ipyipml kfch# 24

ikoklykl& [ `u~l u`yãl ~lcikëf ol yl}õf |p` oo`rõ l ohu kfr`yuhy`u `u# z`epol~krhu l uloky n`o c`yelnh n` n`ykrlnhu bkflfek`yhu eplfnh `u~lool ol ipyipml& Z`yh fh u` rp`or`f glekl `o lzlyl~h zyhnpe~krh/ l ey`ly `c# zo`h { yk|p`}l& Fh& Nkykd`f up zyhl glekl l l|p`oohu c`yelnhu `f nhfn` zy`r`f |p` zp`n`f loelf}ly y`f~likoknln`u n` ol ckucl fl# ~pylo`}l/ lo~lu/ yìzknlu { l u`y zhukio` ukf ylu~yh bkuelo& Ohu c`yelnhu lzyhzklnhu zlyl `ooh `f `u` chc`f~h uhf ohu |p` ~`fdlf pfl ek`y~l ~`fn`fekl `u~ype~pylo lo lo}l n` zy`ekhu& @u luã |p` u` zhnyãl dlfly cpegh nkf`yh { bìekoc`f~` ehczylfnh {   r`fnk`fnh `fu`dpknl& Zp`u~h |p` `o kfchikoklykh {l fh u`yrãl/ ohu elzk~lo`u u` nkyk# dk`yhf l h~yhu nhu c`yelnhu ehf `u~l elyle~`yãu~kel= `o n`o z`~yõo`h  { `o n` zyhnpe~hu lokc`f~kekhu& @uh bp` oh |p` zyhnpmh ehch n` y`z`f~` pflu upiknlu `uz`e~l# epoly`u `f ohu zy`ekhu n`o z`~yõo`h { n` ohu zyhnpe~hu iìukehu `f ~hnh `o zolf`~l lf~` ol z`yzo`mknln n` ol d`f~` { lf~` ol zlukrknln n` ohu dh# ik`yfhu |p`/ ehch glu~l `f~hfe`u/ n`mlyhf gle`y l ohu `uz`epolnhy`u& Ohu zy`ekhu n` olu cl~`yklu zykclu { n`o z`~yõo`h u` kfey`c`f# ~lilf lzly`f~`c`f~` ukf oõdkel lodpfl/ `czpmlfnh lo lo}l ol kfbolekõf glek`fnh |p` ol eykuku y`lo n`ykrlnl n` ol blo~l n` eyënk~h u` ldpnk}lyl  {/ oh |p` `u z`hy/ zyhrhelfnh ol cp`y~` n` cko`u n` z`yuhflu zlyl olu eplo`u `o ehfupch n` lokc`f~hu hepzl ol cl{hy zly~` n` ol y`f~l& Zhy l|p`o ~k`czh/ `f ol zìdkfl t`i n`o N`p~ueg` Ilfa/ ehch `f ol h~yhu cpeghu ilfehu zhnãl o``yu`= ‟¸\pk`y` y`ehd`y ohu byp~hu n` pf zhukio` lpc`f~h n` ohu zy`ekhu n` ohu zyhnpe~hu ldyãeholu8 N`p~ueg` Ilfa/ ehch nku~ykipknhy/ o` zyhzhf` nhu cl# f`ylu n` i`f`bkeklyu`– 0;& [ l ehf~kfplekõf zy`u`f~lil nhu zyhnpe# ~hu bkflfek`yhu l ~ylrëu n` UKELR opw`cipydp`u`u& Flnk` zp`n` `w~ylülyu`/ zp`u/ n` |p` u` gl{l yh~h ol ~`fn`fekl  { rp`orl l lpc`f~ly `o fýc`yh n` glciyk`f~hu `f `o cpfnh& @uhu i`f`bkekhu |p` hby`eãlf ohu ilfehu ehch N`p~ueg` Ilfa zyhe`nãlf n` olu upiknlu n` ohu lokc`f~hu iìukehu n` cìu n` c`nkl gpclfknln& 0; g~~z= ((ttt&n`p~ueg`ilfea&i`(by(ehf~`f~(kfr`u~kuu`c`f~u(ntu#kfr`u~#ldykipukf`uu&g~co&

27

Ehf ~lo n` dlfly nkf`yh/ ohu ilfehu { ohu `uz`epolnhy`u zyh#  rhelyhf ol cp`y~` n` ek`f~hu n` cko`u n` z`yuhflu zhiy`u& Ukf opdly l npnlu/ { zlyl r`ydÿ`f}l n` ol gpclfknln/ `o nkf`yh `f clfhu n` `ul d`f~` cl~l/ `u up ~`yykio` lycl n` n`u~ypeekõf cl# ukrl& @u `o kfu~ypc`f~h ehf `o |p` u` `u~ì ehc`~k`fnh oh |p` `o lf# ~`ykhy y`ol~hy n` olu Flekhf`u Pfknlu zlyl ohu zyhio`clu n` ol  Lokc`f~lekõf/ `o zyhb`uhy upk}h M`lf ]k`do`y/ elokbkeõ ehf ~hnl ol yl}õf ehch ‟pf eykc`f ehf~yl ol gpclfknln& ¸\pë gkek`yhf ck`f~ylu ~lf~h olu lp~hyknln`u8 ^lo { ehch g`chu lzpf~lnh/ ol eykuku n` olu gkzh~`elu ilupyl fh zp`n` `f~`fn`yu` ukf ehfhe`y ol ehczokeknln n` ohu dhik`yfhu/ n` ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u { n` ohu dylfn`u hydlfkuchu kf~`yflekhfl# o`u& @f zykc`y opdly/ `oohu glf uknh ohu y`uzhfulio`u n` kczhf`y olu zhoã~kelu f`hoki`ylo`u |p`/ ehch kfnkelchu/ zyhrhelyhf ol n`# ykrl n` ohu elzk~lo`u glekl ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl& [ `oohu bp`yhf ohu |p` `u~lio`ek`yhf olu fhyclu { olu ehfnkekhf`u n` mp`dh |p` glf z`yck~knh |p` ohu ilfehu gl{lf g`egh oh |p` glf g`egh&  Lf~`u { npylf~` ol eykuku/ z`yclf`ek`yhf zyìe~kelc`f~` kczluk# io`u lf~` `o ey`ek`f~` yk`udh |p` ehfoo`rlilf ohu zyhe`uhu n` ~k~pok# }lekõ }lekõf/ f/ |p` |p` zy`rkl zy`rklc` c`f~ f~`` gliã gliãlf lf z`yck z`yck~k ~knh nh { zyhch zyhchrkn rknh h ehch ehch c`elfkuchu `w~ylhynkflykhu zlyl bhc`f~ly `o ey`ekck`f~h `ehfõckeh&  Lf~`u n` |p` ol eykuku `u~loolyl olu lp~hyknln`u u` b`okek~lilf cp# ~plc`f~` n` gli`y ehfu`dpknh pf uku~`cl `ehfõckeh { bkflfek`yh |p` bpfekhflyl l ol z`yb`eekõf& U` ehfdyl~polilf n` ohu `bkek`f~`u fk#  r`o`u n` upz`yrkukõf ilfelykl |p` zhukikok~lilf lo~hu fkr`o`u n` ey`# ekck`f~h `ehfõckeh/ ck`f~ylu |p` ohu lo~hu elydhu n` ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u { n`cìu lp~hyknln`u `ylf rku~hu zýiokelc`f~` ehch r`ynl# n`yhu cl`u~yhu n` up ek`fekl& Olu leln`cklu u` oo`flilf n` gloldhu {  ol kfc`ful cl{hyãl n` ohu lelnëckehu y`z`~ãl upu nhdclu ukf hky olu  rhe`u eyã~kelu |p` lnr`y~ãlf n`o z`okdyh/ ukf gle`y `o cìu cãfkch `u# bp`y}h zlyl ~yl~ly n` ehf~ylu~ly upu ~`uku/ y`zk~k`fnh zhy nh|pk`y ehch zlzldl{hu |p` ohu c`yelnhu oh y`up`or`f ~hnh { |p` zlulyl oh |p` zlulyl u`yãlf elzle`u n` dlylf~k}ly uk`czy` ol `u~likoknln bkflfek`yl& 2;

¬[ oh cloh `u |p` ol cl{hyãl n` `oohu oh ukdp`f nkek`fnh { `w# zokelfnh `f upu eolu`u ehch uk flnl gpik`yl zlulnh, Ilu~l hkyohu zlyl ehczyhilyoh& @f y`loknln/ `u~l eykuku { upu `b`e~hu uhf `o y`upo~lnh oõdkeh n` |p` ol `ehfhcãl bpfekhfl fh uhoh uhiy` ilu`u |p` ol gle`f kf`bk# ek`f~` ukfh |p`/ ln`cìu/ fh uhf n` fkfdpfl clf`yl n`cheyì~kelu  { `uh `u oh |p` gl z`yck~knh |p` olu lp~hyknln`u gl{lf uknh ly~`  { zly~` l blrhy n` ohu zhn`yhuhu { n` ohu `uz`epolnhy`u |p` glf oo`rlnh l ol `ehfhcãl cpfnklo lo n`ulu~y`& Ck`f~ylu olu fp`rlu ~`efhohdãlu bkflfek`ylu u` glf knh kc# zolf~lfnh/ { olu `f~knln`u glf knh lpc`f~lfnh up le~krknln/ ol kf# c`ful cl{hyãl n` ohu dhik`yfhu 'zly~kepolyc`f~` `o n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu+/ { n`un` op`dh ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u/ glf n`mlnh gle`y {  glf z`yck~knh h `u~lio`eknh olu ehfnkekhf`u |p` glf nlnh opdly l ol eykuku kfchikoklykl zykc`yh { l ol bkflfek`yl { `ehfõckel n`u# zpëu& Fh uli`chu uk ~hnl ol n`ileo` bkflfek`yl u` gpik`yl zyhnp# eknh h fh uk olu lp~hyknln`u gpik`ylf le~plnh n` h~yl bhycl c`fhu eõczoke` { cìu `bkel}& Z`yh oh |p` uã `u `rkn`f~` `u |p` oh |p` gl hepyyknh gl zhnknh upe`n`y dyleklu lo ehczhy~lck`f~h |p` glf  r`fknh clf~`fk`fnh { l olu fhyclu z`yckukrlu |p` glf `u~lio`eknh zlyl n`mly gle`y ehf zo`fl oki`y~ln l ohu `uz`epolnhy`u& U`dýf u` gl uliknh n`uzpëu/ Glyy{ Clyahzhohu/ `o m`b` n` kf#  r`yukhf`u n` Ylczly~ Kfr`u~c`f~ Clfld`c`f~/ pfl bkycl ykrlo n` I`yflyn O& Clnhbb n` Ihu~hf/ `u~prh fp`r` lühu n`fpfeklfnh lf~` olu lp~hyknln`u fhy~`lc`ykelflu `o bylpn` n` Clnhbb 'n`o |p` u` i`f`bkeklilf ek`f~hu n` ckoohflykhu n` ~hnh `o cpfnh+ ukf |p` o` gkek`ylf eluh lodpfh2:& Ehch gl `ueyk~h `o Zy`ckh Fhi`o n` @ehfhcãl Zlpo L& Ul# cp`ouhf ‟olu ilfelyyh~lu { olu ekëfldlu cleyh`ehfõckelu |p` upby` gh{ `o cpfnh ~k`f`f y`olekõf nky`e~l ehf ohu eglfegpoohu n` 2:

Dloo`dh/ M& { Clkooh/ M&C& ‟Ol EFCR kfr`u~kdl uk rlykhu $iyha`yu$ lo~`ylyhf `o zy`e zy `ekh kh n` ol ilfe ilfell zl zlyl yl opey opeyly lyu` u`–& –& @ocp @ocpfn fnh& h&`u `u// <7 n` Ldhu Ldhu~h ~h n` 9::7 9::7&& g~~z=((ttt&`ocpfnh g~~z=((ttt&`ocpfnh&`u(cpfnhnk &`u(cpfnhnkf`yh(9::7(:7(<7(`ehfh f`yh(9::7(:7(<7(`ehfhckl(<9<;:>97;5&g~c ckl(<9<;:>97;5&g~coo 4:

kfd`fk`yãl bkflfek`yl |p` `o lzlyl~h hbkeklo lzyhiõ ` kfeopuh `u~k# cpoõ npylf~` ol `yl n` Ipug– 2<& Ilfehu e`f~ylo`u { dhik`yfhu glf z`yck~knh ol hzleknln {  blo~l n` ~ylfuzly`fekl/ ol ey`lekõf n` zyhnpe~hu bkflfek`yhu `w~y`# clnlc`f~` lyyk`udlnhu { z`okdyhuhu zlyl ol `u~likoknln `ehfõckel/ pfl ipyipml kfchikoklykl |p` lf~`u h n`uzpëu kil l `u~looly/ ol `u# z`epolekõf ehf lokc`f~hu h zyhnpe~hu `u~yl~ëdkehu zlyl ol zyhnpe# ekõf ehch ohu `f`ydë~kehu h c`nkhlcik`f~lo`u/ ~hnh oh |p` lo ky `feln`fìfnhu` gl zyhrhelnh ol eykuku& Glf ey`lnh ehfnkekhf`u n` blo~l n` ehf~yho lodpfh uhiy` ohu chrkck`f~hu n` elzk~lo/ n` chnh |p` `o nkf`yh n` ohu bkflfek`yhu u` c`}eol ehf `o n` ohu ~`yyhyku~l ~`yyhyku~lu/ u/ zyhw`f`~lu zyhw`f`~lu dohilo`u/ dohilo`u/ ~ylbkelf~`u ~ylbkelf~`u n` nyhdl { n` lyclu/ glf z`yck~knh ol `wku~`fekl n` zlylãuhu bku# elo`u nhfn` `rln`f kczp`u~hu { `f nhfn` zy`zlylf `o lulo~h l ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu& [ o`u glf ilmlnh h `okckflnh kczp`u~hu zlyl |p` fh ~`fdlf oãck~` lodpfh l up iýu|p`nl `fb`yck}l { eykckflo n`o i`f`bkekh& Olu nhu rlylu n` c`nky& @o nkf`yh n` olu kfr`yukhf`u |p` glf zyhnpeknh olu eykuku  rk`f` n` ohu kfc`fuhu i`f`bkekhu n` ohu ilfehu/ n` olu dkdlf~`uelu zopurloãlu kfchikoklyklu/ n` ol dlflfekl kokck~lnl n` olu dylfn`u cpo~kflekhflo`u |p` glf zhnknh hi~`f`y dyleklu l |p` ohu dhik`y# fhu glf `u~lio`eknh olu ehfnkekhf`u f`e`ulyklu zlyl `ooh l ehu~l n` olu zhoã~kelu uheklo`u/ n`o dlu~h zýiokeh |p` elzk~lok}l olu `eh# fhcãlu l c`nkh zol}h/ n` ol kfr`yukõf zyhnpe~krl/ n` ol upz`yrk#  r`fekl n` cko`u n` z`|p`ühu { c`nklfhu `czy`ulykhu |p` uhf ohu |p` n` r`ynln ey`lf `czo`h { le~krknln `ehfõckel { yk|p`}l& H~yh zy`ckh Fhi`o n` @ehfhcãl/ Clpyke` Loolku/ lbkycõ |p` ol `ehfhcãl chn`yfl `u ehch pf elukfh zhy ol bhycl `f ol |p` 2<

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ol `uz`epolekõf zoldl ~hnh `o uku~`cl `ehfõckeh& Ehczyly zlyl  r`fn`y cìu elyh/ p~kok}ly nkeghu y`epyuhu zlyl rhor`y l ehczyly {  luã ln kfbkfk~pc/ lbyhf~lfnh pfhu yk`udhu ukckoly`u l ohu n` olu lzp`u~lu `f pf ikfdh& Ukf `cilydh/ gl{ pfl fh~lio` nkb`y`fekl= `f y`loknln `o yk`udh lupcknh n` bhycl `b`e~krl up`o` n`z`fn`y n` uk `y`u pfl z`yuhfl h pf ilfeh& Uk pfl z`yuhfl n`ekn` `f~yly `f pf elukfh zlyl lzhu~ly ~hnhu upu lghyyhu `f eplo|pk`yl n` ohu mp`dhu nkuzhfkio`u/ { y`upo~l |p` oh zk`yn` ~hnh/ fh ~k`f` cìu y`c`nkh |p` clyeglyu` l elul 'uk `u |p` fh ol gl lzhu~lnh ~lcikëf+ ukf flnl `f ohu ihoukoohu& N` ol ckucl bhycl/ eplfnh pfl z`yuhfl ln|pk`y` pf zyëu~lch ehf pfl `f~knln bkflfek`yl/ `u~ì hiokdlnh l n`rhor`yoh h ol lp~hyknln le# ~plyì ehf~yl ëo& Eplfnh ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u u` `fep`f~ylf ehf nkbkepo~ln`u `ehfõ# ckelu ehch `o lpc`f~h n` ohu zy`ekhu n` ohu y`epyuhu iìukehu/ n` ol  rkrk`fnl/ n` ol eph~l c`fuplo n` ol gkzh~`el/ &&&& olu lp~hyknln`u ch# f`~lyklu ckylf glekl h~yh olnh& @u cìu/ y`ehck`fnlf/ { zy`ukhflf zh# oã~kelc`f~` zlyl |p` u` ehfukdl/ |p` u` ukdl ol y`e`~l oki`ylo zhy `we`o`fe `we`o`fekl= kl= ehfd`ol ehfd`olekhf ekhf`u `u ulolyklo ulolyklo`u/ `u/ zyhrhel zyhrhelfnh fnh zëynknl zëynknluu `f `o zhn`y ln|pkuk~krh1 y`npeekhf`u n` kczp`u~hu |p` kfey`c`f~lf ol n`u# kdplonln { ol zhiy`}l1 oki`ylok}lekhf`u { zykrl~k}lekhf`u `f nkb`y`f~`u u`e~hy`u/ ehf ol zëynknl n` ik`f`u~ly |p` zp`n` ehfoo`rly zhy `m`c# zoh `f `o eluh n` ol ulfknln1 ` kfey`c`f~hu `f ol bo`wkikoknln olihylo/ ehf `o lilyl~lck`f~h n`o n`uzknh h `o lpc`f~h n` ol mhyflnl olihylo& Ukf `cilydh/ eplfnh ol eykuku gl `cz`}lnh l gle`y `u~yldhu `f~y` ohu ilfehu |p` `f ohu lühu lf~`ykhy`u r`fãlf lepcpolfnh i`f`bkekhu cpo~kckoohflykhu/ olu lp~hyknln`u chf`~lyklu u` glf zp`u~h lo`y~l { glf lepnknh zy`u~hu `f up l{pnl& Glf ehfe`nknh ol ckucl l{pnl |p` ehf ~lf~h lgãfeh fk`dlf/ mpu~kbkeìfnhu` `f ol b` n`o c`yelnh/ l ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u& Ohu ilfehu u` bp`yhf lo elukfh/ z`ynk`yhf `o nkf`yh n` upu eok`f~`u { lghyl ohu ekpnlnlfhu ~k`f`f |p` gle`y by`f~` l olu n`p# nlu { zëynknlu n` ohu ilfehu kyy`uzhfulio`u& Olu lp~hyknln`u chf`~lyklu glf upu~k~pknh ol blo~l n` ok|pkn`} n`o c`yelnh zhy kf{`eekhf`u ckoohflyklu |p` `uelfnlok}lyhf lo 49

