2016 Senior Project on the impact of westernization in the Philippines.
Biscuits in the Philippines continues to compete with chocolate confectionery. Many consumers continue to consume biscuits, usually chocolate-coated biscuits, as a cheaper alternative to chocolate ...
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes by Fedor Jagor; Tomas de Comyn; Chas !ilkes; "udolf #ircho$ This eBook is for the use of anyone any$here at no cost and $ith almost no restrictions $hatsoe%er &ou may copy it' gi%e it a$ay or re(use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg )icense included $ith this eBook or online at $$$gutenbergnet
Title* The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes +uthor* Fedor Jagor; Tomas de Comyn; Chas !ilkes; "udolf #ircho$ "elease ,ate* June -.' /001 2EBook 3-04405 )anguage* English Character set encoding* 678(..9:( 7T+"T 8F T<67 P"8JECT G=TE>BE"G EB88? TE7
Produced by Jeroen
TE7 T<"= F8"E6G> E&E7 Edited by +ustin Craig
Preface +mong the many $rongs done the Filipinos by 7paniards' to be charged against their undeniably large debt to 7pain' one of the greatest' if not the most freAuently mentioned' $as taking from them their good name 7panish $riters ha%e ne%er been noted for modesty or historical accuracy Back in -9.: the printer of the English translation of Padre Juan Gonale de @endoas D
retrogressi%e' the practice gre$ up of correspondingly lo$ering the current estimates of the capacity of the Filipinos of the conAuest' so that al$ays an apparent ad%ance appeared This in the closing period' in order to fabricate a sufficient sho$ing for o%er three centuries of pretended progress' led to the practical denial of human attributes to the Filipinos found here by )egaspi +gainst this denial to his countrymen of %irtues as $ell as rights' ,octor "ial opposed t$o briefs $hose English titles are DThe Philippines + Century umerous hitherto(untranslated passages like$ise appear There ha%e been left out the illustrations' from crude dra$ings obsolete since photographic pictures ha%e familiaried the scenes and objects' and also the conseAuently superfluous references to these >o other omission has been allo$ed' for if one author leaned far to one side in certain debatable Auestions the other has been eAually partisan for the opposite side' ecept a cerement on religion in general and discussion of the $orld($ide social e%il $ere eliminated as ha%ing no particular Philippine bearing to ecuse their appearance in a popular $ork The early +merican Auotations of course are for comparison $ith the numerous +merican comments of today' and the t$o magaine etracts gi%e English accounts a century apart #ircho$s matured %ie$s ha%e been substituted for the pioneer opinions he furnished Professor Jagor thirty years earlier' and if "ials patron in the scientific $orld fails at times in his facts his method for research is a safe guide Finally' three points should constantly be borne in mind* - allo$ance must be made for the lessening 7panish influence' surely more foreign to this seafaring people than the present modified +nglo(7aon education' and so more artificial' ie' less assimilable' as $ell as for the remo%al of the unfa%orable en%ironment' before attempting to from an opinion of the present(day Filipino from his prototype pictured in those pages; / foreign obser%ers are apt to emphasie $hat is strange to them in describing other lands than their o$n and to lea%e unnoted points of resemblance $hich may be much more numerous; I "ials judgment that his countrymen $ere more like back$ard Europeans than 8rientals $as based on scientific studies of Europes rural districts and Philippine pro%incial conditions as $ell as of oriental country life' so that it is entitled to more $eight than
the commoner opinion to the contrary $hich though more popular has been less carefully formed =ni%ersity of the Philippines' @anila' @arch --th' -:-H
Contents Jagors Tra%els in the Philippines The out(of(print -.49 English translation corrected from the original German tet 7tate of the Philippines in -.-0 By Tomas de Comyn I94 !illiam !altons -./- translation modernied @anila and 7ulu in -.1/ By Com Chas !ilkes' =7> 19: >arrati%e of = 7 Eploring Epedition -.I.(1/' #ol 9 @anila in -.-: By )ieut John !hite' =7> 9I0 From the D
The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes P+"T 6 Jagors Tra%els in the Philippines
C<+PTE" 6
2,ifference from European time5 !hen the clock strikes t$el%e in @adrid' 2-5 it is . hours' -. minutes' and 1- seconds past eight in the e%ening at @anila; that is to say' the latter city lies -/1 10 -9 to the east of the former 4 hours' 91 minutes' I9 seconds from Paris 7ome time ago' ho$e%er' $hile the ne$ year $as being celebrated in @adrid' it $as only >e$ &ears e%e at @anila
2@agellans mistake in reckoning5 +s @agellan' $ho disco%ered the Philippines in his memorable first circumna%igation of the globe' $as follo$ing the sun in its apparent daily path around the $orld' e%ery successi%e degree he compassed on his eastern course added four minutes to the length of his day; and' $hen he reached the Philippines' the difference amounted to siteen hours This' ho$e%er' apparently escaped his notice' for Elcano' the captain of the only remaining %essel' $as Auite una$are' on his return to the longitude of his departure' $hy according to his ships log(book' he $as a day behind the time of the port $hich he had reached again by continuously sailing $est$ard 2/5 2I5 2Change to the +sian day5 The error remained also unheeded in the Philippines 6t $as still' o%er there the last day of the old year' $hile the rest of the $orld $as commencing the ne$ one; and this state of things continued till the close of -.11' $hen it $as resol%ed' $ith the appro%al of the archbishop' to pass o%er >e$ &ears e%e for once altogether 215 7ince that time the Philippines are considered to lie no longer in the distant $est' but in the far east' and are about eight hours in ad%ance of their mother country The proper field for their commerce' ho$e%er' is $hat is to Europeans the far $est; they $ere colonied thence' and for centuries' till -.