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8 KCZYOJVÎÇO O yèjko wf jfwzhgh poy wfy o bfko jf gobvckghîço bhkw popvlhy f o xvf omfyfgf bhkoy hlghcgf pñilkgo fb zojo o bvcjo# Lf}hcjo"wf fb gocwkjfyhîço hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhyghczfw jo }fâgvlo, gobo kbfjkhzkwbo, wfcwoykhlkjhjf, hvzocobkh, pfcfzyhîço, boiklkjhjf, ihkto gvwzo, kcwzhczhcfkjhjf, jfczyf ovzyow, o kczfyfwwf fb zá"lo gobo oiafzo jf fwzvjo wf f}kjfcgkov# Fwzf zyhihldo pyfzfcjf jfwfc}ol}fy vbh pfwxvkwh moghjh fb Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gykhjoy jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, fbkwwoyh lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# O nowzo pflh kcmoybhîço, pflhw goifyzvyhw fwpoyzk}hw f o fwphîo jfjkghjo à bñwkgh f à pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow ch pyonyhbhîço jh Kzhzkhkh mkqfyhb jflf vb pyomkwwkochl jf }hcnvhyjh, jf pyopowzhw kco}hjoyhw, xvf nhyhczkyhb vbh co}h moybh jf wf mhqfy yèjko fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 60, xvhcjo h zflf}kwço phwwov h ogvphy lvnhy jf jfwzhxvf cow lhyfw iyhwklfkyow# Poy fwwhw f ovzyhw yhqöfw Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo bfyfgf wfy fwzvjhjo# O oiafzk}o jfwzh pfwxvkwh ë, poyzhczo, }fykmkghy xvhl h kbpoyzécgkh jflf ch gocwzyvîço jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh f co gfcèyko bkjkèzkgo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Xvhl mok o phpfl poy flf jfwfbpfcdhjo phyh xvf, doaf, h fbkwwoyh pvjfwwf wfy gocwkjfyhjh vbh yfmfyácgkh cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jo Fwzhjo? Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jfwzf fwzvjo, gobfîhbow gob h dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko f h moybh gob xvf fwwh bâjkh wf jfwfc}ol}fv# ]kbow o pfygvywo jh yhjkojkmvwço co bvcjo phyh, fb wfnvkjh, yfhlkqhybow vbh pfwxvkwh woiyf o yèjko co Iyhwkl f, fwpfgkhlbfczf, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, hzë 8;69, xvhcjo h Kzhzkhkh wvynkv fb vb gfcèyko jfwmh}oyè}fl à fczyhjh jf co}hw fbkwwoyhw co Fwzhjo# H kcwfyîço jflh co bfyghjo f h wvh zyhafz÷ykh hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw zhbiëb moyhb jkwgvzkjhw, hlëb jf yflhzhjhw hw pykcgkphkw zyhcwbkwwöfw ho locno jf wvh dkwz÷ykh# Poy mkb, vzkqov"wf h dkwz÷ykh oyhl phyh ow yflhzow jf pfwwohw xvf goc}k}fyhb gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#
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9 H DKWZ×YKH JO YÈJKO 9#8 O yèjko co bvcjo Wfnvcjo Fjvhyjo Bfjkzwgd $8;;;+, h zyhcwbkwwço jf wocw poy ocjhw jf yhjkomyfxvácgkh fyh fwpfyhjh ch }kyhjh jo wëgvlo TT# H hvzoykh jh kc}fcîço, fczyfzhczo, ë polábkgh, poy zfy ogoyykjo xvhwf xvf wkbvlzhcfhbfczf fb }èykow poczow jo plhcfzh# Co fczhczo, h pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço jf ocjhw flfzyobhncëzkghw xvf wf zfb cozâgkh mok yfhlkqhjh hkcjh co wëgvlo TKT, pflo mâwkgo kcnláw Ahbfw Bht~fll, fb 84>0# O xvf jkmkgvlzov h bojfyckqhîço jo yèjko, h phyzky jfwwf pykbfkyo bobfczo, mok h hvwácgkh jf pyk}hgkjhjf ch gobvckghîço, hlno gocwkjfyhjo fwwfcgkhl phyh o vwo jf bklkzhyfw f zhbiëb jf gobfygkhczfw, xvf fyhb, cfwwh ëpogh, ow pykcgkphkw mkchcgkhjoyfw jhw pfwxvkwhw ch èyfh# Fb 8;86, o mvcgkocèyko jh Hbfykghc Bhygock, Jh}kj Whycomm, zf}f h kjfkh jf jfwfc}ol}fy o yèjko phyh vzklkqhîço jobëwzkgh, gobo vbh “ghkth bvwkghl‒# H wvnfwzço mok yfafkzhjh f yfzobhjh fb 8;90, ch fbpyfwh hbfykghch ^fwzkcndovwf# O oiafzk}o fyh boiklkqhy h gobpyh jow yfgfpzoyfw xvf h fbpyfwh mhiykgh}h# O mvcgkocèyko Myhce Gocyhj, xvf aè powwvâh vbh yèjko hbhjoyh, zyhcwmfykv o fwzñjko jh nhyhnfb jf wvh ghwh phyh h fbpyfwh, kchvnvyhcjo, hwwkb, h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh pyomkwwkochl jo bvcjo, h EJEH jf Pkzwivyn, fb 9 jf jf co}fbiyo jf 8;90# Zyáw hcow jfpokw jfwwh kchvnvyhîço, ow Fwzhjow Vckjow aè powwvâhb bhkw jf 600 fbkwwoyhw pyomkwwkochkw lkgfcgkhjhw f gobfîh}hb h cfnogkhy fwphîow pvilkgkzèykow# Fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw coyzf"hbfykghchw phwwhyhb h boczhy wvhw py÷pykhw fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko phyh }fkgvlhîço jf cozâgkhw1 fb 8;9:, aè dh}kh 800 jflhw co Phâw# O }fâgvlo zoycov"wf cço w÷ vb kbpoyzhczf bfko jf kcmoybhîço, gobo zhbiëb jf pyophnhcjh f fczyfzfckbfczo# “Cfwzh ëpogh, o yèjko mok gocwkjfyhjo gocwkjfyhjo –h okzh}h hyzf‟ f jfwfc}ol}fv gobo cvcgh hw wvhw pozfcgkhlkjhjfw, gobo gfczyo jhw hzfcîöfw jf hyzkwzhw f kczflfgzvhkw‒ $BFJKZWGD, 8;;;, p#96+#
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9#9 O yèjko co Iyhwkl O yèjko gdfnov ho Iyhwkl ch jëghjh jf 8;90# Nkwflh Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ yflhzh xvf h pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço yhjkomúckgh omkgkhl co phâw mok o jkwgvywo jo fczço pyfwkjfczf Fpkzègko Pfwwoh, fb > jf wfzfbiyo jf 8;99, chw gobfboyhîöfw jo Gfczfcèyko jh Kcjfpfcjácgkh# Moyhb gobpyhjow 40 yfgfpzoyfw f vb zyhcwbkwwoy jf 600 ~hzzw kbpoyzhjow phyh h oghwkço# Ow fxvkphbfczow fwzh}hb gocfgzhjow à fwzhîço ftpfykbfczhl Yèjko Goygo}hjo co Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Dov}f ovzyhw ftkikîöfw ftpfykbfczhkw jkhw hp÷w fwwf f}fczo, bhw cço jvyhyhb bvkzo zfbpo poy mhlzh jf vb pyoafzo xvf bhczk}fwwf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw# ^hcky Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf w÷ fb 90 jf hiykl jf 8;97 chwgkh h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh iyhwklfkyh1 h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo 8, mvcjhjh poy Yoxvfzf Pkczo f Dfcy{ Boykqf# Co jkh 90 jf hiykl jf 8;97 chwgkh h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, hcgoyhjh co ikcúbko “Kcmoybhîço f Gvlzvyh‒, fwzhiflfgkjo poy Yoxvfzf Pkczo# Hpfwhy jow fwmoyîow phyh xvf h pyonyhbhîço mowwf fjvghzk}h f jf mègkl hgfwwo à bhkoykh jh popvlhîço, hw gocjkîöfw ftkwzfczfw ch ëpogh mhqkhb gob xvf o co}o }fâgvlo yfmlfzkwwf vb câ}fl jf gvlzvyh gobphzâ}fl hpfchw gob o jh flkzf# Yoxvfzf Pkczo hgyfjkzh}h xvf o yèjko havjhykh h yfwol}fy ow pyoilfbhw fjvghgkochkw jo Phâw, jf}kjo ho goczhzo jkyfzo fczyf h fbkwwoyh f o ov}kczf, jfwjf xvf mowwf gykhjh vbh jkjèzkgh fwpfgkhl phyh o fcwkco yhjkomúckgo $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#9;+#
H pyonyhbhîço zkcdh gobo goczfñjo ÷pfyhw, gocgfyzow, yfgkzhkw, pofwkhw f phlfwzyhw gvlzvyhkw# Phyh ov}ky hw fbkwwoyhw, zhbiëb gdhbhjhw jf wogkfjhjfw ov glvifw, ow hwwogkhjow phnh}hb vbh xvhczkh bfcwhl phyh bhcvzfcîço jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw, aè xvf h pvilkgkjhjf fyh pyokikjh# Hlëb jkwwo, w÷ hlnvcw povgow pyk}klfnkhjow powwvâhb hphyfldow yfgfpzoyfw xvf fyhb ghyow f kchgfwwâ}fkw à bhkoykh jh popvlhîço# Ftkwzkhb zhbiëb johîöfw pñilkghw f pyk}hjhw, bhw, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, fwwhw goczykivkîöfw moyhb mkghcjo ghjh }fq bhkw fwghwwhw# Mok gob jkmkgvljhjf xvf o yèjko gocwfnvkv woiyf}k}fy# 8
H Yèjko Glvif jf Pfychbivgo mok mvcjhjh fb 0=/0:/8;8; f goczëb o bhkw hczkno yfnkwzyo jf A hcfkyo gobfîov h opfyhy “yhjkozflfnyhmkh‒ co phâw# Dè hkcjh vbh polábkgh1 h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo fb 8;97 f wf gocwkjfyh h pkocfkyh#
80 Jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 90, hw jfqfchw jf fwzhîöfw jf yèjko mvcjhjhw fb zojo o Phâw zk}fyhb ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bvkzo wfbfldhczfw# Fyhb fbpyffcjkbfczow cço"gobfygkhkw jf nyvpow hmkgkochjow jo yèjko, xvf gvkjh}hb jf mhqfy h pyonyhbhîço johcjo jkwgow, fwgyf}fcjo, zoghcjo, ghczhcjo f ov}kcjo, flfw bfwbow, hxvflh pyonyhbhîço flkzkwzh# Ch jëghjh wfnvkczf, goczvjo, ow kczfyfwwfw gobfygkhkw moyhb fcnolkcjo hw wogkfjhjfw f glvifw lknhjow à yhjkojkmvwço $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#70+#
Mok cfwwf pfyâojo xvf o yèjko gocwfnvkv bfkow phyh wf gocwolkjhy# Wvynkv o yèjko gobfygkhl, gob h lkifyhîço jh pvilkgkjhjf f o }fâgvlo wf “popvlhykq ov‒, ov‒, gob lhqfy f jk}fywço phyh hzyhky o pñilkgo xvf ow hcvcgkhczfw ivwgh}hb# H pyojvîço fjvghzk}h mok, how povgow wfcjo jfkthjh jf lhjo# O yèjko gobfîov h wfy yfmoybvlhjo fwzyvzvyhlbfczf, pyomkwwkochlkqhcjo"wf f wf fwzhiflfgfcjo gobo fbpyfwh# O fczço pyfwkjfczf Nfzñlko ]hynhw yfgocdfgfv o yèjko gobo }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh f phwwov h vwè"lo gobo kcwzyvbfczo omkgkhl jo No}fyco phyh wfvw kczfyfwwfw polâzkgow# Phyh jkwpvzhy o bfyghjo f hzyhky vb pñilkgo ghjh }fq bhkoy fyh cfgfwwèyko kc}fwzky, cço hpfchw fb zfgcolonkh, gobo zhbiëb ch gykhzk}kjhjf jh pyonyhbhîço, phyh nhyhczky wzhzvw f popvlhykjhjf# O yèjko wf bowzyov vb bfko fmkgkfczf jf fwzâbvlo ho gocwvbo, aè xvf hzkcnkh vb pñilkgo jf hchlmhifzow, xvf fyh h nyhcjf phyzf jh popvlhîço# Gob h lkifyhîço jh pvilkgkjhjf, bvkzhw moyhb hw fwzyhzënkhw vzklkqhjhw pflhw fbkwwoyhw phyh hzyhky ow ov}kczfw f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, ow hcvcgkhczfw#Zhbiëb ow hwzyow f fwzyflhw phwwhyhb h yfgfify whlèykow# Hlëb jkwwo, ovzyhw co}kjhjfw hphyfgfyhb gobo, poy ftfbplo, h pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço jf vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol ogoyykjh fb 8;79, f gobhcjhjh pflo logvzoy Ckgolhv Zvbh# Wfnvcjo Fjklfvqh Wohyfw $8;;:+, o yhjkoaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o mok o pykbfkyo h wf mkybhy chw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw f zhbiëb h ogvphy bhkoy fwphîo jf zfbpo ch pyonyhbhîço# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob h hvzoyh, o “yèjko fwpoyzk}o‒ mok fwwfcgkhl , zhczo phyh o mvzfiol, xvhczo phyh o gyfwgkbfczo jo yèjko gobo }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Ow pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko wvynkyhb fb 8;76, ch Yèjko Eowbow jf Wço Phvlo, powwkiklkzhcjo h hpyotkbhîço f h phyzkgkphîço jo pñilkgo# Mok vb bhygo phyh h dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko#
88 H jëghjh jf 70, co yèjko, ghyhgzfykqov"wf pflh }hloykqhîço jh bñwkgh popvlhy iyhwklfkyh, fwpfgkhlbfczf h jf nácfyo ghych}hlfwgo# Mok cfwwh ëpogh xvf }èykhw bhygdkcdhw, ghczhjhw hzë doaf, zoychyhb"wf chgkochlbfczf gocdfgkjhw, zyhqfcjo h yfioxvf o wvgfwwo jf ghczoyfw gobo Ghybfc Bkyhcjh, Lhbhyzkcf Ihio, Pktkcnvkcdh, Joyk}hl Gh{bk, fczyf ovzyow# Ow pykbfkyow pyonyhbhw jf ghlovyow wvynkyhb cfwwf pfyâojo, gob “Ow ghlovyow jo yèjko‒ yèjko‒, jf Gflwo Nvkbhyçfw, kcwpkyhjo fb bojflow ftkwzfczfw cow Fwzhjow Vckjow f hjhpzhjo pflh Yèjko Gyvqfkyo jo Wvl, jf Wço Phvlo, fb 8;77# Zyáw hcow jfpokw, Hyk Ihyyowo lhcîh}h ch mklkhl jo Yko o pyonyhbh “Ghlovyow fb Jfwmklf‒ Jfwmklf‒ $GHBPFLO, $GHBPFLO, 9008, P#7:+#
Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf h kcwzhlhîço jh Yèjko Chgkochl, fb 8;7=, f xvf bhkw zhyjf wfykh kcgoypoyhjh ho phzykbúcko jh Vckço, mok vb bhygo kbpoyzhczf ch dkwz÷ykh jh yhjkojkmvwço co Iyhwkl, aè chwgfcjo pyfjfwzkchjh h wfy h bhkoy jf zojhw# Co kcâgko, fyh pyopykfjhjf jo nyvpo aoychlâwzkgo “H Cokzf‒ f, powzfykoybfcz f, jvyhczf h }knácgkh jo Fwzhjo Co}o, mok fcghbphjh pflo no}fyco mfjfyhl f zyhcwmoybhjh ch poczh jf lhcîh jh pyophnhcjh }hynvkwzh, cço hpfchw co Iyhwkl, bhw kyyhjkhcjo, gob wfvw pozfczfw zyhcwbkwwoyfw, phyh xvhwf zojo o bvcjo#
gobfîov h }fyjhjfkyh goyykjh O yèjko phwwov h }k}fy h wvh “Ëpogh jf Ovy o‒, xvhcjo gobfîov pflh hvjkácgkh, bfjkjh pflhw pfwxvkwhw jo Kcwzkzvzo Iyhwklfkyo jf Opkckço Pñilkgh f Fwzhzâwzkgh, o KIOPF# Mok zhbiëb cfwwh ëpogh xvf wvynkyhb hw yhjkoco}flhw, xvf phwwhyhb h mhqfy phyzf jh pyonyhbhîço jh nyhcjf bhkoykh jhw fbkwwoyhw# H pykbfkyh jflhw, gdhbhjh Fb Ivwgh jh Mflkgkjhjf, mok ho hy fb 8;:9, ch Yèjko Chgkochl jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo#
Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwbo co yèjko wf gocmvcjf gob h py÷pykh dkwz÷ykh jo }fâgvlo1 chwgfyhb avczow f ghbkcdhyhb gozkjkhchbfczf# Mok fb 8;:8 goczvjo, xvf o Iyhwkl gocdfgfv f wf fcghczov gob vb cozkgkèyko xvf zyhqkh h yfioxvf vb co}o moybhzo, vbh co}h lkcnvhnfb, f xvf cço jfboyov h gocxvkwzhy vb pñilkgo mkfl#
89 O Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo chwgfv àw 89 doyhw f :6 bkcvzow jo jkh 94 jf hnowzo jf 8;:8, wfcjo zyhcwbkzkjo pflhw yèjkow Chgkochl jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo f Yfgoyj jf Wço Phvlo, gobo vbh cfgfwwkjhjf jf kcmoybhy o Phâw woiyf h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh BvcjkhlU###R# Pyfphyhjo pflh VPK‗ ‗ Vckzfj Pyfww Kczfychzkochl, o aoychl mhlhjo wfnvkh hw coybhw yânkjhw f mvcgkochkw jow cozkgkèykow yhjkomúckgow coyzf"hbfykghcow, hlghcîhcjo, hlëb jf vbh ftzyhoyjkcèykh lkjfyhcîh jf hvjkácgkh, zhbiëb vbh gyfjkiklkjhjf moyh jo gobvb $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#:6+#
Gocgoyyfcjo gob o Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo, h Zvpk jf Wço Phvlo gobfîov h zyhcwbkzky, h phyzky jf 8;:9, o wfv Nyhcjf Aoychl, woi h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf Goykpdfv jf Hqf}fjo Bhyxvfw, xvf zkcdh, fb wfv gvyyâgvlo, lhynh ftpfykácgkh fb aoychl kbpyfwwo, pokw zyhihldhyh cow Jkèykow f Fbkwwoyhw Hwwogkhjow#
Wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+, o Nyhcjf Aoychl Mhlhjo Zvpk, hpyfwfczhjo poy xvhzyo logvzoyfw, zkcdh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pfgvlkhyfw, zhkw gobo hw bhcgdfzfw jo jkh f h hpyfwfczhîço jow hwwvczow jk}kjkjow poy ilogow# ]hlf lfbiyhy xvf fwwf bojflo ë vzklkqhjo hzë doaf pflh bhkoykh jow cozkgkowow# Fb 8;6;, h Yèjko Aoychl jo Iyhwkl ftkikv vb pyonyhbh gob wfy}kîow jf vzklkjhjf pñilkgh, gob o oiafzk}o jf fwzyfkzhy co}hbfczf ow lhîow gob ow ov}kczfw f yfgocxvkwzhy h hvjkácgkh pfyjkjh phyh h zflf}kwço# ]èykhw ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw zhbiëb hjozhyhb o fwzklo, gob h jk}vlnhîço jf hgdhjow f pfyjkjow, gocjkîöfw jhw fwzyhjhw, wfy}kîow jf bfzfoyolonkh bfzfoyolonkh f omfyzhw jf fbpyfno fczyf ovzyow# Fb 8;=0, vb nyvpo jf }fâgvlow gobfîov h jhy ácmhwf à pyonyhbhîço bhkw “mhlhjh‒, xvf ivwgh}h o jkèlono gob o pñilkgo, h phyzky jh zyogh jf kcmoybhîöfw# Vbh jhw co}kjhjfw mok h yfpoyzhnfb jf yvh, xvf wf zoycov gowzvbfkyh gowzvbfkyh chw yèjkow, pfybkzkcjo xvf h kcmoybhîço gdfnhwwf bhkw yhpkjhbfczf ho ov}kczf# Gob o zfbpo, hw fbpyfwhw wf mkybhyhb f jfmkckyhb bfldoy wvh pyonyhbhîço f o zkpo jf pñilkgo phyh o xvhl wfykhb }olzhjhw, gobo poy ftfbplo, h Yèjko Phchbfykghch, xvf fb 8;=>, wf fwpfgkhlkqov fb aoychlkwbo, gob kcmoybhîöfw wfb doyèyko mkto phyh wfyfb }fkgvlhjhw#