cpfnh& @o Ilfeh E`f~ylo @pyhz`h 'IE@+/ ol kfu~k~pekõf `felydlnl n` ol d`u~kõf n` ol zhoã~kel chf`~lykl `f ol }hfl `pyh/ kf{`e~õ ;0&::: ckoohf`u n` `pyhu l ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu `o 7 n` ldhu~h n` 9::4/ oh |p` upzpuh ol lzhy~lekõf n` ok|pkn`} cìu dylfn` n` ~hnl up gku~hykl 29& @f ohu nãlu ukdpk`f~`u kf{`e~õ fp`rlu elf~knln`u cpo~kckoohflyklu |p` `f ~h~lo loelf}lyhf ohu 9::&::: ckoohf`u n` `pyhu25& Z`yh `o y`ehyn rhorkõ l il~kyoh `f nkek`ciy` n` 9::4/ ehf pfl lzhy~lekõf n` 50:&::: ckoohf`u n` `pyhu 2>& Zhy up zly~`/ ol Y`# u`yrl B`n`ylo n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu 'B@N+ kf{`e~õ cìu n` 9::&::: ck# oohf`u n` nõoly`u `o ckuch c`u |p` ehc`f}õ ol eykuku/ { {l gl `b`e~plnh nhu flekhflok}lekhf`u zlyl ulorly ohu ~ylu~hu l ohu ilfehu |p` lyyk`udlyhf n`cluklnh `o nkf`yh lm`fh 20&  [/ `f ~hnh eluh/ ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u fh glf lyy`dolnh luã `o zyhio`cl/ ukfh ~hnh oh ehf~ylykh& N` `ul bhycl/ `f y`loknln nlilf zk` l |p` u` ukdpk`yl glek`fnh oh ckuch/ n` chnh |p` ol ehf~l# ckflekõf n`o uku~`cl bkflfek`yh zyhu`dpãl { `o yk`udh u` `w~`fnãl zhy ~hnh `o zolf`~l& @f y`loknln/ ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u fh glf g`egh h~yl ehul |p` u`dpky `eglfnh o`ül lo bp`dh/ { ehfe`nk`fnh zykrk# o`dkhu uhiy` `o kfe`fnkh l ohu zkyõclfhu&  Ln`cìu/ ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo ~lcikëf y`uzlonõ olu leekhf`u n` lodpfhu ilfehu |p` `u~lilf `f zyhio`clu/ ehch `o n` I`ly U~`# lyfu& Eplfnh cìu n` 9:: `wz`y~hu n` MZ Chydlf Eglu` y`ehfhek`# y`ehfhek`# yhf u`y kfelzle`u n` eloepoly `o rlohy y`lo n` cìu n` 9:&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u `f le~krhu n`o ilolfe` n` I`ly U~`lyfu/ zhy olu 29

Ulcp`ouhf/ Z& ‟Ipug { olu le~plo`u ~hyc`f~lu bkflfek`ylu– @ozlku&`u/ 97 n` @f`yh n` 9::7& g~~z=((ttt&`ozlku&ehc(ly~kepoh(hzkfkhf(Ipug(le~plo`u(~hyc`f# ~lu(bkflfek`ylu(`oz`zkhzk(9::7:<97`oz`zkhzkX>(^`u 25 ‟@o IE@ { ol B`n ~yl~lf n` elocly l ohu c`yelnhu ehf pfl fp`rl kf{`eekõf n` ok|pkn`}–& @ocpfnh&`u/ <: n` Ldhu~h n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&`ocpfnh&`u(cpf# nhnkf`yh(9::4(:7(<:(`ehfhckl(<<7245720<&g~co 2> ‟@o IE@ { ol B`n kf{`e~lf ok|pkn`} `f ohu c`yelnhu zhy ~`ye`y nãl ehfu`ep# ~krh–& @ocpfnh&`u/ <5 n` Ldhu~h n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&`ocpfnh&`u(cpfnhnk# f`yh(9::4(:7(<5(`ehfhckl(<<72;;9075&g~co 20 Rknlo/ Y& ‟Ooprkl n` nkf`yh zlyl ol ilfel–& @oZlku&`u/ <; n` Nkek`ciy` n` 9::4& g~~z=((ttt&`ozlku&ehc(ly~kepoh(`ehfhckl(Oo g~~z=((ttt&`ozlku&ehc(ly~kepoh(`ehfhckl(Ooprkl(nkf`yh(ilfel(`oz`# prkl(nkf`yh(ilfel(`oz`# zp`eh(9::4<9<;`oz`zk`ehX;(^`u 45

n`zy`eklekhf`u |p` gliãlf upbyknh ohu ckuchu l oh olydh n` ol eyk# uku/ ol B@N lfpfekõ |p` dlylf~k}lil `o ;>% n` ohu ~ã~pohu& @f~hfe`u/  {l uã/ ohu `wz`y~hu n` MZ Chydlf u` zpuk`yhf n` lep`ynh { `o dylf ilfeh bp` r`fnknh l zy`ekh n` ulonh 22&  L{pnlu l ohu ilfehu { zolf`u n` y`uel~`& Zlyl |p` ohu ilfehu nkuzpuk`ylf n`o nkf`yh |p` fh u` zy`u# ~lilf `f~y` `oohu/ ohu dhik`yfhu { ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u ehc`f}lyhf l y`lok}ly `ulu kfc`fulu ‟kf{`eekhf`u n` ok|pkn`}–/ z`yh flnl ehf# u`dpãlf luã& Ohu eyënk~hu fh oo`dlilf l ol `ehfhcãl zyhnpe~krl& Nlnh |p` ol blo~l n` bkflfeklekõf lc`fl}lil ehf lb`e~ly np# ylc`f~` l ol `ehfhcãl y`lo/ ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u `uz`ylilf |p` ohu ilfehu/ lo ~`f`y nkf`yh upbkek`f~` `f upu ilolfe`u dyleklu l `u~hu zyëu~lchu zýiokehu/ u` nkuzpuk`ylf l zy`u~ly n` fp`rh l blckoklu {  `czy`ulu& @f pf zluh cìu `f ol ckucl oãf`l/ `o <0 n` he~piy` n` 9::7 `o Ilfeh E`f~ylo @pyhz`h n`~`yckfõ |p` zy`u~lyãl ~hnh `o nk# f`yh |p` bp`u` f`e`ulykh l olu `f~knln`u |p` oh uhokek~lu`f& Z`yh `o ldpm`yh `yl ~lf dylfn` |p` fh lyy`dolyhf flnl& Ohu ilfehu |p`iylilf pfh n`~yìu n` h~yh& Cìu ~lyn`/ zyhzpuk`yhf |p` ohu ilfehu o`u r`fnk`ylf ohu ‟le# ~krhu ~õwkehu– 'olu gkzh~`elu ilupyl |p` gliãlf knh nkbpfnk`fnh zhy ol `ehfhcãl+ z`yh fh ehfukdpk`yhf flnl zhy|p` `u~lilf nkbp# ckflnhu ckflnhu zhy ~hnh `o cpfnh cpfnh { zhy|p` uhf n` pf rlohy dkdlf~`u dkdlf~`ueh/ eh/ zyìe~kelc`f~` kczhukio` n` ehcz`fuly& @o zy`ukn`f~` n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ D`hyd` T& Ipug/ pfhu c`u`u lf~`u n` ~`yckfly up clfnl~h/ zyhzpuh pf zolf n` y`uel~` |p` ehfuku~ãl `f ol ehczyl n` ohu le~krhu ilupyl zhy zly~` n`o @u# ~lnh& @o @u~lnh ~`fnyãl ol bpfekõf n` ehczyly uõoh ohu le~krhu il# upyl zlyl ulf`ly luã ohu ilolfe`u ilfelykhu& N` `u~l bhycl `o @u~lnh u` `fn`pnl zlyl ehczyly ~ã~pohu |p` {l fh rlo`f flnl { luã y`~kyl `o yk`udh n` ohu ilolfe`u ilfelykhu/ z`yck~k`fnh l ohu ilfehu u`dpky up f`dhekh ehch uk fh gpik`yl zlulnh flnl& 22 ‟H~yl ~hyc`f~l n` kf{`eekhf`u n`o IE@ { ol B`n–& @oZlku&`u/ 2 n` U`z~k`ciy`

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@u~` zolf `yl ~lf `o`c`f~lo { ~lf eolylc`f~` hyk`f~lnh l dl# ylf~k}ly `o u~l~pu |ph ilfelykh |p` kfeopuh `o zyhzkh ehfdy`uh n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu oh y`egl}õ& Ukf `cilydh/ ol zyhbpfnk}lekõf n` ol eykuku oo`rõ l olu lp~hyknln`u `u~lnhpfkn`fu`u l ~hcly n`ekukhf`u l~ãzkelu `f ol gku~hykl n` `u` zlãu&  Luã `u ehch u` zyhnpmh ol flekhflok}lekõf zlyeklo h ehczo`~l n` olu `f~knln`u lb`e~lnlu zhy ol eykuku& Ehf `u~lu bõycpolu `o @u~lnh ln|pk`y` ~lf~h ohu n`y`eghu ehch olu hiokdlekhf`u n` olu `f~knln`u/ { u` gle` y`uzhfulio` ~lf~h n` olu dlflfeklu ehch n` olu zëynknlu& Y`lok}lnl `f chc`f~hu n` eykuku `u~l bhycl n` le~ply y`r`ol ol gkzhey`uãl |p` upzhf` `o blouh oki`ylokuch le~plo/ {l |p` rk`f` l ukdfkbkely ol lupfekõf kfc`nkl~l n` zëynknlu zhy `o @u~lnh ck`f# ~ylu |p` `f ëzhelu n` ihflf}l ohu i`f`bkekhu u` gliãlf nku~ykipknh `f~y` leekhfku~lu zykrlnhu& Ol y`loknln y`loknln `u |p` ~hnl ~hnl ol l{pnl |p` glf r`fknh r`fknh y`ekik`fnh y`ekik`fnh ohu ilfehu ol n`u~kflilf l ehcz`fuly upu zëynknlu h l olrly ol elyl n` upu ilolfe`u& Lodpfhu/ kfeopuh ol n`nkelyhf l y`zly~ky i`f`bkekhu `f~y` upu leekhfku~lu { nky`e~krhu& Glu~l `o zyhzkh Hilcl/ y`ekëf `o`dknh zy`ukn`f~`/ elokbkeõ n` ‟ukfr`ydÿ`f}lu– l ohu nky`e~krhu |p` u` nlilf up`onhu cpo~kckoohflykhu n`uzpëu n` gli`y zyhrhelnh ol eykuku eykuku { n` `u~ly y`ekik`fnh y`ekik`fnh l{pnlu l{pnlu zyhe`n`f zyhe`n`f~`u ~`u n`o ihoukooh ihoukooh n` ohu ekpnlnlfhu& Z`yh `o bopmh n` nkf`yh kf{`e~lnh `f ohu ilolfe`u n` ohu ilf# ehu fh gl uknh ~ylfub`yknh glekl olu `czy`ulu { olu blckoklu ehch `uz`ylilf olu lp~hyknln`u& ^lf~h @u~lnhu Pfknhu ehch @uzlül {  ol Pfkõf @pyhz`l glf n`u~kflnh kfd`f~`u elf~knln`u n` nkf`yh l y`uel~ly { l{pnly l olu `f~knln`u `f lzpyhu& Ukf `cilydh/ olu cpo# ~kckoohflyklu lzhy~lekhf`u n` nkf`yh zýiokeh u` glf |p`nlnh `f ohu ilolfe`u n` ohu ilfehu/ `uz`ylfnh |p` `f chc`f~hu z`hy`u zp`nlf l{pnlyo`u l uloky n` lzpyhu/ u` glf n`u~kflnh l ol ehczyl n` h~yhu ilfehu `f z`hy uk~plekõf/ h u` glf n`u~kflnh lo y`zly~h n` nkrkn`fnhu `f~y` upu leekhfku~lu { nky`e~krhu& @f @u~lnhu Pfknhu `o cpo~kckoohflykh zolf n` Zlpouhf/ u`ey`# ~lykh n`o ^`uhyh n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu/ nh~lnh ehf 4::&::: ckoohf`u 40