--' they had almost no other communication $ith Europe but the indirect one by the annual %oyage of the galleon bet$een @anila and +capulco >o$' ho$e%er' $hen the eastern shores of the Pacific are at last beginning to teem $ith life' and' $ith uneampled speed' are pressing for$ard to grasp their stupendous future' the Philippines $ill no longer be able to remain in their past seclusion >o tropical +siatic colony is so fa%orably situated for communication $ith the $est coast of +merica' and it is only in a fe$ matters that the ,utch 6ndies can compete $ith them for the fa%ors of the +ustralian market But' 2Future in +merican and +ustralian trade5 on the other hand' they $ill ha%e to abandon their traffic $ith China' $hose principal emporium @anila originally $as' as $ell as that $ith those $est$ard(looking countries of +sia' Europes far east' $hich lie nearest to the +tlantic ports 295 2H5 2Commercially in the >e$ !orld5 !hen the circumstances mentioned come to be realied' the Philippines' or' at any rate' the principal market for their commerce' $ill finally fall $ithin the limits of the $estern hemisphere' to $hich indeed they $ere relegated by the illustrious 7panish geographers at Badajo 2The Popes $orld(partiti%e5 The Bull issued by +leander #6' 245 on @ay 1' -1:I' $hich di%ided the earth into t$o hemispheres' decreed that all heathen lands disco%ered in the eastern half should belong to the Portuguese; in the $estern half to the 7paniards +ccording to this arrangement' the latter could only claim the Philippines under the pretet that they $ere situated in the $estern hemisphere The demarcation line $as to run from the north to the south' a hundred leagues to the south($est of all the so(called +ores and Cape de #erde 6slands 6n accordance $ith the treaty of Tordesillas' negotiated bet$een 7pain and Portugal on June 4' -1:1' and appro%ed by Julius 66' in -90H' this line $as dra$n three hundred and se%enty leagues $est of the Cape de #erde 6slands 2Faulty 7panish and Portuguese geography5 +t that time 7panish and Portuguese geographers reckoned se%enteen and one(half leagues to a degree on the eAuator 6n the latitude of the Cape de #erde 6slands' three hundred and se%enty leagues made /- 99 6f to this $e add
the longitudinal difference bet$een the $esternmost point of the group and Cadi' a difference of -. 1.' $e get 10 1I $est' and -I: -4 east from Cadi in round numbers 14 $est and -II east' as the limits of the 7panish hemisphere +t that time' ho$e%er' the eisting means for such calculations $ere entirely insufficient 2Etra%agant 7panish claims thru ignorance5 The latitude $as measured $ith imperfect astrolabes' or $ooden Auadrants' and calculated from %ery deficient tables; the %ariation of the compass' moreo%er' $as almost unkno$n' as $ell as the use of the log 2.5 Both method and instruments $ere $anting for useful longitudinal calculations 6t $as under these circumstances that the 7paniards attempted' at Badajo' to pro%e to the protesting Portuguese that the eastern boundary line intersected the mouths of the Ganges' and proceeded to lay claim to the possession of the 7pice 6slands 27pains error in calculation5 The eastern boundary should' in reality' ha%e been dra$n 1H -K/ further to the east' that is to say' as much further as it is from Berlin to the coast of )abrador' or to the lesser +ltai; for' in the latitude of Calcutta 1H -K/ are eAui%alent to t$o thousand fi%e hundred and se%enty(fi%e nautical miles +lbos log(book gi%es the difference in longitude bet$een the most eastern islands of the +rchipelago and Cape Fermoso @agellans 7traits' as -0H I0' $hile in reality it amounts to -9: .9 2@oluccan rights sold to Portugal5 The disputes bet$een the 7paniards and the Portuguese' occasioned by the uncertainty of the eastern boundary((Portugal had already founded a settlement in the 7pice 6slands(($ere set at rest by an agreement made in -9/:' in $hich Charles # abandoned his pretended rights to the @oluccas in fa%or of Portugal' for the sum of I90'000 ducats The Philippines' at that time' $ere of no %alue 2Foreign mail facilities5 The distance from @anila to
7panish ships' $hich the merchants $ere compelled to patronie in order to a%oid paying an additional customs ta' in spite of the protecti%e duties for 7panish products' $as almost eclusi%ely in foreign goods to the colony and returning the products of the latter for foreign ports The traffic $ith 7pain $as limited to the con%eyance of officials' priests' and their usual necessaries' such as pro%isions' $ine and other liAuors; and' ecept a fe$ French no%els' some atrociously dull books' histories of saints' and similar $orks 2@anilas fine bay5 The Bay of @anila is large enough to contain the united fleets of Europe; it has the reputation of being one of the finest in the $orld The aspect of the coast' ho$e%er' to a stranger arri%ing' as did the author' at the close of the dry season' falls short of the li%ely descriptions of some tra%ellers The circular bay' one hundred t$enty nautical miles in circumference' the $aters of $hich $ash the shores of fi%e different pro%inces' is fringed in the neighborhood of @anila by a le%el coast' behind $hich rises an eAually flat table land The scanty %egetation in the foreground' consisting chiefly of bamboos and areca palms' $as dried up by the sun; $hile in the far distance the dull uniformity of the landscape $as broken by the blue hills of 7an @ateo 6n the rainy season the numerous un$alled canals o%erflo$ their banks and form a series of connected lakes' $hich soon' ho$e%er' change into luuriant and %erdant rice(fields 2Citys appearance mediae%al European5 @anila is situated on both sides of the ri%er Pasig The to$n itself' surrounded $ith $alls and ramparts' $ith its lo$ tiled roofs and a fe$ to$ers' had' in -.9:' the appearance of some ancient European fortress Four years later the greater part of it $as destroyed by an earthAuake 2The -.HI earthAuake5 8n June I' -.HI' at thirty(one minutes past se%en in the e%ening' after a day of tremendous heat $hile all @anila $as busy in its preparations for the festi%al of Corpus Christi' the ground suddenly rocked to and fro $ith great %iolence The firmest buildings reeled %isibly' $alls crumbled' and beams snapped in t$o The dreadful shock lasted half a minute; but this little inter%al $as enough to change the $hole to$n into a mass of ruins' and to bury ali%e hundreds of its inhabitants 2--5 + letter of the go%ernor(general' $hich 6 ha%e seen' states that the cathedral' the go%erment(house' the barracks' and all the public buildings of @anila $ere entirely destroyed' and that the fe$ pri%ate houses $hich remained standing threatened to fall in )ater accounts speak of four hundred killed and t$o thousand injured' and estimate the loss at eight millions of dollars Forty(si public and fi%e hundred and se%enty pri%ate buildings $ere thro$n do$n; t$enty(eight public and fi%e hundred t$enty(eight pri%ate buildings $ere nearly destroyed' and all the houses left standing $ere more or less injured 2,amage in Ca%ite5 +t the same time' an earthAuake of forty seconds duration occurred at Ca%ite' the na%al port of the Philippines' and destroyed many buildings 2,estruction in $alled city5 Three years after$ards' the ,uc d+lencon )ucon et @indanao; Paris' -.40' 7 I. found the traces of the catastrophe e%ery$here Three sides of the principal sAuare of the city' in $hich formerly stood the go%ernment' or go%ernors' palace' the cathedral' and the to$nhouse' $ere lying like dust heaps o%ergro$n $ith $eeds +ll the large public edifices $ere DtemporarilyD constructed of $ood; but nobody then seemed to plan anything permanent