87 Wfnvcjo Aëwvw Wovqh $8;;=+, fb 8;=; wvynkv o yèjko MB nfyhcjo vb gyfwgkbfczo jf hvjkácgkh wvypyffcjfczf, pykcgkphlbfczf fczyf ow ao}fcw# H wfnbfczhîço jhw MBw fb fwzklo bvwkghl jkmfyfczfw phwwov h wfy vbh yfhlkjhjf# H pykbfkyh yfjf iyhwklfkyh jf MB mok h Zyhcwhbëykgh9# Aè ch jëghjh jf 8;>0, wvynkyhb zhbiëb hw hnácgkhw jf pyojvîço yhjkomúckgh, gobo h Yfjf L-G jf yèjko, xvf pyojvqkh pyonyhbhw gob hyzkwzhw mhbowow phyh }fcjfy hw nyh}hîöfw phyh fbkwwoyhw kczfyfwwhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf hw jf pfxvfco poyzf, xvf cço zkcdhb gocjkîöfw jf pyojvqky bhzfykhkw jfwwf zkpo# Cfwwh bfwbh ëpogh, bvkzhw fbkwwoyhw jfgkjkyhb wf vcky phyh moyzhlfgfy h kbhnfb jo yèjko f gocxvkwzhy vbh bhkoy }hloykqhîço gobfygkhl# How povgow, gob ow co}ow wvpoyzfw zfgcol÷nkgow, o fwzklo jo aoychlkwbo mok wf bojkmkghcjo, wfcjo hlzfyhjo zhbiëb o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo jow co}ow bfkow# Hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf vwo jo yèjko gobo bfko jf kcmoybhîço, fb jobâckow kchlghcîè}fkw pflh phlh}yh kbpyfwwh, zoychyhb kcwvmkgkfczf h jflkbkzhîço jo nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo boljhjh woiyf vbh ihwf bhzfykhl xvf cço h wvh $BFJKZWGD, 8;;;, p#98+#
Hw pykcgkphkw kco}hîöfw h xvf o hvzoy wf yfmfyf wfykhb o fwphîo phyh bhckmfwzhîço jo ov}kczf, o yfgfpzoy jh bfcwhnfb5 o hlghcgf jo }fâgvlo fb lvnhyfw locnâcxvow, h kco}hîço co wfczkjo jh phlh}yh “yfpoyzhnfb‒ gob hw fczyhjhw ho }k}o, f o mhzo jf cço bocopolkqhy h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo, xvf pojf mhqfy }èykhw ovzyhw gokwhw fcxvhczo fwgvzh ow kcmoybhzk}ow co yèjko# Fb 8;>= o No}fyco jfgkjkv gykhy h Yhjkoiyèw, Fbpyfwh Iyhwklfkyh jf Yhjkomvwço, gob h mkchlkjhjf jf “oynhckqhy hw fbkwwoyhw, opfyè"lhw opfyè "lhw f ftployhy ow wfy}kîow jf yhjkojkmvwço jo No}fyco Mfjfyhl‒ $OYZYK^HCO, 8;46, p#9:+# p#9:+ # H fbpyfwh zfykh vbh pyonyhbhîço kcmoybhzk}h, fjvghzk}h f jf yfgyfhîço# Ch jëghjh jf 8;40, ow whzëlkzfw bvjhyhb o wfczkjo jf zyhcwbkwwço co yèjko# H Ihcjfkyhczfw “wobov, hbplkov, bvlzkplk gov wvh yfjf f mok pkocfkyh co Iyhwkl, avczhcjo Kczflwhz, Iyhwklwhz, kcmoybhzkqhîço zozhl, Kczfycfz, yfjfw bvcjkhkw f chgkochkw jf whzëlkzfw f gobpvzhjoyfw‒ $WHLOBÇO, 9007, p#>7+# p#>7+ #
9
Mhq phyzf jo Nyvpo Hlmh# Ftkwzfb zyáw }fyzfczfw jh yfjf1 Zyhcwhbëykgh Pop, Dkzw f Lkndz
8: Boqhdky Whlobço $9007+ hmkybh xvf h Fbiyhzfl gykov o Yhjkowhz, fb 8;4;, o xvf pfybkzkv h moybhîço jf yfjfw chgkochkw f wvhw hmklkhjhw# Jo fwzñjko fb Iyhwâlkh, h Yhjkoiyhw gob h ]oq jo Iyhwkl, co hy jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;70, ë o pykcgkphl bfko jf kcmoybhîço jf bvkzow iyhwklfkyow# Ch jëghjh jf 8;;0 dov}f vbh pyolkmfyhîço jf fbkwwoyhw jf gvcdo yflknkowo# Bklzoc Avcn $9004+ oiwfy}h xvf o kc}fwzkbfczo fb aoychlkwbo cfwwhw fbkwwoyhw pfyjfv fwphîo# Gob o wvynkbfczo jh ~fi, mok nyhcjf o kbphgzo gob h gykhîço jf wkzfw f hw kcmoybhîöfw hiyhcnfczfw cflfw goczkjhw, hlëb, ë glhyo, jhxvklo xvf dè jf bhkw yfczè}fl1 h pvilkgkjhjf oc"lkcf# H phyzky jf 9000, h phygfykh fczyf h kbhnfb f o wob wf popvlhykqh ch ~fi# Poy kczfybëjko jh zflh jo gobpvzhjoy o kczfychvzh phwwh h ov}ky o wob jo yèjko f }fy hw kbhnfcw jh zflf}kwço# O mhzo ë xvf gob o phwwhy jow hcow, o yèjko wf gocwolkjov f wvhw }hczhnfcw gobo bfko jf kcmoybhîço mkghyhb câzkjhw# Flf gocxvkwzov fwphîo f phpfl ifb jfmkckjow, jf moybh xvf cfb h zflf}kwço, cfb h kczfycfz ‗ hlnvcw hcow jfpokw ‗ gocwfnvkyhb hihlhy wvh pfybhcácgkh ch wogkfjhjf# Hzvhlbfczf, hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw, ho kc}ëw jf yfpyfwfczhyfb vbh hbfhîh, wf zoychyhb bhkw vbh hlzfychzk}h jf hzvhîço jfwwf }fâgvlo# Vb ftfbplo ë o yèjko jknkzhl xvf aè fwzè fb zfwzfw co Iyhwkl# Poy bfko jflf, h xvhlkjhjf jo wob }hk bfldoyhy, zhczo phyh h myfxvácgkh HB, xvhczo phyh hw jf MB# Hlëb jkwwo, hw fwzhîöfw pojfyço fc}khy zftzow phyh yfgfpzoyfw, pyojvqkcjo goczfñjo jk}fywkmkghjo# jk}fywkmkghjo# H kczfycfz }hk, hwwkb, jhcjo kbpoyzhczfw goczykivkîöfw phyh o }fâgvlo, aè xvf jk}fywhw yèjkow fwzço jkwpockiklkqhcjo o hgfwwo à wvh pyonyhbhîço ho }k}o pflh yfjf bvcjkhl jf gobpvzhjoyfw# Gob ow yfgvywow jh kczfycfz, ow vwvèykow zhbiëb pojfb gykhy wvhw py÷pykhw fbkwwoyhw f pyojvqky pojghwzw 7#
7
Zfybo xvf mhq yfmfyácgkh h kPoj $o zoghjoy jf bñwkghw jknkzhkw jh Hpplf+ f iyohjghwzkcn $zyhcwbkwwço jf bfkow jf gobvckghîço fb bhwwh+# O kczfychvzh gykh ow pojghwzw f pvilkgh ch kczfycfz# Lè, o bhzfykhl ë hgfwwhjo poy kczfyfwwhjow, xvf pojfb mhqfy hwwkchzvyh jo YWW, vb moybhzo jf jkwzykivkîço jhw kcmoybhîöfw ch Kczfycfz# Poy bfko jflf, hw hzvhlkqhîöfw wço fc}khjhw phyh ow hwwkchczfw wfb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf hgfwwhy co}hbfczf h pènkch jf jo~clohj#
86
9#7 O yèjko fb Iflo Doykqoczf 9#7#8 H yèjko Bkcfkyh Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf mok poy kczfybëjko jh fwzhîço jh Yfphyzkîço Nfyhl jow Zflënyhmow xvf h Hwwogkhîço Yèjko Bkcfkyh mfq, fb 8= jf jfqfbiyo jf 8;96, h wvh pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço# Jokw bfwfw jfpokw, o aoychl Bkchw Nfyhkw pvilkgh}h, ch fjkîço jf 9= jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;9=, h cozâgkh zço hnvhyjhjh pflh popvlhîço ifloykqoczkch1 h yhjkomockh aè jh}h ow wfvw pykbfkyow phwwow ch ghpkzhl, co wfczkjo jf, fb povgo zfbpo, zfy hvzocobkh wvmkgkfczf phyh gocwfnvky h wvh pykbfkyh gocgfwwço $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#;6+#
Jvyhczf zyáw hcow cço dov}f xvhlxvfy yfnkwzyo jf vbh co}h zyhcwbkwwço co Fwzhjo f o ñckgo yfgvywo fyh wf goczfczhy gob h pyonyhbhîço hpyfwfczhjh pflhw yèjkow jo Yko f jf Wço Phvlo# Ghbpflo $9008+ ftplkgh xvf, fb hnowzo jf 8;9;, o aoychlkwzh bkcfkyo Lkcjolpdo Fwpfgdkz yfgfifv jf vb hbkno h kcmoybhîço jf xvf fxvkphbfczow jf zflfgobvckghîço phyh h kcwzhlhîço jf vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko fwzhykhb jkwpocâ}fkw phyh johîço# Fwpfgdkz mok ho Yko jf Ahcfkyo f gocwfnvkv o bhzfykhl ch fwpfyhcîh jf, fb wfnvkjh, oizfy h gocgfwwço phyh kcwzhlhy, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh jh ghpkzhl# H gocgfwwço mok jhjh, nyhîhw h vb fcnhco polâzkgo jo pyfwkjfczf ^hwdkcnzoc Lvkw, xvf jfwgocdfgkh h ftkwzácgkh jow fxvkphbfczow aè jkwpockiklkqhjow# Fb = jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;78, h Yèjko Bkcfkyh mok kchvnvyhjh omkgkhlbfczf# H fbkwwoyh yfkcov hiwolvzh hzë 8;7=, xvhcjo chwgfyhb, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, hw Yèjkow Nvhyhck f Kcgocmkjácgkh# Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf ch jëghjh jf :0 h pyonyhbhîço jh Yèjko Bkcfkyh fwzh}h gocwolkjhjh gob vbh wëykf jf kco}hîöfw, bvkzhw jflhw gopkhjhw pflhw fbkwwoyhw xvf moyhb wvynkcjo jfpokw#
8= Xvhcjo phwwov h mhqfy phyzf jh yfjf jow Jkèykow f Fbkwwoyhw Hwwogkhjow, boczhjh poy Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj, bvkzow kc}fwzkbfczow moyhb mfkzow f h pyonyhbhîço wf zoycov, jf mhzo, ifb }hykhjh# Hlëb jo yhjkozfhzyo, h Bkcfkyh mok vbh jhw pykbfkyhw h lhcîhy ow pyonyhbhw jf ghlovyow, gob h Doyh jh Pflfnh, xvf jh}h ho }fcgfjoy vb pyábko jf jfq bkl yëkw# Mok zhbiëb h pykbfkyh h zyhcwbkzky vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol1 vb aono fczyf ]klh f Hzlëzkgo, f h pykbfkyh h cozkgkhy o kcâgko jh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl# H “PYG >, Yèjko Bkcfkyh, h }oq jf Bkchw phyh hlëb jhw myoczfkyhw‒ pfybhcfgfv co hy poy wfzf jëghjhw $GHBPFLO, $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#808+#
9#7#9 H yèjko Nvhyhck Fb hnowzo jf 8;7=, chwgkh h Yèjko Nvhyhck HB :, mvcjhjh poy Lhvyo jf Wovqh Ihyyow# Gob flh, wvynkyhb ow nyhcjfw pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko, hw yfpoyzhnfcw, ow aoychkw mhlhjow f co}ow pyonyhbhw jf fwpoyzfw fb Iflo Doykqoczf# Fb 8;:9, h fbkwwoyh phwwov h mhqfy phyzf jo nyvpo jow Jkèykow Hwwogkhjow, xvf pfyzfcgkh h Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj# Poy bhkw jf 90 hcow h Nvhyhck wf bhczf}f gobo vbh fwzhîço jf wfy}kîow, yfgocdfgkjh pflo wfv wlonhc “h }oq jo po}o‒, f wfcjo gocwkjfyhjh h bhkoy jo nácfyo co Iyhwkl# O wfv wfy}kîo jf vzklkjhjf pñilkgh mvcgkoch}h gobo vb jfphyzhbfczo hvzúcobo f hzfcjkh àw bhkw }hykhjhw cfgfwwkjhjfw jh popvlhîço, hcvcgkhcjo jfwjf o jogvbfczo pfyjkjo ho vynfczf yfbëjko whl}hjoy jf }kjhw $GHBPFLO, $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 80>+#
Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf gobo hw jfbhkw fbkwwoyhw aè ftkwzfczfw co Phâw ch jëghjh jf 70, h Nvhyhck cço hiykv bço jf ovzyhw mfyyhbfczhw xvf nhyhczkhb wvgfwwo avczo ho pñilkgo, f kc}fwzkv zhbiëb fb aoychlkwbo, fwpoyzf f fczyfzfckbfczo, ivwghcjo vcky, jk}fyzky, kcwzyvky f kczfnyhy o po}o bkcfkyo# Jvyhczf ow pyonyhbhw, oyxvfwzyhw zogh}hb glèwwkgow jh bñwkgh chgkochl f kczfychgkochl fcghczhcjo ow ov}kczfw xvf zhbiëb phyzkgkph}hb jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw, jkyfzhbfczf jo hvjkz÷yko jh yèjko, loghlkqhjo ch Yvh Gvykzkih f gob ghphgkjhjf phyh 800 pfwwohw# H Yèjko Nvhyhck cço wf lkbkzh}h hpfchw ho py÷pyko zfhzyo, ovzyow loghkw jf lhqfy yfgfikhb ow ov}kczfw, gobo poy ftfbplo, o Gkcf Iyhwkl, o Gkcf Nl÷ykh f o Zfhzyo Bvckgkphl#
:
Hzvhlbfczf, flh opfyh hpfchw fb MB, jkyfgkochjh ho pñilkgo hjvlzo jhw glhwwfw H f I# O aoychlkwbo
zfb povxvâwwkbo fwphîo ch pyonyhbhîço#
8> Mèiko Bhyzkcw $8;;;+ yfwwhlzh xvf, bhkw zhyjf, ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, h yèjko womyfv hlzfyhîöfw hlzfyhîöfw ch wvh pyonyhbhîço# O jkyfzoy Aowë Bhvyo fwzhiflfgfv h bñwkgh, h cozâgkh f o fwpoyzf gobo pklhyfw jh fbkwwoyh f, phyh kwwo, h fxvkpf jf aoychlkwzhw mok yfmoyîhjh gob nyhcjfw cobfw }kcjow jh gocgoyyfczf# Zhkw bvjhcîhw yfcjfyhb à yèjko vbh lkjfyhcîh kcxvfwzkocè}fl, poy zyáw hcow gocwfgvzk}ow# Chky Pyhzh $9080+ kcmoybh, poyëb, xvf, h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;>0, h fbkwwoyh mok pfyjfcjo lvnhy co zopo jh hvjkácgkh f h ftfbplo jo xvf hgoczfgfv gob h Bkcfkyh, h Nvhyhck HB zhbiëb jfktov jf mvcgkochy, jfpokw jf 60 hcow co hy#
9#7#7 H yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh Vb báw jfpokw jh kchvnvyhîço jh Yèjko Nvhyhck, chwgkh fb Iflo Doykqoczf h fbkwwoyh omkgkhl jo No}fyco jo Fwzhjo1 h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh# Kcwzhlhjh pflo no}fychjoy Ifcfjkzo ]hllhjhyfw, h fbkwwoyh zf}f gobo kjfhlkqhjoy Kwyhfl Pkcdfkyo xvf, ch ëpogh, fyh Wfgyfzèyko jf Hnykgvlzvyh, Gobëygko, Kcjñwzykh, ]khîço f Oiyhw Pñilkghw# H kbpowwkiklkjhjf jf gobvckghîço fczyf h ghpkzhl f o kczfykoy mok h hlh}hcgh pyopvlwoyh xvf wfy}kv phyh avwzkmkghy h gykhîço jf vbh fwzhîço jf yèjko jo no}fyco xvf pvjfwwf vcky zojo o Fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, hkcjh ghyfczf jf fwzyhjhw hwmhlzhjhw, jf lkcdhw hëyfhw f jf zflfmockh# O goczyhzo mok hwwkchjo fb 89 jf hnowzo jf 8;7=, fczyf o no}fyco bkcfkyo f o Bkckwzëyko jf ]khîço phyh xvf wf fwzhiflfgfwwf, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, vbh fbkwwoyh gob mkchlkjhjf kczflfgzvhl f kcwzyvzk}h jf 99#000 ~hzzw, wvioyjkchjh hjbkckwzyhzk}hbfczf à Wfgyfzhykh jf Hnykgvlzvyh# Hwwkb, wvynkv h Kcgocmkjácgkh, vbh fbkwwoyh lknhcjo ghbpo f gkjhjf, po}o f no}fyco, poy bfko jf vbh pyonyhbhîço ihwfhjh fb cozâgkh, bñwkgh, moldfzkb f yfglhbf# $GHBPFLO, $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#88=+
Wfcjo h fbkwwoyh bhkw bojfych jh gkjhjf, h Kcgocmkjácgkh wfy}kh gobo poczo jf yfmfyácgkh cço wobfczf phyh ow zvykwzhw, gobo zhbiëb phyh o po}o jh ghpkzhl# F dh}kh yhqço jf wfy phyh fwwf pyfwzânko# Zojow ow xvf zkcdhb yèjko fb ghwh lknh}hb"co oiyknhzoykhbfczf àw gkcgo jh zhyjf, doyèyko fb xvf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw gobfîh}hb# Ow xvf cço zkcdhb, khb ov}ky h Kcgocmkjácgkh jfihkto jow mkgvw jh Pyhîh Yko Iyhcgo, xvf powwhczfw hlzo"mhlhczfw gologhjow ch zoyyf jh Mfkyh kcvcjh}hb jf bñwkghw f jf cozâgkhw# Nfczf jf zojow ow ihkyyow jkwzhczfw hwwfczh}h"wf pflow ihcgow jh pyhîh ov ch bvyfzh jh Wfgyfzhykh jf Hnykgvlzvyh phyh ov}ky bñwkgh, pyonyhbhw gvlzvyhkw f fjvghzk}ow, gocmfyácgkhw gkfczâmkghw f gocgfyzow $GHBPFLO, $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 88>+#
84 Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf, gob o phwwhy jow hcow, hlëb jh gobvckghîço kcwzhczécfh ch goifyzvyh jow pykcgkphkw hgoczfgkbfczow fwzhjvhkw, h Kcgocmkjácgkh phwwov h pyk}klfnkhy wfnbfczow jkmfyfcgkhjow jh wogkfjhjf gob pyonyhbhw jfwzkchjow h pñilkgow fwpfgâmkgow# Pflh wvh pozácgkh, pflhw wvhw mkchlkjhjfw gobpyo}hjhw fb pyonyhbhw gvao cñbfyo jf ov}kczfw hvbfczh}h jkh hp÷w jkh, pflh wvh lhynh mvcîço gvlzvyhl f fjvghzk}h hiyhcnfcjo zhczow f zço }hykhjow wfzoyfw, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh kbpúw"wf gobo vbh jhw fbkwwoyhw jf yfhl f powkzk}h pyoafîço fb zojo o Phâw# H }olvbowh goyyfwpocjácgkh ftkwzfczf fb wfvw hyxvk}ow pojkh hzfwzhy o hlghcgf jfwwfw pyonyhbhw mfkzow phyh zojhw hw ghbhjhw wogkhkw $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 88;+#
Jfpokw xvf Kwyhfl Pkcdfkyo jfktov h wfgyfzhykh, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh zobov vb co}o yvbo# Ch jëghjh jf 8;:0, h fbkwwoyh phwwov h wfnvky o bojflo jh Yèjko Chgkochl jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Gob Yhbow jf Ghy}hldo ch jkyfîço, h yèjko zoycov"wf kbihzâ}fl# Gob ghphgkjhjf phyh xvhwf bkl pfwwohw, o hvjkz÷yko yfgfikh hpyfwfczhîöfw jf ghczoyfw, pyonyhbhw f yhjkoco}flhw# F co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh wf gocwhnyh}h lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh co yèjko $BHYZKCW,8;;;+# H fbkwwoyh goczkcvh woi o goczyolf jo No}fyco jf Bkchw f, hzvhlbfczf, powwvk pyonyhbhîço jkmfyfczf phyh HB f MB, bhw fb hbihw, ë gocgfjkjo fwphîo ho aoychlkwbo f ho fwpoyzf# Ghbpflo $9008+ ftplkgh xvf co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 60 ftkwzkhb co Iyhwkl gfygh jf 900 fbkwwoyhw# H polâzkgh hjozhjh pflo pyfwkjfczf Fvykgo Nhwphy Jvzyh zfczh}h ftphcjky o wkwzfbh jf yhjkojkmvwço fwphldhcjo co}hw fwzhîöfw poy zojo o zfyykz÷yko chgkochl, wfb gocgfczyè"lhw chw nyhcjfw gkjhjfw# Fb Iflo Doykqoczf, hw zyáw fwzhîöfw fb opfyhîço dè jvhw jëghjhw lvzh}hb pflh hvjkácgkh jow ov}kczfw, f h powwkiklkjhjf jf co}hw gocgfwwöfw jfwpfyzh}h nyhcjf kczfyfwwf# Mok xvhcjo, fb 8;69, wvynkv h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Wfb }fyih phyh goczyhzhy vb ghwz gobo ow xvf ftkwzkhb chw gocgoyyfczfw, o ghbkcdo fcgoczyhjo poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, kjfhlkqhjoy kjfhlkqhjoy jh fbkwwoyh f zfbh jfwwh boconyhmkh, mok pykoykqhy h kcmoybhîço, h goifyzvyh jf f}fczow fwpoyzk}ow f h pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow#
