YKYE^-; ((N.E./N. ] ]EFJ.)
CEE (Hkol) >9;? F@HYU]E^ NKVEM ]EV] (FN])
[uesto`ls & V`buto`ls Mkte3 9 9: K Kprob, > >9;? ((VJOD]-;) || ] ]OHE3 9?.69 K.H. t` ;>.69 Y.H.
Murkto`l3 6 6 J J`urs || H Hkx. H Hkras3 6 649 VUNCEF]3 H HK]JEHK]OFV
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
^es`lklfe Emuveltures Btm. ^egosterem ^egosterem & F`rp`rkte @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, A`tk (^kc.)-6>=995 ]eb.L`.3 97==-4497777, 69;>;99, 69;>>>>, 4465555 | ]`bb Dree3 ;:99 >5: 5555 | Dkx3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> +?;-9>>-6?;47> >> | 9:996 === ::: Wensote3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol E-hkob3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
YK^] 3 HK]JEHK]OFV H K]JEHK]OFV ;.
Kls. V`b.
]je f`ltrkp`sotove `d tje stktehelt "Od y`u kre n`rl ol Olmok, tjel y`u kre k fotozel `d Olmok", os 3 (;) Od y`u kre l`t k fotozel `d Olmok, tjel y`u kre l`t n`rl ol Olmok. (>) Od y`u kre k fotozel `d Olmok, tjel y`u kre n`rl ol Olmok. (6) Od y`u kre n`rl ol Olmok, tjel y`u kre l`t k fotozel `d Olmok. (=) Od y`u kre l`t n`rl ol Olmok, tjel y`u kre l`t k fotozel `d Olmok. mDau 1dl vao Jaacr esk tUes k gVkX rsa vao Jaacr ms ,m uaxdcm gVK " ma ozdr/aua^em mDau mDau gV& " ugjk tUesk gVK (;) 1dl vao Jaacr ms uaxdcm ugjk gVX ras vao Jaacr esk ugjk vao Jaacr esk tUes k gVK (>) 1dl vao Jaacr ms uaxdcm gVX ras vao tUes gVX ras vao Jaacr ms uaxdcm ugjk gVK (6) 1dl vao Jaacr es tUes (=) 1dl vao Jaacr es ugjk ugjk tUes gV gVX ras vao Jaacr ms uaxdcm ugjk gVK (;) F`ltrkp`sotove `d p q os ~q ~p Jelfe klswer os "Od y`u kre j`t fotozel `d Olmok tjel y`u kre l`t n`rl ol Olmok." p q ma ozdrodc`drSr mDau " mDau ~q ~p gasra gV vr % 1dl vao Jaacr ms uaxdcm ugjk gV ras vaoma tUe Jaacr Jaacr
esk
ugjk gqva gV ]je suh `d tje squkres `d tje belgtjs `d tje fj`rms olterfeptem `l tje forfbe, x> + y> 8 ;4, ny tje boles, x + y 8l, l L, wjere L os tje set `d kbb lkturkb luhners, os 3 `ßa, x> + y> 8 ;4, oc oc csQaavask x + y 8l, l L, tgak tgak L maTj xnS tj`avask L bJaj ozamir bkQ1avask ma beqYp1 gVX }aca maTj mj yEfanS1as ms k ms `xasS ma 1asx gV 3 3 (;) ;95 (>) >;9 (6) 6>9 (=) ;49 Kls. (>) >.
V`b.
p8
l >
(9, 9) = x+y8l
t` hkae tje olterfept ²vUrQa.H Belgtj `d olterfepts vUrQa.H
fuaus ms ms dy,¸
mj yEfanS 8 8 >
l >
2= l2
r > ‖ p > 8>
Vqukre `d olterfept vUrQa.H mj yEfanS ma `xS 8 8 = × ( ;4 ‖ Vuh `d squkres `d olterfept vUrQa.H
8 = × ;4 ‖
= > >
;4 ‖ l / >
l
>
>
), l L
mj yEfanS ms `xasS ma 1asx
; ; = ? ;4 >5 ;4 ‖ ;4 ‖ ;4 ‖ ;4 ‖ 8 > :9 55 8 >;9 > > > > > >
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ;
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV l
6.
Od klm ne tje r``ts `d tje equkto`l x ‖ >x + > 89, tjel tje bekst vkbue `d l d`r wjofj 8; os 3 1dl bejmc.a x ‖ >x + > 8 9 ms ewy rDaa gVkX ras l ma U1wure eauX dtbms dy, 8 ; gVX
l
Kls. V`b.