2Former hea%y shocks5 @anila is %ery often subject to earthAuakes; the most fatal occurred in -H0-; in -H-0 >o% I0; in -H19 >o% I0; in -H9. +ug /0; in -H49; in -H::; in -4:H; in -./1; in -.9/; and in -.HI 6n -H19' si hundred 2-/5' or' according to some accounts' three thousand 2-I5 persons perished' buried under the ruins of their houses Their monastery' the church of the +ugustinians' and that of the Jesuits' $ere the only public buildings $hich remained standing 2FreAuent minor disturbances5 7maller shocks' $hich suddenly set the hanging lamps s$inging' occur %ery often and generally remain unnoticed The houses are on this account generally of but one story' and the loose %olcanic soil on $hich they are built may lessen the %iolence of the shock Their hea%y tiled roofs' ho$e%er' appear %ery inappropriate under such circumstances EarthAuakes are also of freAuent occurrence in the pro%inces' but they' as a rule' cause so little damage' o$ing to the houses being constructed of timber or bamboo' that they are ne%er mentioned 27canty data a%ailable5 @ +leis Perrey @Lm de l+cadLmie de ,ijon' -.H0 has published a list' collected $ith much diligence from e%ery accessible source' of the earthAuakes $hich ha%e %isited the Philippines' and particularly @anila But the accounts' e%en of the most important' are %ery scanty' and the dates of their occurrence %ery unreliable 8f the minor shocks' only a fe$ are mentioned' those $hich $ere noticed by scientific obser%ers accidentally present at the time 2The -H-0 catastrophe5 +duarte 6 -1- mentions a tremendous earthAuake $hich occurred in -H-0 6 briefly Auote his %ersion of the details of the catastrophe' as 6 find them mentioned no$here else DTo$ards the close of >o%ember' -H-0' on 7t +ndre$s ,ay' a more %iolent earthAuake than had e%er before been $itnessed' %isited these 6slands; its effects etended from @anila to the etreme end of the pro%ince of >ue%a 7ego%ia the $hole northern part of )uon' a distance of /00 leagues 6t caused great destruction o%er the entire area; in the pro%ince of 6locos it buried palm trees' so that only the tops of their branches $ere left abo%e the earths surface; through the po$er of the earthAuake mountains $ere pushed against each other; it thre$ do$n many buildings' and killed a great number of people 6ts fury $as greatest in >ue%a 7ego%ia' $here it opened the mountains' and created ne$ lake basins The earth thre$ up immense fountains of sand' and %ibrated so terribly that the people' unable to stand upon it' laid do$n and fastened themsel%es to the ground' as if they had been on a ship in a stormy sea 6n the range inhabited by the @endayas a mountain fell in' crushing a %illage and killing its inhabitants +n immense portion of the cliff sank into the ri%er; and no$' $here the stream $as formerly bordered by a range of hills of considerable altitude' its banks are nearly le%el $ith the $atercourse The commotion $as so great in the bed of the ri%er that $a%es arose like those of the ocean' or as if the $ater had been lashed by a furious $ind Those edifices $hich $ere of stone suffered the most damage' our church and the con%ent fell in' etc' etcD
C<+PTE" 66
2Customhouse red tape5 The customs inspection' and the many
formalities $hich the nati%e minor officials eercised $ithout any consideration appear all the more $earisome to the ne$ arri%al $hen contrasted $ith the easy routine of the English free ports of the east he has just Auitted The guarantee of a respectable merchant obtained for me' as a particular fa%or' permission to disembark after a detention of siteen hours; but e%en then 6 $as not allo$ed to take the smallest article of luggage on shore $ith me 27helter for shipping5 ,uring the south($est monsoon and the stormy season that accompanies the change of monsoons' the roadstead is unsafe )arger %essels are then obliged to seek protection in the port of Ca%ite' se%en miles further do$n the coast; but during the north(east monsoons they can safely anchor half a league from the coast +ll ships under three hundred tons burden pass the break$ater and enter the Pasig' $here' as far as the bridge' they lie in serried ro$s' etending from the shore to the middle of the stream' and bear $itness by their numbers' as $ell as by the bustle and stir going on amongst them' to the acti%ity of the home trade 27ilting up of ri%er mouth5 6n e%ery rain(monsoon' the Pasig ri%er s$eeps such a Auantity of sediment against the break$ater that just its remo%al keeps' as it seems' the dredging machine stationed there entirely occupied 2Fe$ foreign %essels5 The small number of the %essels in the roadstead' particularly of those of foreign countries' $as the more remarkable as @anila $as the only port in the +rchipelago that had any commerce $ith foreign countries 6t is true that since -.99 three other ports' to $hich a fourth may no$ be added' had gotten this pri%ilege; but at the time of my arri%al' in @arch' -.9:' not one of them had e%er been entered by a foreign %essel' and it $as a fe$ $eeks after my %isit that the first English ship sailed into 6loilo to take in a cargo of sugar for +ustralia 2-15 2+ntiAuated restrictions on trade5 The reason of this peculiarity laid partly in the feeble de%elopment of agriculture' in spite of the uneampled fertility of the soil' but chiefly in the antiAuated and artificially limited conditions of trade The customs duties $ere in themsel%es not %ery high They $ere generally about se%en per cent upon merchandise con%eyed under the 7panish flag' and about t$ice as much for that carried in foreign bottoms !hen the cargo $as of 7panish production' the duty $as three per cent if carried in national %essels' eight per cent if in foreign ships The latter $ere only allo$ed' as a rule' to enter the port in ballast 2-95 2,iscouragements for foreign ships5 +s' ho$e%er' the principal $ants of the colony $ere imported from England and abroad' these $ere either kept back till an opportunity occurred of sending them in 7panish %essels' $hich charged nearly a treble freight from M1 to M9 instead of from M- -K/' to M/ per ton' and $hich only made their appearance in British ports at rare inter%als' or they $ere sent to 7ingapore and