8;
7 KZHZKHKH1 H YÈJKO JF BKCHW H yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë vbh pozácgkh co wfnbfczo jh gobvckghîço# Goczh gob vbh fxvkpf jf gfczo f wfzfczh golhioyhjoyfw# Hlëb jkwwo, h yèjko ë gobpowzh poy gkcgo fbkwwoyhw, wfcjo flhw1 Kzhzkhkh HB/MB Iflo Doykqoczf, f xvhzyo co kczfykoy jf Bkchw, Ovyo Pyfzo, Avkq jf Moyh, Boczfw Glhyow f ]hynkcdh# H pozácgkh jh yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë jf 800 e^, goiyf vb yhko jf 8:0 xvklúbfzyow, hzkcnkcjo zojh h yfnkço bfzyopolkzhch jh ghpkzhl bkcfkyh, f }èykhw gkjhjfw jo kczfykoy# Hzyh}ëw jh ocjh gvyzh jf 6#;>0 eDq, goiyf zojo o fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f ow fwzhjow }kqkcdow, hlëb jf zfy wvh pyonyhbhîço zyhcwbkzkjh pflo wkzf, f pflo ghchl :88 jh WE[#
7#8 Fyh vbh }fq### Mok co mvcjo jo xvkczhl jf ghwh, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, jfihkto jhw ihchcfkyhw, xvf o bfckco Ahcvèyko gobfîov h gologhy fb pyèzkgh wfvw wocdow jf mvcjhy vbh yèjko# Xvfykh nhcdhy pyábkow, gobo hgoczfgfyh gob h ghgdhîh “Lhvykcjkch‒# Wfnvcjo Hcjyë Ghy}hldo f Eho Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, Joch Lhvyh, bçf jf Ahcvèyko, goczh}h h flf o xvhczo fyh phyfgkjo gob o h}ú phzfyco, zhbiëb gdhbhjo Ahcvèyko, vb dobfb gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ovwhjhw f }kwkocèykhw# O h}ú mhiykgh}h h ghgdhîh Lhvykcjkch, fb Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë# Gfyzo jkh, fb 8;06, flf lfv vb aoychl woiyf h ftpowkîço kczfychgkochl xvf wfykh yfhlkqhjh ch gkjhjf jf Whkcz Lovkw, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Gob h ovwhjkh jow pkocfkyow, jfgkjkv kcwgyf}fy wvh ghgdhîh ch jkwpvzh gob ifikjhw jo bvcjo kczfkyo# Bhcjov h “Lhvykcjkch‒ phyh ow Fwzhjow Vckjow f mok pyfbkhjo gob h bfjhldh jf ovyo# Zyáw hcow jfpokw, yfpfzkv o mfkzo ch Ftpowkîço Kczfychgkochl jf Phykw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p#866+#
Jf ghgdhîh, o cfzo Ahcvèyko cço fczfcjkh zhczo xvhczo fczfcjkh jf yèjko, dhah }kwzh xvf, gob hpfchw 90 hcow, flf boczov vb pfxvfco zyhcwbkwwoy co xvkczhl, gob h mkchlkjhjf jf lf}hy ho hy ow wvgfwwow bvwkghkw jh ëpogh# O bfckco goczh}h gob h havjh jow jokw kybçow, zhbiëb hbhczfw jh yhjkomockh1 Fwzdfy, jf ocqf hcow, xvf kczfypyfzh}h Bhylfcf,
90 Jhl}h jf Olk}fkyh, Fbklkcdh Ioyih f ovzyhw ghczoyhw jo yèjko5 f Fbhcvfl, xvf whâh goyyfcjo pflh }kqkcdhcîh gob h mvcîço jf fwphldhy h cozâgkh jf xvf h yèjko fwzh}h co hy# Wfnvcjo Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, ch jëghjh jf 8;60, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo }kv, poy hghwo, fb vb aoychl kbpyfwwo, xvf vb nyvpo jf Vifylécjkh dh}kh wf fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb oizfy gocgfwwöfw jf yèjko phyh pfxvfcow bvckgâpkow# H fbpyfwh jfzfczoyh jh gocgfwwço boczh}h h fwzhîço jf yèjko phyh, fb wfnvkjh, }fcjá"lh gob ènko# Ow zyhcwbkwwoyfw fyhb jf 800 ~hzzw, h bfcoy pozácgkh pfybkzkjh# Dh}kh vbh fbkwwoyh jfwwf zkpo wfcjo kcwzhlhjh fb Co}h Lkbh, wfjf jo ]klh Co}h Hzlëzkgo Glvif f jh Bkch jf Boyyo ]fldo, h povgo bfcow jf 70 xvklúbfzyow jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Ahcvèyko mkgov whifcjo# Fyh h gdhcgf jf jykilhy h iyknh jow pojfyowow ‗ xvf zfczh}hb hyyhcghy jf Nfzñlko h gocgfwwço jo co}o ghchl ‗ phyh yfhlkqhy wfv wocdo ch zfyyh jo ovyo# H opoyzvckjhjf fwzh}h hlk, bhw o jkcdfkyo, cço $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 9=+#
Ahcvèyko }kv hlk vbh opoyzvckjhjf, f zyhzov jf gocwfnvky vbh phygfykh phyh gobpyhy h fbkwwoyh# Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, chxvflh ëpogh Ahcvèyko zkcdh 97 hcow f vb whlèyko kcwvmkgkfczf phyh goiyky wvhw py÷pykhw jfwpfwhw# Gob vb pyoafzo hvjhgkowo chw bçow, Ahcvèyko goc}fcgfv o fbpyfwèyko Hlhky Govzo h zoychy"wf wfv w÷gko# Mok jo mvzfiol xvf }fko h wolvîço# Ahcvèyko lfbiyov"wf jf Hlhky Govzo, ft"pyfwkjfczf jo Hbëykgh Mvzfiol Glvif, gob xvfb mkqfyh w÷lkjh hbkqhjf f xvf gobfîh}h chxvflfw zfbpow vbh }kzoykowh ghyyfkyh jf kcgoypoyhjoy# Hlhky hgyfjkzov co pyoafzo, hjkhczov 40 goczow phyh h fczyhjh f gocwfnvkv hyyhcahy vb fbpyëwzkbo ihcgèyko jf 990 goczow phyh goiyky o xvf mhlzh}h# Zoycov"wf w÷gko, bhw h}kwov1 “Fczyo phyh golhioyhy, f whko hwwkb xvf h golhioyhîço wf mkqfy jkwpfcwè}fl‒# Gob o jkcdfkyo ch bço, hw gokwhw wf hgflfyhy hb hb $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 9=+#
Ow 700 goczow ftknkjow phyh o phnhbfczo moyhb oizkjow poy bfko jf vb fbpyëwzkbo jo co}o w÷gko f fb 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;69 o wocdo }kyov yfhlkjhjf1 h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh fczyh}h fb opfyhîço omkgkhlbfczf# Jfq jkhw jfpokw, Nfzñlko ]hynhw hwwkch}h h hvzoykqhîço phyh xvf h Kzhzkhkh mvcgkochwwf omkgkhlbfczf# H yèjko opfyh}h ch myfxvácgkh 8640 eDq, ifb co mkchlqkcdo jo jkhl# Cço fyh nyhcjf gokwh, bhw jh}h phyh gobfîhy# $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9+#
98 Hnoyh, mhlzh}h boczhy h fxvkpf, xvf lono mok moybhjh gob o goc}kzf mfkzo h jokw hbknow xvf zyhihldhyhb gob Ahcvèyko ch Yèjko Nvhyhck1 Dfybâcko Bhgdhjo, yfwpocwè}fl pflh pvilkgkjhjf f Lvkq Ghylow jf Wfcch Afyúckbo, yfwpocwè}fl pflh phyzf zëgckgh# Gobfîh}h hlk h yfhlkqhîço jf vb wocdo#
7#9 H pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço Fb 98 jf avldo jf 8;68, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hiykv wfvw bkgyomocfw pflh pykbfkyh }fq, hkcjh wfb lkgfcîh phyh mvcgkochy# Kcwzhlhjh co wfnvcjo hcjhy jo Fjkmâgko Ovyo, ch Pyhîh jo Ëjfc, fb Co}h Lkbh, phyfgkh zvjo, bfcow vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko# Fyhb zyáw xvhyzow, gob gfygh jf 89 bfzyow xvhjyhjow ghjh# Co pykbfkyo, mkgh}hb h yfjhîço, h hjbkckwzyhîço f o jfphyzhbfczo gobfygkhl, nyh}kzhcjo fb zoyco jh ñckgh bèxvkch jf fwgyf}fy jkwpocâ}fl# O wfnvcjo, pobpowhbfczf gdhbhjo jf fwzñjko, cço phwwh}h jf vb gviâgvlo gob hw ahcflhw }fjhjhw# H zëgckgh ogvph}h o zfygfkyo, gob o zyhcwbkwwoy, h bfwh jf èvjko f gfczfchw jf jkwgow jf >4 yozhîöfw poy bkcvzo, fbpkldhjow wfb cfcdvb gykzëyko hphyfczf# H hczfch doykqoczhl phwwh}h woiyf o zfldhjo, f o gocavczo cço yfwkwzkykh h vbh mkwghlkqhîço wf dov}fwwf mkwghkw kczfyfwwhjow chxvflh kcwzhlhîço pyfgèykh# $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#>+#
Fb wfzfbiyo jo bfwbo hco, h Kzhzkhkh zyhcwbkzkv vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol, jkyfzhbfczf jo ghbpo jo Hzlëzkgo, co ihkyyo jf Lovyjfw, gob Ahcvèyko gobo logvzoy f Aoço Gkykco gobo gobfczhykwzh# Fb 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;69 Ahcvèyko kchvnvyh}h omkgkhlbfczf h fbkwwoyh f hpyo}fkzh}h h jhzh phyh gobfboyhy, zhbiëb, o hck}fywèyko jflf f dobfchnfhy Wço Wfihwzkço, xvf wf zoycov o phjyofkyo jh Kzhzkhkh# Kzhzkhkh# H mfwzh mok phzyogkchjh pflh Gkh# Hczhygzkgh Phvlkwzh f ow wlonhcw vzklkqhjow chxvflh cokzf moyhb vb pyfcñcgko jo xvf wf zyhcwmoybhykh h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh1 “ h poyzh"}oq jow hgoczfgkbfczow‒ f “h “ h }oq jo fwpoyzf‒# fwpoyzf‒# Co}h Lkbh mok o ifyîo jh yèjko f, poy kwwo, dè kjfczkmkghîço f gvbplkgkjhjf# Bhw Ahcvèyko whikh xvf h ñckgh pfywpfgzk}h jf gyfwgkbfczo fwzh}h fb Iflo Doykqoczf# Gob hvzoykqhîço jo fczço pyfwkjfczf Nfzñlko ]hynhw, Ahcvèyko gocwfnvkv opfyhy vb
99 jfphyzhbfczo jf cozâgkhw moyh jo bvckgâpko"wfjf# O co}o fwzñjko mok kcwzhlhjo co Fjkmâgko Zkbioâ, co 89± hcjhy, ch yvh Yko jf Ahcfkyo, ::=, co gfczyo jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, hpfwhy jh fbpolnhîço, pfygfifv xvf h yèjko fwihyyh}h fb lkbkzhîöfw zëgckghw f mkchcgfkyhw# “Ow hcvcgkhczfw goczkcvh} hb jkwzhczfw, jâ}kjhw wf hgvbvlh}hb f o wob xvf gocwfnvkh wvpfyhy h ihyyfkyh jh Wfyyh jo Gvyyhl bhl pojkh wfy ghpzhjo fb Iflo Doykqoczf‒ $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#;+# Poy kwwo, h Kzhzkhkh fyh }kwzh gobo h fbkwwoyh xvf mhlh}h phyh o gfczyo f gogdkgdh}h phyh ow ihkyyow#
7#7 Mhqfcjo h jkmfyfcîh Fyh pyfgkwo zfy vb jkmfyfcgkhl phyh gobpfzky gob hw gocgoyyfczfw# Zyhcwbkzky ow Aonow Olâbpkgow Vck}fywkzèykow xvf moyhb yfhlkqhjow fb Iflo Doykqoczf, lono hp÷w h bvjhcîh jo zyhcwbkwwoy, mok }kwzo gobo vb lhcgf jf ovwhjkh pflhw zyáw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Phyh Ahcvèyko, co fczhczo, h goifyzvyh jh gobpfzkîço zoycov"wf vbh jfbocwzyhîço jf moyîh# Gob vb zflfmocf, wfb ghyyow phyh zyhcwpoyzhy h fxvkpf f wfb lkcdhw jf zyhcwbkwwço, h yèjko jfwjoiyov"wf phyh mhqfy h goifyzvyh jf zojhw hw gobpfzkîöfw# O xvf wf }kv moyhb hw gocgoyyfczfw fbpfcdhjhw ch fwgvzh jh Kzhzkhkh phyh jk}vlnhy ow yfwvlzhjow jhw phyzkjhw# Fwwh mok zhl}fq, h nyhcjf whghjh jf Ahcvèyko# Flf }kv co fwpoyzf h powwkiklkjhjf jf yfco}hy h hvjkácgkh f moyzhlfgá"lh# H phyzky jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw jow aonow Olâbpkgow Vck}fywkzèykow, h fbkwwoyh zf}f gyfjkiklkjhjf avczo how ov}kczfw f zhbiëb o “yfwpfkzo‒ jhw ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko# 6
Fyh pyfgkwo kco}hy f gykhzk}kjhjf cço mhlzh}h à fxvkpf xvf xvfykh gyfwgfy fb hvjkácgkh# Fb 8;6:, fb ovzyh bhckmfwzhîço jf ovwhjkh f goyhnfb, h fbkwwoyh jfjkgov"wf fb kcwzhlhy vb powzo jf zyhcwbkwwço co M÷yvb Lhmh{fzzf phyh zyhcwbkzky, jvyhczf :9 doyhw kckczfyyvpzhw, o avlnhbfczo jo pofzh Jëgko Fwgoihy, hgvwhjo jf bhzhy gob }èykhw mhghjhw o fcnfcdfkyo Lvkq Jflnhjo#
6
Yflhzo jf Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo à pfwxvkwhjoyh fb 87/;/80#
97 Jvyhczf bfwfw, o hwwvczo mok bozk}o jf jkwgvwwöfw fb Iflo Doykqoczf# “O gykbf jo Phyxvf Bvckgkphl ‒, gobo fyh gdhbhjo pflh kbpyfcwh, zkcdh ow kcnyfjkfczfw phyh hzyhky h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo1 pfwwohw mhbowhw, fc}ol}kjhw fb vb glkbh jf jfcwo bkwzëyko f gocjkbfczow wftvhkw pkghczfw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 68+#
H yèjko cço gocwfnvkv hvzoykqhîço phyh zyhcwbkzky hw wfwwöfw jo añyk ho }k}o# Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+ hmkybhb xvf Ahcvèyko }kv h opoyzvckjhjf jf bhkw vbh goifyzvyh kbpoyzhczf# H Kzhzkhkh fwghlov logvzoyfw phyh xvf, co mvcjo jh whlh jo hvjkz÷yko, jvilhwwfb ow jfihzfw f jfpokbfczow xvf ogoyykhb co zykivchl# F, bhkw vbh }fq, hw fbkwwoyhw gocgoyyfczfw moyhb oiyknhjhw h zfy h Kzhzkhkh gobo fwgvzh phyh wf bhczfyfb kcmoybhjhw# kcmoybhjhw# “O mfkzo jh Kzhzkhkh jfwcoyzfov h gocgoyyácgkh f nhyhczkv vbh hvjkácgkh wfb pyfgfjfczfw‒ $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#84+# Hkcjh fb 8;6: h Kzhzkhkh hzyf}fv"wf co}hbfczf# Fwzh}h ch gkjhjf vb nyvpo gkygfcwf jf hgyoihzhw hlfbçfw gdhbhjo Qvnwpkzqhyzkwzfc# H Kzhzkhkh yfwol}fv zyhcwbkzky h hpyfwfczhîço jflfw fb Iflo Doykqoczf# H zyvpf wf pyopvcdh h hcjhy jf bozogkglfzh woiyf vb ghio jf hîo fwzfcjkjo fczyf o 96± hcjhy jo fjkmâgko jo Ihcgo jh Lh}ovyh, doaf Ihcgo Yfhl, ch Pyhîh Wfzf, hzë o zfyyhîo jo fjkmâgko Hghkhgh, jo ovzyo lhjo jh H}fckjh Hmocwo Pfch# Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, o yfp÷yzfy woyzfhjo phyh goifyzvyh jo f}fczo mok Aowë Lkco Wovqh Ihyyow, jf 90 hcow, mvcgkocèyko jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hzë doaf# H goifyzvyh cço wfykh fb zfyyh mkybf, bhw, avczo à fxvkpf lè co hlzo jow fjkmâgkow, wfczhjo fb vbh ghjfkyh hbhyyhjh à bozo xvf ghyyfnh}h h pkyébkjf dvbhch# Ahcvèyko mfq vb fwzhyjhldhîo, phyh hcvcgkhy h co}h lovgvyh jh wvh fbkwwoyh# Gdfnov h fwgyf}fy vb zftzo, lkjo ch }ëwpfyh jh hpyfwfczhîço, phyh hvbfczhy h boyikjfq jo pñilkgo gob h pfywpfgzk}h jf vb jfwhwzyf kbkcfczf1 “H h}fckjh phyfgf vbh lâcnvh jf hwmhlzo cvbh nhynhczh pyoczh phyh jf}oyhy o yfp÷yzfy### $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# =9+#
O yfp÷yzfy hzyh}fwwov o fwphîo gob ow hlfbçfw f zyhcwbkzkv ho }k}o h hpyfwfczhîço# Aowë Lkco, cço gocwfnvf jfmkcky goyyfzhbfczf h bkwgflécfh jf wfczkbfczow co bobfczo jh zyh}fwwkh#
9: Lè jf gkbh, cço jh}h pyh jfmkcky ow wfczkbfczow# Fv chyyh}h h ftpfykácgkh xvf fyh gdfkh jf bfjo f fboîço# Bhw zk}f h gfyzfqh jf xvf zhczo ow fwpfgzhjoyfw xvhczo ow ov}kczfw pvjfyhb wf jflkgkhy gob zvjo hxvklo# H mhbh jf xvf fv fyh lovgo wf fwphldov f bfwfw jfpokw fv zyhcwbkzk vb whlzo jf phyhxvfjhw jkyfzh f wkbvlzhcfhbfczf jf vb jow xvhzyo h}köfw jh Fwxvhjykldh jh Mvbhîh# Hgdo xvf h mhbh jf lovgo ë pfyzkcfczf# =
Gocmoybf Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, o hco jf 8;6: mok bhyghczf phyh h fbkwwoyh f zhbiëb mok vb jk}kwoy jf ènvhw ch dkwz÷ykh jh yèjko# Aè cço fyh powwâ}fl kncoyhy h co}kjhjf xvf h Kzhzkhkh yfpyfwfczh}h# H hvjkácgkh aè bowzyh}h xvf o gogdkgdo mkgh}h ghjh }fq bhkw hvjâ}fl # H yèjko nhcdh}h bhkw gyfjkiklkjhjf, xvhlkjhjf fwwh jfwgykzh gobo hxvklo xvf ë }fyjhjfkyo, gyâ}fl f hgyfjkzè}fl hiykcjo poyzhw, phyh h kcmoybhîço f phyh o hwpfgzo gobfygkhl $PYHZH, 9009+# Fb 8;66, h zflf}kwço mok kchvnvyhjh fb Iflo Doykqoczf# Fb povgo zfbpo, nhcdov fwphîo cow lhyfw bkcfkyow# Bfwbo gob pyojvîço jf goczfñjo ifb pfxvfch, kbhnfb jkmâgkl jf wkczockqhy f hphyfldow bvkzo ghyow, o co}o }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço mok wfcjo hjxvkykjo how povgow pflh popvlhîço# Fcxvhczo h Z] Kzhgolobk zkyh}h jhw Yèjkow Bkcfkyh, Nvhyhck f Kcgocmkjácgkh ow wfvw bojflow jf pyonyhbhw, ow hcvcgkhczfw f nyhcjf phyzf jf wfv pfwwohl, h Kzhzkhkh goczkcvh}h gyfwgfcjo# Fb 94 jf bhyîo jf 8;6>, jkyfzo jh Hynfczkch, h fxvkpf jh Kzhzkhkh zyhcwbkzkv o aono jo Ghbpfochzo Wvl"Hbfykghco, Wvl"Hbfykghco, Pfyv t Iyhwkl# Fyh h pykbfkyh }fq xvf h fbkwwoyh mhqkh vbh zyhcwbkwwço kczfychgkochl# Mok h kcjfpfcjácgkh jo yèjko bkcfkyo# Chxvflf kcwzhczf, Ahcvèyko, gob }oq fbihynhjh, zobov múlfno phyh jhy kcâgko à zyhcwbkwwço, zyhcwbkwwço, hwwkb jfwgykzh poy Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+#
=
Yflhzo jf Aowë Lkco Wovqh Ihyyow à pfwxvkwhjoyh, fb 80/;/80#
