LINGUISTIC INNOVATIONS IN THE JEJEMON PHENOMENON _______________________________________
A Final paper For the fulfillment of the requirements For the course LING 205N Sociolinguistics
By Cacha, Sweet Kristel N. Tubac, Angelo O.
May 2010
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Language changes constantly. The way we communicate to express our ideas and thoughts is evolving with time. At this modern era, people convey their message through different media and in different forms. Recent technological improvements pave the way for language innovation. One of which is the computer – mediated communication.
Comp Comput uter er
–
Medi Mediat ated ed
Comm Commun unic icat atio ion n
(CMC (CMC) )
is
defi define ned d
as
any any
communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more netw networ orke ked d
comp comput uter ers. s.
exchange,
and
tele teleco comm mmun unic icat atio ions ns facilitate
It
is
the the
perceive syst system em
encoding,
proc proces ess s
by
whic which h
information (or (or
using
nonnon-ne netw twor orke ked d
transmitting
and
peop people le
make make, ,
networked
comp comput uter ers) s)
decoding
that that
messages.
(http://www.december.com/cmc/study/center.html )
Technology
often
enhances
and
reflects
rather
than
precipitating linguistic and social language. (Taglimonte and Denis 2008) 08)
Tiemp empo
(200 2006)
als also
poin oints
out out
that
the
fast
growth
of
technology has brought many changes in the language of the people. Communication which occurs within a computer-mediated format has an effect effect on many many differ different ent aspects aspects of an interac interactio tion. n.
Facebook, a
social network site, allows individuals to present themselves, and esta establ blis ish h
or
main mainta tain in
conn connec ecti tion ons s
with with
othe others rs. .
It
also also
give gives s
opportunities for users to express themselves innovatively. One of the noticeable language innovations is the jejemon phenomenon, which most Facebook users employ.
Many people in the online communities in the Philippines are experiencing
the
phenomena.
jejemon
According
to
the
UrbanDictionary.com, a jejemon is someone who has managed to subvert the English language to the point of incomprehensibility. It is a term to describe those
individuals
language and written text. generation) Facebook,
of
have
who
their
own
As a result, users (mostly the younger
computer-mediated been
have developed
influenced
communication,
by
the
widespread
particularly use
of
these
occurrences although there have been different responses to this kind of phenomenon. The jejemon phenomena have varying impact on the way users of Facebook interact with one another.
It is the interest
of the researchers to further understand this phenomenon since it has
been
printed
in
the
national
newspapers,
reported
in
the
national television network, and the Department of Education has expressed their disapproval to this phenomenon, however, this type of writing has been very popular to the younger generation . Thus, this study is conducted to examine the morphological transformations employed by the users of the jejemon phenomena and to describe the patterns depicted in these jejemon style of writings.
Theoretical Background
Developments in electronic instrumentation and computer science have already altered the way we look at the language (Crystal,1995). The
electronic
delivering technology,
age
messages.
has
changed
our
Consequently,
opportunities
for
ways
due
linguistic
to
of
transmitting
the
advancement
innovations
have
and of
become
possible. Yates (1996), as mentioned in Gao (2008), says that a new medium of communication such as the Internet does not only draw upon existing practice.
linguistic
practices,
but
also
generates
new
forms
of
Tagliamonte and Denis‘s (2008) study on Computer – Mediated Communication (CMC) points out that CMC language is on the forefront of linguistic change and ongoing processes of linguistic changes are currently under way in the speech community in which teenagers live.
Teenagers
use
among
themselves
these
ongoing
linguistic
processes especially in computer-mediated communication format. As one form of CMC format, Facebook is an example of a growing number of websites dedicated to social networking. This combines several available
channels
private one-to-one
for
interacting
with
other
messages, bulletin board
users,
including
messages, blogs, and
public, or private profile pages, which can include text, images, videos,
and
sounds.
is
Facebook
a
medium
for
interaction
which
allows users (mostly teenagers) to be dynamic, vivid and creative especially in the use of language.
In
today’s
era
of
advancements,
communication
is
mediated
through technology. Certain transformations in the use of language are inevitable and can occur due to the limitations of the medium of interaction.
One
example
is
texting,
a
type
of
short
messaging
service in which each text message is limited to 160 characters. As a
result,
an "SMS language"
has
been developed
where
words
are
shortened in order to fit the 160-character limit. This manner of communicating is also prevalent in social websites such as
Facebook.