on account of the differential customs rates' $hich acted almost as a complete prohibition The result $as that foreign %essels came there only in ballast' or $hen summoned for some particular object 2Eport taes5 The eports of the colony $ere almost entirely limited to its ra$ produce' $hich $as burdened $ith an eport duty of three per cent Eports lea%ing under the 7panish flag $ere only taed to the amount of one per cent; but' as scarcely any eport trade eisted $ith 7pain' and as 7panish %essels' from their high rates of freight' $ere ecluded from the carrying trade of the $orld' the boon to commerce $as a delusi%e one 2-H5 2)a$s dro%e a$ay trade5 These inept ecise la$s' hampered $ith a hundred suspicious forms' frightened a$ay the $hole carrying trade from the port; and its commission merchants $ere freAuently unable to dispose of the local produce 7o trifling $as the carrying trade that the total yearly a%erage of the harbor dues' calculated from the returns of ten years' barely reached N-0'000 2@anilas fa%orable location5 The position of @anila' a central point bet$it Japan' China' +nnam' the English and ,utch ports of the +rchipelago and +ustralia' is in itself etremely fa%orable to the de%elopment of a $orld($ide trade 2-45 +t the time of the north(eastern monsoons' during our $inter' $hen %essels for the sake of shelter pass through the 7traits of Gilolo on their $ay from the 6ndian +rchipelago to China' they are obliged to pass close to @anila They $ould find it a most con%enient station' for the Philippines' as $e ha%e already mentioned' are particularly fa%orably placed for the $est coast of +merica 2The -.H: reform5 + proof that the 7panish =ltramar minister fully recognies and appreciates these circumstances appears in his decree' of +pril 9' -.H:' $hich is of the highest importance for the future of the colony 6t probably $ould ha%e been issued earlier had not the 7panish and colonial shipo$ners' pampered by the protecti%e system' obstinately struggled against an inno%ation $hich impaired their former pri%ileges and forced them to greater acti%ity 2Bettered conditions5 The most note$orthy points of the decree are the moderation of the differential duties' and their entire etinction at the epiration of t$o years; the abrogation of all eport duties; and the consolidation of the more annoying port dues into one single charge 2Pre(7panish foreign commerce5 !hen the 7paniards landed in the Philippines they found the inhabitants clad in silks and cotton stuffs' $hich $ere imported by Chinese ships to echange for gold(dust' sapan $ood' 2-.5 holothurian' edible birds nests' and skins The 6slands $ere also in communication $ith Japan' Cambodia' 7iam' 2-:5 the @oluccas' and the @alay +rchipelago ,e Barros mentions that %essels from )uon %isited @alacca in -9-- 2/05 2Early etension under 7pain5 The greater order $hich reigned in the Philippines after the ad%ent of the 7paniards' and still more the commerce they opened $ith +merica and indirectly $ith Europe' had the effect of greatly increasing the 6sland trade' and of etending it beyond the 6ndies to the Persian Gulf @anila $as the great mart for the products of Eastern +sia' $ith $hich it loaded the galleons that' as early as -9H9' sailed to and from >e$ 7pain at first to >a%idad'
after -H0/ to +capulco' and brought back sil%er as their principal return freight 2/-5 2Jealousy of 7e%ille monopolists5 The merchants in >e$ 7pain and Peru found this commerce so ad%antageous' that the result $as %ery damaging to the eports from the mother country' $hose manufactured goods $ere unable to compete $ith the 6ndian cottons and the Chinese silks The spoilt monopolists of 7e%ille demanded therefore the abandonment of a colony $hich reAuired considerable yearly contributions from the home echeAuer' $hich stood in the $ay of the mother countrys eploiting her +merican colonies' and $hich let the sil%er of e$ 7pain $ere forced' in the interests of the mother country' to obtain merchandise from China' either directly' or through @anila The inhabitants of the Philippines $ere alone permitted to send Chinese goods to +merica' but only to the yearly %alue of N/90'000 The return trade $as limited to N900'000 2/I5 2Prohibition of China trading5 The first amount $as after$ards increased to NI00'000' $ith a proportionate augmentation of the return freight; but the 7panish $ere forbidden to %isit China' so that they $ere obliged to a$ait the arri%al of the junks Finally' in -4/0' Chinese goods $ere strictly prohibited throughout the $hole of the 7panish possessions in both hemispheres + decree of -4I1 amplified in -4H: once more permitted trade $ith China' and increased the maimum %alue of the annual freightage to +capulco to N900'000 sil%er and that of the return trade to t$ice the amount 2
not import it in its o$n ships' it $as brought there in English and French bottoms' $hich assumed a Turkish name' and $ere pro%ided $ith an 6ndian sham(captain 2The DPhilippine CompanyD monopoly5 6n -4.9' the CompaOa de Filipinas obtained a monopoly of the trade bet$een 7pain and the colony' but it $as not allo$ed to interfere $ith the direct traffic bet$een +capulco and @anila The desire $as to acAuire large Auantities of colonial produce' silk' indigo' cinnamon' cotton' pepper' etc' in order to eport it some$hat as $as done later on by the system of culture in Ja%a; but as it $as unable to obtain compulsory labor' it entirely failed in its attempted artificial de%elopment of agriculture 2)osses by bad management5 The CompaOa suffered great losses through its erroneous system of operation' and the incapacity of its officials it paid' for eample' N-I90 for a picul of pepper $hich cost from three to four dollars in 7umatra 2Entrance of foriegn ships and firms5 6n -4.: foreign ships $ere allo$ed to import Chinese and 6ndian produce' but none from Europe 6n -.0: an English commercial house obtained permission to establish itself in @anila 2/15 6n -.-1' after the conclusion of the peace $ith France' the same permission' $ith greater or less restrictions' $as granted to all foreigners 2Trade free but port charges discriminating5 6n -./0 the direct trade bet$een the Philippines and 7pain $as thro$n open $ithout any limitations to the eports of colonial produce' on the condition that the %alue of the 6ndian and Chinese goods in each epedition should not eceed N90'000 E%er since -.I1' $hen the pri%ileges of the CompaOa epired' free trade has been permitted in @anila; foreign ships' ho$e%er' being charged double dues Four ne$ ports ha%e been thro$n open to general trade since -.99; and in -.H: the liberal tariff pre%iously alluded to $as issued 2Ports importance lessened under 7pain5 Today' after three centuries of almost undisturbed 7panish rule' @anila has by no means added to the importance it possessed shortly after the ad%ent of the 7paniards The isolation of Japan and the 6ndo(Chinese empires' a direct conseAuence of the importunities and pretensions of the Catholic missionaries' 2/95 the secession of the colonies on the $est coast of +merica' abo%e all the long continuance of a distrustful commercial and colonial policy((a policy $hich eists e%en at the present day(($hile important markets' based on large capital and liberal principles' $ere being established in the most fa%ored spots of the British and ,utch 6ndies; all these circumstances ha%e contributed to this result and thro$n the Chinese trade into other channels The cause is as clear as the effect' yet it might be erroneous to ascribe the policy so long pursued to short(sightedness The 7paniards' in their schemes of colonisation' had partly a religious purpose in %ie$' but the go%ernment disco%ered a great source of influence in the disposal of the etremely lucrati%e colonial appointments The cro$n itself' as $ell as its fa%orites' thought of nothing but etracting the most it could from the colony' and had neither the intention or the po$er to de%elop the natural $ealth of the country by agriculture and commerce 6nseparable from this policy' $as the persistent eclusion of foreigners 2/H5 6t seemed e%en more necessary in the isolated Philippines than in +merica to cut off the nati%es from all contact $ith foreigners' if the 7paniards had any desire to remain in undisturbed possession of the colony 6n face'