(;) 6 (>) = (>) x> ‖ >x + > 8 9 (x ‖ ;)> 8 ‖; 8 o> x 8 ; + o, ; ‖ o eaua 8 ; + o, 8 ; ‖ o Bet eaua l
;
(6) >
(=) 5
l
; o ; ; o l
; o ; o ; ; o ; o
(o)l 8 ;
l
; ; >o 8 ; >
l8=
=.
]je suh `d kbb lkturkb luhner 'l' sufj tjkt ;99 2 l 2 >99 klm J.F.D. (?;,l) < ; os 3 (;) 6696 (>) 6>96 (6) 6>>; (=) 6;>; ,sbj bJaj oz aÛr bkQ1avask 'l' tas tas nb ozmac gVk dm ;99 2 l 2 >99 rDaa J.F.D. (?;,l) < ;, ma ma Kls. (=) V`b. Lkturkb luhners netweel ;99 & >99.
1asx gV&
;9;, ;9>, …., ;??.
Eotjer movome ny 7 `r movome ny ;6. (suh `d luhners (movome ny 7) + (suh `d luhner movome ny ;6) ‖ (suh `d luhner `d movome ny ?;) ;=
:
r ;
r ;
(?: 7r ) (?; ;6r ) (;:>) 8 ?: ;= 7.
;= ;5 : ? (?; :) ;6 ;:> > >
8 ;67> + 765 + 7>: + =4: ‖ ;:> 8 6;>; Jolmo. Jolmo. ;99 rDaa >99 ms fjp esk oz ozamir bkQ1a,sk & ;9;, ;9>, …., ;??.
;6 1a 7 bs d`Jaadtr bkQ1avask ma 1asx & (7 bs d`Jaadtr bkQ1avask ma ma 1as x) + (;6 bs ;=
d`Jaadtr bkQ1avas 1avask ma 1asx ) ‖ (?; bs d`Jaadtr bkQ1avas 1avask ma ma 1asx)
:
(?: 7r )
r ;
(?; ;6r ) (;:>) 8 ?: ;= 7. r ;
;= ;5 : ? (?; :) ;6 ;:> > >
8 ;67> + 765 + 7>: + =4: ‖ ;:> 8 6;>; so l
5.
5x
so l >x
mx os equkb t` 3
>
(wjere f os k f`lstklt `d oltegrkto`l) so l
5x
so l >x
mx fcafc
gV&
>
( f f ,m beamyu vpc gV tga¡ gV )
Kls.
(;) x + > solx + >sol >x+ f (6) >x + solx + >sol>x + f (=)
(>) >x + solx + sol>x + f (=) x + > solx + sol >x + f
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # >
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV sol
V`b.
5x
so l >x
> so l
mx 8
>
8> 4.
f`s
x
so l 6x so l >x mx 8 sol x
> so l >x f`s x> mx 8 >
>f`s x mx (6 ‖ = so l
>
x ) mx
>
f`s x mx mx > f`s>x mx 8 >solx + x + sol>x + F
]je krek (ol sq. ulots) `d tje rego`l K 8 {(x,y) ^ × ^ | 9 x 6, 9 y = , y x> + 6x} os 3 {as8a K 8 {(x,y) ^ × ^ | 9 x 6, 9 y = , y x> + 6x} ma {as8a[y ( `xS nman1ask esk) gV& (;)
Kls. V`b.
5x
>4
(>) :
6
(6)
5? 4
(=)
56 4
(6)
;:
y8=
‖6/> 6
;
9
‖6
‖?/=
y 8 x> + 6x 8 = x> + 6x ‖ = 8 9 (x + =)(x ‖ ;) 8 9 x8; ;
krek {as8a[y 8
( x > 6 x ) mx >( =) 8
9
7.
Kls. V`b.
; 6
6
>
:
;;
4
:
5?
4
Od V; klm V> kre respeftoveby tje sets `d b`fkb holohuh klm b`fkb hkxohuh p`olts `d tje dulfto`l, d(x) 8 ?x= + ;>x6 ‖ 64x> + >5, x ^ , tjel 3 1dl [yu d(x) 8 ?x= + ;>x6 ‖ 64x> + >5, x ^ , ms ms BDaauj1 duEure rDaa BDaauj1 hYpre dfUlqvask ms beqYp1 Úe'a% V; rDa V> gVX ras (;) V; 8 { ‖ ‖;} 1 V> 8 {9,>} (>) V; 8 { ‖ ‖>,9} 1 V> 8 {;} ‖>} 1 V> 8 {9,;} ‖>,;} 1 V> 8 {9} (6) V; 8 { ‖ (=) V; 8 { ‖ (=) y 8 ?x= + ;>x6 ‖ 64x> + >5 my 8 64x6 + 64x> ‖ 7>x mx 8 64x(x> + x ‖ >) 8 64x(x + >)(x ‖ ;) +
‖
+
‖>
9 ; { ‖ ‖>, ;} p`olts `d holohk dudEu"N ms dfUlq dfUlq {9} p`olt `d hkxohk hdYYa"N ma dfUlq
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # 6
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
:.