The changes of the language use by the younger generations are noticeable not only in the way they speak but also in their written communication. advancements language
and
Teenagers,
such such
as
the
who
are
more
internet,
innovations
are
exposed
create accepted
to
technological
innovations
in
their
and
by
their
shared
speech community. These linguistic innovations are usually prompted by the use of CMC, in this study, the use of Facebook. According to Tecson (2008) “transformations may result in language styles”. These
transformations are
evident in the
language
used by the
jejemon
extremist.
One
among
the
many
innovations
in
language
styles
is
the
jejemon style of writing . Jejemon is defined by Urban Dictionary as
one who has managed to subvert the English language to the point of incomprehensibility and who has developed their own language and written text. This jejemon phenomenon is a style of writing shared among
many
teenagers
in
some
social
networks
like
Facebook,
mutilply.com, and etc.
In
Facebook,
different walls
the
of the
style
jejemon Facebook
is
often
users, where
visible
in
the
they made comments
about the post of their friends and usually this will lead into a thread of conversation.
The
Jejemon
multiple.com
phenomenon
accounts
began in
from
the
different
different
users.
Facebook
Consequently,
and it
captured the attention of many on April 14, 2010 when an internet post showing a fake poster of Binay labeled as “Jejemon Binay”. The post indicated that he was the Jejemon's preferred vice presidential candidate. Later the use of word Jejemon to refer such people made rounds in various Filipino internet message boards .
The
jejemon
typing through Jejemons,
style
the
of
writing
originated
short messaging service .
called Jejenese, is derived from
from
The
short-handed
language of the
English, Filipino
and
their code-switched variant Taglish. Their alphabet, Jejebet, uses the Roman alphabet, including the Arabic numerals and other special characters.
Words
are
created
by
rearranged
letters
in
a
word,
alternating capitalization , over-usage of the letters H, X or Z and mixture
of
numeric
characters
and
our
normal
alphabet
(wikepedia.com).
Such
stylistic
expressions
may
involve
morphological transformations.
According to Tecson (2008), morphological transformations are the changes that a word undergoes. One morphological transformation is clipping and novel spelling which is the dropping of sounds and replacement of letters is with sounds similar to those that are deleted. (e.g.
pasenxa ‘pasensya’ ,ndi ‘hindi’) Next is
the letter
+ numbers to represent words which is the changing of some of the
characters
of
a
word
with
the
use
of
letters
(e.g.h8‘hate’, and2 ‘nandito’) Another modification
and
numbers.
is phonological
substitution which is the use of graphemes to represent fricatives
“x” and “c” and closely similar to clipping and novel spelling. In addition, transformation can also include omission or shortening of an entire word or words.
Formulaic
expressions are
a feature in
which the style of one’s writing is determined on how one can turn an expression into a more stylish way. The shorter the expressions are
made,
the
more stylish
the
writer is (e.g
nmn
‘naman’,
aQ
‘ako’)Emoticons are also included in which non-words or symbols are used to communicate meanings, e.g “:) for a smiling face or a
sad
face.
They
are
used
to
convey
one’s
feelings.
:( for
Moreover,
morphological transformations are not only restricted with the use of
words
and
punctuation
letters
marks.
The
but
also
overuse
with of
the
unconventional
punctuation
marks
is
use
of
used
to
emphasize intensity of feeling of the user. (e.g. y U mAke me fil xo gAga
Ba
wiD
yaH..!!!???!!
)
Although
the
multiple
uses
of
punctuation marks are considered unusual, the use of period is not. Ellipsis is the use of the period three times within or after the
sentence. It is used for the omission from an expression of a word clearly implied, a pause, or marks to show omission.
Crystal (2001) as cited in Claros(2009) asserts that new forms of communication have triggered an evolution in concepts such as a
spoken
and
written
communication
language.
communities
popularity.
These
environment
for
social
friends
have
in
networks to
and
Facebook
recent not
communicate
years
only no
other
exploded
create
matter
mediated
a
the
in
virtual time
or
physical location but also pave the way for linguistic innovations to take place.
Statement of the Problem
This study intends to describe and analyze the phenomenon of Jejemon in different Facebook accounts. Specifically,
the
study
seeks
to
answer
the
following
questions:
1. What types of morphological transformation are found in the selected
computer
–
mediated
communication
as
mentioned
by
Tecson (2008)?
a. clipping and novel spelling b. letters + numbers to represent words c. phonological substitution d. emoticons/ emotext e. formulaic expressions f. ellipsis
2.