ho$e%er' of the de%eloped trade of today and the claims of the $orld to the producti%e po$ers of such an etraordinarily fruitful soil' the old restrictions can no longer be maintained' and the lately(introduced liberal tariff must be hailed as a thoroughly $ell(timed measure 2Galleon story sidelight on colonial history5 The oft(mentioned %oyages of the galleons bet$it @anila and +capulco hold such a prominent position in the history of the Philippines' and afford such an interesting glimpse into the old colonial system' that their principal characteristics deser%e some description 2Chinese part in galleon trade5 6n the days of @orga' to$ards the close of the siteenth century' from thirty to forty Chinese junks $ere in the habit of annually %isiting @anila generally in @arch; to$ards the end of June a galleon used to sail for +capulco The trade $ith the latter place' the acti%e operations of $hich $ere limited to the three central months of the year' $as so lucrati%e' easy' and safe' that the 7paniards scarcely cared to engage in any other undertakings 2Fa%oritism in allotment of cargo space5 +s the carrying po$er of the annual galleon $as by no means proportioned to the demand for cargo room' the go%ernor di%ided it as he deemed best; the fa%orites' ho$e%er' to $hom he assigned shares in the hold' seldom traded themsel%es' but parted $ith their concessions to the merchants 2,i%ision of space and character of cargo5 +ccording to ,e Guignes' 2/45 the hold of the %essel $as di%ided into -'900 parts' of $hich the majority $ere allotted to the priests' and the rest to fa%ored persons +s a matter of fact' the %alue of the cargo' $hich $as officially limited to NH00'000' $as considerably higher 6t chiefly consisted of 6ndian and Chinese cottons and silk stuffs amongst others fifty thousand pairs of silk stockings from China' and gold ornaments The %alue of the return freight amounted to bet$een t$o and three millions of dollars 2Profit in trade5 E%erything in this trade $as settled beforehand; the number' shape' sie' and %alue of the bales' and e%en their selling price +s this $as usually double the original cost' the permission to ship goods to a certain amount $as eAui%alent' under ordinary circumstances' to the besto$al of a present of a like %alue These permissions or licenses boletas $ere' at a later period' usually granted to pensioners and officers $ido$s' and to officials' in lieu of an increase of salary; these fa%orites $ere forbidden' ho$e%er' to make a direct use of them' for to trade $ith +capulco $as the sole right of those members of the Consulado a kind of chamber of commerce $ho could pro%e a long residence in the country and the possession of a capital of at least N.'000 2E%asion of regulations5 )egentil' the astronomer' gi%es a full description of the regulations $hich pre%ailed in his day and the manner in $hich they $ere disobeyed The cargo consisted of a thousand bales' each composed of four packets' 2/.5 the maimum %alue of each packet being fied at N/90 6t $as impossible to increase the amount of bales' but they pretty generally consisted of more than four packets' and their %alue so far eceeded the prescribed limits' that a boleta $as considered to be $orth from N/00 to N//9 The officials took good care that no goods should be smuggled on board $ithout a boleta These
$ere in such demand' that' at a later period' Comyn 2/:5 sa$ people pay N900 for the right to ship goods' the %alue of $hich scarcely amounted to N-'000 The merchants usually borro$ed the money for these undertakings from the obras pias' charitable foundations' $hich' up to our o$n time' fulfil in the 6slands the purposes of banks 2I05 6n the early days of the trade' the galleon used to lea%e Ca%ite in July and sail $ith a south($esterly $ind beyond the tropics' until it met $ith a $est $ind at the thirty(eighth or 2"oute out$ard5 fortieth parallel 2I-5 )ater on the %essels $ere ordered to lea%e Ca%ite $ith the first south($esterly $inds to sail along the south coast of )uon' through 7an Bernardino straits' and to continue along the thirteenth parallel of north latitude 2I/5 as far to the east as possible' until the north(easterly trade $ind compelled them to seek a north($est breee in higher latitudes They $ere then obliged to try the thirtieth parallel as long as possible' instead of' as formerly' the thirty(se%enth The captain of the galleon $as not permitted to sail immediately north$ard' although to ha%e done so $ould ha%e procured him a much Auicker and safer passage' and $ould ha%e enabled him to reach the rainy one more rapidly To effect the last' indeed' $as a matter of the greatest importance to him' for his %essel' o%erladen 2!ater(supply cro$ded out by cargo5 $ith merchandise' had but little room cro$ded out for $ater; and although he had a cre$ of from four hundred to si hundred hands to pro%ide for' he $as instructed to depend upon the rain he caught on the %oyage; for $hich purpose' the galleon $as pro%ided $ith suitable mats and bamboo pails 2II5 2)ength of %oyage5 #oyages in these lo$ latitudes $ere' o$ing to the inconstancy of the $inds' etremely troublesome' and often lasted fi%e months and up$ards The fear of eposing the costly' cumbrous %essel to the po$erful and sometimes stormy $inds of the higher latitudes' appears to ha%e been the cause of these sailing orders 2California landfall5 +s soon as the galleon had passed the great 7argasso shoal' it took a southerly course' and touched at the southern point of the Californian peninsula 7an )ucas' $here ne$s and pro%isions a$aited it 2I15 6n their earlier %oyages' ho$e%er' they must ha%e sailed much further to the north' some$here in the neighborhood of Cape @endocino' and ha%e been dri%en south$ard in sight of the coast; for #icaino' in the %oyage of disco%ery he undertook in -H0I' from @eico to California' found the principal mountains and capes' although no European had e%er set his foot upon them' already christened by the galleons' to $hich they had ser%ed as landmarks 2I95 27peedy return %oyage5 The return %oyage to the Philippines $as an easy one' and only occupied from forty to sity days 2IH5 The galleon left +capulco in February or @arch' sailed south$ards till it fell in $ith the trade $ind generally in from -0 to -- of north latitude' $hich carried it easily to the )adrone 6slands' and thence reached @anila by $ay of 7amar 2I45 2Galleons sie and armament5 + galleon $as usually of from t$el%e hundred to fifteen hundred tons burden' and carried fifty or sity guns The latter' ho$e%er' $ere pretty generally banished to the hold during the east$ard %oyage !hen the ships bo$s $ere turned to$ards home' and there $as no longer any press of space' the guns $ere remounted
