INTELIGENSI Ayu Riana Sari, M.Si, Psi
DAVID WECHSLER “Global
capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.”
PENGERTIAN INTELIGENSI
• Berdasarkan teknik statistik – analisa faktor • Permasalahan : - Metode berbeda menghasilkan faktor yg berbeda - Melibatkan sejumlah penilaian subjektif
G-FACTOR THEORY • Psikolog Inggris : Charles Spearman • Menurut Spearman sejumlah tugas kognitif dan pengukuran intelektual cenderung berkorelasi satu sama lain • Satu faktor umum : G (general) dimiliki oleh berbagai tes • Inteligensi dapat dijumlahkan menjadi satu nilai : IQ
A. TEORI FAKTOR - INTELIGENSI
• 1904, Stanford Binet developed intelligence test • Binet developed the concept of mental age (MA) , which is an individual’s level of mental development relative to that of others • German psychologist : William Stern devised the term intelligence quotient (IQ) in 1912. • IQ = (MA/CA) × 100
IQ ?
TEORI MULTI FAKTOR • Tokoh : - L.L Thurstone - J.P Guilford • Inteligensi memiliki beberapa komponen • Sejumlah kelompok tes cenderung memiliki korelasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tes yg lain.
TEORI HIRARKI • Kombinasi G-FACTOR THEORY dan TEORI MULTI FAKTOR • Inteligensi digambarkan sbg piramida : Puncack : G-Factor, dibawahnya faktor-faktor ability yg semakin spesifik (SFactor)
• Fokus pada proses intelektual : pola berpikir yg digunakan ketika seseorang bernalar dan memecahkan masalah. • Fokus pada perkembangan proses intelektual – sejalan dengan kematangan seseorang • Inteligensi = kognisi / proses kognitif
TEORI PIAGET • Jean Piaget : inteligensi dianggap sbg proses adaptif yg melibatkan keterkaitan antara kematangan biologis dan interaksi dengan lingkungan.
B. TEORI ORIENTASI PROSES
• Robert J. Sternberg developed the triarchic theory of intelligence , which says that intelligence comes in multiple (specifically, three) forms. These forms are : ■ Analytical intelligence: The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast. ■ Creative intelligence: The ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine. ■ Practical intelligence: The ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
Multiple Intelligence
Howard Gardner suggests there are nine types of intelligence, or “frames of mind.” These are described here, with examples of the types of vocations in which they are reflected as strengths: ■ Verbal: The ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Occupations: author, journalist, speaker. ■ Mathematical: The ability to carry out mathematical operations. Occupations: scientist, engineer, accountant. ■ Spatial: The ability to think three-dimensionally. Occupations: architect, artist,sailor. ■ Bodily-kinesthetic: The ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept.Occupations: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete. ■ Musical: The ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. Occupations: composer, musician. ■ Interpersonal: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Occupations: teacher, mental health professional. ■ Intrapersonal: The ability to understand oneself. Occupations: theologian, psychologist. ■ Naturalist: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. Occupations: farmer, botanist, ecologist, landscaper. ■ Existentialist: The ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality.