Kbb p`ssonbe luhners kre d`rhem usolg tje mogot ;,;,>,>,>,>,6,=,= tkael kbb kt k tohe. ]je luhner `d sufj luhner ol wjofj tje `mm mogots `ffupy pbkfes os 3 bJaj vkmask ;, ;, >, >, >, >, 6, =, = mas ,m baDa ysmc bJaj bJaj bkJa` bkQ1a1sk fuanS xnS gVkK nb ozmac mj bkQ1avaskX
dtuesk d`"ae vkm be be BDaauask oc gVX mj bkQ1a gV& Kls. V`b.
(;) ;:9 (>) ;4> (;) ;, ;, >, ,> , >, >, 6, =, = `mm luhners `ffur kt evel pbkfes d`"ae
=F
?.
6 ×
6! >!
4!
=! >!
(6) ;49
(=) ;75
vkm be BDaauas BDaauask oc vars gV gV
8 = × 6 × ;5 8 ;:9
]je hekl klm vkroklfe `d sevel `nservkto`ls kre : klm ;4, respeftoveby. Od 5 `d tje `nservkto`ls kre >, =, ;9, ;>, ;=, tjel tje pr`muft `d tje rehkololg tw` `nservkto`ls os 3 bar ozs{a.aas {a.aask ms ea/1 rDaa ozbc.a Úe'a% : rDaa ;4 gVK 1dl nues k bs 5 ozs{a.a >, =, ;9, ;>, ;= gVXk ras 'as"a las osz{a.aask ma ma
xq.au[y gV& Kls. V`b.
(;) =9 (>) =: (>) Bet rehkololg tw` vkroktes kre k klm n tjel eaua 'as"a las pc k rDaa n rf k n > = ;9 ;> ;= 7
klm vaVc
k>
n
>
Kls. V`b.
(=) =5
8:
= ;4 ;99 ;== ;?4 ‖(:)> 8 ;4 7 k + n 8 ;= klm k> + n> 8 ;99 kn 8
;9.
(6) =?
(k n)> ‖ (k> >
n> )
8
;?4 ;99 ;99 >
8 =:
Bet d 3 Q9,>X ^ ne k twofe moddereltoknbe dulfto`l sufj tjkt d" (x) < 9, d`r kbb x (9,>). Od (x) 8 d(x) + d(> ‖x), tjel os 3 (;) mefreksolg `l (9,;) klm olfreksolg `l (;,>). (>) olfreksolg `l (9,>) (6) olfreksolg `l (9,;) klm mefreksolg `l (;,>) (=) mefreksolg `l (9.>) d 3 Q9,>X ^ las fac v`myuj1 [yu nb ozmac gV dm bJaj x (9, >) ms dy, d"(x) < 9 gVK 1dl 1dl (x) 8 d(x) + d(> ‖x) gV, ras ras (;) (9,;) oc gzabeau rDaa (;,>) oc `/aSeau gVK (>) (9, >) oc `/aSeau gVK (6) (9,;) oc `/aSeau rDaa (;,>) oc gz abeau gVK (=) (9, >) oc gzabeau gV (;) d"(x) < 9, y 8 d(x) 1 x (9, >) (x) 8 d(x) + d(> ‖ x) '(x) 8 d'(x) ‖ d'(> ‖ x) d`r (x) t` ne olfreksolg (x) ms `/aSeau gasus ms dy, '(x) < 9 d'(x) < d'(> ‖ x) x < > ‖ x (d'(x) os olfreksolg ol (9, >)) (d'(x) `/aSeau gV (9, >) es)
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # =
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
D`r (x) t` ne mefreksolg '(x) 2 9
;;.