What are writings?
the
noticeable patterns in the
jejemon
style
of
Significance of the Study
This study would be beneficial to the following:
To
areas
the
students
who
of language study
major in Applied that may
acquire
Linguistics and
other
data done locally
for
future studies concerning language innovations.
To the teachers that they may become aware of the effects of
jejemon
to the
characteristics of spoken and written
aspects
of
communication and also its educational implications
To the future researchers that they may realize and appreciate
that features of such language transformation may make way to new ideas for future studies that may further expand the studies made on CMC.
To the linguists whose studies are focused language innovations
and various sociolects, that they may find relevance or difference of their study to this study.
Limitations of the study
This study is conducted for only a very limited length of time, because of time constraints only 12 posts were collected to identify the morphological transformations and the patterns prevalent in the phenomenon.
The conclusions made are only isolated to the context of this study. Other generalizations may not be suitable to conclude for the entire attributes of the jejemon phenomenon.
Research Methodology
This study is qualitative in nature. It aims to describe and analyze
the
morphological
patterns
in the
jejemon
transformations
and
the
noticeable
style of writings in different
Facebook
accounts. The researchers conducted the study by identifying the occurrences in the different
jejemon
Facebook accounts. After the
occurrences were identified, the corpuses were analyzed according to the morphological transformations and the noticeable patterns in the jejemon style of writings.
Research Data Twelve posts of jejemon phrases in different Facebook accounts are used as the corpus of the study.
Research Procedure
Gathering of Data. The researchers looked into the different walls of different
Facebook
Twelve
were
posts
users to identify the
seen.
These
posts
were
jejemon
analyzed
occurrences. in
order
to
identify the different morphological transformations like clipping and
novel
spelling,
phonological expressions, patterns
letters
substitution,
+
analysis,
the
frequency
and
jejemon
to
emoticons/
ellipsis, and other
of the
numbers
word
emotext,
formations.
words,
formulaic
The noticeable
writing were also considered. After
data gathered were tabulated the
represent
percentage
of
the
total
in order
to get
occurrences
of
the the the
identified morphological transformation. Textual analysis was also done to further explain the noticeable patterns of jejemon writings.
Treatment of Data. The data gathered are classified and categorized according to its morphological transformation category. The data was tabulated in order to get the frequency and the percentage of the
occurrences of the morphological transformations. An analysis was also
done
to
explain
the
noticeable
patterns
of
the
jejemon
phenomenon.
DEFINITION OF TERMS Jejemon phenomenon is defined in this study as young people who are
part of the subculture, deliberately exaggerate ordinary words by adding or subtracting letters, by using a mixture of capitalized and not capitalized letters in words, and even adding numbers. Facebook is
a social networking website launched in February 2004
and operated and privately owned by
Facebook,
Inc. Users can add
friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by workplace, school, or college. The website's name stems from the colloquial name of books given to students at the start of the academic year by university administrations in the US with the intention of helping students to get to know each other better.
Anyone
over
the
age
of
13
can
become
a
Facebook
user
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook )
Capitalization
in this study refers to the writing of a word as
a majuscule (upper-case letter).
Unconventional use of letters is the exaggerated and extravagant use
of letters to the extent that it will draw confusion to the readers, especially those who do not belong to the same sub-culture.
CHAPTER 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This
study
aims
to
describe
and
analyze
the
linguistic
features, specifically, morphological transformations from different accounts.
Facebook
This
chapter
deals
with
the
presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data based on the results collected on
the morphological transformations and the noticeable patterns
found
in
features
the
jejemon
of the
phenomenon.
jejemon
style
In
addition,
of writing
–
other
prevalent
jejenese,
were also
described.
Table 1. Over-all Morphological Transformations
Morphological Transformation Clipping and Novel Words Letters and Numbers to Represent Words Phonological Substitution Emoticons / Emotext Formulaic Expressions Ellipsis
Frequency 35 10 11 2 0 39
Percent (%) 36.08% 10.31% 11.34% 2.06% 0 40.21%
Total
97
100 %
As
shown
in
Table
1,
the
ellipsis
received
the
highest
percentage of 40.21% wherein it is used to denote an unfinished statement, to indicate deleted material, and to mark hesitation. On the other hand, the formulaic expression which is used to emphasize the content words was not seen in any of the 12 corpuses.
Clipping and Novel Words
Occurrences of clipping and use of novel words are frequently used in the data. This type was often employed for the convenience on the part of the users. Clipping was characterized by the omission of some letters, usually vowels. Although the words were shorter, they
can
still
be
understood
when
read.