2Capture of D7anta +nnaD5 7an +ugustin says of the 7anta +nna' $hich Thomas Candish captured and burnt in -9.H off the Californian coast* D8ur people sailed so carelessly that they used their guns for ballast; the pirates %enture $as such a fortunate one that he returned to )ondon $ith sails of Chinese damask and silken riggingD The cargo $as sold in +capulco at a profit of -00 per cent' and $as paid for in sil%er' cochineal' Auicksil%er' etc 2#alue of return freight5 The total %alue of the return freight amounted perhaps to bet$een t$o and three million dollars' 2I.5 of $hich a Auarter of a million' at least' fell to the king 2Gambling rather than commerce5 The return of a galleon to @anila' laden $ith sil%er dollars and ne$ arri%als' $as a great holiday for the colony + considerable portion of the riches they had $on as easily as at the gaming table' $as soon spent by the cre$; $hen matters again returned to their usual lethargic state 6t $as no unfreAuent e%ent' ho$e%er' for %essels to be lost They $ere too often laden $ith a total disregard to sea$orthiness' and $retchedly handled 6t $as fa%or' not capacity' that determined the patronage of these lucrati%e appointments 2I:5 @any galleons fell into the hands of English and ,utch cruisers 2105 2DPhilippine CompanyD and smugglers cause change5 But these tremendous profits gradually decreased as the CompaOa obtained the right to import 6ndian cottons' one of the principal articles of trade' into >e$ 7pain by $ay of #era Cru' subject to a customs duty of H per cent; and $hen English and +merican ad%enturers began to smuggle these and other goods into the country 21-5 27panish coins in circulation on China coast5 Finally' it may be mentioned that 7panish dollars found their $ay in the galleons to China and the further 6ndies' $here they are in circulation to this day
C<+PTE" 666
2The $alled city of @anila5 The city proper of @anila' inhabited by 7paniards' Creoles' the Filipinos directly connected $ith them' and Chinese' lies' surrounded by $alls and $ide ditches' on the left or southern bank of the Pasig' looking to$ards the sea 21/5 6t is a hot' dried(up place' full of monasteries' con%ents' barracks' and go%ernment buildings 7afety' not appearance' $as the object of its builders 6t reminds the beholder of a 7panish pro%incial to$n' and is' net to Goa' the oldest city in the 6ndies Foreigners reside on the northern bank of the ri%er; in Binondo' the headAuarters of $holesale and retail commerce' or in the pleasant suburban %illages' $hich blend into a considerable $hole 2Population5 The total population of city and suburbs has been estimated' perhaps $ith some eaggeration' at /00'000 2Bridges5 + handsome old stone bridge of ten arches ser%es as the communication bet$een the t$o banks of the Pasig' $hich' more recently' has also been spanned by an iron suspension bridge 21I5 #ery little intercourse eists bet$een the inhabitants of @anila and Binondo 2Friction bet$een classes5 )ife in the city proper cannot be %ery pleasant; pride' en%y' place(hunting' and caste hatred' are the order of the day; the 7paniards consider themsel%es superior to the creoles' $ho' in their turn' reproach the former $ith the taunt that they ha%e only come to the colony to sa%e themsel%es from star%ation + similar hatred and en%y eists bet$een the $hites and the mestios This state of things is to be found in all 7panish
colonies' and is chiefly caused by the colonial policy of @adrid' $hich al$ays does its best to so$ discord bet$een the different races and classes of its foreign possessions' under the idea that their union $ould imperil the s$ay of the mother country 2115 2Fe$ large lando$ners5 6n @anila' moreo%er' this state of things $as rendered $orse by the fact that the planter class' $hose large landed possessions al$ays gi%e it a strong interest in the country of its inhabitance' $as entirely $anting +t the present day' ho$e%er' the increasing demand for the produce of the colony seems to be bringing about a pleasant change in this respect 27paniards transient5 The manner in $hich the 7panish population of the 6slands $as affected by the gambling %entures of the galleons' at one time the only source of commercial $ealth' is thus described by @urillo #elarde page /4/*((DThe 7paniards $ho settle here look upon these 6slands as a ta%ern rather than a permanent home 6f they marry' it is by the merest chance; $here can a family be found that has been settled here for se%eral generationsQ The father amasses $ealth' the son spends it' the grandson is a beggar The largest capitals are not more stable than the $a%es of the ocean' across the crests of $hich they $ere gatheredD 2,iscomforts and the high cost of li%ing5 There is nothing like the same amount of sociability amongst the foreigners in Binondo as pre%ails in English and ,utch colonies; and scarcely any intercourse at all $ith the 7paniards' $ho en%y the strangers and almost seem to look upon the gains the latter make in the country as so many robberies committed upon themsel%es' its o$ners Besides all this' li%ing is %ery epensi%e' much more so than in 7ingapore and Bata%ia To many' the mere cost of eistence seems greatly out of proportion to their official salaries The European style houses' $hich are generally spacious' are gloomy and ugly' and not $ell %entilated for such a climate 6nstead of light jalousies' they are fitted $ith hea%y sash $indo$s' $hich admit the light through thin oyster shells' forming small panes scarcely t$o sAuare inches in area' and held together by laths an inch thick The ground floors of the houses are' on account of the great damp' sensibly enough' generally uninhabited; and are used as cellars' stables' and ser%ants offices 2>ati%e houses comfortable and unchanged5 The unassuming' but for their purposes %ery practical houses' of boards' bamboos' and nipa palm lea%es' are supported on account of the damp on isolated beams or props; and the space beneath' $hich is generally fenced in $ith a railing' is used as a stable or a $arehouse; such $as the case as early as the days of @agellan These d$ellings 2195 are %ery lightly put together )a PLrouse estimates the $eight of some of them' furniture and all' at something less than t$o hundred pounds >early all these houses' as $ell as the huts of the nati%es' are furnished $ith an aotea' that is' an unco%ered space' on the same le%el as the d$elling' $hich takes the place of yard and balcony The 7paniards appear to ha%e copied this useful contri%ance from the @oors' but the nati%es $ere acAuainted $ith them before the arri%al of the Europeans' for @orga mentions similar batalanes 2>eglected ri%er and canals offensi%e5 6n the suburbs nearly e%ery hut stands in its o$n garden The ri%er is often Auite co%ered $ith green scum; and dead cats and dogs surrounded $ith $eeds' $hich look like cabbage(lettuce' freAuently adorn its $aters 6n the dry season' the numerous canals of the suburbs are so many stagnant drains' and at each ebb of the tide the ditches around the to$n ehibit a