x<; x (;, >) (x) ms
gzabeau gasus ms dy,
d'(x) 2 d'(> ‖ x) x (9, ;)
]je grektest vkbue `d f ^ d`r wjofj tje systeh `d bolekr equkto`ls x ‖ fy ‖ fz 8 9 fx ‖ y + fz 8 9 fx + fy ‖z 8 9 jks k l`l-trovokb s`buto`l, os 3 f ^ ma vd/amre eauX dtbms dtbms dy, csdQam bejmc.a bejmc.a duma1 x ‖ fy ‖ fz 8 9 fx ‖ y + fz 8 9 fx + fy ‖z 8 9
ma ,m vrq YL gy gVX gV& (;) ‖; Kls.
f f
nut f
(=) 9
>
; >
, ‖;
; `tjerwose x 8 y 8 z 8 9 >
]je sj`rtest mostklfe netweel tje bole y 8 x klm tje furve y 8 x ‖> os 3 csQaa y 8 x rDaa `Ú y 8 x ‖ > ms fjp mj U1wure lwcj gV& (;)
Kls. V`b.
;
‖ f ‖ f ‖ ; f 8 9 (f + ;)>(; ‖ >f) 8 9 ‖ ; f
f 8
;>.
(6)
(;) ;
V`b.
(>) >
7
(>) >
= >
(6)
7 :
(=)
;; = >
(;)
[ Y(> + >, ) (>,9)
Vj`rtest mostklfe netweel U1wure y> 8 x ‖ > klm vaVc y 8 x
lw cj
my
dfUlq Y kt p`olt dfUlq Y oc wobb ne ;. mx Moddereltoktolg tje furve v`myu
mcus oc
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # 5
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
>yy' 8 ;
y' 8
holohuh mostklfe U1wure
Y
lwcj 8 Y[ ?
8
;6.
? ; , = >
; ; ; >y >
=
;
>
>
7
= >
]je suh `d tje f`-eddofoelts `d kbb evel megree terhs ol x ol tje expklso`l `d 4
4
4
4
x x6 ‖ ; x ‖ x 6 ‖ ; , x ; os equkb t` 3 x x6 ‖ ; x ‖ x 6 ‖ ; , x ; ms ozbac esk x ms bJaj be0aarj1 be0aarj1 olask ms xq.aakmask ma 1asx fcafc gVgV& Kls. V`b.
;=.
(;) >= (;)
V`b.
(6) >?
(=) 6>
( x x 6 ‖ ;)4 ( x x 6 ‖ ;)4 8 >(4F9.x4 + 4F>.x= (x6 ‖ ;) + 4F= x> (x6 ‖ ;)> + 4F4 (x6 ‖ ;)6) ]erhs wotj wotj evel p`wers `d x 8 >(4F9.x4 ‖ 4F>.x= + 4F= x> + 4F= x: + 4F4 ( ‖ ‖; ‖ 6x4) 4 4 4 4 4 4 f`eddofoelts 8 >( F9 ‖ F> + F= + F= ‖ F4 ‖ 6. F4) 8 >(;5 ‖ 6) 8 >= Od tje tklgelts `l tje ebbopse =x> + y> 8 : kt tje p`olts (;,>) klm (k,n) kre perpelmofubkr t` ekfj `tjer, tjel k> os equkb t` 3 1dl lj0aS`ißa =x> + y> 8 : ms dfklqvask (;,>) rDaa (k, n) oc Qajkpj xnS Bo'aS csQaa,¡ ocBoc ykf`r gVX ras k> fcafc gV& (;)
Kls.
(>) >4
;>: ;> : ;7
(>)
> ;7
(6)
4= ;7
(=)
= ;7
(>) x> ( > )>
y> (> > )>
;
Bet (k, n) os ( > f`s, > > sol) tklgelt kt (;, >) os =x + >y 8 : >x + y 8 = sb`pe os ‖> 8 h; tklgelt kt (
>
f`s, > > sol) os =
L`w h; h> 8 ‖; k8
Jolmo.
x> ( > )>
>
y> (> > )>
=f`t 8 ‖; `r
;7
>
>
;7
f`sx + >
soly 8 : sb`pe os ‖> f`t 8 h> ; ; f`s 8 `r
k> 8
>
;7
;7
> ;7
;
eaua (k, n), ( > f`s, > > sol) gV bejmc.a =x + >y 8 : >x + y 8 = (;, >) oc Bo'aS csQaa ma bejmc.a oz`.ara 8 ‖> 8 h; ( > f`s, > > sol) oc Bo'aS csQaa ma bejmc.a bejmc.a = > f`sx + > oz`.ara 8 ‖> f`t 8 h>
>
soly 8 :
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # 4
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
vf h; h> 8 ‖;
;5.
Kls. V`b.