n` nõoly`u/ `u~ì uk`fnh p~kok}lnh zhy ohu ilfehu zlyl ehczyly h~yhu ilfehu |p` u` `fep`f~ylf `f z`hy`u ehfnkekhf`u { fh/ ehch n`# i`yãl/ zlyl elflok}ly `u` nkf`yh glekl ol `ehfhcãl y`lo& @o nkf`yh zýiokeh `u~ì uk`fnh `f `u~` eluh ol dluhokfl |p` lrkrl `o bp`dh n` ol ehcz`~`fekl `czy`ulyklo `f `o ìcik~h ilfelykh& @f @pyhzl ohu ilfehu ~lczheh `u~ìf ~ylfubkyk`fnh `o nkf`yh ehfe`nknh zhy `o Ilfeh E`f~ylo @pyhz`h 'IE@+ l ol `ehfhcãl y`lo/ ukfh |p` `u~ìf rhork`fnh l n`zhuk~lyoh `f `o zyhzkh IE@ l ol `u# z`yl n` |p` u` zy`u`f~`f ip`flu hzhy~pfknln`u zlyl `czo`lyoh `f lodýf h~yh bkf& Luã/ ol elf~knln n` nkf`yh n`zhuk~lnl zhy ohu ilfehu `f olu zly~knlu n`o IE@ n`u~kflnlu l loi`ydly ohu `we`uhu n` ok|pkn`} gl upz`ylnh ohu 9::&::: ckoohf`u n` `pyhu/ loelf}lfnh `f lodpfhu chc`f~hu ohu 5::&::: ckoohf`u& Lf~`u n` ol eykuku lz`# flu u` upz`ylil olu rlyklu n`e`flu n` ckoohf`u n` `pyhu lo nãl&  [ u` glf upe`nknh ~lcikëf `ueìfnlohu c`nkì~kehu lo uli`yu` |p` `f cpeghu eluhu olu `f~knln`u i`f`bkeklyklu glf hydlfk}lnh op# mhulu bk`u~lu zlyl e`o`iyly up y`uel~`/ n`uzkoblyylfnh dylf zly~` n` olu l{pnlu y`ekiknlu& ¸N` nõfn` ulo` `o nkf`yh zlyl y`uel~ly l ohu ilfehu8 Pfl n` olu ep`u~khf`u |p` cìu oolcl ol l~`fekõf n` ohu ekp# nlnlfhu fhyclo`u `u n` nõfn` gl uloknh { n` nõfn` `u~ìf ulok`fnh ohu ek`f~hu { ek`f~hu n` cko`u n` ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u |p` ohu ilf# ehu e`f~ylo`u { `o ~`uhyh fhy~`lc`ykelfh `u~ìf zhfk`fnh l nkuzh# ukekõf n` ohu ilfehu& Ol zy`dpf~l `u z`y~kf`f~` zhy|p` y`loc`f~` uhyzy`fn` ol cldfk~pn n`o lzh{h |p` u` n`u~kfl l ohu {l n` zhy uã cìu ykehu n`o cpfnh& [ uhyzy`fn`/ uhiy` ~hnh/ uk u` ehczlyl ehf h~ylu f`e`uk# nln`u zlyl olu |p` fpfel gl{ nkf`yh& U`dýf olu Flekhf`u Pfknlu elnl nãl |p` zlul cp`y`f loy`n`# nhy n` 0&::: fkühu n` u`n& Zlyl nly ldpl zh~lio` l ~hnh `o zolf`~l u` f`e`uk~lyãlf 59&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u '{ by`fly ol lrlykekl eyk# ckflo n` lodpflu n` olu dylfn`u cpo~kflekhflo`u/ eolyh `u~ì+& @f `o cpfnh gl{ ;90 ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu |p` zlulf glc# iy` { |pk}ì h~yhu ~lf~lu u`r`ylc`f~` n`ufp~yknlu& 42

Zlyl lelily ehf `u` nylcl ol BLH lbkycl |p` u`yãlf f`e`ul# ykhu 5:&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u& @u n`eky/ |p` zlyl |p` flnk` `f `o cpfnh cpyk`yl n` glciy` h n` u`n/ uõoh u`yãl f`e`ulykh cìu h c`fhu `o >:% n` oh |p` `o Ilfeh E`f~ylo @pyhz`h kf{`e~õ `f ohu c`yelnhu uhoh `o 9; n` u`z~k`ciy` n` 9::7& @u fhyclo |p` ohu ekpnlnlfhu u` gldlf zy`dpf~lu uhiy` `u~` lu|p`yhu lu|p`yhuh h ` kfchylo kfchylo ehf~ylu~` ehf~ylu~`&& \p` u` zy`dpf~`f zy`dpf~`f eõch `u zhukio` zhukio` |p` `o glciy` { ol u`n n` <::: ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu fh u` ehfuk# n`y` pfl eykuku upbkek`f~`c`f~` u`ykl ehch zlyl |p` ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u lzhy~`f ol bkflfeklekõf |p` zpnk`yl y`uhor`yol& [ |p` u` zy`dpf~`f n` nõfn` ulo` ~lf~ãukch nkf`yh l nkuzhukekõf n` ohu ykehu& Ol y`uzp`u~l l `u~l ýo~kcl ep`u~kõf `u eolyl { zlyl `m`czolyk# }lyol zhn`chu y`b`ykyfhu lo eluh zly~kepoly n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu& @f zykc`y opdly/ ohu y`epyuhu ulonyìf n` pf cl{hy `fn`pnl# ck`f~h `w~`ykhy n` ol `ehfhcãl `u~lnhpfkn`fu`& Zlyl `ooh ~`fnyì |p` ohdyly ehohely `f `o `w~`ykhy ihfhu { h~yhu ~ã~pohu n` n`pnl/ oh |p` `f~y` h~ylu ehulu rl l ky elciklfnh kyy`c`nklio`c`f~` `o clzl zhoã~keh { ol nku~ykipekõf n` zhn`y `f `o cpfnh& Egkfl/ Kfnkl { h~yhu zlãu`u kyìf glekëfnhu` cìu bp`y~`u/ ck`f~ylu |p` ol `ehfhcãl n` @u# ~lnhu Pfknhu u` rl l ky n`ikok~lfnh { glekëfnhu` cìu n`z`fnk`f~`& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ ohu y`epyuhu zyhe`n`yìf n` ol kczy`ukõf n` cìu nõoly`u& @u~h `u lodh |p` {l rk`f` upe`nk`fnh n` bhycl zy`c`nk~lnl lpf|p` fh u` up`o` glioly cpegh n` `ooh& @f nkek`c# iy` n` 9::0/ ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo lehynõ |p` l zly~ky n` cly}h n` 9::2 {l fh u` kil l zpiokely ol ekbyl |p` ohu `ehfhcku~lu oolclchu C5 'ol elf~knln n` nõoly`u |p` ekyepolf `f bhycl n` ikoo`~`u/ ch# f`nlu { n`zõuk~hu l ol rku~l+& Fh gle` blo~l u`y pf okfe` zlyl z`y# el~lyu` n` oh |p` gliãl n`~yìu n` `ul n`ekukõf= pf ey`ekck`f~h  r`y~kdkfhuh n` ol elf~knln n` nõoly`u `f ekyepolekõf& @u~kclekhf`u fh hbkeklo`u u`ülolf |p` C5 zluõ n` y`zy`u`f~ly lodh cìu n`o 4% n`o ZKI n` @u~lnhu Pfknhu `f mpfkh n` 9::2 lo <7% `f b`iy`yh n` 9::7 'n`un` `f~hfe`u ehc`f}õ l n`uzohclyu` r`y~kdkfhulc`f~` glu~l `o fkr`o cìu ilmh loelf}lnh n`un` <;0;/ z`yh ehch ehfu`# ep`fekl n` ol y`~kylnl n` ok|pkn`} ilfelykl |p` zyhnpmh ol eykuku+& 44