similar spectacle 2,reary and unprogressi%e life5 @anila offers %ery fe$ opportunities for amusement There $as no 7panish theatre open during my stay there' but Tagalog plays translations $ere sometimes represented The to$n possessed no club' and contained no readable books >e%er once did the least ecitement enli%en its feeble ne$spapers' for the items of intelligence' for$arded fortnightly from early e%ery man keeps a fighting cock @any are ne%er seen out of doors $ithout their fa%orite in their arms; they pay as much as N90 and up$ards for these pets' and heap the tenderest caresses on them The passion for cock(fighting can $ell be termed a national %ice; but the practice may ha%e been introduced by the 7paniards' or the @eicans $ho accompanied them' as' in a like manner' the habit of smoking opium among the Chinese' $hich has become a national curse' $as first introduced by the English 2Probably @alay Custom5 6t is' ho$e%er' more probable that the @alays brought the custom into the country 6n the eastern portion of the Philippines' cock(fighting $as unkno$n in the days of Pigafetta The first cock(fight he met $ith $as at Pala$an DThey keep large cocks' $hich from a species of superstition' they ne%er eat' but keep for fighting purposes
of $hose daily promenade is the display of their toilettes' and not the enjoyment of nature 6n the hot season' all $ho can afford it are dri%en e%ery e%ening along the 2The )uneta5 dusty streets to a promenade on the beach' $hich $as built a short time back' $here se%eral times a $eek the band of a nati%e regiment plays fairly good music' and there $alk formally up and do$n +ll the 7paniards 2The +ngelas5 are in uniform or in black frock coats !hen the bells ring out for e%ening prayer' carriages' horsemen' pedestrians' all suddenly stand motionless; the men take off their hats' and e%erybody appears momentarily absorbed in prayer 2Botanical gardens5 The same go%ernor $ho laid out the promenade established a botanical garden 6t is true that e%erything he planted in it' eposed on a marshy soil to the full heat of a po$erful sun' soon faded a$ay; but its ground $as enclosed and laid out' and though it $as o%ergro$n $ith $eeds' it had at least recei%ed a name +t present it is said to be in better condition 2905 2Pretty girls in gay garments5 The religious festi%als in the neighborhood of @anila are $ell $orth a %isit' if only for the sake of the numerous pretty Filipinas and mestias in their best clothes $ho make their appearance in the e%ening and promenade up and do$n the streets' $hich are illuminated and profusely decked $ith flo$ers and bright colors They offer a charming spectacle' particularly to a stranger lately arri%ed from @alaysia The Filipinas are %ery beautifully formed They ha%e luuriant black hair' and large dark eyes; the upper part of their bodies is clad in a homespun but often costly material of transparent fineness and sno$($hite purity; and' from their $aist do$n$ards' they are $rapped in a brightly(striped cloth saya' $hich falls in broad folds' and $hich' as far as the knee' is so tightly compressed $ith a dark sha$l lapis' closely dra$n around the figure' that the rich %ariegated folds of the saya burst out beneath it like the blossoms of a pomegranate This s$athing only allo$s the young girls to take %ery short steps' and this timidity of gait' in unison $ith their do$ncast eyes' gi%es them a %ery modest appearance 8n their naked feet they $ear embroidered slippers of such a small sie that their little toes protrude for $ant of room' and grasp the outside of the sandal 29-5 2,ress of the poorer $omen5 The poorer $omen clothe themsel%es in a saya and in a so(called chemise' $hich is so etremely short that it freAuently does not e%en reach the first fold of the former 6n the more eastern islands gro$n(up girls and $omen $ear' $ith the eception of a Catholic amulet' nothing but these t$o garments' $hich are' particularly after bathing' and before they get dried by the sun' nearly transparent 2@ens clothing5 + hat' trousers' and a shirt $orn outside them' both made of coarse Guinara cloth' compose the dress of the men of the poorer classes The shirts $orn by the $ealthy are often made of an etremely epensi%e home(made material' $o%en from the fibers of the pineapple or the banana 7ome of them are ornamented $ith silk stripes' some are plain They are also freAuently manufactured entirely of jusi Chinese floret silk' in $hich case they $ill not stand $ashing' and can only be $orn once The hat salacot' a round piece of home(made plaiting' is used as both umbrella and sunshade' and is often adorned $ith sil%er ornaments of considerable %alue 2The DPrincipalesD5 The principalia class enjoy the special pri%ilege of $earing short jackets abo%e their shirts' and are usually easily
recogniable by their amusing assumption of dignity' and by the faded cylindrical hats' yello$ $ith age' family heirlooms' constantly $orn 2The dandies5 The nati%e dandies $ear patent leather shoes on their naked feet' tight(fitting trousers of some material striped $ith black and $hite or $ith some other glaringly(contrasted colors' a starched plaited shirt of European make' a chimney(pot silk hat' and carry a cane in their hands 2The ser%ants5 The ser%ants $aiting at dinner in their $hite starched shirts and trousers are by no means an agreeable spectacle' and 6 ne%er realised the full ludicrousness of European male costume till my eye fell upon its caricature' eemplified in the person of a D@anila dandyD 2@estia costume5 The mestias dress like the Filipinas' but do not $ear the tapis' and those of them $ho are married to Europeans are generally clad in both shoes and stockings @any of the mestias are etremely pretty' but their gait drags a little' from their habit of $earing slippers +s a rule they are prudent' thrifty' and 2Cle%er business $omen5 cle%er business $omen' but their con%ersation is often a$k$ard and tedious Their $ant of education is' ho$e%er' not the cause of this latter failing' for +ndalusian $omen $ho ne%er learn anything but the elementary doctrines of Christianity' are among the most charming creatures in the $orld' in their youth 26ll at ease in society5 6ts cause lies rather in this eAui%ocal position; they are haughtily repelled by their $hite sisters' $hilst they themsel%es diso$n their mothers kin They are $anting in the ease' in the tact' that the $omen of 7pain sho$ in e%ery relation of eistence 2@estios5 The mestios' particularly those born of Chinese and Tagal mothers' constitute the richest and the most enterprising portion of the nati%e population They are $ell acAuainted $ith all the good and bad Aualities of the Filipino inhabitants' and use them unscrupulously for their o$n purposes