Novel
words
were
characterized by replacement of letters with sounds to those that are deleted. Tiempo (2006) and Tecson (2008) pointed out that these features were used for time saving reasons. E.g. 1. "dont lyk pipol hu r very: PLASTIKS, pa EPAL, LIARS and anything na mga BAD ATTITUDE 2. pra wlng awai eh di wlang paki alamanan !! 3. gS2 p0wh nMiNG luMbz sA amInG Outer shelL P0wh ~ We wnT 2 reVeal ~ 2 D world HU WE wnt 2 BE ~ P0wh.
Letters and Numbers to Represent Words Another feature evident in the data was the use of numbers and letters to represent words. There were no specific factors that were found to justify the use of such features. This was normally done to come up with a speedy and easy way of relaying the message. Letters and numbers were usually substitutes for words that have similar sounds. E.g. 1. teaqa aa|Lisz atou d2 mena weak and2 auco tsa mena weak 2. it'S harD 2 piCk uP d piEceS oF my liFe…. veRy complicated 3. like hu r vry gud.... (Huh? Who?)!!! "and if u want me to ur friend, jaz aDD me uP"
Phonological Substitution
Phonological
substitution
which
is
the
use
of
graphemes
to
represent similar sounding letter/s is also noticeable in the data. This feature is similar to clipping and novel spelling. In order to save time, Facebook users minimize the usage of excessive use of words by simply substituting the words that can be represented by a single sound symbol. E.g. 1. psenxa na ha !! qng maxadong OVER an JEJEMON !!.. TAMAAA ! c kua LUCKY...
2. xkul,,den s outside n,,eh care nio jejemon na an gagamitin qchu 3. "dont lyk pipol hu r very: PLASTIKS, pa EPAL, LIARS and anything na mga BAD ATTITUDE
Emoticon Emoticon is used to convey one’s feelings with the use of nonwords or symbols. This was not frequently used in the data. Since facebook
users
cannot
talk
face-to-face
on
the
internet,
using
emoticons or special symbols to describe one’s feeling and facial expression
is
essential
and
preferred
for
expressing
communication and the mood of the participant. For this case,
the :P was
used to tease and :) , to express a happy mood. E.g. 11
maluluxaw nua laat nan mena anti-jejemon/jejebuster
!!hmp!!WTF
!!:P 2. i pRoTeCT my fRieNdS...aNd pRoTeCt YoUrs :)
Formulaic Expresssions Formulaic Expressions occur when function words are dropped to give more importance to content words. In this study, there were no observable occurrences of formulaic expression that took place.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the repetitive use of period. This feature is the most used in the data. Hacker(2003)as cited in Raclaw(2006) in his study
on
Ellipsis
as
a
Discourse
Marker
in
Computer-Mediated
Communication, pointed out that speakers made use of the ellipsis in
ways
that
indicate
went
beyond
deleted
its
traditional
material,
to
mark
uses
within
hesitation,
writing:
or
to
to
suggest
unfinished thoughts. Ellipsis is also used as a conjoining marker and as a pragmatic marker to separate textual play (Raclaw, 2006) as in the case of this study. E.g. 1. YoU MuZ ReMEmBeR eVeRYtHinGs hAs a reasons ... DoNt ! DArE mE COz YoU DoNt knOw wHaT CaN I dO 2. it'S harD 2 piCk uP d piEceS oF my liFe…. veRy comPlicaTed ... buT noT noW..
4. mild jejemon lharn aman an gmit qchu !!...kk??
JEJENESE
The
language
of
the
Jejemons,
called
Jejenese,
from English, Filipino and
their code-switched
Their
uses
alphabet,
Jejebet,
the Roman
is
derived
variant Taglish.
alphabet,
including
the Arabic numerals and other special characters. Words are created by re-arranging letters in a word, alternating capitalization , overusage of the letters and mixture of numeric characters and our Roman alphabet (wikipedia.com) The data consisted of words that do not follow the conventional style of writing. The following are the observed characteristics of jejenese:
1. Insertion of unnecessary numbers and letters It was observed all through out the corpus that inserted
unnecessary
numbers
and
letters
in
jejemons
writing
their
posts. These insertions made the words very complicated and no explicit
pattern
as
numbers and letters.