96 " Dhilh, wføoy# Poy xvf cço dhilhw, wføoy? O ihyvldo fyh fcoybf, co fwzèjko jo Yk}fy Plhzf# Jfwjf h gocxvkwzh jo zâzvlo bvcjkhl, co hco hczfykoy, fyh h pykbfkyh }fq xvf h wflfîço iyhwklfkyh wf yfvckh pyh vb zoycfko kczfychgkochl###O nyhcjf zkbf ocjf iykldh}hb Pflë, Nhyykcgdh, Jkjk, Cklzoc Whczow f zojow ow dfy÷kw jf 64 zfykh xvf gobpyo}hy wvh wvpyfbhgkh co ghbpo jo hj}fywèyko# Ahcvèyko jfw}kov ow oldow jhw hyxvkihcghjhw# Pfygfikh ho wfv lhjo h ftpyfwwço jf hcwkfjhjf cow yowzow jf Ow}hljo Mhykh f ]hljky Yojyknvfw# Flfw cço fczfcjkhb h yhqço jo wklácgko xvf o gdfmf mhqkh ho bkgyomocf# Fczfcjfyhb bfcow hkcjh xvhcjo flf yfpfzkv1 " Wfcdoyfw ov}kczfw, ioh cokzf# Fwzf ioh cokzf wknckmkgh o nykzo jf kcjfpfcjácgkh jo yèjko bkcfkyo### $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 0;+
F cow ov}kjow jo logvzoy, h zflfmockwzh kcwkwzkh1 Dhilh, wføoy(((( Ahcvèyko mhlh}h, bhw cço fyh ov}kjo# Gdfnov h pfcwhy xvf o zyhihldo jf locnow jkhw f hw mkchcîhw zfykhb kjo poy ènvh hihkto f wf pfyjkjo fb bfko à gocmvwço jf lkcdhw kczfychgkochkw# Ow zkbfw aè fwzh}hb fb ghbpo wf hxvfgfcjo f chjh jh fbkwwoyh hiyky h zyhcwbkwwço kczfychgkochl# O yèjko fb Bkchw fbvjfgfyh, hzë Ahcvèyko pfygfify xvf dh}kh wf fwxvfgkjo jf lknhy o bkgyomocf# O plhczço jo fwzñjko fb Iflo Doykqoczf, wfnvyh}h h pyonyhbhîço gob kcmoybhîöfw kbpyo}kwhjhw# kbpyo}kwhjhw# Mok xvhcjo h }oq fb Ivfcow Hkyfw wf mfq fwgvzhy fb Bkchw# Fb ovzyow poczow jh gkjhjf, hlnvbhw pfwwohw zk}fyhb xvf hphnhy jo yowzo o woyykwo gob xvf aè gobfboyh}hb o myhghwwo jhxvflh fbkwwoyhqkcdh pyfzfcwkowh, xvf hcvcgkhyh h zyhcwbkwwço jf vb ghbpfochzo jf mvzfiol jkyfzhbfczf jf Ivfcow Hkyfw# Fwzè}hbow fb 8;6;, f h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh jh}h o pykbfkyo nyhcjf phwwo ch wvh ghyyfkyh jf lhcgfw f }kz÷ykhw kcfwpfyhjhw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 88+
Ow lhcgfw jf ovwhjkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo phyfgkhb cço zfy mkb# Co mkchl jf 8;64 h Kzhzkhkh phwwov h zyhcwbkzky jvyhczf 9: doyhw# Mok h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh jf Bkchw Nfyhkw h pfybhcfgfy co hy fb zfbpo kczfnyhl# Fb 8;=0, o yfp÷yzfy jh Kzhzkhkh, Dëlko Gowzh, mok jfwknchjo phyh mhqfy h goifyzvyh jh powwf jo pyfwkjfczf coyzf hbfykghco Aodc Efccfj{5 Yobfv Mhyqhco mok o yfp÷yzfy jh fbkwwoyh jfwknchjo phyh hgobphcdhy hw Olkbpâhjhw jf Yobh f Ow~hljo Mhykh, ovzyo mvcgkocèyko jh Kzhzkhkh mok how Fwzhjow Vckjow phyh fczyf}kwzhy, ch Gébhyh jh Boyzf, Ghy{l Gdfwbhc, “o ihcjkjo jh lvq }fybfldh‒#
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Mhykh, wfb mhlhy vbh phlh}yh wfxvfy jf kcnláw, hkcjh zfykh xvf fcmyfczhy ovzyow pfyghlîow hczfw jf gocwfnvky h fczyf}kwzh# Fb Whc Myhcgkwgo, jfwgoiykv vb moz÷nyhmo xvf mhlh}h fwphcdol phyh hgobphcdè"lo hzë h pfckzfcgkèykh# Gdfnhyhb jfpokw jh doyh jf }kwkzhw, fbiolhyhb vbh bkwzvyh jf kcnláw, fwphcdol f poyzvnváw ch poyzhykh f hghihyhb gdfnhcjo hzë h jkyfîço jo pyfwâjko# Bfwbo phwwhjh h doyh jf }kwkzh, o jkyfzoy gocgoyjov fb pfynvczhy ho gocjfchjo wf hgfkzh}h jhy h fczyf}kwzh# Gdfwbhcc hiykv bço jo wfv ihcdo jf wol f flfw moyhb hjbkzkjow ch gflh 9#:66 $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 44+#
Gdfwbhc mok gocjfchjo poy hwwhlzhy ghwhkw jf chboyhjow, xvhcjo }kolfczh}h hlnvbhw }âzkbhw f gocxvkwzh}h o goyhîço jf ovzyhw# Pyfwo, mok zhbiëb hgvwhjo jf dobkgâjko# Fcxvhczo fwpfyh}h h ftfgvîço, fwgyf}fv vb lk}yo goczhcjo h wvh dkwz÷ykh f cfnhcjo hw hgvwhîöfw xvf womykh# Wfnvcjo Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, fb 98 jf hiykl jf 8;=0, h Kzhzkhkh zhbiëb wf mfq pyfwfczf ch kchvnvyhîço jf Iyhwâlkh# “H Kzhzkhkh, ë glhyo, fwzh}h lè1 mok h ñckgh fbkwwoyh jf Bkchw h zyhcwbkzky h kchvnvyhîço jh co}h ghpkzhl poy goczh py÷pykh‒ $GHY]HLDO5 BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p#;6+# Fb 8;=9, h yèjko gobplfzov jfq hcow f Ahcvèyko mok à Afyvwhlëb gob o myfk Bhyzkcdo Cow phwwow jf Gykwzo , kco}hcjo hw zyhcwbkwwöfw jh Pfckjo Iovyckfy phyh kckgkhy h wëykfCow
Wfbhch Whczh# Zfbpow bhkw zhyjf, h Kzhzkhkh mok h Lovyjfw f h Mèzkbh, hczfw jf mkthy o gfcèyko jf Yobh f h iácîço jo Phph fb wfv ghlfcjèyko hcvhl# Cfwwf bfwbo hco, h Kzhzkhkh goc}ogov 89 zkbfw hbhjoyfw jf mvzfiol phyh vb nyhcjf zoycfko# Chwgkh h Goph Kzhzkhkh xvf fb 9080 gobplfzov h xükcxvhnëwkbh fjkîço# Hkcjh ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, h fbkwwoyh hijkgov jh yânkjh zfcjácgkh poy fwpoyzfw f cozâgkhw, phwwhcjo h kco}hy gob fwphîow phyh pyonyhbhîöfw }hykhjhw, }kwhcjo à ghpzhîço jo pñilkgo mfbkckco# H nyhjf jh fbkwwoyh mok hifyzh phyh co}ow pyonyhbhw gob bñwkghw f fczyf}kwzhw#
9> H Kzhzkhkh aè cço bhkw gogdkgdh}h, zyhcwbkzkcjo fb hlzo f iob wob, hw pykcgkphkw kcmoybhîöfw f hgoczfgkbfczow jf Bkchw, jo Iyhwkl f jo bvcjo# Ahcvèyko }kh hwwkb o }fâgvlo1 O yèjko zfb xvf wfy hbhjo, phwwkochlbfczf, pflow xvf o yfhlkqhb# Wfb kwwo, chjh mfkzo# Ow xvf wço }fyjhjfkyhbfczf jo yèjko fwzço jkwpowzow h zojhw hw lvzhw, h zojow ow whgykmâgkow, hgfkzhcjo gob chzvyhlkjhjf hw myvwzyhîöfw, ow jfwhmkow# Fwwf zyhihldo mhwgkchczf omfyfgf bvkzh gobpfcwhîço, bhw ftknf wvoy zojow ow jkhw, pokw o yèjko cow gologh jfczyo jhw ghwhw, ch kczkbkjhjf jow lhyfw# Pojf wfy hzë xvf o yèjko cço fcgdh ow iolwow, bhw ë yknoyowhbfczf gfyzo xvf fcgdf ow goyhîöfw# W÷ xvfb fwzè co yèjko whif gobo kwwo ë }fyjhjf# $PKCZO AÑCKOY, 8;;7, p# 76+#
7#: O jfjo jf Jfvw “O jfjo jf Jfvw‒ Jfvw ‒ fyh h ftpyfwwço vwhjh poy Ahcvèyko phyh avwzkmkghy o xvf hgoczfgkh xvhcjo pyfgkwh}h fcmyfczhy wkzvhîöfw hj}fywhw f vbh pyo}kjácgkh jk}kch hafkzh}h zvjo# Cço moyhb povghw hw }fqfw fb xvf kwwo ogoyyfyh# Fb vbh jflhw, mok xvhcjo o pyfmfkzo jf Iflo Doykqoczf, Yfcá Nkhccfzzk, fb 8;68, hbfhîov zkyhy h Kzhzkhkh jo hy, goyzhcjo h fcfynkh flëzykgh, poyxvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo dh}kh mfkzo gyâzkghw à hjbkckwzyhîço jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Chxvflh cokzf, Ahcvèyko cço joybkv# H hbfhîh jf mkghy wfb flfzykgkjhjf phyh o zyhcwbkwwoy bhczf}f"o hgfwo hzë o jkh wfnvkczf# Jf bhcdç, xvhcjo whkv phyh o zyhihldo, lf}h}h co yowzo ow wkchkw jh cokzf phwwhjh fb glhyo# Povgow whikhb jh fwphjh xvf pfwh}h woiyf o jfwzkco jh fbkwwoyh, bhw hxvflfw xvf moyhb kcmoybhjow hnvhyjh}hb h wvh gdfnhjh gob fcoybf hcwkfjhjf# Hczfw bfwbo jf whky jo flf}hjoy, hlnvëb nykzov h cozâgkh xvf aè goyykh pflh gkjhjf1 " Nkhccfzzk boyyfv( H pykcgâpko, pfcwov xvf mowwf vbh iykcghjfkyh jf bhv nowzo, bhw h gocmkybhîço }fko lono jfpokw# Nkhccfzzk fwzh}h boyzo f h yèjko goczkcvh}h co hy $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# :6+#
Mok h pykbfkyh }fq xvf flf vwov h ftpyfwwço “o jfjo jf Jfvw‒# Wfnvcjo Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, fb 8;67, Ahcvèyko wf }kv co}hbfczf fb hpvyow, fb mvcîço jf vbh nyhcjf jâ}kjh ihcgèykh# Ho ivwghy havjh mkchcgfkyh gob o ihcxvfkyo Hczocko Lvgkhco, Ahcvèyko hghiov pyfwo ch hybhjkldh jo Ihcgo Mkchcgkhl#
94
Fwwh fyh h fwzyhzënkh vzklkqhjh poy Lvgkhco phyh hbplkhy wvh moyzvch1 mhgklkzh}h fbpyëwzkbow h xvhlxvfy vb xvf omfyfgfwwf o phzykbúcko gobo nhyhczkh, jfkth}h h jâ}kjh wf hgvbvlhy f, pfygfifcjo xvf h }âzkbh fwzh}h co poczo, pvth}h o lhîo# Lozfw, ghwhw, mhqfcjhw, pfxvfcow cfn÷gkow, a÷khw f oiyhw jf hyzf khb phyhy fb wvhw bçow h pyfîow bvkzo hihkto jow yfhkw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 67+#
Fb 8;6: Lvgkhco wf hpyopykhyh jh Kzhzkhkh, bhw, pyfgkwov jk}kjky o fwphîo gob Ahcvèyko, xvf wf yfgvwhyh h whky jh fbkwwoyh, ch ivwgh fcwhcjfgkjh poy vbh bènkgh wolvîço xvf ldf pfybkzkwwf xvkzhy hw jâ}kjhw f yfgvpfyhy h yèjko# “O jfjo jf Jfvw‒ hphyfgfv bhkw vbh }fq( Jfgyfzhjh kczfy}fcîço co Ihcgo Mkchcgkhl‒, hcvcgkhyhb hcvcgkhyhb ow aoychkw# Phyfgkh vb bklhnyf# Ahcvèyko zf}f }oczhjf jf jfwgfy phyh h H}fckjh Hmocwo Pfch f jhcîhy pflhw ghlîhjhw# Cfb zvjo fwzh}h pfyjkjo# Hnoyh, zhl}fq mowwf powwâ}fl cfnogkhy co}ow pyhqow gob o Ihcgo jo Iyhwkl# Co bfko jf zhczow cfn÷gkow fb xvf o Mkchcgkhl wf fc}ol}fv, cço fyh powwâ}fl xvf h Kzhzkhkh mowwf lfbiyhjh lono jf whâjh# Dh}fykh zfbpo, vbh gdhcgf $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 6:+#
Fb 8;6=, hw gokwhw gobfîhyhb h bfldoyhy ch fbkwwoyh# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mok pyfbkhjo gob o zâzvlo jf bfldoy logvzoy fwpoyzk}o f jf yhjkhlkwzh jo hco# Zk}fyh wkjo vb ÷zkbo hco wf cço mowwf h jofcîh jo phk, Wy# Aowë Ghycfkyo, xvf pyfgkwov wfy hmhwzhjo jh Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl ocjf zyhihldh}h, fb mvcîço jf vbh zvifygvlowf# Povgo zfbpo jfpokw, mok hgobfzkjo poy vb gécgfy, }kcjo h mhlfgfy# Wfnvcjo Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+ f Gowzh f Bhyzkcw $9009+, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh phwwov poy }èykow pyogfwwow jf fwzyvzvyhîço f bvjhcîhw jvyhczf ow hcow wfnvkczfw# Moyhb jfyyozhw f gocxvkwzhw xvf hbhjvyfgkhb h hjbkckwzyhîço jh fbkwwoyh# Fb 8;>= Ahcvèyko kco}ov, vbh }fq bhkw, gologhcjo co hy vb jow ghyyow"gdfmf jh wvh pyonyhbhîço1 o Aoychl jh Kzhzkhkh, zkjo doaf gobo vb jow cozkgkèykow jf bhkoy gyfjkiklkjhjf fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, yfzyhcwbkzkjo poy }èykhw fbkwwoyhw jh Yfjf Kzhwhz, fwphldhjhw pflo kczfykoy# O aoychlkwbo hlh}hcgh}h, jkh"h"jkh vbh hvjkácgkh gyfwgfczf# Fb 8;48, jvyhczf hw flfkîöfw phyh o no}fyco jf Bkchw, h yèjko jfv vb nyhcjf whlzo# Ho hcvcgkhy h }kz÷ykh jf Zhcgyfjo Cf}fw $PBJI+, xvhcjo zojhw hw jfbhkw fbkwwoyhw
9; jh}hb gobo gfyzh h }kz÷ykh jo ovzyo ghcjkjhzo, h Kzhzkhkh bowzyov o wfv gobpyobkwwo gob h kcmoybhîço, hpvyhcjo h goczhnfb jow }ozow f hczfgkphcjo o yfwvlzhjo omkgkhl xvf goczyhykh}h hw kcmoybhîöfw jow gocgoyyfczfw#
7#6 O nolpf jf 8;;: f wvhw gocwfxvácgkhw Fb 8;;:, o Iyhwkl gobfboyh}h h gykhîço jo Plhco Yfhl, gob h gocxvkwzh jh fwzhiklkjhjf fgocúbkgh, xvhcjo mok wvypyffcjkjo gob h boyzf jf Hkyzoc Wfch, co pykbfkyo jkh jf bhko, jkh jo Zyhihldhjoy# Vbh wfbhch jfpokw, h yèjko Kzhzkhkh pfyjkh Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Bkchw fwzh}h jf lvzo# Xvfb wkczockqov h Kzhzkhkh chxvflf jobkcno, 4 jf bhko jf 8;;:, ov}kv o pyfmkto bvwkghl xvf jvyhczf hcow mok vzklkqhjo xvhcjo h fbkwwoyh }olzh}h ho hy jfpokw jf hlnvb pyoilfbh zëgckgo# Avczo gob h bñwkgh, yfpfzkjo }èykhw }fqfw ho locno jo jkh, o gobvckghjo bhkw joloyowo jf zojh h dkwz÷ykh jh yèjko# H cozâgkh jo mhlfgkbfczo jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo wf fwphldov pflh gkjhjf $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#868+#
H cozâgkh yobpfv lkbkzfw, vlzyhphwwov myoczfkyhw f mok bhcgdfzf ch kbpyfcwh chgkochl# Jhw }èykhw dobfchnfcw mfkzhw h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, dè xvf wf jfwzhghy h gyúckgh jf Yoifyzo Jyvbbocj# Flf ifikh yèjko $fwwf fyh wfv }âgko+# Flf zobh}h yèjko co ghmë jh bhcdç# Flf hlboîh}h yèjko# Flf ahczh}h yèjko# Flf joybkh yèjko# Flf wocdh}h yèjko $f bhkw jo xvf wocdhy, yfhlkqh}h wfvw wocdow+# Xvhcjo ch bhcdç jo ñlzkbo jobkcno, bfv zflfmocf zogov gob h cozâgkh jh boyzf jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, fv pfcwfk cvb pofbh jo gvihco Ckgolhw Nvkllfc1 –Ow nyhcjfw boyzow/Cço boyyfb cvcgh/Flfw wço kboyzhkw#‟ Ä o ghwo jf Ahcvèyko1 flf woiyf}k}f chw lfbiyhcîhw, co goyhîço jow xvf o hbh}hb f hjbkyh}hb, f wf hnknhczh, Mok, cço hpfchw, vb aoychlkwzh f vb yhjkhlkwzh jf yhyo zhlfczo# Mok bvkzo bhkw xvf vb }fcgfjoy# Hczfw jf zvjo, gobo vb nvfyykldfkyo jo hy, flf hiykv ghbkcdow, hiykv glhyfkyhw, Gobo wf mowwf vb phyzkjo polâzkgo# Gobo wf mowwf vbh wfkzh yflknkowh# Gobo wf mowwf vbh knyfah# Gobo wf mowwf vb bklkzhczfw jo Hbhcdç Mvzfiol Glvif# Mok hwwkb xvf Ahcvèyko goczykivkv phyh h bojfyckjhjf jf Bkchw f, fb phyzkgvlhy, jf Iflo Doykqoczf $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, BHYZKCW, 9009, p#868+#
Fbhcvfl Wohyfw Ghycfkyo, kybço jf Ahcvèyko, hwwvbkv omkgkhlbfczf h Kzhzkhkh# Ch Goph jo Bvcjo jo bfwbo hco, h yèjko bhcjov how Fwzhjow Vckjow o bhkoy cñbfyo jf pyomkwwkochkw fczyf zojhw hw fbkwwoyhw gyfjfcgkhjhw phyh o f}fczo#
70 H phyzky jhâ, wvynkyhb co}kjhjfw xvf bhczk}fyhb h yèjko co zopo jh hvjkácgkh# Fb 8;;=, h gocwzyvîço jf vbh pènkch jh Kzhzkhkh ch Kczfycfz pfybkzkv xvf h fbkwwoyh mowwf ov}kjh fb zojo o bvcjo# Cfwzf bfwbo hco, h Kzhzkhkh zhbiëb goiykv, gob h bhkoy fxvkpf jf yèjko jh Hbëykgh Lhzkch, hw Olkbpâhjhw jf Hzlhczh, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# H fbpyfwh zyhihldov phyh ftphcjky wvh bhygh f hpflov phyh o bhyefzkcn# H Yèjko wf oynhckqov phyh bfldoy hzfcjfy àw hnácgkhw jf pvilkgkjhjf, fwzhiflfgfv gykzëykow gobfygkhkw f pújf zkyhy pyo}fkzo jh gyfjkiklkjhjf xvf wfbpyf fwzf}f hwwogkhjh à wvh kbhnfb# >
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Fb 9009, h Kzhzkhkh mfq vbh mfwzh jf hck}fywèyko phyh gobfboyhy wfv gkcxüfczfcèyko, yfvckcjo mvcgkocèykow f ft"mvcgkocèykow fb vbh nyhcjf gocmyhzfyckqhîço# Ow pykbfkyow 60 hcow jf dkwz÷ykh aè wf moyhb, co}hw pènkchw fwzço poy }ky# Bhkw 60 hcow ë o xvf jfwfao# O wocdo jf bfv kybço }hlfv h pfch f cço }hk zfybkchy hxvk 4#
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78 Nyhjhzk}hbfczf, h Kzhzkhkh hlghcîov o powzo jf xvhyzh fbkwwoyh jo Iyhwkl f pykbfkyh fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, gob o bfwbo wlonhc gykhjo poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo1 “C÷w }fcjfbow fwphîo, cço }fcjfbow opkckço‒# opkckço‒ # H Kzhzkhkh }k}f vb pyogfwwo goczâcvo jf gyfwgkbfczo phzykbockhl f jf nyhcjfw goifyzvyhw aoychlâwzkghw f fwpoyzk}hw ‗ ghyyow gdfmfw xvf wço yfwpocwè}fkw pflh lkjfyhcîh jf hvjkácgkh jh fbkwwoyh# Ow hcow wf phwwhyhb f, h ghjh zyhafz÷ykh, h Kzhzkhkh }hk wf mkybhcjo f wf fwzyvzvyhcjo gobo vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf gyfjkiklkjhjf# Doaf ë vbh fbpyfwh w÷lkjh co bfyghjo# Ifb gocgfkzvhjh, h Kzhzkhkh ë vbh yfmfyácgkh ;#
7#= Kzhzkhkh1 Lkjfyhcîh xvf ckcnvëb jkwgvzf Poy 87 }fqfw gocwfgvzk}hw h Kzhzkhkh gocxvkwzov o pyábko Zop om Bkcj 80, gobo h
fbkwwoyh jf yèjko bhkw lfbiyhjh pflow bkcfkyow# Flh zfb o bhkoy hlghcgf fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, gob vbh bëjkh wvpfykoy h 8#400#000 ov}kczfw jkmfyfczfw poy báw jf hgoyjo gob h Yf}kwzh Bfko f Bfcwhnfb 88# Ë lâjfy hiwolvzh ch glhwwf )H), gob 6#474 ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo# Ë lâjfy ch glhwwf )I), gob 76#;08 ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo# Ë lâjfy chw glhwwfw )H f I) wobhjhw, gob :8#>7; ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo# Zfb h lkjfyhcîh hiwolvzh chw glhwwfw )H ,I f G) wobhjhw, gob ;>#9:9 ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo# Lkjfyh hkcjh fczyf o pñilkgo gob gvywo mvcjhbfczhl, hlëb jo wvpfykoy gobplfzo# Ë hkcjh lâjfy hiwolvzh ch hvjkácgkh fb hvzob÷}fkw, f bhczëb h lkjfyhcîh hiwolvzh ch ghpkzhl bkcfkyh gob =6#09= ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo 89# Gocwkjfyhcjo fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko gobo fbpyfwhw xvf zhbiëb phyzkgkphb jh l÷nkgh jf bfyghjo, h mkjflkjhjf jo ov}kczf zoych"wf kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl phyh h nhyhczkh jf cñbfyow zço ftpyfwwk}ow# F h Kzhzkhkh ë vbh fbkwwoyh xvf goczh gob ov}kczfw mkëkw# Pyhzh $9000+ jfmkcf hwwkb o ov}kczf mkfl1 ;