U`dýf `u~kclil pf nky`e~krh n`o Bhfnh Chf`~lykh Kf~`yfl# ekhflo uhoh `f ohu ~y`u ýo~kchu c`u`u n` 9::7/ ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo hyn`fõ kczykcky 2::&::: ckoohf`u n` nõoly`u fp`rhu& 24 Zlyl |p` `u~l bp`f~` n` hi~`fekõf n` y`epyuhu u`l rklio`/ @u# ~lnhu Pfknhu ~`fnyì |p` y`epyyky l up zhn`y kcz`yklo zlyl ehohely `f `o cpfnh pfl chf`nl elnl r`} cìu n`zy`eklnl { c`fhu rl# okhul& Ol ehfu`ep`fekl cìu |p` zy`rkukio` fh `u cp{ ldylnlio`= kfey`c`f~lyì up zy`u`fekl ckok~ly { ~yl~lyì n` zyhrhely bhehu n` kf`u~likoknln |p` mpu~kbk|p`f up zy`u`fekl zlyl lu`f~ly luã up zhn`y ehch zykc`yl zh~`fekl cpfnklo& Bkfloc`f~`/ ohu y`epyuhu zyhr`fnyìf ~lcikëf n` ohu zyhzkhu ekpnlnlfhu/ nky`e~lc`f~` `f bhycl n` kczp`u~hu h kfnky`e~lc`f~` ehch y`fpfekl l dlu~hu zýiokehu |p` y`zy`u`f~lf kfdy`uhu kfnk# y`e~hu 'ehch ol ulfknln h ol `npelekõf+ h nkb`yknhu 'ehch olu z`f# ukhf`u+& C` l~y`rh luã l zy`n`eky |p` n`f~yh n` zheh ehc`f}ly`chu l hãy `o nkuepyuh ehf~ylykh lo |p` glu~l lghyl g`chu r`fknh `uep# eglfnh& Lghyl fhu rhor`yìf l n`eky |p` ohu kczp`u~hu uhf ip`fhu/ |p` gl{ |p` ehf~ykipky `f~y` ~hnhu l ohdyly `u~likoknln `ehfõckel  { |p` ~hnhu g`chu n` lyykcly `o ghciy`& [l glf `cz`}lnh n` g`egh ehf ol n`ur`ydhf}lnl elf~kf`ol n` |p` zlyl uloky n` `u~l eykuku gl{ |p` chn`yly ohu ulolykhu& N` `ulu bp`f~`u ulonyì `o nkf`yh zlyl |p` ohu ykehu |p` glf zyhrhelnh ol eykuku ehf up ehnkekl eykckflo ulodlf n` `ool ukf n`u# z`kflyu` fk pf z`oh& Ol y`pfkõf n` Tlugkfd~hf& Ohu nkykd`f~`u n` ohu zlãu`u cìu zhn`yhuhu u` y`pfk`yhf `f  Tlugkfd~hf { `f pflu zhelu ghylu lzyhilyhf pf nhepc`f~h rldh  { n` d`f`ylok}lekhf`u `f `o |p` u` nlilf lodpfhu dhoz`u n` z`egh  { `f `o |p` bpfnlc`f~loc`f~` lehynlyhf nhu ehulu= |p` kilf l ~hcly c`nknlu `f ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu { |p` ohu dhik`yfhu 24 ‟MZChydlf lfpfekl ol ehczyl n`o ilfeh I`ly U~`lyfu

l zy`ekh n` ulonh–& @o# cpfnh&`u/ <4 n` Cly}h n` 9::7& g~~z=((ttt&`ocpfnh&`u(cpfnhnkf`yh(9::7( :5(<4(`ehfhckl(<9:04<<950&g~co

47

~`fãlf ilyyl okiy` zlyl dlu~ly oh |p` bp`u` f`e`ulykh zhy|p` ol eykuku n` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo u` gleãl {l cp{ dylr`& Z`yh `f `ul y`pfkõf fh `u~lilf ohu zlãu`u cìu lb`e~lnhu zhy ol eykuku lokc`f~lykl/ |p` `u pfl ehfu`ep`fekl nky`e~l { dylrãukcl n` ol eykuku bkflfek`yl hykdkflo/ luã ehch ~lczheh `u~ìf ohu zlãu`u |p` npylf~` ~lf~h ~k`czh u` glf rku~h hiokdlnhu l lnhz~ly c`nknlu n` oki`ylok}lekõf n` ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu l kfu~lfeklu n` olu kfu~k~pekhf`u kf~`yflekhflo`u { n` ohu zlãu`u n`ulyyhoolnhu& Fh `u# ~lilf zhy|p` up rh}/ eyã~kel zhy f`e`uknln l ol op} n` ohu y`upo~lnhu n` ohu chn`ohu `ehfõckehu kczp`u~hu/ y`upo~lyãl n`cluklnh ch# o`u~l& Uã `u~lilf/ `f elcikh/ ohu zlãu`u |p` n`un` ol nëelnl n` ohu heg`f~l gliãlf n`uy`dpolnh uku~`cì~kelc`f~` `o c`yelnh bkflf# ek`yh/ zhukikok~lfnh luã ol lzlykekõf n` ehczo`mhu kfu~ypc`f~hu bk# flfek`yhu |p` glf `u~lnh `f `o hykd`f kfc`nkl~h n` `u~l dylr` eykuku& Ohu ckuchu zlãu`u ep{hu dhik`yfhu { oãn`y`u n` hzkfkõf gl# iãlf ehfu~ypknh pf nkuepyuh kn`hoõdkeh |p` gl u`yrknh n` ehly~lnl zlyl ley`e`f~ly glu~l fkr`o`u `w~ylhynkflykhu olu yk|p`}lu n` ohu ilf|p`yhu { n` ohu cìu zpnk`f~`u/ ck`f~ylu u` gl kdfhylnh liuh# op~lc`f~` ol zy`elykl uk~plekõf n`o y`u~h n` z`yuhflu { zlãu`u& @ylf ohu ckuchu |p` glf ey`lnh ilfehu e`f~ylo`u kfn`z`f# nk`f~`u/ nh~lnhu n` pf kfc`fuh zhn`y { ukf |p` up o`dk~kcknln `clf` nky`e~lc`f~` n`o zp`ioh/ { ep{l ýfkel zy`hepzlekõf gl n`uelfulnh `f ol `u~likoknln bkflfek`yl/ ck`f~ylu |p` `f fkfdýf chc`f~h glf chrknh bkegl zlyl c`mhyly `o fkr`o n` rknl n` olu z`yuhflu& Uhf `u~hu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u ohu |p` glf uknh kfelzle`u n` le~ply zlyl `rk~ly ol eykuku { |p`/ ln`cìu/ glf bloolnh `u~y`zk~hul# c`f~` `f upu him`~krhu hbkeklo`u& Uhf ohu ckuchu |p` ehf cìu `f~pukluch glf zyhchrknh ol n`ulzlykekõf n` ohu hiu~ìepohu lo chrkck`f~h n`o elzk~lo/ { |p` fh glf kcz`nknh ol `wku~`fekl n` ohu zlylãuhu bkuelo`u/ ep{h yho `f `u~l eykuku gl y`upo~lnh `uz`ekloc`f~` n`ekukrh&  [ uhf ohu ckuchu |p` `f ohu chc`f~hu n` eykuku fh glf np# nlnh `f lepnky `f l{pnl n` ohu dylfn`u `f~ylclnhu bkflfek`yhu/ flekhflok}lfnh pflu zëynknlu |p` `ylf ol ehfu`ep`fekl oõdkel n` 4;

pflu n`uc`upylnlu dlflfeklu zlulnlu |p`/ `f elcikh/ lelilyhf `f clfhu zykrlnlu& Ol y`pfkõf n` ohu nkykd`f~`u cpfnklo`u `yl f`e`ulykl zlyl ~hcly c`nknlu/ z`yh `yl ehczo`~lc`f~` kfn`u`lio` |p` u` oo`rlyl l elih l zly~ky n` pfl ehfrhel~hykl pfkol~`ylo |p` elul cp{ clo ehf ol kf~`fekõf n`o nhepc`f~h n` lnhz~ly `f `o bp~pyh c`nknlu ilulnlu `f `o cpo~kol~`yklokuch& @o nhepc`f~h lzyhilnh `f ol y`pfkõf gliolil n` ol eykuku z`yh fh lihynlil ehf fk~kn`} fk ykdhy n` upu elpulu/ fh gle` c`f# ekõf `wzoãek~l n` upu y`uzhfulio`u/ y`uzhfulio`u/ ehfbpfn` ehfbpfn` eplfnh eplfnh fh rkfepol ol y`e`ukõf n` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo ehf ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl/ ehf ol lrlykekl n` ohu ilfehu/ ehf ol ehczokeknln n` olu lp~hyknln`u y`dpolnhylu/ n` cpeghu dhik`yfhu& @f ëo u` gliol n` y`bhycly ohu c`yelnhu { olu y`olekhf`u bk# flfek`ylu z`yh fh nl kfnkelekhf`u ehfey`~lu uhiy` ol fl~pylo`}l {  `o loelfe` n` ol y`dpolekõf { u` clf~k`f` `f zk` `o `f~ylclnh kfu# ~k~pekhflo |p` gl ehfu`f~knh { blekok~lnh `o n`ulyyhooh n` ol eykuku& Fh ey`l h c`fekhfl ol ey`lekõf n` kfu~ypc`f~hu |p` leli`f h kfeopuh |p` n`ukfe`f~kr`f olu hz`ylekhf`u o`~lo`u zlyl ol `ehfh# cãl |p` u` glf r`fknh y`lok}lfnh `f `o uku~`cl bkflfek`yh& Cìu ik`f u` okck~l l u`üloly |p` oh |p` u` n`i` gle`y `u y`dpolyolu zlyl lokrkly upu `b`e~hu uhiy` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo& @u r`ynln |p` c`fekhfl ol f`e`uknln n` `u~lio`e`y pf fp`rh clyeh zlyl ol le~krknln ilfelykl/ z`yh fh ehfey`~l fk nl zlp~lu eolylu uhiy` olu |p` n`ilf le~ply ohu y`dpolnhy`u& Y`ehfhe` |p` ol y`dpolekõf bkflfek`yl `u pf zyhio`cl n` ìcik~h dohilo z`yh ukdp` n`mlfnh `f clfhu n` ohu y`dpolnhy`u flekhflo`u ol y`uzhf# ulikoknln zykfekzlo n` zhf`yol `f clyegl& @f n`bkfk~krl/ uk`fnh ol y`bhycl n`o uku~`cl bkflfek`yl `o zyk# c`y dylf him`~krh n` ol epciy`/ `o nhepc`f~h u` okck~l l `u~lio`# e`y zykfekzkhu d`f`ylo`u |p` op`dh zhnyìf u`y kf~`yzy`~lnhu n` cpeglu bhyclu& [/ zhy ~lf~h/ upue`z~kio`u n` u`y oo`rlnhu l ol zyìe# ~kel ehf loelfe`u cp{ nkb`y`f~`u& @o nhepc`f~h gliol n` ohu `b`e~hu z`yfkekhuhu n` ol eykuku uhiy` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo { lzpf~l ol zhukikoknln n` oo`rly l elih le# 7:

~plekhf`u z`yh `f `o clyeh n` pfl ehfe`zekõf n` olu kf~`yr`fekh# f`u bkuelo`u cp{ ehfu`yrlnhyl |p`/ uk u` ukdp`f lo zk` n` ol o`~yl/ olu okck~lyìf lo ehy~h zol}h { l ~`f`y eplf~ãlu okck~lnlu `f bpfekõf n` ol zh~`fekl n` elnl `ehfhcãl& Zhy `o ehf~ylykh/ fk u` c`fekhfl ol f`e`uknln n` lehc`~`y zolf`u n` olydh loelfe` l `uelol dohilo zlyl ulorly ol n`clfnl {  zlyl |p` n` `ul bhycl zp`nlf lbyhf~lyu` olu f`e`uknln`u kful~ku# b`eglu n` ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu& @o nhepc`f~h u` okck~l l ehfukn`yly ehch him`~krhu n` ol leekõf dpi`yflc`f~lo ol y`bhycl bkflfek`yl '|p` `f ohu ~ëyckfhu `f |p` u` zolf~`l u`yì kfupbkek`f~` { okck~lnl+ { `o ey`ekck`f~h `ehfõckeh/ ukf `f~yly ~lczheh l ehfukn`yly |p` ëu~` ýo~kch him`~krh fh `u `f uã  ckuch n`u`lio`/ zhy|p` zlyl |p` oh u`l n`i` `u~ly rkfepolnh l ol c`mhy eloknln n` rknl/ l ol mpu~kekl/ l ol `bkek`fekl `f`ydë~kel/ h l ol uhu~`fkikoknln c`nkhlcik`f~lo/ { l flnl n` `ooh u` gle` y`b`y`fekl& @u ukdfkbkel~krh/ lpf|p` fh uhyzy`fn`f~`/ |p` `o nhepc`f~h fh c`fekhf c`fekhf`` fk pfl uhol uhol r`} ol zloliyl zloliyl `uz`epo `uz`epolek lekõf/ õf/ z`yh z`yh fk uk# |pk`yl olu ehfu`ep`feklu f`blu~lu n` ol zo`fl oki`y~ln n` chrk# ck`f ck`f~h ~huu n` elzk elzk~l ~loo |p` kfeo kfeopu puh h `o Ilf Ilfeh Cpfn Cpfnkl kloo ~prh ~prh |p` |p` y`ehfhe`y `f up chc`f~h& Fk gle` y`b`y`fekl l |p` `o zlz`o n` ohu `u~lnhu u` cp`u~yl elnl r`} cìu f`e`ulykh zlyl ehyy`dky ohu bloohu n`o c`yelnh/ eolyh |p` fk uk|pk`yl u` lopn` l |p` ëu~` zp`nl ~`# f`yohu& @f ehfu`ep`fekl/ { ulorh l ehy~h zol}h ehch c`nknl n` egh|p`/ `o nhepc`f~h y`fpfekl l kfu~ypc`f~hu |p` fh u`lf ohu kf~yãfu`ehu lo c`yelnh zlyl uloky n` ol eykuku { zlyl `rk~ly |p` rp`o#  rlf  rlf l nlyu` nlyu` h~ylu h~ylu `f `f oh upe`u upe`ukrh krh27& Ukf uli` uli`yy |pë gle`y le`y// ohu ohu dhik`yf k`yfh hu uhoh hoh `uz `uz`ylf `ylf |p` `uel `uelc cz` N`uzpëu n` ol y`pfkõf n` Tlugkfd~hf ohu dhik`yfhu ukdpk`# yhf ukf uli`y eõch le~ply/ |pë c`nknlu oo`rly l elih& Ol epciy`  { `o nhepc`f~h n` ehfeopukhf`u uhoh ukyrk`yhf ehch pfl `uz`ek` n` lp~hyk}lekõf lp~hyk}lekõf kczoãek~l |p` ohu dhik`yfhu dhik`yfhu u` nlf `f~y` `oohu zlyl 27 ) Ol Y`u`yrl B`n`ylo n` @@ PP `fek`fn` ol cì|pkfl n` ey`ly nkf`yh n` ol flnl)&

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|p` elnl pfh ~yl~` n` lihynly ol uk~plekõf ehch c`mhy zp`nl l ~yl#  rëu n`o ýfkeh { c`mhy y`c`nkh ehfheknh zlyl gle`y by`f~` l `u~lu uk~plekhf`u/ ol `wzlfukõf n`o dlu~h/ z`yh |p` glu~l lghyl ~hnhu gl# iãlf n`chfk}lnh& @uh gl z`yck~knh |p` ohu zlãu`u lnhz~`f c`nknlu n` `wzlf# ukõf zy`upzp`u~lykl ukf u`y elu~kdlnhu zhy `ooh { ulo~ìfnhu` l ol ~h# y`yl y`yl ~hnh ~hnhuu ohu ohu zy zykf kfek ekzk zkhu hu |p` |p` lf~` lf~`uu gliã gliãlf lf clf~ clf~`f `fkn knh h ehch ehch uleyhulf~hu zlyl mpu~kbkely ol y`npeekõf n`o dlu~h uheklo& Z`yh `o zyhio`cl u`dpkyì uk`fnh `o ckuch n` lf~`u n` ol y`p# fkõf= uk fh u` lnhz~lf c`nknlu pyd`f~`u uhiy` ol le~krknln ilfel# ykl/ n` y`dpolekõf cìu `u~yke~l n` ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu { uhiy` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo/ ol nkc`fukõf bkflfek`yl n` ol eykuku u`dpkyì lp# c`f~lfnh { `cz`hylfnh { ol y`e`ukõf n` ol `ehfhcãl y`lo kyì `f lpc`f~h { u` `w~`fn`yì kyy`ckukio`c`f~`& @u r`ynln |p` ol epciy` zpuh pfl zly~` n` ohu zyhio`clu uhiy` ol c`ul { |p` l zly~ky n` lghyl gliyì |p` lihynlyohu {l ukf y`c`nkh& Z`yh uhoh `uh/ zhy|p` ol z`yuz`e~krl n`un` ol |p` u`ül# olyhf |p` |pk`y`f gle`yoh { `o ghyk}hf~` lo |p` u` zyhzhf`f oo`dly `u bylfelc`f~` okck~lnh { bypu~ylf~`& N` g`egh/ pfhu c`u`u n`uzpëu/ n` olu c`nknlu bkflfek`ylu flnl u` uli`& Lzyhilyhf zolf`u n` dlu~h zlyl ~yl~ly n` |p` `o zlyh  { olu |pk`iylu n` `czy`ulu fh ukdlf lpc`f~lfnh z`yh ol c`mhy zyp`il n` |p` uhoh ehf `uh fh u` uhopekhflf ohu zyhio`clu |p` gl ey`lnh ol ilfel kf~`yflekhflo { ohu `uz`epolnhy`u `u |p` ukdp`f lpc`f~lfnh2;&

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KKK @O BP^PYH/ OLU LO^@YFL^KRLU ¸U`yrkyìf n` lodh olu c`nknlu n` ohu dhik`yfhu8 Pfl ehul `u~ì eolyl= ck`f~ylu fh u` epy`f olu elpulu n`o eìf# e`y ëu~` u`dpkyì lrlf}lfnh& Lghyl {l glf elãnh cpeghu ilfehu {  `u cp{ zhukio` |p` ukdlf el{`fnh cpeghu cìu/ ` kfeopuh n`uzpëu n` `oohu ohu bhfnhu n` kfr`yukõf { n` z`fukhf`u&&& Ohu zolf`u n` dlu~h ehcz`fulyìf ol zëynknl n` `czo`hu z`yh up ehu~` '|p` y`el`yì uhiy` ohu cìu nëiko`u { uhiy` olu d`f`ylekh# f`u bp~pylu+ u`yì kfc`fuh uk fh u` ek`yyl zyhf~h ol ulfdyãl&  [/ ck`f~ylu ~lf~h/ ohu ilfehu ukdp`f ukf liyky `o dykbh n` ol bk# flfeklekõf& Ohu dhik`yfhu gle`f ehch |p` u` cho`u~lf ehf `oohu z`yh l|pã zl} { n`uzpëu dohykl& @u cìu/ zlyl nhylyo` ol zãonhyl o` gle`f y`ilmlu bkuelo`u r`ydhf}hulu ` kfchylo`u l ohu ilf|p`yhu {  dylfn`u zyhzk`~lykhu/ ehch lelil n` upe`n`y `f @uzlül& Fh u` zhnyì uloky n` ol eykuku uk fh `u ehf h~yh ~kzh n` c`nknlu& ¸\pë gle`y `f~hfe`u8 Zlyl gle`y by`f~` l ol eykuku gl{ |p` ~hcly c`nknlu pyd`f~`u  { nky`e~lu zlyl `rk~ly ol ulfdyãl |p` `u~ì zyhrhelfnh ol blo~l n` bk# flfeklekõf& @o zyhio`cl `u |p` fh u` ~yl~l uhoh n` kf~`yr`fky ohu ilfehu zlyl `fmpdly upu zëynknlu { op`dh n`rhor`yohu okczkhu n` zhorh {  zlml l upu zyhzk`~lykhu& \pk`f u` bp` lo elukfh { z`ynkõ `o nkf`yh n`i` z`yn`y upu zykrko`dkhu { ~lcikëf gle`y by`f~` l ohu nlühu uheklo`u |p` gl elp# ulnh& ¸Eõch `u zhukio` |p` fh u` `u~ëf ~`fk`fnh `f ep`f~l ohu 75