to
the
definite
position
of
inserted
a. phfue
or
p0w
‘po’
b. aqchu
or aq0uh ‘ako’
c. mHEii
‘me’
2. Unique orthography based on how the words sound One of the distinctive characteristics of unique approach to characters, letters
letters
in a
word.
jejenese is its
orthography, using substitutions of other or The
otherwise, use
to
represent a
of letters
and
letter
numbers
or
closely
resemble (to varying degrees) the sound for which they stand. In this case, “hello” is spelled as
eHyUoew or in other cases
“eow” and a variety of similar-sounding derivatives.
a. eHyUoeW fPuoEh .. qCkEimUsXztUaH qCkeYuOeh???? ‘hello po... kamusta na kayo?’ b. PhAtTtii AhcKQeOWh nHaAHhhAaWhAhH.....!
ShH3EehtTh…! ‘ pati ako nawawal….. Shit…!’ c.
sVi qEw nAMn.. mAdAnDa aqEw ‘sabi ko naman..maganda ako’
3. Unconventional use of punctuations Punctuations like question marks and exclamation points were the ones used in an exaggerated manner. They were used to express emotions and/or emphasis. a.
psenxa na ha !! qng maxadong OVER an JEJEMON !!.. TAMAAA ! kua LUCKY... ahm...pra wlng awai eh di wlang paki alamanan !! cguro nmn naiintindihan nio an type quh ??!!... b.
eHyUoeW fPuoEh ..qCkEimUsXztUaHqCkeYuOeh ????
4. Numbers to substitute letters Replacement
of
letters
with
numbers
is
distinct
to
jejenese. Jejemons tend to substitute letters with numbers that relatively look similar. In this case, letter A to number 4 and letter E to number 3. a. bzt4h b. aj3j3j3 . c. g34hin
‘basta’ ‘ajejeje’ ‘gayahin’
5. Alternate use of lower and upper case The combination of the lower and upper case letters is another
characteristic
particular
pattern
as
of
a
to the
jejenese. use
of the
There lower
was and
no upper
case letters.
a. WE
wnT 2 BE~ P0wh. A nD becaUSE Of tHIZ,~ 0L D~
eJEm0nZ Came AWTz 2 P0whz. i SNT iT gREaT, 0THEr J n0h? b. c.
A W NO2p A d aQ m artE!(p e rA LnG iF ti k aQ!) psenxa na ha !! qng maxadong OVER an JEJEMON !!.. TAMAAA ! c kua LUCKY...
6. Use of onomatopoeic lexis/emotional language Most of the emotional language of the jejenese comes from “jeje”, the Spanish spelling of “hehe”, denoting laughter. The “hmp!” indicated irritation or annoyance and lastly “ajujuju” indicating fake sadness or tears due to the smiley face that comes after it.
a. tnx pfowh jejeje b. maluluxaw nua laat nan mena antijejemon/jejebuster !! hmp!!WTF !!:P c. ajujuju :)
7. Lengthening of vowels and consonants The lengthening of letters also illustrated emphasis. It could represent sustained utterance of the speaker in order to catch the hearer’s attention. α. TAMAAA ! c kua LUCKY... β . Ayuneeeee! Ops, wala akong sinabi...! χ . Tsssssssss. Kayo ang nagpapababa ng kahulugan ng
pagiging rocker
8. Substitution of spelling
Jejemons change the spelling as long as it looks like the original word; so the lines and loops of letters and numbers are exploited. It is usually employed for aesthetic appeal.
a. maq b. q umaq ayhat c. waq
Aside
from the
‘mag’ ‘gumagaya’ ‘wag’
previously
stated
attributes which
were
also stated in the prior studies of Tecson (2008), there were eight
observed
characteristics
which
are identified in
this
study. These eight characteristics made the jejemon phenomenon distinctive from the rest of the other styles of writing that had emerged. This leads to the relentless popularity of jejemon in the different schools.
CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter summarizes the findings gathered in the study, the conclusions drawn from the findings and recommendations based on the results relevant to this study. Likewise, this study might serve as a useful tool for future researchers whose field of concentration is of similar nature. Summary of Findings The
purpose
of this study
was
to describe and
analyze
the
phenomenon of Jejemon in different Facebook accounts. Specifically, the
study
(Tecson
determines
2008),
and
the
other
different features
morphological distinct
to
transformation jejenese
–
the
language of jejemon.
The morphological transformations included in the study were: a. clipping words;
and
c.
novel
spelling;
phonological
b.
letters
substitution;
d.
+
numbers
emoticons/
to
represent
emotext;
e.
formulaic expressions and f. ellipsis.