Kjfb Pyfbkhîço yfhlkqhjh fb Bkchw Nfyhkw pflh Yf}kwzh Bfyghjo Gobvb# 88 dzzp1//~~~#bboclkcf#gob#iy/hcvhykow Hgfwwo fb 0=/88/9080 89 dzzp1//~~~#kzhzkhkh#gob#iy/wkzf/bfyghjo_pvilkgkzhyko/pfwxvkwhw_cvbfyow Hgfwwo fb 0=/88/9080 80
79 Hxvflf xvf ov}f jfzfybkchjh fbkwwoyh oczfb f hczfoczfb# Jo écnvlo jh oiwfy}hîço, o ov}kczf mkfl pojf wfy jfmkckjo gobo wfcjo vb wfnvkjoy jh fbkwwoyh, hxvflh pfwwoh xvf hgobphcdh phyzf ov zojh pyonyhbhîço, whif ow cobfw jow gobvckghjoyfw, gocdfgf ow doyèykow jow pyonyhbhw, phyzkgkph gob wvnfwzöfw f hzë gob gyâzkghw f wfczfb"wf, jf hlnvbh moybh, phyzf jh }kjh jh yèjko# Hlëb jkwwo, yfgvwhb"wf h ov}ky xvhlxvfy ovzyh fbkwwoyh xvf cço wfah hxvflh jf wvh pyfmfyácgkh hiwolvzh# $PYHZH, 9000, p#87;+
Hkcjh wfnvcjo Pyhzh $9000+ ftkwzfb hlnvcw zkpow jf fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko xvf powwvfb vbh zfcjácgkh à hvjkácgkh mkfl f h Kzhzkhkh nvhyjh hlnvbhw jfwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw1 ghyhgzfyâwzkghw1 Wço fbkwwoyhw xvf bhczáb ow bfwbow pyonyhbhw jvyhczf bvkzow hcow, mhqfcjo gob xvf ow ov}kczfw wf hgowzvbfb gob ow doyèykow, gob ow gobvckghjoyfw, gob ow moybhzow f cço hcwfkhb, hwwkb, poy nyhcjfw bvjhcîhw# Wço zhbiëb fbkwwoyhw }olzhjhw phyh vb pñilkgo hjvlzo, xvf powwvk ghyhgzfyâwzkgh gocwfy}hjoyh, xvf nowzh jo xvf ov}f f, poy kwwo, wf zoych mkfl# Pyhzh $9000+ hmkybh xvf ftkwzfb gkcgo pklhyfw xvf nhyhczfb h mkjflkjhjf jo ov}kczf# Wço flfw h zyhjkgkochlkjhjf, zyhjkgkochlkjhjf, h kczfyhzk}kjhjf, h gyfjkiklkjhjf, h xvhlkjhjf f h wfykfjhjf# H zyhjkgkochlkjhjf ë jfmkckjh gobo o hboy f o hpfno àw zyhjkîöfw nfyhcjo co co ov}kczf vbh wfnvyhcîh pfyhczf hw kcmoybhîöfw jk}vlnhjhw# O gocdfgkbfczo jh pyonyhbhîço, jow gobvckghjoyfw f jh yèjko jfwpfyzh, co ov}kczf, h gfyzfqh jf xvf, zojow ow jkhw, zojh h pyonyhbhîço fwzhyè lè gobo flf fwpfyh# H Kczfyhzk}kjhjf pojf wfy }kwzh gobo vbh hîço yfgâpyogh# Fb xvhwf zojh h pyonyhbhîço jh yèjko dè fwphîo phyh h phyzkgkphîço jo ov}kczf ho }k}o, opkchcjo poy f"bhkl, poy zflfmocf, poy ghyzh f hzë pfwwohlbfczf, avczo how yfp÷yzfyfw# H Gyfjkiklkjhjf ë gocgfkzvhjh gobo h xvhlkjhjf jhxvklo xvf ë gyâ}fl# Fwzf pklhy wf bowzyh gobo vb jow bhkw yflf}hczfw, pokw ë poy bfko jh gyfjkiklkjhjf xvf o ov}kczf zfb h gfyzfqh jf xvf o xvf fwzè ov}kcjo wfah, jf mhzo, }fyjhjf# H Xvhlkjhjf, ë vb job, vb jozf, vbh }kyzvjf# Vbh fbkwwoyh w÷ gocwfnvf goiyky vb fwphîo jf wvgfwwo nhyhczkcjo"wf cfwzf pklhy# Hkcjh wfnvcjo Pyhzh $9000+, h xvhlkjhjf wf wvijk}kjf fb zyáw wvighzfnoykhw1 jk}vlnhîço jow mhzow fb pykbfkyh bço, bâckbo jf zyáw fczyhjhw ho }k}o jf yfp÷yzfyfw cow loghkw jow hgoczfgkbfczow f pfjkjo moybhl jf jfwgvlphw
77 ho ov}kczf poy phyzf jo hpyfwfczhjoy, ghwo hlnvbh kcmoybhîço zfcdh wkjo jk}vlnhjh fyyocfhbfczf# H Wfykfjhjf ë hxvklo xvf ë mfkzo gob gvkjhjo, jfw}flo f jklknácgkh f yfñcf ow pklhyfw hczfykoyfw# Fwwf pklhy hiyknh h flhioyhîço jf phvzhw xvf pfybkzhb vbh hioyjhnfb gobplfzh gobplfzh jh cozâgkh5 o zyhihldo jow pyojvzoyfw jh fbkwwoyh, h hpvyhîço f h gdfghnfb jh kcmoybhîço, f h pyfwzhîöfw jf wfy}kîow pñilkgow zhkw gobo1 zfbpfyhzvyh, zfbpfyhzvyh, glkbh, doyh gfyzh, zyécwkzo, fzg#
7:
: AHCVÈYKO GHYCFKYO F WVHW GOCZYKIVKÎÖFW PHYH O YÈJKO BKCFKYO :#8 Bfzojolonkh jf pfwxvkwh Wfnvcjo Jfwlhcjfw $9000+, bfzojolonkh wço phyébfzyow vzklkqhjow phyh gocjvqky vb fwzvjo, h fwgoldh jhw zëgckghw f bëzojow xvf }ço wfy fbpyfnhjow fb vbh pfwxvkwh gkfczâmkgh ‗ gobo, poy ftfbplo, o fwphîo h wfy hchlkwhjo, h jfmkckîço jhw fwzyhzënkhw phyh o zyhihldo jf ghbpo f ow pyogfjkbfczow hjozhjow phyh h kczfypyfzhîço jow jhjow golfzhjow# Ë o ghbkcdo h wfy zykldhjo phyh o gocmyoczo jh zfoykh $yfmfykcjo h pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl+ f jh pyèzkgh $poy bfko jh pfwxvkwh jf ghbpo+, “hyzkgvlhîço fczy f goczfñjow, pfcwhbfczow f ftkwzácgkh‒ $JFWLHCJFW, 9000, p#8=+# Zfoykh f bfzojolonkh wf gobplfzhb1 jf}f"wf ivwghy gocgfkzow zf÷ykgow phyh o bètkbo gocdfgkbfczo jo oiafzo, jfmkcky xvhkw hw zëgckghw cfgfwwèykhw phyh h gocwzyvîço jfwwh yfhlkjhjf f vzklkqhy gykhzk}kjhjf ch ftfgvîço jhw pfwxvkwhw# O pfygvywo bfzojol÷nkgo fwgoldkjo phyh fwwh boconyhmkh wf ihwfov ch pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh, ch pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl f dkwz÷ykh oyhl#
:#8#8 Pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh H pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh mok yfhlkqhjh h phyzky jh wflfîço jf lk}yow, zfwfw, jkwwfyzhîöfw f hyzknow gkfczâmkgow yflhgkochjow à dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko co bvcjo, co Iyhwkl f fb Iflo Doykqoczf, h mkjflkjhjf jo ov}kczf jf yèjko f, fwpfgkhlbfczf, hw pvilkghîöfw yflhgkochjhw à yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Bfjkzwgd $8;;;+ chyyh ow pykbfkyow phwwow jo yèjko co bvcjo f jfmfcjf xvf o }fâgvlo zoycov"wf cço w÷ vb kbpoyzhczf bfko jf kcmoybhîço gobo, zhbiëb, jf pyophnhcjh f fczyfzfckbfczo# Flf ftplkgh xvf, how povgow, gob ow co}ow wvpoyzfw zfgcol÷nkgow, o fwzklo jo aoychlkwbo mok wf bojkmkghcjo, wfcjo hlzfyhjo o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo jow co}ow bfkow# Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ jkwgvzf o }fyjhjfyko phpfl jo yèjko iyhwklfkyo cow wfvw pykbfkyow wfwwfczh hcow jf }kjh, mhqfcjo vbh hcèlkwf jo phpfl jh yhjkomockh co phâw#
76 Aè Ghbpflo $9008+ bfynvldh ch dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko co Iyhwkl f, fwpfgkhlbfczf fb Iflo Doykqoczf, yfhlkqhcjo vb pyomvcjo fwzvjo woiyf h pyonyhbhîço jhw fbkwwoyhw hzë o mkchl jh jëghjh jf 60, xvhcjo h zflf}kwço gobfîov h wf gocwolkjhy chgkochlbfczf# Wohyfw $8;;:+ hchlkwh o yhjkoaoychlkwbo yhjkoaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, vb jow pykbfkyow nácfyow h wf mkybhy chw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw f zhbiëb h ogvphy bhkoy fwphîo jf zfbpo ch pyonyhbhîço# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob h hvzoyh, o “yèjko fwpoyzk}o‒ mok fwwfcgkhl , zhczo phyh o mvzfiol, xvhczo phyh o gyfwgkbfczo jo }fâgvlo gobo kbpoyzhczf bfko jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Wovqh $8;;=+ jkwgvzf o phpfl jhw yèjkow MB, jfbocwzyhcjo o wvpyffcjfczf gyfwgkbfczo jf hvjkácgkh pykcgkphlbfczf fczyf ow ao}fcw, cvbh pyo}h kcgoczfwzf jf xvf, aè co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf >0, h wfnbfczhîço jhw MBw gob fwzklow bvwkghkw jkmfyfczfw phwwov h wfy vbh yfhlkjhjf# Poy mkb, Pyhzh $9000+ hchlkwh hw yhqöfw xvf lf}hb o ov}kczf jf yèjko à vbh ftzyhoyjkcèykh mkjflkjhjf jf hvjkácgkh, fwpfgkhlbfczf gob yflhîço è Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#
:#8#9 Pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl H pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl ë gocgfkzvhjh poy Lhehzow f Bhygock $9008+ gobo h golfzh jf jogvbfczow, xvf pojfb wfy gocwvlzhw jf moczfw pykbèykhw, gobo hyxvk}ow pñilkgow ov jkèykow5 zyhcwgykîço jf yflhz÷yko jf ovzyow fwzvjow, fwzhzâwzkgh ov hvzoikonyhmkhw5 bhzfykhkw mfkzow f hchlkwhjow pflo py÷pyko kc}fwzknhjoy ov poy ovzyow hvzoyfw, gobo mozonyhmkhw, nyèmkgow f nyh}hîöfw fb mkzh# O bëzojo hxvk vzklkqhjo mok o bëzojo ikonyèmkgo# Pfch $900:+ hchlkwh ow hzyhzk}ow xvf o bëzojo ikonyèmkgo jkwpockiklkqh phyh ow pfwxvkwhjoyfw# Ë xvf, fb pykcgâpko, zojh ikonyhmkh wf cow hpyfwfczh gobo vb nfwzo pojfyowo jf wfjvîço jf bfb÷ykh# Cço ë vb nfwzo wolkzèyko f kcjk}kjvhl, gobo wf pojfykh pfcwhy, vbh }fq xvf fwwh phlh}yh zfcjf h wvnfyky jf kbfjkhzo ow pyogfwwow jf kczyowpfgîço f yfbfboyhîço jf mhzow wknckmkghzk}ow jo phwwhjo $PFCH, 9OO:, p# 86+#
7= Phyh Jvhyzf f Ihyyow $9000+, cço ë powwâ}fl jfmkcky o xvf ë ikonyhmkh, aè xvf fwzf bëzojo hiyhcnf }èykhw gkácgkhw# H ikonyhmkh zhbiëb pojf wfy gdhbhjh jf pfymkl, dkwz÷ykh jf }kjh f jf hvzoikonyhmkh# H ikonyhmkh jf}f zfy gobo mogo vb pfywochnfb yfhl, xvf jf}f wfy o oiafzo jf fwzvjo# Phyh xvf wfah powwâ}fl h gocwzyvîço jh ikonyhmkh jf}fb"wf vzklkqhy moczfw xvf pojfb wfy pykbèykhw ov wfgvcjèykhw# Hw moczfw pykbèykhw wço jogvbfczow omkgkhkw f cço omkgkhkw xvf yfzyhzfb h ëpogh }k}kjh pflo ikonyhmhjo# Wço goyyfwpocjácgkhw, glkppkcnw, lk}yow jf bfb÷ykhw ov jf hvzoikonyhmkhw, zfwzfbvcdow oyhkw, xvfwzkocèykow, mozow, gfyzkjöfw, jkèykow, jfczyf ovzyow# Hw moczfw wfgvcjèykhw wço hw jfglhyhîöfw jow fczyf}kwzhjow# Zojo o bhzfykhl hxvk hchlkwhjo mok nfczklbfczf gfjkjo poy Fwzfy Ghycfkyo f pfyzfcgkh ho hyxvk}o pfwwohl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#
:#8#7 Dkwz÷ykh Oyhl H dkwz÷ykh oyhl ë vb yfgvywo xvf, jf hgoyjo gob Lhehzow f Bhygock $8;49+, wfy}f phyh golfzhy jhjow ov mhgklkzhy vb jkhnc÷wzkgo# Ë o goczhzo mhgf h mhgf phyh h oizfcîço jf kcmoybhîöfw, jf ghwow ov fwglhyfgkbfczow pyfgkwow f moghlkqhjow# Phyh fwzf zyhihldo moyhb fwgoldkjhw hlnvbhw pfwwohw xvf goc}k}fyhb jf moybh ifb py÷tkbh gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo1 Ow kybçow Fwzfy f Fbhcvfl, f jokw mvcgkocèykow jh fbkwwoyh xvf hlk zyhihldhb dè bhkw jf :0 hcow1 h wfgyfzèykh Lñgkh Ifwwh, f o yhjkhlkwzh Hgky Hczço# H dkwz÷ykh oyhl ë vb yfgvywo bfzojol÷nkgo xvf ivwgh yfwpowzhw h phyzky jh ftpfykácgkh wviafzk}h jh moczf# H vzklkqhîço jh fczyf}kwzh zhbiëb pfybkzf pfygfify jkmfyfczfw bhcfkyhw jf kjfczkmkghy f jfwgyf}fy ow mfcúbfcow#
:#9 FLF POY FLHW Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo f Lñgkh Ifwwh goczhb gobo mok h yflhîço xvf zk}fyhb gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Flhw jfwgyf}fb hlnvcw bobfczow xvf }k}fyhb gob o hjbkckwzyhjoy# hjbkckwzyhjoy#
7>
:#9#8 Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo 87 Co jkh 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;94 chwgfv ch pfxvfch Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë, Qoch jh Bhzh, Ahcvèyko Lhvykcjo Ghycfkyo#
Mknvyh 8
Mok fb dobfchnfb à h}÷ bhzfych xvf Joch Lhvyh f Wy# Aowë jo Phzyogâcko Ghycfkyo jfgkjkyhb ihzkqhy gob o cobf jf Fwzdfy, h wfnvcjh mkldh jo ghwhl, xvf chwgfv xvhcjo o pykbonáckzo, Ahcvèyko, gobplfzov 89 hcow# Jfwpoczh}h h jëghjh jf :0 f h mhbâlkh Ghycfkyo gdfnh}h à ghpkzhl bkcfkyh phyh wf kcwzhlhy co ihkyyo jh Wfyyh, yfnkço wvl jh gkjhjf, ch zfczhzk}h jf ivwghy vb mvzvyo bfldoy, fb zfbpo jf bvkzh lvzh f whgykmâgko#
87
Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 78/04/9080
74 Mvk fcgoczyhy, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, jkh 88 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;7>, bvkzo bfckco, vbh gkjhjf chwgfczf, pyobkwwoyh, }fyjf gobo o xvf bhkw }fyjf dhah, vb jkh jfpokw jf Nfzñlko ]hynhw jfgyfzhy o Fwzhjo Co}o f kchvnvyhy bhkw vbh jkzhjvyh wvlhbfykghch, gob zojhw hw wvhw dvbkldhîöfw, womykbfczow f bhqflhw# Iflo Doykqoczf zkcdh 8:0 bkl dhikzhczfw, gokwh jf }kczf }fqfw bfcow jo xvf zfb doaf# Mok jfwlvbiyhczf jfwgfy jo zyfb mvbhgfczo ch Pyhîh jh Fwzhîço, hp÷w h pfcowh wvikjh jh Wfyyh jh Bhczkxvfkyh, phyh zfy jkhczf jow oldow h pykbfkyh gkjhjf nyhcjf, xvf bowzyh}h lono vb jow wfvw ghyzöfw powzhkw, o ]khjvzo jf Whczh Zfyfwh, wfv hygo, wvhw lvqfw, }fcgkjo fb }hlfczf Moyjfgo 9;, co yvbo jo ihkyyo jh Wfyyh, bfv ihkyyo jf wfbpyf, gfcèyko jf bkcdh kcmécgkh, ifyîow jow bfvw kybçow Fwzdfy f Fbhcvfl# 8:
Mknvyh 9
Fwzdfy ftplkgh xvf, ch ghpkzhl, o pykbfkyo fbpyfno jf Aowë Ghycfkyo mok co gobëygko Fb Phzyogâcko jo Bvykhë, o cowwo phk zyhihldh}h ch kcjñwzykh, bhw, xvhcjo gdfnhbow fb Iflo Doykqoczf, flf gobfîov h zyhihldhy gob o zko Whlnhjo, bhykjo jh zkh Whczkcdh, xvf fyh joco jh ñckgh bfygfhykh jo ihkyyo Wfyyh#
Ow cfn÷gkow, poyëb, cço jfyhb gfyzo f, fbioyh zfcjo hihcjochjo o gobëygko f gocwfnvkjo fbpyfnhy"wf ch Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl, o whlèyko jf Aowë Ghycfkyo fyh 8:
Jkwgvywo jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ch Hghjfbkh Bhykhcfcwf jf Lfzyhw, fb f b Ahcfkyo jf 8;46#
7; kcwvmkgkfczf phyh hw jfwpfwhw jh mhbâlkh, oiyknhcjo Joch Lhvyh h hzk}hy h wvh bèxvkch jf gowzvyh, ch zfczhzk}h jf fwzkghy o oyîhbfczo jobëwzkgo# Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo, bfwbo whifcjo xvf o mvzvyo gdfnh yèpkjo, o phk jflfw wfbpyf wf pyfogvpov gob h fjvghîço jow mkldow f lvzov, o xvhczo mok powwâ}fl, phyh xvf zojow fwzvjhwwfb# Flf hgyfjkzh}h xvf, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, pojfykhb zfy vbh moybhîço hghjábkgh bfldoy f, gdfko jf fwpfyhcîh, hmkybh}h, wfbpyf, xvf ow fwzvjow fwzyvzvyhb o dobfb# Bhw lono"lono Aowë jfwgoiykv xvf ow 60 bkl yëkw jh pyfwzhîço bfcwhl jo Golënko Hychljo fyhb jf zhl bojo jkmâgfkw, xvf o gvywo nkchwkhl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mkgov pflh bfzhjf f h }kjh fwgolhy jo mkldo bhkw }fldo phyov hlk# Fwzdfy yflhzh xvf Ahcvèyko jfwfcdh}h bvkzo ifb f h mhbâlkh gdfnov h pfcwhy xvf, zhl}fq, pvjfwwf wf zoychy vb fcnfcdfkyo, ov xvfb whif vb hyxvkzfzo, bhw lono flf phwwov h jfbocwzyhy vb kbfcwo kczfyfwwf pflo yèjko# Xvhcjo fv chwgk, Ahcvèyko zkcdh joqf hcow f gkcgo hcow jfpokw chwgkh o Fbhcvfl# Lfbiyo"bf xvf fv f Fbhcvfl ëyhbow gykhcîhw f Ahcvèyko aè fyh vb yhphq mhwgkchjo gob o yèjko, phktço xvf wvynkyh cow hcow :0, xvhcjo cowwo phk zhbiëb wf zoychyh vb mç kcgocjkgkochl jhxvflf kbpoyzhczf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço# Phphk hjoyh}h ov}ky ow pyonyhbhw jh Yèjko Chgkochl f Ahcvèyko fyh wfv gobphcdfkyo kcwfphyè}fl cfwwhw doyhw
Hlëb jf nowzhy jf yèjko, Ahcvèyko hjoyh}h fwpoyzf# Hlëb jf ov}kczf hwwâjvo, Ahcvèyko zhbiëb nowzh}h jf aonhy iolh# Gdfnov h moybhy jokw zkbfw co cowwo ihkyyo1 o Wfyyhco f o H}hczf# Ow aonhjoyfw fyhb jh mh}flh jo Ghmfqhl, gocdfgkjh, hczknhbfczf, gobo Ghifîh jf Poygo, poyxvf hw bvldfyfw bhzh}hb ow poygow f whâhb }fcjfcjo ow pfjhîow fb lhzhw pflhw yvflhw hmoyh# Ahcvèyko zkcdh bvkzow hbknow cow zkbfw xvf moybh}h# Fyhb pfwwohw xvf myfxüfczh}hb h cowwh ghwh# Fv kh bvkzo }fy o Ahcvèyko aonhy iolh, co bfko jf vbh pofkyhjh jhchjh, lè co hlzo jh Wfyyh#