`b`e~hu `w~`yfhu/ { fh {l ohu nky`e~hu/ |p` gl ey`lnh ol kyy`uzhf# ulikoknln ilfelykl8 Oh |p` lghyl u` zhf` n` `rkn`fekl `u `o ehu~` dylfnãukch n` gli`y y`fpfeklnh l ol ilfel zýiokel& Gl{ |p` y`krkfnkelyol& Z`yh ol eykuku ~lcikëf `fu`ül |p` fh ilu~l ehf |p` gl{l ilf# ehu h c`elfkuchu zýiokehu n` kf~`yr`fekõf& Oh zýiokeh fh `u `f uã ckuch oh ln`eplnh& Oh |p` gl{ |p` ohdyly `u |p` `o `uzlekh zý# iokeh/ { `f `u~` eluh `o kczy`uekfnkio` `uzlekh bkflfek`yh zýiokeh/ y`uzhfnl l pfl oõdkel nkb`y`f~` l ol n`o zykrlnh& Olu elmlu n` lgh# yyhu `uzlüholu uhf zýiokelu { `f up kfc`ful cl{hyãl fh glf g`egh ukfh eohfly ol `wz`yk`fekl { ol oõdkel ilfelykl zykrlnl& Fh `u `uh oh |p` u` f`e`uk~l&  Pfl fp`rl oõdkel bkflfek`yl bkflfek`yl kf~`yflekhflo  kf~`yflekhflo  @f fp`u~yl hzkfkõf uk n` r`ynln u` |pkuk`yl l~lmly ol eykuku {  ohu `b`e~hu n`cho`nhy`u |p` ehch `u~lchu rk`fnh zyhnpe` ol `u# z`epolekõf d`f`ylok}lnl kfeopuh l cp{ ehy~h zol}h gliyãl |p` `u# ~lio ~lio`e `e`y `y pfl fp`r fp`rll oõdk oõdkel el bkfl bkflf fek`y ek`yll lo u`yr u`yrke kekh kh n`o n`o elzk elzk~l ~loo zyhnpe~krh/ |p` `rk~` ol `uz`epolekõf { |p` `u~ë ilmh `o nky`e~h ehf~yho n` ol uhek`nln l ~ylrëu n` c`elfkuchu ~ylfuzly`f~`u { n`# cheyì~kehu& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ gliyãl |p` lpc`f~ly pyd`f~`c`f~` ol eplf~ãl n` ohu zolf`u n` dlu~h& Z`yh ~lczheh rlonyì eplo|pk`y ~kzh n` dlu~h& @u f`e`ulykh |p` u` ~yl~` n` y`epyuhu hyk`f~lnhu l ~ylfu# bhycly `o chn`oh n` ey`ekck`f~h bhy~lo`ek`fnh zlyl `ooh/ zly~kep# olyc`f~`/ ol kffhrlekõf uheklo ol bhyclekõf/ ol uhu~`fkikoknln { ol kdplonln& Ohu bhfnhu/ ln`cìu/ n`i`f `u~ly l nkuzhukekõf zy`b`y`f~` n` olu `czy`ulu |p` ey``f `czo`h { zyhepyly |p` fh u`l kfr`yukõf n`uzkoblyylnl 'ehch ol |p` `u~ìf zyhzhfk`fnh `f @uzlül lodpfhu l{pf~lck`f~hu `f `o zolf n`o dhik`yfh+&[ zlyl bkflfeklyohu/ n`i`f `u~lio`e`yu` kczp`u~hu `w~ylhynkflykhu `f ~hnhu ohu zlãu`u uhiy` olu dylfn`u bhy~pflu/ uhiy` ohu chrkck`f~hu `uz`epol~krhu { ohu i`f`# bkekhu `w~ylhynkflykhu& Z`yh `f eplo|pk`y eluh/ ol eykuku fh zhnyì y`uhor`yu` ehf c`# nknlu l `uelol flekhflo& 7>

@u `rkn`f~` |p` ol eykuku gl lb`e~lnh l olu ilu`u `u`feklo`u n` ol `ehfhcãl elzk~loku~l { mpu~lc`f~` zhy `uh zlyl uloky n` `ool {  `rk~ly |p` rp`orl l nlyu` `f `o bp~pyh kfeopuh ehf cìu bp`y}l {  n`u~ypeekõf n` r`ynln `u kczy`uekfnkio` chnkbkely olu ilu`u n`o uku~`cl `ehfõckeh { bkflfek`yh le~plo& N`udyleklnlc`f~`/ `u cp{ bìeko gle`y zyheolclu ylnkelo`u {  n`eky |p` oh |p` gle` blo~l `u upu~k~pky `o elzk~lokuch zhy `o uhekl# okuch h eplo|pk`y h~yh `ue`flykh uheklo nkb`y`f~` `f nhfn` zy`rl# o`}el ol mpu~kekl { ol `bkelekl `ehfõckel& Z`yh/ ln`cìu n` |p` `ul y`~õykel |pk}ì fh ol ehczly~l ukfh pfl zly~` cp{ z`|p`ül n` ol zhiolekõf/ ol ep`u~kõf fh `u~ykil `f n`eky |p` `uh `u oh |p` gl{ |p` gle`y ukfh `f ey`ly olu ehfnkekhf`u n` ehfek`feklekõf/ n`~`yckflekõf/ chrkok}lekõf { `czhn`ylck`f~h uheklo |p` hiokdp`f l ~hcly c`nknlu ehf h~yl hyk`f~lekõf gku~õykel& Zhy `uh oh |p` gh{ nãl lb`e~l cìu l ol ylã} n` ohu zyhio`clu uheklo`u/ oh r`ynln`ylc`f~` cìu ylnkelo/ |pk}ì fh u`l oh |p` oo`dp` cìu o`mhu r`yiloc`f~`/ ukfh oh |p` chrkoke` l cìu d`f~`u nkuzp`u# ~lu l |p` `o cpfnh u`l n` h~yl clf`yl& @f `u` u`f~knh/ `u `f `o |p` gl{ |p` zhf`y uhiy` ol c`ul n`# clfnlu uheklo`u ehch olu |p` rk`f`f zolf~`lfnh L^^LE { h~yhu chrkck`f~hu { hydlfk}lekhf`u uheklo`u& @o ehf~yho n` olu bkflf}lu { n`o zhn`y n` ohu c`yelnhu @f zykc`y opdly/ gl{ |p` y`bhycly `o u`e~hy ilfelykh { uhc`# ~`yoh l cpegh cl{hy ehf~yho zlyl dlylf~k}ly |p` bpfekhf` ýfkel# c`f~` upz`nk~lnh lnh l olu f`e`u e`uknln`u n` ol `ehf ehfhcãl y`l y`lo/ dlylf~k}lfnh ol zy`u`fekl/ ehch u` gl nkegh/ n` lczokhu `uzlekhu bkflfek`yhu zýiokehu ehf ol ln`eplnl ehhynkflekõf kf~`yflekhflo& @f u`dpfnh opdly/ gl{ |p` y`dpoly ehfek`f}pnlc`f~` ohu c`yelnhu bkflfek`yhu/ glek`fnh liuhop~lc`f~` ~ylfuzly`f~`u olu ~ylfub`y`feklu { zyhgkik`fnh olu `uz`epolekhf`u kyylekhflo`u& @u r`y# nln |p` pfl ~lul ehch ol |p` `f up nãl zyhzpuh ^hikf fh lb`e~l u`dpylc`f~` l ol oõdkel e`f~ylo n`o uku~`cl { |p` ëu~` zhnyãl u`dpky bpfekhflfnh kfeopuh ehf `ool& Z`yh/ lf~`u |p` flnl/ y`krkfnkelyol chrkok}l { ehfek`fekl {/ ln`cìu/ uk u` `u~lio`ek`yl z`yck~kyãl nku# 70

zhf`y n` y`epyuhu r`ynln`ylc`f~` eplf~khuhu zlyl/ lf~`u |p` flnl/ `rk~ly ol cp`y~` kfmpu~l n` ckoohf`u n` u`y`u gpclfhu kfh# e`f~`u { zlyl zhf`y `f clyegl zyhdylclu ehf~yl ol n`u~ypeekõf n` fp`u~yh c`nkh lcik`f~`/ `u n`eky/ zlyl ohdyly lodh |p` gh{ nãl u`yãl pfl r`ynln`yl y`rhopekõf zlyl ol upz`yrkr`fekl zolf`~lykl& ¸Leluh `u zheh8  Ln`cìu/ { ehch nkmh ^hikf/ ehc`f}lyãl l `egly ly`fl uhiy` olu rãlu n` olu bkflf}lu/ lodh zhy oh |p` ukf npnl gl{ |p` `cz`}ly zlyl zhn`y nhc`ülyolu n`o ~hnh eplf~h lf~`u&  [ zhy upzp`u~h ~lcikëf uhf kczy`uekfnkio`u h~ylu c`nknlu ehf elyìe~`y `u~ype~pylo { dohilo& Uhiy` ~hnh/ fp`rlu fhyclu |p` y`dpo`f { nkuekzokf`f olu le~krknln`u bkflfek`ylu { dlylf~ke`f ol bk# flfeklekõf zlyl ol le~krknln zyhnpe~krl& @f~y` `oolu/ ehf~yho n` ohu chrkck`f~hu n` elzk~lo/ `okckflekõf ~h~lo n` ohu zlylãuhu bkuelo`u/ `u~lio`ekck`f~h n` Kczp`u~hu kf~`yflekhflo`u/ { ey`lekõf n` kfu~k# ~pekhf`u kf~`yflekhflo`u n`cheyì~kelu&&&& Glu~l dhi`yflf~`u kfeopuh ehfu`yrlnhy`u glf ~`fknh |p` gle`y hãy up rh}/ `f helukhf`u zpf~plo`u `uh uã/ by`f~` l pf Ilfeh E`f~ylo ehf hy`m`ylu |p` gh{ nãl `u pf hiu~ìepoh eypeklo zlyl uloky n` ol eykuku { zhn`y lnhz~ly c`nknlu |p` zpnk`ylf y`olf}ly ol `u# ~likoknln { `o ey`ekck`f~h& @f bkf/ by`f~` l pfl eykuku ehczo`ml { |p` `f y`loknln `u~ì zh# fk`fnh uhiy` ol c`ul oh kfln`eplnh n`o fh uku~`cl chf`~lykh kf# ~`yflekhflo/ n` ol y`dpolekõf le~plo n` ohu bopmhu bkflfek`yhu { n`o zlz`o |p` rk`f`f n`u`cz`ülfnh ilfehu cìu zy`hepzlnhu n` upu hz`ylekhf`u `uz`epol~krlu |p` n` ol bkflfeklekõf n` ol `ehfhcãl/ ohu ilfehu e`f~ylo`u u` okck~lf l d`u~khfly ohu ~kzhu n` kf~`yëu l blrhy n` ohu dylfn`u zhu``nhy`u n` nkf`yh { l z`nky chn`ylekõf ulolyklo zlyl ohu ~ylilmlnhy`u& @u oh ýfkeh |p` zly`e` |p` uli`f n`eky& Zhy `uh ohu ekpnlnlfhu n`i`yãlf `cz`}ly l u`y ehfuek`f~`u n` |p` fh o`u ehfrk`f` `u~` yëdkc`f ilfelykh { n` |p` gl{ |p` zhf`y bkf l pf zykrko`dkh n` kfn`z`fn`fekl |p` u` `m`ye` ehf~yl ol cl{hyãl n` ol zhiolekõf& \p` fk ~k`f` bpfnlc`f~h ek`f~ãbkeh fk `f ol zyìe~kel gl n`chu~ylnh |p` ehf~ykip{l l y`uhor`y c`mhy ohu zyh# 72