Distinct features of jejenese were also evident in the data. These were:
a. Insertion of unnecessary
numbers and
letters; b.
Unique orthography based on how words sound; c. Unconventional use of punctuations; d. Numbers to substitute letters; e. Alternate use of
the
lower
and
upper
case
letters;
f.
Use
of
onomatopoeic
lexis/emotional language; g. Lengthening of vowels and consonants and lastly, h. Substitution of spelling.
Based on the gathered data, the researchers came up with the following findings:
The
various
morphological
transformations
linguistic innovations that existed in the linguistic
features
demonstrated
were
illustrated
Most of the
jejenese.
employed
to
the
convey
one’s
emotion, to catch attention; or to express creative flare. These morphological
transformations
did
not
show
any
time-saving
techniques unlike the SMS language- where the manner of
jejenese
writing originated. Unlike texters who found it tiring to compose complete words and found it easier to shorten their text, jejemons do
otherwise.
Jejemon
writing
–
jejenese,
is
characterized
by
addition, insertion and, exaggeration of the use of the characters.
Other linguistic features, which dominated in the data, are distinct to the jejenese. They are distinguished solely by the way jejemons (users of jejenese) construct written words and sentences. Jejenese is characterized by exaggerated aesthetics incorporated in
textual representation.
Conclusion
Based
on
the
findings
of
the
study,
the
following
generalizations may be stated:
The Morphological Transformation evident in
jejenese were not
necessarily employed to provide convenient facility of the language. In fact, the
jejemon
language has no defined rules or patterns.
There are countless ways to spell words and sentences—breaking them apart, compounding them, mixing English and Filipino.
Because
of
insufficient
knowledge
on
the
phenomenon,
the
parameters to be considered a jejemon are still unclear. The common notion about jejemons is that they are inferior in intelligence. However,
the
Manila
Standard
Today online
article
by
Ed
Biado
pointed
out
expressed
in
that
,contrary
to
some
urbandictionary.com,
beliefs, are
jejemons
especially not
of
those
inferior
intellect (“... jejemons are individuals with low IQ...”). They exist in exclusive schools, science high schools and some of them are even on the honor roll. However, there are many like the English teachers, who believe that indulging in
jejemonism impairs the youth’s language skills,
especially when used repeatedly in extensive amounts. The rapid development of Internet communication has created a huge impact on the language. Nevertheless, Gao (2007) pointed out that when the society changes, language mirrors the reality of that society that will also undergo transformation.
Recommendation These are the researchers’ recommendations based on the study conducted: 1.
Future researchers can contemplate and do further research on
other
linguistic
innovation
phenomena
evident
in
computer-mediated communication.
2.
There
should
also
be
an
avenue
for
research
on
other
networking sites (another research environment).
3.
Interested
researcher
of
Jejemon
phenomena
may
also
consider a large number of corpuses in order to further understand the other features, especially those that were not found in this study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biado.E. The jejemon phenomenon. Retrieved May 25, 2010 from Manila
Standard Website. http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideLifestyle.htm? f=2010/april/30/lifestyle4.isx&d=2010/april/30 Cárdenas, M and Isharyanti N. Code switching and code-mixing in internet chatting between ‘yes’, ‘ya’, and ‘si’: A Case Study. Retrieved May 25, 2010 from http://jaltcall.org/journal/articles/5_3_Cardenas.pdf Crystal, D. (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia Language. Cambridge University Press.
of
the
English
December, J. (n.d). What is Computed Mediated Communication retrieved May 10, 2010 from http://www.december.com/cmc/study/center.html
Gao, L. (2008). Language Change in Progress: Evidence from ComputerMediated Communication. Retrieved May 20, 2010 from http://chinalinks.osu.edu/naccl-20/proceedings/19_gao_l.pdf Generoso, J. and Maningo,(2010). M. Linguistic Styles of DoTA Male Players. Undergraduate Thesis. University of San Carlos. Tagliamonte, S. and Derik D. Linguistic Ruin? LOL! Instant Messaging and Teen Language. Retrieved May 20,2010 from http://americanspeech.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/83/1/3.pdf
Tiempo, A. (2006). Cebuano-english code-switching, text jargon, and fricative production in short messaging services (SMS).Masteral thesis, University of San Carlos.
Tecson, C. (2008). Teen talk linguistic styles in electronic mails. University of San Carlos Graduate Journal Vol. XXVI. No. 2