Fwzdfy hmkybh, poyëb, xvf mok o zko Whlnhjo, xvfb bhkw pyfwwkocov h mhbâlkh phyh zfczhy hmhwzhy Ahcvèyko jo bvcjo fwpoyzk}o# Zkcdh bfjo xvf o bfckco wf zoychwwf vb }hnhivcjo, poy ghvwh jo mvzfiol# Zvjo fb }ço(
:0 Gfyzh }fq, Ahcvèyko xvfiyov o iyhîo aonhcjo iolh# Cowwo phk fczço goyyfv phyh pfjky ghyoch ho zko Whlnhjo, pokw fyh ñckgo jh mhbâlkh xvf zkcdh ghyyo# Ahcvèyko pyfgkwh}h wfy lf}hjo ho dowpkzhl gob vynácgkh, bhw o zko wf yfgvwov h cow havjhy# Ahcvèyko zf}f xvf ky ho Pyoczo Wogoyyo jf iocjf#
Xvhcjo Ahcvèyko yf}flov h }oczhjf jf wf zoychy yhjkhlkwzh, Aowë Ghycfkyo cço gocgoyjov gob o jfwfao jo mkldo# Ch ëpogh, jkqkh"wf xvf h zvifygvlowf hzkcnkh gob myfxvácgkh ow pyomkwwkochkw xvf zyhihldh}hb fb yèjko, bhw Ahcvèyko cço jh}h ov}kjow# Hzë poyxvf, hkcjh bolfxvf, aè zkcdh boczhjo, fczyf hw ihchcfkyhw jo xvkczhl jh py÷pykh ghwh, h wvh pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh1 h yèjko Añpkzfy, gobo goczh Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo# Flf lknh}h h yèjko f h nfczf fczyh}h co hy# Fczço Ahcvèyko goyykh jh yvh jf cowwh ghwh hzë h yvh jo Ovyo phyh }fy wf o wob jh fwzhîço fwzh}h gdfnhcjo hzë lè# Xvhcjo ow yvâjow gdfnh}hb fyh vbh bhyh}kldh, vbh hlfnykh kyyhjkhczf# Mok h phyzky jhlk xvf gobfîov h lvzh jf Ahcvèyko phyh boczhy wvh py÷pykh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko, o xvf cço jfboyov bvkzo h hgoczfgfy#
Wfnvcjo Fwzfy, Ahcvèyko wfbpyf mok vb dobfb }hkjowo, nowzh}h jf vwhy zfycow f ow ghiflow fwzh}hb wfbpyf ifb pfczfhjow 86#
Mknvyh 7
86
Ghykghzvyh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jfbocwzyhcjo o fwzklo jf wf }fwzky# }fwzky #
:8 Hczfw, poyëb, jf mvcjhy h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, Ahcvèyko mok zyhihldhy ch Yèjko Nvhyhck# Hlk hlëb jf mhqfy bhzëykhw lknhjhw ho fwpoyzf, phwwov h hpyfwfczhy, zhbiëb, vbh yhjkoco}flh, fwgykzh poy flf bfwbo, goczhcjo h }kjh jf aonhjoyfw jf mvzfiol# Ahcvèyko wfbpyf nowzov jf mvzfiol, pykcgkphlbfczf jow glvifw hbhjoyfw# Flf gdfnov h fwgyf}fy o lk}yo Gobo chwgfyhb ow glvifw 8= }hyqfhcow , goczhcjo h dkwz÷ykh jow pykcgkphkw glvifw hbhjoyfw jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Fwzf hboy jfv oyknfb à Goph Kzhzkhkh, xvf ftkwzf hzë doaf# Flf hjoyh}h bf goczhy dkwz÷ykhw jf wfvw âjolow co mvzfiol gobo1 Mfjfyyhgd, Dflfco jf Myfkzhw f Jkhbhczf Cfnyo# Ahcvèyko pfwxvkwh}h h }kjh jow aonhjoyfw phyh mhlhy co wfv pyonyhbh
Mknvyh :
Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy, Ahcvèyko }k}fv kczfcwhbfczf phyh o yèjko, bhw, zhbiëb, pújf jfjkghy" wf à mhbâlkh jf bhcfkyh ftzyhoyjkcèykh, fwpfgkhlbfczf cow bobfczow jfwmyvzhjow ho lhjo jow woiykcdow# Hlk, avczo àw gykhcîhw, Ahcvèyko wf zoych}h vbh jflhw# Gob h hvzoykjhjf wvwzfczhjh pflo mhzo jf wfy o kybço bhkw }fldo, pyokikh Fwzdfy f Fbhcvfl jf gdhbhyfb h hzfcîço jf xvhlxvfy vb jow woiykcdow ch myfczf jflf# O xvf fyh pyokikjo pflow phkw, fyh hvzoykqhjo poy Ahcvèyko#
8=
Zâzvlo jo lk}yo fwgykzo poy Ahcvèyko
:9 Gfyzh }fq, Ahcvèyko gdhbov ow woiykcdow, Fbhcvfl f fv phyh kybow à Whihyè# Mobow jf zyfb# Hw gykhcîhw mkghyhb jfwlvbiyhjhw gob h co}kjhjf# Fczyhbow cow }hnöfw f Ahcvèyko pfjkv phyh o yhphq xvf }fcjkh vb phwzfl hiwvyjhbfczf fcnoyjvyhjo phyh wf wfczhy gocowgo# Cowwow mkldow gobfyhb zvjo xvf o nhyozo zkcdh pyh }fcjfy# Fv kcwkwzk phyh xvf flf cço jfwwf o phwzfl àw gykhcîhw, bhw flf jkwwf xvf phwwfko jf zyfb wfb phwzfl jf nhzo, cço zkcdh nyhîh# Hkcjh fb Whihyè, phwwhbow pfyzo jf vbh ghjfkh f Ahcvèyko lf}ov hw gykhcîhw hzë lè# Flf bhcjov gobpyhy gknhyyow f jkwzykivkv phyh ow pyfwow# Cfwwf jkh ow jfzfczow pfjkyhb pyh nfczf fwgyf}fy ghyzhw, f fv mvk pfnhcjo ow cobfw f fwgyf}fcjo# Gobo whikhb xvf Ahcvèyko fyh jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh wolkgkzhyhb bvkzow hcñcgkow ch fbkwwoyh, fcxvhczo hw gykhcîhw iykcghyhb gob hw hlnfbhw# Mok vbh mfwzh#
Ahcvèyko fyh hkcjh vb zhlfczowo goczhjoy jf dkwz÷ykhw# Jf kbhnkchîço mëyzkl f fczochîço pfymfkzh, flf wf fwbfyh}h chxvflf bfynvldo ho bvcjo jh mhczhwkh# H dkwz÷ykh jf bhkoy wvgfwwo fczyf ow woiykcdow fyh h jh Ghwh Fcghczhjh# Fyh vbh ghwh xvf fwzh}h wfbpyf fb gocwzyvîço# Cflh cço dh}kh yfnyhw# Cço dh}kh fwgo}hw cfb phwzh jf jfczfw# H nflhjfkyh fwzh}h wfbpyf gdfkh jf jogfw, whcjvâgdfw f yfmyknfyhczfw# O gdv}fkyo w÷ wfykh vwhjo fb ñlzkbo ghwo# H fwgolh cço pyfgkwh}h wfy myfxvfczhjh# Cowwow mkldow, bfv f jo Fbhcvfl, wfbpyf xvhcjo fcgoczyh}hb gob o zko pfynvczh}hb wf h ghwh aè fwzh}h zfybkchjh# F fwwh dkwz÷ykh cvcgh zf}f mkb#
Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo hmkybh, goczvjo, xvf zojh fwwh hlfnykh fwgocjkh vb fwzhjo jf whñjf pyfogvphczf }k}kjo poy Ahcvèyko# Fbioyh bvkzo }hkjowo gob h hphyácgkh, wfbpyf pfymvbhjo, gob yovphw ifb phwwhjhw f ghiflow gob nfl, flf cço gvkjov jh wvh py÷pykh whñjf f pyogvyov fwgocjfy fwwf pyoilfbh jf zojow xvf gob flf goc}k}khb# Ho jfwgoiyky ow }èykow kcmhyzow xvf Ahcvèyko fwzh}h zfcjo, goc}fywfk gob ow bëjkgow jflf# Jkhncowzkghyhb xvf goènvlow jf whcnvf, h xvhlxvfy bobfczo, pojfykhb cço phwwhy pflhw hyzëykhw f flf womyfykh vb jfyyhbf mhzhl# Fczço mok gdfnhjh h doyh jf Ahcvèyko wf hmhwzhy jo zyhihldo# Flf pojfykh hzë ky h yèjko, bhw cço pojfykh }khahy wfb hgobphcdhczf, ov ky phyh hlnvb lvnhy xvf cço zk}fwwf hzfcjkbfczo bëjkgo hjfxvhjo phyh o ghwo jflf# Ahcvèyko cço ifikh, bhw mvbh}h bvkzo#
Ahcvèyko pyfgkwov wf yfhjhpzhy gob hlkbfczhîço, doyèykow f gobpyobkwwow# H jofcîh o lkbkzov gocwkjfyh}flbfczf# Fyhb }èykow gobpykbkjow poy jkh, yfgfkzhjow pflo bëjkgo jf gocmkhcîh jh mhbâlkh, Jy# Ghwzkchljo Ihwzow Whczow#
:7
Mknvyh 6
Bhw o }âgko jo gknhyyo zfcjkh h gobplkghy vbh wkzvhîço xvf aè cço fyh wkbplfw jf wfy yfwol}kjh hpfchw gob bfjkghbfczo f kwwo zhbiëb mfq gob xvf o pfygvywo jf Ahcvèyko mowwf yfjvqkjo# Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy, Ahcvèyko phyzkv dè xvhwf 8> hcow, bhw h whvjhjf hkcjh ë nyhcjf, phyh zojow xvf gob flf goc}k}fyhb# Phyh flh, Ahcvèyko mok f goczkcvh wfcjo vb ftfbplo h wfy wfnvkjo# Ahcvèyko fyh vbh pfwwoh xvf ivwgh}h kcghcwh}flbfczf o wfv kjfhl# Dobfb hifyzo à }kjh, fgvbáckgo f wfb pyfgocgfkzow# Flf nowzh}h jo pyfwkjfczf jh Yfpñilkgh jh bfwbh moybh xvf hjbkyh}h vb bkwfyè}fl# Flf phwwh}h pflhw jkmkgvljhjfw wfbpyf woyykcjo# Ë jkmâgkl ftplkghy, bhw flf fyh vbh pfwwoh mhwgkchczf# Wkczo bvkzo h boyzf jflf, hkcjh doaf #
:#9#9 Lñgkh Ifwwh 8> Lñgkh Bhykh jf Hyhvao Ifwwh zkcdh povgo bhkw jf 90 hcow xvhcjo, fb 8;=;, gocdfgfv Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Flh xvfykh zyhihldhy ch yèjko f aè cfwwf fcgoczyo, yfgfifv o goc}kzf jo joco jh fbkwwoyh# Gobfîh}h hlk vbh nyhcjf hbkqhjf, xvf jvyov fthzow 96 hcow# 8>
Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 0;/04/9080
::
Jfwjf wfbpyf zk}fyhb vbh yflhîço jf bvkzh pyotkbkjhjf# Flh hmkybh xvf, hlëb jo pyomkwwkochlkwbo f jh gocmkhcîh, flfw wf wfczkhb bfko gñbplkgfw, jhcjo bhynfb phyh xvf zojow xvfwzkochwwfb o zkpo jf yflhîço xvf bhczkcdhb# Bfv phk gdfnov h hgdhy xvf fv f Ahcvèyko chboyè}hbow# Vb jkh bfvw phkw yfwol}fyhb }kwkzhy Ahcvèyko# Ho gdfnhyfb h ghwh jflf, flf fwzh}h co ihcdo, f xvhcjo whkv f mok phyh o xvhyzo, fv zhbiëb mvk gob flf, f mok hâ xvf bfv phk gonkzov h powwkiklkjhjf jf cow ghwhybow# Fv wfbpyf mvk hpfchw vbh gobphcdfkyh jf Ahcvèyko, cvcgh zk}fbow xvhlxvfy zkpo jf yflhgkochbfczo gocavnhl#
Mknvyh =
Mok ch gobphcdkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo xvf flh yfhlkqov o wocdo jf gocdfgfy o bvcjo, ov nyhcjf phyzf jflf, pokw o hgobphcdov fb xvhwf zojhw hw }khnfcw poy flf yfhlkqhjhw, xvfy mowwfb h zyhihldo, xvfy mowwfb h phwwfko# Cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, ch Fvyoph, ov bfwbo ch Hbëykgh jo Wvl, ow jokw fwzh}hb wfbpyf avczow, zyoghcjo gocmkjácgkhw, kbpyfwwöfw, mhqfcjo plhcow f, woiyfzvjo, wf jk}fyzkcjo h }hlfy# Fwzè}hbow co Dozfl Nl÷ykh, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, phyh phyzkgkphy jf vb Gocnyfwwo# Fyh vb f}fczo kbpoyzhczf, yfvckcjo nyhcjfw fbpyfwèykow fwzyhcnfkyow# Xvhcjo fczyhbow co flf}hjoy, Ahcvèyko, gob wfv kcgyâ}fl wfcwo jf dvboy, bf pfjkv xvf mkqfwwf hlnvbh phldhîhjh phyh hwwvwzhy ow nykcnow xvf cow mhqkhb gobphcdkh# Gobo fv mhqkh zvjo xvf Ahcvèyko bhcjh}h, gobfgfk h nykzhy mfkzo vbh lovgh chxvflf gviâgvlo# Zojow mkghyhb hwwvwzhjâwwkbow gob hxvklo f hzë doaf jf}fb wf pfynvczhy h yhqço jhxvflf fwgécjhlo# Ho jfwgfybow, Ahcvèyko f fv xvhwf boyyfybow jf yky jhxvflh iykcghjfkyh kjkozh#
:6 Bvkzhw moyhb hw dkwz÷ykhw fcnyhîhjhw xvf hbiow }k}fcgkhyhb jvyhczf zhczow hcow jf goc}k}ácgkh# Jfczyf flhw, vbh xvf wfbpyf bfyfgf wfy goczhjh, wfnvcjo Lñgkh Ifwwh, poy wfy zço kcvwkzhjh1 Woiyf vbh bfwh fcoybf, ch whlh jh pyfwkjácgkh, Ahcvèyko gowzvbh}h lhynhy bvkzow phpëkw poy hlk fwphldhjow jfwoyjfchbfczf# Fv wfbpyf zk}f bvkzh }oczhjf jf hcjhy jfwghlîh woiyf hxvklo zvjo# Ch }fyjhjf fv wocdh}h gob fwwh powwkiklkjhjf( Vb jkh, fwpfyfk xvf Ahcvèyko whâwwf phyh o hfyopoyzo, cvbh }khnfb xvf mhykh à Iyhwâlkh f cço zk}f jñ}kjh, zkyfk ow whphzow, wvik ch bfwh f gobfgfk h hcjhy jf vb lhjo phyh o ovzyo# Jf yfpfczf, Ahcvèyko hiyf h poyzh f bf pfnh hlk, co bhkw hiwolvzo mlhnyhczf1 dh}kh gdfnhjo hzyhwhjo co hfyopoyzo f pfyjkjo o }úo# Poy kwwo }olzov phyh h yèjko h zfbpo jf }fy hxvflh gfch# Fv cfb zk}f goyhnfb jf oldhy co yowzo jflf# Ahcvèyko cvcgh mhlov chjh h yfwpfkzo jfwwf fpkw÷jko#
Lñgkh goczh xvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo zkcdh hboy kcgocjkgkochl pflo fwpoyzf f hboy hkcjh bhkoy pflo ]kllh Co}h, zkbf jf mvzfiol jf Co}h Lkbh, ocjf h Kzhzkhkh chwgfv# Hzë 8;;:, o ]kllh ahbhkw jfwgfv phyh h wfnvcjh jk}kwço# Kwwo poyxvf, jfpfcjfcjo jo jfwfbpfcdo jh fxvkpf, Ahcvèyko kh bvjhcjo o yfnvlhbfczo jh gobpfzkîço, kc}fczhcjo vbh ov ovzyh glèvwvlh phyh ifcfmkgkhy o wfv zkbf jo goyhîço#
Fb 8;47, Ahcvèyko yfgfifv jo pyfwkjfczf jo ]kllh Co}h, vb jkplobh, hwwfnvyhcjo"ldf f hzykivkcjo"ldf zojow ow jkyfkzow f jf}fyfw fwzhiflfgkjow cow fwzhzvzow jh fxvkpf# 84 F Ahcvèyko lf}ov kwwo ho pë jh lfzyh# Wfczkh"wf ch oiyknhîço jf mhqfy o powwâ}fl f o kbpowwâ}fl pflo zkbf jo goyhîço#
Mknvyh >
84
Jkplobh gocgfjkjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo ]kllh Co}h Co }h Hzlëzkgo Glvif
:= Fb 8;4;, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, yfjknkv vbh ghyzh ho fczço no}fychjoy jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, Cf~zoc Ghyjowo, pfjkcjo phyh xvf zoychwwf yfhlkjhjf vb wocdo jh zoygkjh }klhco}fcwf f jh gobvckjhjf jf Co}h Lkbh, kcwzhlhcjo vb wkwzfbh jf klvbkchîço co fwzèjko bvckgkphl Ghwzoy Gkmvfczfw# Fwwf wocdo, Wfcdoy No}fychjoy, zfb wvh yhqço bhkoy ftplkghjh pflh py÷pykh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jf Co}h Lkbh f bvckgâpkow py÷tkbow, jf }oghîço fwzykzhbfczf opfyèykh, o xvf wvibfzf wfvw zyhihldhjoyfw h molnhw cozvychw, xvhcjo fczço záb h gdhcgf jf jfwmyvzhy jo wfv fwzèjko# 8;
Mknvyh 4
8;
Ghyzh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jhzhjh jf 90 jf ovzviyo jf 8;4;, fcjfyfîhjh ho no}fychjoy jo Fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, Cf~zoc Ghyjowo, jo hyxvk}o pfwwohl jf Fwzfy Ghycfkyo#
:>
Mknvyh ;
Lñgkh Ifwwh ftplkgh, poyëb, xvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gobo aoychlkwzh, gocwfnvkh wf jkwzhcgkhy jfwwh phktço fcwhcjfgkjh pflo ]kllh Co}h, fchlzfgfcjo ovzyhw fxvkpfw jo mvzfiol bkcfkyo, gob ftzyhoyjkcèykh bhfwzykh, gobo cfwwh gyúckgh fwgykzh poy flf fb 8;=4, kczkzvlhjh1 Hw ifb hbhjhw ihcjfkyhw# Gfyzh zhyjf, cço mhq bvkzo, pyfwzfk hzfcîço à fczyhjh fb ghbpo jo zkbf jo Hzlëzkgo# O Fwzèjko mfy}kldh}h, phyfgkh vb }vlgço }obkzhcjo múno, chxvflh doyh jf gobfîhy nyhcjf aúno# H iúgh jo zñcfl jè jkyfzhbfczf phyh h hyxvkihcghjh ghyka÷ f cço fyh mègkl jkwzkcnvky ocjf wf fcgoczyh}h hcwkfjhjf bhkoy, wf ch ifkyh co ghbpo ov cow jfnyèvw jf gkbfczo# Ow aonhjoyfw moyhb wf hnyvphcjo, gdfnh vb, hphyfgf ovzyo, oynhckqh"wf yhqoh}flbfczf vbh mklh f o zkbf whlzh phyh o nyhbhjo# Phyfgkh fwzovyo jh iokhjh# Phyfgfcjo vbh mlfth, h fxvkpf phyzkv yfzh ch jkyfîço jh bhwwh dvbhch, gobo pvthjh poy nknhczfwgo kbç, }hyov h lkcdh lhzfyhl jo ovzyo lhjo, kc}hjkv h nyhbh ftzfych, phyfgkh jkwpowzh h whlzhy o nyhjkl, o múwwo f ghky cow iyhîow jh mlhbfahczf plhzëkh, ch fmvwk}h f ghloyowh whvjhîço jh fczyhjh# Lè fb gkbh, pflhw hyxvkihcghjhw, ow nykzow f ow vyyow, ow lfcîow f ow gdhpëvw hnkzhjow, ow monow f, pykcgkphlbfczf, bkldhyfw jf ihcjfkyhw hnkzhjhw, jf zojow ow zhbhcdow f mfkzkow f, bhkw hkcjh, jf jfwfcdow bñlzkplow, poyxvf h zoygkjh hihcjocov h moybh omkgkhl f ghjh xvhl mhq vb fwzhcjhyzf pfwwohl, zyhîhjo f gocwzyvâjo gocmoybf ow yfgvywow ov o núwzo jf ghjh vb# Poyxvf hw ihcjfkyhw wço vbh jhw jvhw bhyghw co}hw xvf ghyhgzfykqhb o bojfyco mvzfiol bkcfkyo# H ovzyh mkgov wfcjo h pyfwfcîh jo pñilkgo mfbkckco, bfckchw, boîhw f wfcdoyhw xvf ahbhkw pfcwhyhb }áy vb aúno fwzço hnoyh jhcjo pyfwfcîh pfybhcfczf, zyhcwbkzkcjo nyhîh, gúy f iflfqh how fwpfzègvlow# F hw ihcjfkyhw# Vbh fwpëgkf co}h jf ftzyh}hwhbfczo, ghjh vb }kiyh bhkw f }k}f bhkw hw fboîöfw jow pyëlkow, o jflâyko jow nohlw f o iykldo jhw }kz÷ykhw poyzhcjo o pfcjço hbhjo, o whnyhjo wâbiolo jf vbh pyfmfyácgkh, jf vbh phktço, pfyzo jh myoczfkyh jf vbh }fyjhjfkyh yflknkço 90# 90
Gyúckgh fwgykzh poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo fb 8;=4, kczkzvlhjh1 Hw ifb hbhjhw ihcjfkyhw#
:4 Hlëb jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, wfnvcjo Lñgkh Ifwwh, wfbpyf jfbocwzyov vb nyhcjf kczfyfwwf pflo aoychlkwbo polâzkgo, wf powkgkochcjo, gob bvkzh glhyfqh, jkhczf jow mhzow gozkjkhcow cço w÷ jf Iflo Doykqoczf, gobo zhbiëb jo Iyhwkl f jo bvcjo# Mok jf moybh iykldhczf xvf Ahcvèyko havjov h flfnfy hw pfwwohw chw xvhkw hgyfjkzh}h# Xvhcjo Zhcgyfjo Cf}fw wf ghcjkjhzov ho no}fyco jf Bkchw, zojow ow ÷ynçow jf kbpyfcwh jh}hb gobo gfyzh h }kz÷ykh jf Flkwfv Yfwfcjf, doaf Wfchjoy jh Yfpñilkgh# W÷ h Kzhzkhkh hgyfjkzov fb Zhcgyfjo# Cço jfv ovzyh# Flf wf zoycov o no}fychjoy jhw Nfyhkw phyh, fb wfnvkjh, wfy flfkzo pyfwkjfczf jo Iyhwkl#
Lñgkh Ifwwh yfgoyjh xvf fb 8;;7, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mok dobfchnfhjo gob o Bëykzo Lfnkwlhzk}o jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Goczhnfb# Fb bfko h zhczow ghyzöfw yfgfikjow, fwzh}h o jf Dëlko Nhygkh, fczço no}fychjoy jo Fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#