=f`t 8 ‖;
>
k8
>
1a
;7
;7
f`s 8
k> 8
; ;7
;
1a
;7
> ;7
5 klm 9 2 , 2 , tjel tkl (>) os equkb equkb t` 3 = 5 ;6 6 5 1dl f`s( + ) 8 , sol( ‖) 8 rDaa 9 2 , 2 , rf rf tkl (>) fcafc gV& = 5 ;6 46 66 46 >; (;) (>) (6) (=) ;4 5> 5> ;4 (6)
6
Od f`s( + ) 8
9 2 2
=
, sol( ‖) 8
, 9 2 2
= 5
L`w vf sol( ‖ ) 8
;6
klm vaVc f`s( + ) 8
6 5
9 2 + 2
f`s( ‖ ) 8
sol( + ) 8
klm
>
=
2 ‖ 2
=
;> ;6 = 5 =
L`w vf tkl > 8 tklQ( + ) + ( ‖ )X 8
;4.
]je suh `d tje seroes >.>9 F9
Cs.aj (;) Kls.
.>9
> >
>4
F9
.>9
5
.>9
F; :
F>
(>)
.>9
5
tkl( ) tkl( ) ; tkl( ) tkl( )
.>9
F; :
F>
.>9 F6 ... ;;
>
.>9 F6 ... ;; .>9
4>
>=
F>9 ma
(6) >>6
.>9
4>
6
8
; ‖
5
;> = 5 6
F>9 os
8
46 ;4
;>
equkb t`
1asx fcafc gV& (=) >>5
(=) >9
V`b.
>.
>9F
9 +
5.>9F; +
:.>9F
>
+ …+
4>.>9F
>9
8
(6r >) . >9Fr r 9
86
r. >9Fr + >
>9
Fr
8 6 × >9 ;? Fr ; >.(>>9 ) 8 49 . >;? + >.>>9 8 ;4. >>; 8 >>5
r 9
r 9
;7.
>9
>9
>9
r ;
f`s ‖ sol , ( ^) sufj tjkt sol f`s
9 ‖ ; . ]jel k vkbue `d os 3 9 ; f`s ‖ so l 9 ‖ ; , ( ^) nb ozmac gV dm K 6> X ras ma ,m eau gV& eaua K 8 9 so l f`s ; Bet K 8
(;)
;4
(>)
6>
Kls.
(=)
V`b.
f`s sol f`s sol K> 8 sol f`s sol f`s
K
6>
(6) 9
(=)
4=
f`s > sol > sol > f`s >
K> 8
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # 7
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
sohobkrby we `nserve tjkt nbj
f`s l so l l f`s l
ozmac Kl 8 sol l
jelfe vr% f`s6> 8 9 klm sol6> 8 ;
6> 8 >l + l
8
;:.
>
, l o
;4
4=
]je hkglotume `d tje pr`cefto`l `d tje veft`r > o 6 c a `l tje veft`r perpelmofubkr t` tje pbkle ˄
˄
˄
f`ltkololg tje veft`rs o c a klm o > c 6a , os 3 ˄
˄
bdl'a >o 6 c a ms bdl'aask ma odcea.a gV& ˄
(;)
6 4
˄
˄
˄
˄
vk rd`S"T o c a rDaa o > c 6a mas vk
˄
˄
˄
˄
(>)
4
˄
˄
˄
˄
6
(6)
mcus `ays bery bery ms ykf`rjS1 bdl'a oc oz{aso
>
(=)
Kls.
(6)
V`b.
L`rhkb veft`r t` tje pbkle f`ltkololg o c a klm o > c 6a os ˄
l 8 o c a × o
˄
l
˄
˄
˄
> c 6a ˄
˄
>o 6 c a . o ˄
8
˄
˄
˄
‖
˄
> c˄ a˄
˄
l
6
8
4
>
o c a rDaa o > c 6a mas
l
˄
˄
˄
˄
beadgr mcus `ays `ays bery ms yEf`r bdl'a& bdl'a&
˄
8 ˄o c˄ a˄ × o > c 6a ˄
˄
˄
8 ˄o ‖ > c˄ a˄
>o
˄
6 c a ma
>o
˄
8
˄
˄
l
oc oz{aso
6 c˄ a˄ . ˄o ‖ > c˄ a˄
; = ; 6
8
;?.
˄
6
˄
˄
; = ;
8
l
˄
8 ˄o ‖ > c˄ a˄ ˄
˄
>
pr`cefto`l `d > o 6 c a `l
Jolmo.