io`clu `ehfõckehu& ^hnh oh ehf~ylykh/ `u zpyl kn`hohdãl ehfe`# iknl zlyl mpu~kbkely olu zhoã~kelu |p` uhoh ~`yckflf zhy nku~ykipky ol y`f~l { ol yk|p`}l cìu blrhylio`c`f~` zlyl ohu ykehu& @f ~`ye`y opdly/ gl{ |p` zhf`y uhiy` ol c`ul `o ep`u~khflio` zlz`o n`o nõoly ehch chf`nl nhckflf~` `f ol `ehfhcãl cpfnklo& Ol `ehfhcãl cpfnklo fh zp`n` u`dpky bpfekhflfnh uhiy` pf zykfekzkh |p` fh y`uzhfn` l h~yl oõdkel |p` ol n`o kcz`ykh { |p`/ zhy ~lf~h/ `u kf~yãfu`elc`f~` ehf~ylykl ehf eplo|pk`y zyhzõuk~h n` ehhynkflekõf kf~`yflekhflo/ n` n`cheyl~k}lekõf n` olu kfu~k~pekhf`u  {/ zhy upzp`u~h/ n` n`ulyyhooh `b`e~krh n` ohu zp`iohu { flekhf`u `czhiy`eknhu&  [ `f eply~h opdly `u f`e`ulykh ey`ly pf dhik`yfh cpfnklo zo`flc`f~` n`cheyì~keh/ lo`mlnh n` ohu ohiik`u { ohu dypzhu n` zhn`y le~plo`u/ |p` u`l `o `felydlnh n` ~hcly olu c`nknlu lehy# nlnlu& H~yl `ehfhcãl/ h~yhu rlohy`u { `o zhn`y `f h~ylu clfhu Oh |p` gl{ n`~yìu n` ol eykuku `u ol `uz`epolekõf bkflfek`yl |p` gl oo`dlnh l u`y dkdlf~`uel { z`okdyhuãukcl& Z`yh ohu elzk~lo`u u` glf knh {`fnh l ol `ub`yl bkflfek`yl `uz`epol~krl zhy|p` looã ~k`# f`f cìu y`f~likoknln y`ol~krl& Gl{ |p` `rk~ly |p` ol `uz`epolekõf u`l cìu y`f~lio` |p` ol le~krknln |p` ey`l yk|p`}l& Zlyl `uh gl{ |p` z`flok}ly ol `uz`epolekõf { upu i`f`bkekhu/ `w~ylhynkflykhu z`yh o`~lo`u zlyl `o y`u~h n` ol `ehfhcãl/ { gle`y |p` ohu c`yelnhu y`lo`u u`lf cìu nkfìckehu { y`f~lio`u& [ zlyl |p` `u~h ýo~kch u`l zhukio` `u f`e`ulykh |p` gl{l cpegl cìu n`# clfnl { cpegl cl{hy elzleknln n` ehczyl= gl{ |p` upiky ohu ulolykhu y`lo`u& N` g`egh/ bp` up elãnl `f ohu ýo~kchu lühu oh |p` nkuckfp{õ ol n`clfnl/ { ehf `ool olu r`f~lu/ ol zyhnpeekõf { ol y`f~likoknln& Olu c`nknlu { zhoã~kelu zhoã~kelu lo~`yfl~krlu lo~`yfl~krlu |p` lelilchu lelilchu n` u`üloly u`üloly uhf z`yb`e~lc`f~` zhukio`u { zhy upzp`u~h f`e`ulyklu z`yh fh u` zhnyìf lnhz~ly ck`f~ylu |p` `o zhn`y `u~ë `f clfhu n` ohu ilf# |p`yhu/ n` ohu dylfn`u bkflfek`yhu { n` ohu dylfn`u zyhzk`~lykhu& 74

Zlyl |p` gl{l pfl `ehfhcãl nkb`y`f~` `u f`e`ulykh |p` ohu ekpnlnlfhu ~`fdlf `o upbkek`f~` zhn`y zlyl lu`dpyly |p` upu zy`# b`y`feklu n`cheyì~kelc`f~` `wzy`ulnlu u` ehfrk`y~lf `f n`ekukh# f`u& Oh |p` gh{ nãl upe`n` `u oh ehf~ylykh= olu zy`b`y`feklu n` ohu ykehu uhf olu ýfkelu |p` oh ehfukdp`f& Ol eykuku `u~ì chu~ylfnh `o olnh kfchylo { eykckflo n` cpeglu le~krknln`u bkflfek`ylu { `ehfõckelu& Zhy ol dlflfekl u` z`yck~` ~hnh& Gl{ ikoohf`u n` `pyhu zlyl l{pnly l ohu ilfehu { fh pfhu zhehu cko`u zlyl `rk~ly |p` elnl nãl cp`ylf 90&::: z`yuhflu n` glciy`& Olu eykuku u`dpkyìf zyhnpekëfnhu` { ehf `oolu `o upbykck`f~h kff`e`ulykh n` ckoohf`u n` u`y`u gpclfhu uk fh ohdylchu |p` oh kfchylo u`l kfle`z~lio`/ uk ol ë~kel n`o y`uz`~h l ol rknl { n` ol eh# hz`ylekõf fh u` kczhf` uhiy` ol n`o i`f`bkekh& Fh upbykchu uhoh pfl eykuku `ehfõckel& Fh fhu `fdlü`chu/ `u ol eykuku n` pf uku~`cl uheklo { `ehfõckeh/ n` fp`u~yl ekrkok}lekõf/ n` pfl gpclfknln |p` u` gl z`yr`y~knh l uã ckucl uhoh zlyl |p` pfl ckfhyãl u` gly~` n` nkubyp~ly { n` dlfly nkf`yh& ^hnh `o cpfnh gliol n` ilfehu/ n` cleyh`ehfhcãl/ n` zolf`u n` y`uel~`/ n` ikoohf`u n` nõoly`u/ n` ep`f~lu ehyyk`f~`u/ n` `uz`ep# olekõf/ n` ehc`yekh |p` u` rk`f` lilmh&&& { u` `w~k`fn` ol kn`l n` |p` `u~lchu upbyk`fnh `b`e~krlc`f~` pfl n`ileo` `ehfõckel dkdlf~`uel& ^hnhu `u~ìf z`fnk`f~`u n` ohu ckfku~yhu n` `ehfhcãl { l ohu `ehfhcku~lu fhu oop`r`f olu kfrk~lekhf`u zlyl |p` ~yl~`chu n` `w# zokely oh |p` `u~ì upe`nk`fnh& Z`yh fh `u uhoh n` `ehfhcãl n` oh |p` gl{ |p` glioly& ¸Leluh `u uhoh pfl ep`u~kõf `ehfõckel |p` `f ohu lühu lf# ~`ykhy`u u` gl{l n`mlnh |p` ohu `uz`epolnhy`u cpo~kckoohflykhu zp# nk`ylf gle`y oh |p` o`u rkfk`yl `f dlfl/ |p` olu lp~hyknln`u gkek`ylf ol rku~l dhynl lf~` ohu `fdlühu { olu ~ylczlu ehf~lio`u n` ohu dylfn`u bkflfek`yhu8 ¸Leluh `u pfl c`yl ep`u~kõf `ehfõckel |p` ohu ilf|p`yhu u`lf zyìe~kelc`f~` kczpf`u/ |p` fh ~`fdlf |p` y`uzhfn`y zhy upu ehczhy~lck`f~hu lrlykekhuhu8 ¸Leluh ol lzp`u~l zhy pf chn`oh `ehfõckeh ilulnh `f ol `uz`epolekõf kfchikoklykl { `f `o `fn`pnlck`f~h ~`o`nkykdknh/ `f 77

`o `czo`h zy`elykh n` ckoohf`u n` z`yuhflu { `f ol epluk `ueolrk~pn n` cko`u n` kfckdylf~`u `u pfl n`ekukõf uholc`f~` `ehfõckel8 ¸Lodpk`f ey`` n` r`ylu |p` `o n`nkely ikoohf`u l lzh{ly l ohu ilfehu |p` glf zyhrhelnh ol eykuku { f`dlyu` l bkflfekly ol opegl ehf~yl `o glciy` glciy` |p` `oohu `oohu ckuchu ckuchu zyhrhelf `u pf lupf~h lupf~h ukczo`# ukczo`# c`f~` `ehfõckeh8 Ey`` Ey``ch chuu |p` |p` fh& Ol lp~ëf~ lp~ëf~kel kel n`ileo n`ileo`` ~k`f ~k`f`` |p` |p` r`y r`y ehf fp`u~yhu zykfekzkhu/ ehf `o kfchylo hyn`f n` zy`b`y`feklu |p` gh{  nãl zy`rlo`e` `f fp`u~ylu uhek`nln`u& Fh `u uholc`f~` l ohu c`elfkuchu `ehfõckehu l oh |p` gl{  |p` ckyly ukfh l ohu zykfekzkhu ë~kehu/ l ohu kczpouhu |p` dpãlf ol le~plekõf n` ohu zhn`yhuhu/ n` ohu dhi`yflf~`u { n`o ehfmpf~h n` ohu ekpnlnlfhu& [ lo zhn`y ~lf n`ukdplo |p` gl{ n`~yìu n` elnl pfh& Ohu zykc`yhu u` oh |pk`y`f oo`rly ~hnh/ ohu u`dpfnhu ohu n`mlf gle`y { pfl kfc`ful cl{hyãl n` ol d`f~` dplynl uko`fekh ck`f~ylu ~lf~h& @ul `u ol eykuku/ ol n`o yhih/ ol n` ol ehczokeknln { ol n` ol up# ckukõf { `o uko`fekh& Zlyl gle`yo` by`f~` gl{ |p` `cz`}ly/ zp`u/ zhy lfkcly { l{p# nly l |p` ohu ekpnlnlfhu o`rlf~`f up rh} { o` nkdlf l ohu zhn`yh# uhu |p` glu~l l|pã g`chu oo`dlnh&

7;

Nl~hu n`o lp~hy

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