Iflo Doykqoczf, 96 jf hnowzo jf 8;;7# Ghyo hbkno, Aoychlkwzh AHCVÈYKO GHYCFKYO Co bobfczo fb xvf ]# ë, bhkw vbh }fq dobfchnfhjo, hnoyh gob o “Bëykzo Lfnkwlhzk}o‒ jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Goczhnfb, gvbpykbfczo"o f yfhmkybo o jfwfao jf xvf o wvgfwwo fwzfah wfbpyf ho wfv lhjo# Goyjkhl hiyhîo jo wfv hbkno f hjbkyhjoy Dëlko Nhygkh 98
Mknvyh80
Flh zhbiëb fcmhzkqh h pyfogvphîço wogkhl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gobpyo}hjh fb vb ghyzço yfgfikjo ch bfwbh ëpogh, fc}khjo pflo fczço pyfwkjfczf jh Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl f doaf wfgyfzèyko jf Fwzhjo jf No}fyco jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo# 98
Ghyzço jo no}fychjoy Dëlko Nhygkh gvbpykbfczhcjo Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo Bëykzo Lfnkwlhzk}o
:;
Hbknow Ahcvèyko f Fbhcvfl, Ë ftzyfbhbfczf nyhzkmkghczf }fykmkghy o fc}ol}kbfczo f o fwmoyîo xvf ow bhkw jk}fywow wfnbfczow jh wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh }áb jfwfc}ol}fcjo ch ivwgh jo ifb gobvb# Jfwwh moybh, nowzhykh jf yfnkwzyhy bfv wkcgfyo hnyhjfgkbfczo ho pyfwzkbowo hpoko xvf h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh }fb fbpyfwzhcjo ch jk}vlnhîço jf bfcwhnfb jfwzh GFM, yflhzk}h à Ghbphcdh jf Gobihzf à Mobf f à Bkwëykh# Gob bfv hiyhîo, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo 99
Mknvyh 88
Bfcow jf vb hco jfpokw, o aoychlkwbo bkcfkyo wf }fwzkv jf lvzo# Boyykh Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Lñgkh hkcjh lfbiyh gob bvkzh zykwzfqh jhxvflf 4 jf bhko jf 8;;: 97# Mok o Fbhcvfl xvfb pykbfkyo yfgfifv h cozâgkh# Flf cço zf}f goyhnfb jf bf goczhy# Ahcvèyko mok gobo vb kybço pyh bkb# Cço mok w÷ vb phzyço, mok vb hbkno, gñbplkgf, gobphcdfkyo# Mfq phyzf jh bkcdh }kjh f wfbpyf }hk mhqfy# Ahcvèyko ë vbh pfwwoh xvf cço jè pyh fwxvfgfy# Cço jè pyh phwwhy h pènkch f gobfîhy vbh co}h dkwz÷ykh#
99
Ghyzço jo pyfwkjfczf jh Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo, Ghwzyo , fb hnyhjfgkbfczo à goifyzvyh jhjh pflh Kzhzkhkh à Ghbphcdh jf Gobihzf à Mobf f à Bkwëykh# 97 Jkh jh boyzf jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo gocmoybf o Hzfwzhjo jf ÷ikzo#
60
Mknvyh 89
:#7 FLF POY FLFW Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo f Hgky Hczço yflfbiyhb hlnvcw mhzow }k}kjow gob Ahcvèyko A hcvèyko Ghycfkyo#
:#7#8 Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo 9: H zyhafz÷ykh jf Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo fwzè pyomvcjhbfczf p yomvcjhbfczf hzyflhjh hzyflhjh à dkwz÷ykh jh py÷pykh yèjko Kzhzkhkh, jfwjf h wvh mvcjhîço# Hmkchl, flf hkcjh cço dh}kh gobplfzhjo okzo hcow xvhcjo o kybço Ahcvèyko gologov co hy h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, xvf }kykh h wf zyhcwmoybhy ch fbkwwoyh lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Fbhcvfl gobfîov h zyhihldhy ch yèjko hkcjh bfckco, how 87 hcow, mhqfcjo wfy}kîow jf ommkgf"io{# Cço jfboyov bvkzo phyh hlîhy co}ow }úow f hzvhy gobo opfyhjoy jf wob, plhczockwzh fwpoyzk}o, yfp÷yzfy, yfjhzoy, pyonyhbhjoy bvwkghl, hzë gdfnhy à jkyfîço hyzâwzkgh f jf opfyhîöfw jh fbkwwoyh# Gob h boyzf jf Ahcvèyko, fb 8;;:, o 9:
Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 9:/0;/9080
68 hjbkckwzyhjoy jf fbpyfwhw Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo, wf zoycov o jkyfzoy pyfwkjfczf jo Nyvpo Kzhzkhkh jf Gobvckghîço, f o pykbfkyo bkcfkyo h hwgfcjfy à pyfwkjácgkh jh Hwwogkhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Yèjko f Zflf}kwço $Hifyz+, jfwjf h wvh mvcjhîço dè :4 hcow# H fczkjhjf gocnyfnh 9#:70 fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko f 790 jf zflf}kwço jf zojo o phâw# Fbhcvfl ë jfqfwwfkw hcow bhkw co}o xvf o kybço Ahcvèyko f hpyfcjfv, jfwjf bvkzo ao}fb, h hwwvbky nyhcjfw yfwpocwhiklkjhjfw# Hmkchl, xvhcjo Aowë jo Phzyogâcko Ghycfkyo mhlfgfv, fb 8;6>, h yèjko hkcjh fcnhzkcdh}h f h zhyfmh jf gvkjhy jh mhbâlkh ghkv woiyf ow obiyow jf Ahcvèyko, xvf lono jk}kjkv h ghynh gob Fbhcvfl, fcwkchcjo"ldf zvjo xvf whikh gob fcoybf jfjkghîço f fbpfcdo, cvbh kcgoczfwzf pyo}h jf ghykcdo f hbkqhjf# Ahcvèyko fyh bvkzo phgkfczf phyh fcwkchy, cço hpfchw h bkb, bhw h zojow xvf fwzk}fwwfb ho wfv lhjo, è}kjow poy co}hw lkîöfw# Flf kcwkwzkh f, gob gobpfzácgkh, zyhcwbkzkh ow wfvw gocdfgkbfczow phyh xvfb xvfy xvf mowwf# Jf kczflknácgkh yhyh, mok bfwzyf jf bvkzow aoychlkwzhw f yhjkhlkwzhw xvf phwwhyhb pflh Kzhzkhkh# Flf fyh joco jf vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh lov}è}fl, wfbpyf wf zoych}h hbkno jow mvcgkocèykow# Fv bf ifcfmkgkfk bvkzo jf wvh goc}k}ácgkh, xvf mflkqbfczf, mok jkèykh# Ahcvèyko, hlëb jf bfv phjykcdo, mok bfv bfwzyf, phzyço f vb nyhcjf kybço# Bvkzhw }fqfw cowwh goc}fywh wf fwzfcjkh cokzf h jfczyo, pokw }kyh}h f bftkh xvfykh gobphyzkldhy co}hw kjëkhw phyh wfyfb powzhw fb pyèzkgh ch Kzhzkhkh# H ovwhjkh fyh wvh pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh Mok vb dobfb xvf pfcwh}h hjkhczf jf wfv zfbpo f gocwfnvkh yfhlkqhy zvjo hxvklo xvf kjfhlkqh}h#
Jh mhbâlkh, Ahcvèyko wfbpyf yfgfifv zojo o hpoko cfgfwwèyko phyh goczkcvhy fcmyfczhcjo pyoilfbhw gozkjkhcow xvf, cow pykbfkyow hcow jh fbkwwoyh, cço moyhb povgow# Jh bçf }kcdhb yfgvywow mkchcgfkyow, oizkjow poy bfko jhw gowzvyhw, phyh bhczfy h fbkwwoyh hzvhczf# Jow phyfczfw jf Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë, hw bhckmfwzhîöfw jf ghykcdo }kcdhb poy ghyzhw, xvf goczkcvhyhb gdfnhcjo, hzë h }ëwpfyh jf wvh boyzf# Whvjhîöfw, xvfykjo Ahcvèyko Gobo Jfvw zfb wkjo iob phyh }ogá phyh }fcgfy zojow ow oiwzègvlow( Lfbiyo"bf jf vb jkh jf W# Wfihwzkço, }ogá chwgfv# Aowë }fko zojo hlfnyf f fb jñ}kjh gobo dh}kh jf mhqfy, bhw yfwol}fv# Wfyè Ahcvèyko, fb dobfchnfb h bfv phk( Fv mkxvfk, f Whczkcdh, bvkzo goczfczf# $###+ ]ogá mok vb dfy÷k( Ihzvzh xvf }ogá mok# Bvkzow ifkaow f hiyhîow jhw zkhw xvf bvkzo zf xvfyfb, Boyfckcdh, gob 44 hcow f Whczkcdh gob 47# Hzë xvhcjo? 96 96
Ghyzh fwgykzh pflhw zkhw Boyfckcdh f Whczkcdh fb 97 jf hiykl jf 8;;9, ho woiykcdo Ahcvèyko
69
Mknvyh 87
Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo lfbiyh xvf fb 8;>6, Ahcvèyko gobfboyov 70 hcow jf hzvhîço gobo yhjkhlkwzh f bvkzhw moyhb hw dobfchnfcw yfgfikjhw# Jo Jfczfl ‗ Jfphyzhbfczo Chgkochl jf Zflfgobvckghîöfw ‗ Ahcvèyko yfgfifv bfcwhnfb jo jkyfzoy yfnkochl Wëynko Owghy Lopfw, jhzhjh jf 07 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6 phyhifckqhcjo"o pflow wfvw 70 hcow jf “fmkgkfczf hzk} kjhjf jfjkghjh à yhjkojkmvwço bkcfkyh‒ bkcfkyh‒# ### Hpyhq"cow, poyzhczo, hxvk jfwfahy xvf powwh goczykivky hkcjh poy bvkzo bhkw zfbpo pflo fb nyhcjfgkbfczo ghjh }fq bhkoy cço w÷ jf wvh fbkwwoyh f jfwwh pyfwzknkowh fczkjhjf xvf zço ifb jkyknf $###+ ]hlfbo"cow jo fcwfao phyh }ow jfwfahy zojh woyzf jf mflkgkjhjfw pfwwohkw f yfco}hy cowwow flf}hjow pyozfwzow jf fwzkbh f gocwkjfyhîço# 9=
9=
Omâgko fc}khjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo jkyfzoy yfnkochl jo Jfczfl, Wëynko Owghy Lopfw, phyhifckqhcjo"o pflow 70 hcow jf hzk}kjhjf jfjkghjh à yhjkojkmvwço# Fb 7 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6
67
Mknvyh 8:
Jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl flf yfgfifv vb jkplobh jf docyh ho bëykzo f vbh plhgh jf pyhzh, dobfchnfb yfxvfykjh pflo }fyfhjoy Hljhky Pkczo# ### H lvzh jo Wy# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, xvhwf vb dobfb w÷ à myfczf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë poy jfbhkw gocdfgkjh jf zojow, pflhw wvhw hyyoahjhw kckgkhzk}hw, cço w÷ pflow ghbkcdow jo yèjko bojfyco iyhwklfkyo, ifb gobo pflow ghbkcdow jo bvcjo# Jfwcfgfwwèyko wf zoychykh hmkybhy, cfwzh doyh, xvf h wvh fbkwwoyh mok h ñckgh bkcfkyh h fwzhy fb zojhw hw Gophw jo Bvcjo f fb hlnvbhw wf jfv ho lvto jf lf}hy = gobpocfczfw# Poy }èykhw }fqfw fwzf}f zyhcwbkzkcjo jkyfzhbfczf jow loghkw poy ocjf phwwov Afwvw Gykwzo# Yfpoyzhnfcw gobo hxvflh jf Ow~hljo Mhykh, hczfw jh boyzf jo Dobfb jh Lvq ]fybfldh, Ghy{l Gdfwbhc5 fczyf}kwzhw gob ow dobfcw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jo bvcjo f bvkzh gokwh bhkw xvf wf bfcgkochjhw cfwzh dobfchnfb, jhykh phyh fcgdfy pènkchw jo yfxvfykbfczo fb hpyfîo# H kcjfpfcjácgkh xvf wfbpyf bhczf}f à myfczf jh fbkwwoyh, mkybov"wf gobo vbh jhw bhkw wkbpèzkghw fbkwwoyhw jh Ghpkzhl# 9>
9>
Yfxvfykbfczo jo }fyfhjoy Hljhky Pkczo à Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Iflo Doykqoczf phyh dobfchnfhy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflow 70 hcow jf }kjh pyomkwwkochl# Fb 6 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6
6:
Mknvyh 86
Jh Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h, poy kckgkhzk}h jo jfpvzhjo Nobfw Boyfkyh, mok mfkzo, fb 90 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6, vb }ozo jf gocnyhzvlhîöfw pflh jhzh, gob h wfnvkczf avwzkmkghzk}h1 Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, vb jow ihlvhyzfw jh yhjkojkmvwço jo cowwo Fwzhjo, gobplfzov jkh 4, jo goyyfczf báw, 70 hcow jf hzk}kjhjf co yèjko# O nyhcjf f hyyoahjo fbpyfwèyko ë jkyfzoy"pyfwkjfczf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, xvf zhczow wfy}kîow zfb pyfwzhjo à gvlzvyh f ho jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jo cowwo Fwzhjo# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ë vbh mknvyh dvbhch xvf pflo zyhihldo aè jfwfc}ol}kjo fb pyol jo hpykboyhbfczo jow ÷ynçow jf gobvckghîço jo cowwo Fwzhjo, aè ihwzhczf gocdfgkjo jf zojow c÷w, jkwpfcwh bhkoyfw gobfczèykow#Fwzh mknvyh ftzyhoyjkcèykh jo yèjko bkcfkyo fwzè wfcjo doaf, dobfchnfhjo pflh Gébhyh jf ]fyfhjoyfw jf Iflo Doykqoczf# H Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h fwzhyè, hzyh}ëw jfwwf }ozo jf gocnyhzvlhîöfw, hwwwogkhcjo" wf àw dobfchnfcw xvf, bfyfgkjhbfczf }fb wfcjo zykivzhjo ho nyhcjf yhjkhlkwzh# Nobfw Boyfkyh 94#
94
Jkyfzoykh jf Gobkwwöfw jh Hwwfbilëkh Hwwf bilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Yfvckço Oyjkcèykh phyh hpyo}hîço hpyo }hîço jf yfxvfykbfczo fb 90 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6#
66
Mknvyh 8=
Ow hcow wf phwwhyhb f Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo goczkcvh}h o wfv ghbkcdo oiwzkchjo jf mhqfy jh Kzhzkhkh vbh yfmfyácgkh# Wfnvcjo Fbhcvfl, o kybço ahbhkw pfyjfv hw wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf lkjfyhcîh, jf ozkbkwbo f jf lfhljhjf h zojow xvf o gfygh}hb# Fyh hjbkyhjo poy bvkzow, bhw
zhbiëb zkcdh lè ow wfvw jfmfkzow, gobo hpoczh o kybço bhkw co}o1 Poy zojh }kjh, o xvf fv wfbpyf pfygfik, mok xvf hw xvhlkjhjfw jf Ahcvèyko wfbpyf wf woiyfpvwfyhb how wfvw jfmfkzow f gobo flf fyh o bfv nyhcjf ftfbplo, fv pyogvyh}h kbkzhy zojhw hw }kyzvjfw jflf# Bhw bfv kybço gobfzkh fxvâ}ogow nyh}fw, co bfv poczo jf }kwzh1 h mhlzh jf poczvhlkjhjf cow gobpyobkwwow hwwvbkjow f h jfwoynhckqhîço hjbkckwzyhzk}h# Ahcvèyko fwzh}h wfbpyf hzyhwhjo phyh zvjo1 pfyjkh h}kço f gdfnh}h wfbpyf fb gkbh jh doyh hzë bfwbo phyh chyyhy ow aonow# Hlëb jkwwo wocdh}h# Zkcdh kjëkhw wfcwhgkochkw, bhw cço wf pyfogvph}h ch moybh jf ftfgvzè"lhw#
Hkcjh hwwkb, Ahcvèyko mok vb ftfbplo jf }kjh pyh Fbhcvfl#
6= Ahcvèyko nowzh}h bvkzo jf bñwkgh f jf mvzfiol, f fv, kcmlvfcgkhjo poy flf, phwwfk h nowzhy zhbiëb# Flf wfbpyf bf lf}h}h how aonow phyh ghyyfnhy mkow ov ovzyow fxvkphbfczow# Wfbpyf bf gologh}h cow bfkow fb xvf }k}kh# H phyzky jhâ, gobfgfk h nowzhy jhw bfwbhw gokwhw xvf flf, kcglvwk}f f, pyfmfyfcgkhlbfczf, jo yèjko#
Fbhcvfl ftplkgh xvf o yfgocdfgkbfczo pflo zyhihldo jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo fb pyol cço hpfchw jh yhjkojkmvwço, bhw woiyfzvjo jh golfzk}kjhjf, lf}hyhb"co h yfgfify jk}fywow goc}kzfw phyh wf ghcjkjhzhy h hlnvb ghyno polâzkgo, bhw flf ahbhkw hgfkzov xvhlxvfy pyopowzh jfwwf zkpo# Ahcvèyko zf}f }èykhw gdhcgfw jf wf ghcjkjhzhy h ghynow polâzkgow, bhw cvcgh xvkw bkwzvyhy h yèjko gob polâzkgh# Wfbpyf xvkw wfy aoychlkwzh# Jfwjf ow jfqfwwfzf hcow flf aè zyhihldh}h gobo logvzoy f zkcdh zhlfczo phyh kwwo# Zojow záb xvf zfy kczflknácgkh fwpfgâmkgh phyh ftfygfy vbh mvcîço wfah flh xvhl moy# F kczflknácgkh woiyh}h co Ahcvèyko# Flf hbh}h o yèjko, oiwfy}h}h zojhw hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f }kyzvjfw jfwwf }fâgvlo goczhnkhczf f mok hwwkb, gob bvkzh docfwzkjhjf f jfjkghîço xvf Ahcvèyko wf zoycov mknvyh kbpoyzhczf phyh o yèjko jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#
F h mhbâlkh zhbiëb wf oynvldh}h jo phyfczf kbpoyzhczf xvf iykldh}h poy fczyf hw boczhcdhw jf Bkchw1 Xvfykjo Ahcvèyko, Ifychjfzf }fko fcghczhjh gob hw mfwzhw jo zfv hck}fywèyko f wvh hjbkwwço ch Hghjfbkh jf Lfzyhw f zhczhw pyo}hw jf hbkqhjf xvf }ogá zfb yfgfikjo jf hlzhw pfywochlkjhjfw jfwwh Ghpkzhl# Phyhiëcw, phyhiëcw phyh }ogá# C÷w, wvhw zkhw, kybçw jo xvfykjo Që, mkghbow hlfnyfw f wfczkbow flf cço fwzhy pyfwfczf avczo gob h whvjowh Joch Lhvyh phyh pyfwfcgkhy fwwhw mfwzhw f wf kcmoybhyfb jh nyhîh xvf hlghcîhyhb gob o “mkldkcdo‒ pyojânko pyojânko jo cowwo Phzyogâcko# Goczkcvf zyhihldhcjo gob h bfwbh goyhnfb phyh jhy fwwf bhyh}kldowo ftfbplo phyh h cowwh mhbâlkh# 9;
Mknvyh 8> 9;
Ghyzh fwgykzh poy Boyfckcdh f Whczkcdh fb 96 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;4= h Ahcvèyko A hcvèyko
6>
Bhw cfb wfbpyf hw gokwhw hgoczfgfb gobo wocdhbow, lhbfczh Fbhcvfl# Pyoilfbhw jf whñjf kczfymfykyhb ch ghbkcdhjh jf Ahcvèyko f kczfyyobpfyhb h goczkcvhîço jfwwf wocdo# Ahcvèyko wf jfwgvkjov bvkzo jh whñjf# Hpfwhy jhw yfgobfcjhîöfw bëjkghw, flf nowzh}h jf myfxvfczhy yfwzhvyhczfw gob ow hbknow jo mvzfiol hbhjoy, pykcgkphlbfczf jf Co}h Lkbh# Cfwwfw yfwzhvyhczfw, flf pfjkh ghycf wfgh gob bhcjkogh, zoyyfwbo f bvkzhw gobkjhw noyjvyowhw# Xvhcjo }khah}h, gobkh mykzvyhw, hjoyh}h vb phwzfl gob ghljo jf ghch# Flf fyh iob jf nhymo#