˄
6
4
8
6 >
Bet y 8 y(x) ne tje s`buto`l `d tje moddereltokb equkto`l, (x> + ;)> Od
k
y(;) 8
6>
tjel tje vkbue `d 'k' os
eaua y 8 y(x), v`my bejmc.a (x> + ;)> k
(;)
y(;) 8 ; ;4
6>
my + >x (x> + ;) y 8; sufj tjkt y(9) 8 9, mx
my + >x (x> + ;) y 8 ; ma mx
gy gVX tfdm y(9) 8 9 gVK 1dl
gVX ras 'k' ma ma eau gV& (>)
; =
(6)
; >
(=) ;
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # :
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
Kls. V`b.
(;) my + >x(x> + ;)y 8 ; mx my >x ; y > > mx x ; ( x ;)> Bolekr M.E. csQajm v`my bejmc.a bejmc.a (x> + ;)>
>x
O.D. 8
e x
>
mx
;
e l( x
>
;)
8 x> + ;
[(OD)mx ; y.(x + ;) 8 ( x ;) y(O.D.) 8 >
>
>
(x> + ;)mx
y(x> + ;) 8 tkl ‖;x + F y(9) 8 9 F 8 9 y.(x> + ;) 8 tkl ‖;x y(;) 8
>9.
:
k 8
; ;4
; ‖ x >x ,| x | ; , tjel d os equkb t` 3 ; x ; x > ; ‖ x >x 1dl d(x) 8 b `ge gasX ras d ,| x | ; , gas fcafc gV& > ; x ; x Od d(x) 8 b `ge
Kls.
(;) (d(x))> (>)
V`b.
d(x) 8 l
(>) >d(x)
(6) ‖>d(x)
(=) >d(x>)
; x ; x
> x ; ; x > > ; x > >x ; x >x ; x 8 >l 8 l 8 l l d 8 8 >d(x) ; x > >x ; x >x ; x ; x > ; ; x >
>;.
Kls. V`b.
]je belgtj `d tje perpelmofubkr dr`h tje p`olt (>, ‖ ‖;, =) `l tje strkogjt bole,
x6 ;9
y ‖ > ‖ 7
z os 3 ;
(;) grekter tjkl > nut bess tjkl 6 (>) grekter tjkl = (6) bess tjkl > (=) grekter tjkl 6 nut bess tjkl = x 6 y ‖ > z (>, ‖ ‖;, =) bs bcy csQaa, dfUlq (>, oc Qajkps x, yEf mj ykfanS 3 3 ‖ 7 ;9 ; (;) > bs vd/am ockrq 6 bs me gVK (>) = bs vd/am gVK (6) > bs me gVK (=) 6 bs vd/am ockrq = bs me gVK (=) Bet tje d``t `d perpelmofubkr dr`h Y(>, ‖ ‖;,=) t` tje govel bole ne K(;9 ‖6, ‖7+ >,) YK .
(;9 o˄ ‖ 7 c 7 c + ˄
a˄
) 89
;9(;9 ‖ 5) ‖ 7( ‖ ‖ 7 + 6) + ;( ‖ =) 8 9
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ?
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
;59 8 75 8
8
YK
(;9 ‖ 5)> >
; >
. >
(‖7 6) ( ‖
>
; 7 9 8 > >
8
59 =
wjofj boes ol (6,=) Jolmo. eauadm dfUlq Y(>, Y(>, ‖ ‖;,=) bs YK .
(;9 o ‖ 7 c 7 c + ˄
˄
a ˄
=)>
lj xnS csQaa oc yEf yEf ma oal K(;9 ‖6, ‖7+ >,) gVK
) 89
;9(;9 ‖ 5) ‖ 7( ‖ ‖ 7 + 6) + ;( ‖ =) 8 9 ;59 8 75 8
; >
. >
YK
8
>
(;9 ‖ 5)
>
(‖7 6) ( ‖
>
=) 8
>
; 7 9 8 > >
59 =
tas vUrcay (6,=) eks dBDar gVK >>.
]je equkto`l `d k pbkle f`ltkololg tje bole `d oltersefto`l `d tje pbkles >x ‖ y ‖ = 8 9 klm y + >z ‖ = 8 9 klm pkssolg tjr`ugj tje p`olt (;,;,9) os 3 beryask >x ‖ y ‖ = 8 9 rDaa y + >z ‖ = 8 9 mj ozdrYLslu csQaa mas vkrd`S"aT mcus `ays `ays rDaa dfUlq (;,;,9) bs
gasmc
taus `ays bery bery ma bejmc.a gV& (;) x + 6y + z 8 = (6) >x ‖ z 8 > Kls. (=) V`b. Y; + Y> 8 9 (>x ‖ y ‖ =) + (y + >z ‖ =) 8 9 ot pksses tjr`ugj (;,;,9) ; + 8 9 8 ‖ ; equkto`l `d pbkle os x ‖ y ‖ z 8 9 Jolmo. Y; + Y> 8 9 (>x ‖ y ‖ =) + (y + >z ‖ =) 8 9 1g dfUlq (;,;,9) bs xqtcra gV ; + 8 9 8 ‖ ; bery ma bejmc.a x ‖ y ‖ z 8 9 gVK >6.