Okzo hcow hczfw jh boyzf jf Ahcvèyko, flf mok hgobfzkjo jf vb H]G ‗ Hgkjfczf ]hwgvlhy Gfyfiyhl# H phyzky jf fczço, Ahcvèyko mkgov lkbkzhjo jf wvhw ghphgkjhjfw kczflfgzvhkw f mâwkghw# Aè cço fyh zço jkcébkgo gobo hczfw f phwwov h zfy yhgkogâcko lfczo, jkmkgvljhjfw ch mhlh f co bojo jf hnky# Wfv gobpoyzhbfczo bvjov phyh wfbpyf# Ahcvèyko cço zkcdh bhkw hxvflf kczfyfwwf kckgkhl ch Kzhzkhkh, bhw goczkcvov h hgobphcdhy ow zyfkcow, ow aonow jo ]kllh Co}h f hw gobpfzkîöfw jo mvzfiol hbhjoy# Wfnvcjo Fbhcvfl, o bhkoy pyfwfczf xvf Ahcvèyko nhcdov mok o Fwzèjko jo Whczh Gyvq 70 wfy ihzkqhjo gobo1 Fwzèjko Ahcvèyko Lhvykcjo Ghycfkyo# ]k}fy }khahcjo fyh o xvf Ahcvèyko zhbiëb nowzh}h jf mhqfy# Fv zfcdo h kbpyfwwço jf xvf wf Ahcvèyko fwzk}fwwf hkcjh fczyf c÷w, flf cço mkghykh wfb }khahy " fwwf fyh vb jow wfvw pyhqfyfw# Flf zkcdh wfzf ghwhw chw gkjhjfw jf Ovyo Pyfzo, Pkyhpoyh, Lhnoh Whczh, Lhbihyk f Nvhyhphyk# Flf zkcdh zhbiëb vb hphyzhbfczo co Gfczyo jf ID, f ovzyo fb Lovyjfw# Zojhw hw ghwhw zkcdhb ghwfkyo# Flf }khah}h phyh fwwfw lvnhyfw, f lè wfbpyf mhqkh hlnvbh zhyfmh jobëwzkgh gobo zyoghy vbh lébphjh ov xvhlxvfy ovzyh gokwh jo yhbo# Kwwo fyh o lhqfy jflf f jh}h bvkzo zyhihldo, poyxvf hjbkckwzyhy zojhw fwwhw yfwkjácgkhw cço fyh iykcghjfkyh#
Cfwwhw ghwhw, Ahcvèyko wf fcgoczyh}h gocwkno bfwbo# Fyh hlk xvf flf wf jfwlknh}h vb povgo jo bvcjo f jow cfn÷gkow# Ahcvèyko ivwgh}h o jfwghcwo fb xvhkwxvfy jfwwhw gkjhjfw ocjf fwzh}hb loghlkqhjhw wvhw yfwkjácgkhw f zkcdh zfbpo pyh yfmlfzky ch }kjh hnkzhjh xvf lf}h}h# 70
O cobf kckgkhl jo Fwzèjko fyh Pyhîh jf Fwpoyzfw Whczh Gyvq# Doaf zfb o cobf jf Fwzèjko Ahcvèyko Lhvykcjo Ghycfkyo#
64
Wfnvcjo Fbhcvfl, doaf yfwzh whvjhjf f hjbkyhîço poy vb dobfb xvf zf}f phpfl kbpoyzhczâwwkbo ch bâjkh bkcfkyh f poy xvf cço jkqfy jo bvcjo# Fv f Ahcvèyko ëyhbow bvkzo vckjow# Gobo Ahcvèyko jkqkh1 “C÷w hiykbow phyh o yèjko jf Bkchw o ghbkcdo jf zojow ow goczkcfczfw‒#
Mknvyh 84
:#7#9 Hgky Hczço 78 Hgky Hczço ë mvcgkocèyko jh Kzhzkhkh dè :6 hcow# Gobfîov ch fbkwwoyh, fb 8;=6, co plhczço fwpoyzk}o, phyh, fb wfnvkjh, jfwfbpfcdhy vb wfb cñbfyo jf mvcîöfw, hpyfcjkjhw zojhw flhw ch pyèzkgh# Fv wfbpyf mvk yfp÷yzfy jh èyfh jh polâzkgh f xvhcjo bf woiyh}h zfbpo, pfnh}h o nyh}hjoy f kh phyh h Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h fczyf}kwzhy ow jfpvzhjow# Fv zhbiëb yfjknkh f lkh o cozkgkèyko jf doyh fb doyh f xvhcjo pyfgkwhyhb jf hlnvëb phyh mhqfy pyonyhbh bvwkghl fv bf omfyfgk# Hghifk mhqfcjo hw jvhw gokwhw1 bfynvldfk ch bñwkgh gob h bfwbh kczfcwkjhjf xvf bfynvldfk co aoychlkwbo# Bf zoycfk vb pyomkwwkochl fglëzkgo f bvkzo jo xvf hpyfcjk, jf}o ho bfv nyhcjf bfwzyf, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#
78
Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 09/04/9080
6; Hgky lfbiyh xvf, how jobkcnow, Ahcvèyko fwzh}h wfbpyf ch yfjhîço, pokw nowzh}h jf mkghy hlk, oiwfy}hcjo o bo}kbfczo jo wfzoy# Cfwwf pfyâojo fv mkgh}h ch yfjhîço, ftfgvzhcjo vbh f ovzyh zhyfmh, bhw hpfchw phyh hpyfcjfy# Fv cço nhcdh}h jkcdfkyo, bhw nhcdh}h ftpfykácgkh# Aè fyh vb hphktochjo pflo yèjko f h opoyzvckjhjf jf fwzhy ch Kzhzkhkh bf fcgdkh jf oynvldo# Chxvflh ëpogh, ghikh ho gdfmf jf yfjhîço yfhlkqhy h yf}kwço jow zftzow, zhyfmh jfwfbpfcdhjh poy Ow}hljo Mhykh# Zvjo xvf fv fwgyf}kh, zkcdh jf bowzyhy phyh flf xvf, wfb xvhlxvfy gocwzyhcnkbfczo, yhwnh}h o bfv zftzo, aonh}h moyh o phpfl f bf mhqkh fwgyf}fy zvjo jf co}o, wfb jkyfkzo h gocwvlzh jow zftzow hczfykoyfw# ]hlfv o fwmoyîo# Fb 8;>0 bf zoycfk o hpyfwfczhjoy jo Aoychl jhw 89, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf jh fbkwwoyh#
H hbkqhjf fczyf Hgky f Ahcvèyko mok wf gocwolkjhcjo f, h phyzky o kcâgko jow hcow >0, flfw aè }khah}hb avczow, gobphyzkldh}hb kjëkhw, mhqkhb plhcow phyh h Kzhzkhkh# Kcglvwk}f ow plhcow phyh hw mfwzhw jf hck}fywèyko jh yèjko, xvf Ahcvèyko gowzvbh}h mhqfy wfbpyf# Flf hjoyh}h gobfboyhy o hck}fywèyko jh fbkwwoyh# Gob Ahcvèyko, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh zkcdh vb goyhîço xvf pvlwh}h bhkw# Flf fyh jo zfbpo fb xvf wf wviwzkzvâh o jkcdfkyo poy hboy# Ahcvèyko chwgfv gob }oghîço phyh lkjfyhy, bvkzo ao}fb flf fcghyov h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf gykhy f bhczfy vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko f o mfq poy pvyh phktço#
Hgky yfwwhlzh xvf w÷ Ahcvèyko hgyfjkzh}h xvf h fbkwwoyh pojfykh gyfwgfy chwgfcjo fb Co}h Lkbh# Zkcdh xvf goczhy hlëb jhw jkmkgvljhjfw, gob h gocgoyyácgkh jh Bkcfkyh, Nvhyhck f Kcgocmkjácgkh, xvf fyhb nknhczfw ch ghpkzhl# Ahcvèyko lvzov goczyh zvjo f goczyh zojow phyh }fy, fb 8;64, h wvh yèjko gobfîhy h hcjhy gob hw py÷pykhw pfychw# Mok h pykbfkyh h mhqfy vbh zyhcwbkwwço kczfychgkochl# Nyhîhw ho pojfy jf fbpyffcjfjoykwbo f ovwhjkh jf Ahcvèyko h fbkwwoyh mok gyfwgfcjo f wf zoychcjo lâjfy co bfyghjo# Doaf, cço ftkwzf bhkw gocgoyyácgkh phyh h yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Hw gocgoyyfczfw jf hczknhbfczf pyhzkghbfczf hghihyhb# H yèjko lkjfyh nyhîhw h oiwzkchîço jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Flf zyhihldov jkh f cokzf phyh h yèjko wfy o xvf ë doaf# Ahcvèyko wocdov f Fbhcvfl pújf gocgyfzkqhy fwwf wocdo gdhbhjo Kzhzkhkh#
Hgky ftplkgh xvf }kv jf pfyzo zojhw hw jkmkgvljhjfw pflhw xvhkw h Kzhzkhkh phwwov, bhw gocmfwwh xvf cvcgh wf jfktov hihlhy poy kwwo# Flf hmkybh xvf wfbpyf hgyfjkzov ch
=0 yfgvpfyhîço jh fbkwwoyh, nyhîhw ho ozkbkwbo wfbfhjo poy Ahcvèyko, poy zojow ow ghczow jh yèjko# Hmkchl, o jfjo jf Jfvw vbh doyh hphyfgkh# Ahcvèyko cço zf}f kbpoyzécgkh hpfchw ch dkwz÷ykh jh yèjko, bhw ch }kjh jf zojow ow mvcgkocèykow xvf phwwhyhb poy flh# Kcglvwk}f ch bkcdh py÷pykh }kjh# Ahcvèyko, hlëb jf phzyço, zhbiëb mok vb nyhcjf hbkno#
=8
6# GOCGLVWÇO H Kzhzkhkh gocwzkzvk vb bhygo ch dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# O yfwpocwè}fl jkyfzo poy zvjo kwwo mok Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, xvf fcgoczyov vbh co}h bhcfkyh jf “mhqfy yèjko‒# Chjh jf pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷ykow f yhjkoco}flhw# Ho kc}ëw jf gopkhy ow bojflow aè ftkwzfczfw, hpowzov fb kcmoybhîço, fwpoyzf f pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow# À wvh bhcfkyh f goczhcjo gob o “Jfjo jf Jfvw‒, jykilov jâ}kjhw, wvpfyov jkmkgvljhjfw f cço w f hihzfv gob ow oiwzègvlow# Kco}hjoy, goyhaowo, fcnhahjo, ovwhjo f fbpyffcjfjoy, wovif gocwzyvky gob iykldhczkwbo o hlkgfygf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jfktov vb lfnhjo kcfwxvfgâ}fl phyh h kbpyfcwh bkcfkyh# Gob h myhwf “C÷w }fcjfbow fwphîo, cço }fcjfbow opkckço‒, zyhcwmoybov vb wocdo xvf chwgfv co mvcjo jf vb xvkczhl fb yfhlkjhjf# Goczykivkv wknckmkghzk}hbfczf phyh mhqfy jh Kzhzkhkh vbh jhw gkcgo fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko bhkw w÷lkjhw jo Iyhwkl f o }fâgvlo jf bhkoy gyfjkiklkjhjf fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# Fb bhkw vbh aonhjh jf bfwzyf, gykov o wlonhc xvf, wfnvcjo o hzvhl pyfwkjfczf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo, kybço jf Ahcvèyko, pyfmfyf gdhbhy jf vbh }fyjhjfkyh jfglhyhîço jf pykcgâpkow1 “H Yèjko jf Bkchw‒# F o po}o bkcfkyo wovif hiyhîhy bvkzo ifb h Kzhzkhkh, zyhcwmoybhcjo"h fb wvh poyzh }oq phyh zojow ow hwwvczow# Co ghbpo fwpoyzk}o, mok jflf h kjfkh jf gykhy h Goph Kzhzkhkh, kczkzvlhjh h “Goph jo Bvcjo jo mvzfiol hbhjoy‒ fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# Gob flh, vckv gobvckjhjfw, gykov vbh hlkhcîh fczyf ow bvckgâpkow f kbplhczov vbh gobpfzkîço zyhjkgkochl co Fwzhjo, gob gkcgo jëghjhw jf ftkwzácgkh# H Goph Kzhzkhkh yf}flh zhlfczow f wfy}f jf }kzykcf phyh ow èyikzyow jf mvzfiol# Doaf ë phyzf kczfnyhczf jo ghlfcjèyko jh Mfjfyhîço Bkcfkyh jf Mvzfiol# O oiafzk}o jfwzh pfwxvkwh mok }fykmkghy h kbpoyzécgkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ch gocwzyvîço jh Kzhzkhkh f xvhl o phpfl jfwfbpfcdhjo poy flf ch phyh xvf h fbkwwoyh }kfwwf h wfy yfmfyácgkh cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Gocwzhzh"wf h yflf}écgkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ch fjkmkghîço jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Doaf gdhbhjh jf H Yèjko jf Bkchw zhbhcdh h wknckmkgécgkh co Fwzhjo# Ahcvèyko mok kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl ch hjbkckwzyhîço jh Kzhzkhkh# Jfjkgov"wf zhczo h fbkwwoyh xvf mkgov jofczf poy jfwgvkjhy jf wk fb pyol jo
=9 pyomkwwkochlkwbo# Ahcvèyko mok o pykcgkphl gocwzyvzoy phyh xvf h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hzkcnkwwf o phzhbhy jf jfwzhxvf co gfcèyko bkcfkyo# Bfwbo jfpokw jf wvh boyzf, fb 8;;:, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo gocwfnvkv jfkthy bhyghw pyomvcjhw ch fbkwwoyh xvf }kv chwgfy1 gocwfnvkv mhqfy gob xvf h Kzhzkhkh ogvphwwf vb lvnhy jf jfwzhxvf ch bâjkh iyhwklfkyh, gykov vb pphjyço hjyço jf xvhlkjhjf jfwzhgè}fl, bhczf}f hw yhâqfw bkcfkyhw, zyhqfcjo gyfjkiklkjhjf f yfwpfkzhiklkjhjf à goifyzvyh jh fbkwwoyh#
=7
YFLHÎÇO JF MKNVYHW Mknvyh 8 " Gfyzkjço jf Chwgkbfczo ######################################################## ############################################################################## ########################7> ##7> Mknvyh 9 ‗ Jkwgvywo jf Ahcvèyko ch Hghjfbkh Bhykhcfcwf jf Lfzyhw ch âczfnyh###########74 Mknvyh 7 " Ghykghzvyh Ghykghzvyh jf Ahcvèyko, mfkzh poy Hywf O# Hfckb################################ Hfckb##########################################:0 ##########:0 Mknvyh : ‗ Lk}yo fwgykzo poy Ahcvèyko woiyf mvzfiol hbhjoy##################################### hbhjoy##########################################:8 #####:8 Mknvyh 6 " Yfgfkzh Dowpkzhl Wogoy, fbkzkjh poy Ghwzkchljo Ihwzow Whczow fb 4/7/;8###:7 Mknvyh = ‗ Lñgkh fb vb f}fczo gob Ahcvèyko #################################################### ##############################################################:: ##########:: Mknvyh > ‗ Jkplobh jo ]kllh Co}h ############################################### ##################################################################### #################################:6 ###########:6 Mknvyh 4 ‗ Ghyzh jf Ahcvèyko ho no}fyco jf Bkchw, wolkgkzhcjo klvbkchîço co fwzèjko Ghwzoy Gkmvfczfw ########################################### ################################################################# ############################################ ############################################ ######################:= :=
Mknvyh ; ‗ Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo hgobphcdhjo jf Lñgkh Ifwwh, fczyfnhcjo h ghyzh ho no}fychcjoy no}fychcjoy jf Bkchw ############################################### ##################################################################### ############################################ ###############################:> #########:>
Mknvyh 80 ‗ Ghyzço jf Dëlko Nhygkh ############################################ ################################################################## ###################################:4 #############:4 Mknvyh 88 ‗ Ghyzço jf Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo ######################################################## ########################################################################:; ################:; Mknvyh 89 ‗ Gfyzkjço jf ×ikzo ############################################ ################################################################## ###########################################6 #####################600 Mknvyh 87 " Ghyzh fwgykzh pflhw zkhw Boyfckcdh f Whczkcdh ############################################69 ############################################69 Mknvyh 8: ‗ Omâgko jo Jfczfl J fczfl fc}khjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ###########################################67 ###########################################67 Mknvyh 86 ‗ Yfxvfykbfczo jf dobfchnfb h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo####################################6: Ghycfkyo####################################6:
=:
Mknvyh 8= ‗ Hpyo}hîço jo Yfxvfykbfczo jf dobfchnfb h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ############66 Mknvyh 8> ‗ Ghyzhw jhw Zkhw jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo #########################################################6= #########################################################6= Mknvyh 84 ‗ Ow kybçow Ahcvèyko f Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo ############################################ ####################################################64 ########64
=6
YFMFYÁCGKHW GHBPFLO, ^hcky# Jhw ocjhw jo yèjko à zflh jh Z]1 o wob f h kbhnfb ch gkjhjf jhw hlzfyowhw# Jkwwfyzhîço, Wço Phvlo1 9008# GHY]HLDO, Hcjyë5 BHYZKCW, Eho# Dhilh, wføoy1 vb dobfb gdhbhjo Ahcvèyko# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Hybhqëb jf Kjfkhw, 8;;9# GOWZH, Fjvhyjo1 BHYZKCW, Eho# Vbh phktço gdhbhjh Kzhzkhkh # 8fj# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Nyèmkgh Zhbokow, 9009 JFWLHCJFW, Wvfl{ Mfyyfkyh# Pfwxvkwh Wogkhl1 zfoykh, bëzojo f gykhzk}kjjf # 8=#fj# Pfzy÷polkw1 ]oqfw, 9000# JVHYZF, Aoynf1 IHYYOW, Hczocko# Bëzojow f zëgckghw jf pfwxvkwh fb gobvckghîço# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 9000# PKCZO AÑCKOY, Hychljo Nobfw f WHLLFW, Hvyëlko Dfcykxvf# H Lkjfyhcîh jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh fb Iflo Doykqoczf# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Mhmk"ID1 8;;7, p# 76# AVCN, Bklzoc# Aoychlkwbo jf yèjko # Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 9004# LHEHZOW, F}h Bhykh1 BHYGOCK, Bhykch jf Hcjyhjf# Zëgckghw jf Pfwxvkwh1 plhcfahbfczo f ftfgvîço jf pfwxvkwhw, hbowzyhnfcw f zëgckghw jf pfwxvkwh, flhioyhîço, hcèlkwf f kczfypyfzhîço jf jhjow# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 8;49# LHEHZOW, F}h Bhykh1 BHYGOCK, Bhykch jf Hcjyhjf# Mvcjhbfczow jf bfzojolonkh gkfczâmkgh# :#fj# }fy# f hbpl# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 9008# BHYZKCW, Mèiko# Wfcdoyfw ov}kczfw, co hy### H gkjhjf f o yèjko # Iflo Doykqoczf, Hyzf, 8;;;# BFJKZWGD, Fjvhyjo# H yèjko ch fyh jh kcmoybhîço1 Zfoykh f zëgckgh jo co}o yhjkoaoychlkwbo# Gokbiyh1 Bkcfy}h, 8;;;# OYZYK^HCO, Nkwflh W~fzlhch# H kcmoybhîço co yèjko1 ow nyvpow jf pojfy f h jfzfybkchîço jow goczfñjow# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw Fjkzoykhl, 8;46# PFCH, Mflkpf# Zfoykh jh ikonyhmkh wfb mkb # Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Bhcvhl, 900:# PYHZH, Chky# H mkjflkjhjf jo ov}kczf jf yèjko1 vb fwzvjo jow pykcgkphkw mhzoyfw jfzfybkchczfw jh hvjkácgkh mkfl# Wço Phvlo1 9000# YÈJKO KZHZKHKH5 GHY]HLDO, Hcjyë# Bhcvhl jf aoychlkwbo fb yèjko# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Hybhqëb jf Kjëkhw, 8;;4# WHLOBÇO, Boqhdky# Aoychlkwbo yhjkomúckgo f }kcgvlhîço wogkhl1 o yfgfpzoy pyfwwvpowzo co yhjkoaoychlkwbo jf Iflo Doykqoczf # Wço Phvlo1 Hcchilvbf, 9007#
==
WOHYFW, Fjklfvqh# H iolh co hy1 o yèjko fwpoyzk}o fb Wço Phvlo # Wço Phvlo1 Phvlkchw, 8;;:# WOVQH, Aëwvw I#jf# Bfkow jf Gobvckghîço fb bhwwh # Wgkpkocf, 8;;=#