Kls. V`b.
(>) x ‖ 6y ‖ >z 8 ‖> (=) x ‖y ‖ z 8 9
Bet @(9,9) klm K (9,;) ne tw` doxem p`olts. ]jel tje b`fus `d k p`olt Y sufj tjkt tje peroheter `d K@Y os =, os 3 eaua @(9,9) rDaa K (9,;) las dud'pr dfUlq gV gVX ras ,sbs dfkUlq Y dtums dy, K@Y ma odceao =, gas gasX ma dfklqoDa gV& > > > > (;) ?x ‖ :y + :y 8 ;4 (>) :x ‖ ?y + ?y 8 ;: (6) ?x> + :y> ‖ :y 8 ;4 (=) :x> + ?y> ‖ ?y 8 ;: (6) x > y> +
x>
( y ‖ ;)> 8 6
x> + y> ‖ >y + ; 8 ? + x> + y> ‖4 x >
6 x>
y>
y > 8 = + y
?x> + ?y> 8 ;4 + y> + :y
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ;9
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV
>=.
Kls. V`b.
K p`olt `l tje strkogjt bole, bole, 6x + 5y 8 ;5 wjofj wjofj os os e equomostklt quomostklt dr`h tje f``rmolkte kxes wobb wobb boe `lby ol 3 (;) ;st klm >lm qukmrklts (>) =tj qukmrklt (6) ;st, >lm klm =tj qukmrklts (=) ;st qukmrklt bcy csQaa 6x + 5y 8 ;5 oc dBDar ,m dfklqX tas dulsS'aakm v{aask bs bs belwcBDa gVX ms`y dBDar gV& d}rj1 prq prqDaa»'a esk (;) ozDae rDaa d}rj1 (>) prqDaS prqDaa»'a esk rDaa prqDaS prqDaa»'a es Daa»'a esk (6) ozDaeX d}rj1 rDaa (=) ozDae prqDaa» (;) Dr`h tje dogure, dp8aauq dp8aauqbac y8x Y( ‖;5/>, ;5/>) Y(;5/:, ;5/:)
6x + 5y 8 ;5
Oltersefto`l `d tje `rogolkb bole wotj y 8x klm y 8 ‖ x wobb gove mesorem p`olts Y ol ;st klm >lm qukmrklt . lj xnS csQaa ma y 8x rDaa y 8 ‖ x ms baDa ozdrYLsl dfUlq dfUlq Y, ;st rDaa >lm prqDaa»'a esk gasxaK >5.
boh
x 9
boh
x 9
Kls.
(;) = (>)
V`b.
boh
x9
so l > x > ‖ ; f`s x so l > x > ‖ ; f`s x
equkbs 3
fcafc gV& (>)
(6) > >
(=)
8 boh x
> ; f`s x
so l x ; 8 boh > ; f`s x x 9 x > x
>
; f`s x
8
> > ; / >
8 =
>
> ‖ x f`s x Od d(x)8 klm g(x) b`ge x, (x < 9) tjel tje vkbue `d tje oltegrkb > x f`s x
1dl d(x)8
> ‖ x f`s x > x f`s x
Kls.
(;) b`ge6 (=)
V`b.
g(x) 8 l(x), d(x) 8
>
so l> x( > ; f`s x ) 9 ; f`s x
so l > x
>
>4.
= >
/ =
gd (x)mx os 3
‖
/ =
/ =
rDaa g(x) b`ge x, (x < 9) gVkX ras beamy
gd (x)mx ma eau gV&
‖ / =
(>) b`gee > ‖ x f`s x > x f`s x
(6) b`ge>
(=) b`ge;
> ‖ x f`s x klm g(d(x)) 8 l > x f`s x
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ;;
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV / =
8
> ‖ x f`s x mx > x f`s x
l
‖ / =
x k + n ‖ x x ‖x / =
8
> x f`s x > ‖ x f`s x
l
‖ / =
mx
/ =
Kmmolg tasH+us
oc, > 8
l ; mx 8
9 8 9
‖ / =
>7.
]je suh `d tje s`buto`l `d tje equkto`l
bejmc.a
x ‖ >
Kls.
(;) ;9 (;)
V`b.
|
x > |
|
x
x
x ‖ =
> 9, x
(>) = +(
x )> ‖ =
‖ >|> + |
x
x
x ‖ >
9 ms
x
x ‖ =
> 9, x
9 os equkb t` 3
gyask ma 1asx fcafc fcafc gV& (6) ;>
(=) ?
+ = 8 >
‖ >| ‖ > 8 9
Yut | x ‖ >| 8 t t> + t ‖ > 8 9 (t ‖ ;)(t + >) 8 9 |
x
‖ >| 8 ; `r |
x
‖ > 8 » ;
x
8 > + ;, > ‖ ;
x
‖ >| 8 ‖ > (rec)
x 86, ; x 8 ?, ;
>:.
Od 8
‖; 6
f`s
, 8 5
‖; ;
tkl
, wjere 9 2 , 2 , tjel ‖ os equkb t` 3 > 6
; tga¡ 9 rf ‖ fcafc gV& 9 2 , 2 , rf , 8 tkl ‖; , tga¡ > 5 6 ? ? ? (;) tkl ‖; (>) f`s ‖; (6) so l ‖; ;= 5 ;9 5 ;9
1dl 8
Kls.
‖; 6
f`s
(=)
‖;
tkl
5
;9
?
(6) tkl 8 tkl 8
= 6 ; 6 = 6
tkl ( ‖ ) 8
;
sol( ‖ ) 8
;
‖
6
= 6
;
8
? ;6
6
? 5 ;9
‖ 8 sol ‖;
5
;9
?
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ;>
| CEE (HKOL) >9;? | MK]E 3 9:-9=->9;? (VJOD]-;) | YKYE^-; | @DDOFKB YKYE^ | HK]JEHK]OFV >
>?.
6 f`s x sol x my , x Od >y f`t ‖; os equkb t` 3 9, tjel f`s x ‖ 6 so l x > mx >
6 f`s x so l x my , x 1dl >y f`t ‖; fcafc gV& 9, rf > mx f`s x 6 s o l x ‖ (;)
x ‖
4
(>)
>x ‖
Kls.
(;)
V`b.
6 f`s x so l x >y 8 f`t ‖; f`s x ‖ 6 so l x 6 tkl x >y 8 f`t ‖; ; ‖ 6 tkl x >y 8 f`t ‖; tkl x 6
>y 8 x> ‖
6
Kls. V`b.
(6)
6
‖ x
(=)
4
‖ x
>
>
>
8 ‖ x > 6
>
>
x+
>
64
y 8 x ‖ 69.
6
>
>y 8 ‖ tkl ‖; tkl x 6 > >y 8 x ‖ 4
4
Bet K klm N ne tw` l`l-lubb evelts sufj tjkt K N . ]jel, wjofj `d tje d`bb`wolg stktehelts os kbwkys f`rreft 0 1dl K rDaa N las ,sbj vdcMr (l`l-lubb) 0aTua1sk gVk dm K N gVK ras duEu esk bs maVuba mDau ges'aaaa bgj gV 0 (;) Y(K|N) Y(K) (>) Y(K|N) Y(K) (6) Y(K|N) 8 Y(N) ‖ Y(K) (=) Y(K|N) ; (;) K N Y( K N) Y( K ) Y(K) (kbwkys) blV` Y(K/N) 8 Y(N) Y(N) Y(K/N) 8
Y( K ) Y(N)
Y( K )
^es`lklfe E Emuveltures B Btm. F`rp. & ^eg. @ddofe3 FG ]`wer, ]`wer, K-=4 & 5>, OYOK, Lekr Foty Hkbb, Cjkbkwkr ^`km, ^`km, A`tk (^kc.) - 6>=995 Yj.L`. 3 +?;-7==-69;>>>>, 4465555 | DKZ L`. 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> 3 +?;-9>>-6?;47>>> ]` Al`w h`re 3 shs ^EV@ kt ^EV@ kt 54477 | Wensote 3 www.res`lklfe.kf.ol | E-hkob 3 f`ltkftIres`lklfe.kf.ol | FOL 3 U:969>^C>997YBF9>=9>?
]jos ss`buto`l w wks m m`wlb`km d d r`h ^ ^es`lklfe C CEE ((HKOL) > >9;? V V`buto`l p p`rtkb
YKGE # ;6