C<+PTE" 6#
2>ati%e distrust of Europeans5 + 7cotch merchant to $hom 6 brought a letter of introduction in%ited me $ith such cordiality to come and stay $ith him' that 6 found myself unable to refuse !hile thus li%ing under the roof and protection of one of the $ealthiest and most respected men in the city' the cabmen 6 employed insisted on being paid beforehand e%ery time 6 rode in their %ehicles This distrust $as occasioned by the scanty feeling of respect most of the Europeans in @anila inspired in the minds of the nati%es @any later obser%ations confirmed this impression !hat a different state of things eists in Ja%a and 7ingaporeR The reason' ho$e%er' is easily eplained 2,utch and English stand $ell in their colonies5 The ,utch are as little able as the English to acclimatie themsel%es in tropical countries They get all they can out of countries in $hich they are only temporary sojourners' the former by forced ser%ice and monopoly' the latter by commerce 6n both cases' ho$e%er' the end is accomplished by comparati%ely fe$ indi%iduals' $hose official position and the largeness of $hose undertakings place them far abo%e the mass of the population 6n Ja%a' moreo%er' the Europeans constitute the go%erning classes' the nati%es the go%erned; and e%en in 7ingapore $here both races are eAual before the la$ the fe$ $hite men understand ho$ to mark
the difference of race so distincti%ely that the nati%es $ithout demur surrender to them' though not by means of the la$' the pri%ileges of a higher caste The difference of religion does but $iden the gap; and' finally' e%ery European there speaks the language of the country' $hile the nati%es are totally ignorant of that spoken by the foreigners 2,utch colonials $ell educated5 The ,utch officials are educated at home in schools specially de%oted to the East 6ndian ser%ice The art of managing the nati%es' the upholding of prestige' $hich is considered the secret of the ,utch po$er o%er the numerous nati%e populations' forms an essential particular in their education The ,utch' therefore' manage their intercourse $ith the nati%es' no matter ho$ much they intend to get out of them' in strict accordance $ith customary usage adat; they ne%er $ound the nati%es amor propio and ne%er epose themsel%es in their o$n mutual intercourse' $hich remains a sealed book to the inhabitants 27panish officials undesirables5 Things are different in the Philippines !ith the eception of those officials $hose stay is limited by the rules of the ser%ice' or by the place(hunting that ensues at e%ery change in the 7panish ministry' fe$ 7paniards $ho ha%e once settled in the colony e%er return home 6t is forbidden to the priests' and most of the rest ha%e no means of doing so + considerable portion of them consist of subaltern officers' soldiers' sailors' political delinAuents and refugees $hom the mother(country has got rid of; and not seldom of ad%enturers deficient both in means and desire for the journey back' for their life in the colony is far pleasanter than that they $ere forced to lead in 7pain These latter arri%e $ithout the slightest kno$ledge of the country and $ithout being in the least prepared for a sojourn there @any of them are so lay that they $ont take the trouble to learn the language e%en if they marry a daughter of the soil Their ser%ants understand 7panish' and clandestinely $atch the con%ersation and the actions' and become acAuainted $ith all the secrets' of their indiscreet masters' to $hom the Filipinos remain an enigma $hich their conceit pre%ents them attempting to decipher 27panish lack of prestige deser%ed5 6t is easy to understand ho$ Filipino respect for Europeans must be diminished by the numbers of these uneducated' impro%ident' and etra%agant 7paniards' $ho' no matter $hat may ha%e been their position at home' are all determined to play the master in the colony 27ocial 7tanding of Filipinos thus enhanced5 The relati%e standing of the Filipinos naturally profits by all this and it $ould be difficult to find a colony in $hich the nati%es' taken all in all' feel more comfortable than in the Philippines They ha%e adopted the religion' the manners' and the customs of their rulers; and though legally not on an eAual footing $ith the latter' they are by no means separated from them by the high barriers $ith $hich' not to mention Ja%a' the churlish reser%e of the English has surrounded the nati%es of the other colonies 27panish(Filipino bonds of union5 The same religion' a similar form of $orship' an eistence intermied $ith that of the indigenous population' all tend to bring the Europeans and the 6ndians together That they ha%e done so is pro%ed by the eistence of the proportionately %ery numerous band of mestios $ho inhabit the 6slands 2)atin races better for colonists in the tropics5 The 7paniards and the Portuguese appear' in fact' to be the only Europeans $ho
take root in tropical countries They are capable of permanent and fruitful amalgamation 29/5 $ith the nati%es 29I5 26nitiati%e and indi%iduality missing5 The $ant of originality' $hich among the mestios' appears to arise from their eAui%ocal position' is also to be found among the nati%es ,istinctly marked national customs' $hich one $ould naturally epect to find in such an isolated part of the $orld' are sought for in %ain' and again and again the stranger remarks that e%erything has been learned and is only a %eneer 2+ compromise ci%iliation5 +s 7pain forcibly epelled the ci%iliation of the @oors' and in Peru that of the 6ncas' so in the Philippines it has understood ho$ to set aside an eAually $ell(founded one' by appropriating in an incredible manner' in order to take root itself the more Auickly' all eisting forms and abuses 2915 26mitation instilled and self(respect banished5 The unci%ilied inhabitants of the Philippines Auickly adopted the rites' forms' and ceremonies of the strange religion' and' at the same time' copied the personal eternalities of their ne$ masters' learning to despise their o$n manners and customs as heathenish and barbarian >o$adays' forsooth' they sing +ndalusian songs' and dance 7panish dances; but in $hat sort of $ayQ They imitate e%erything that passes before their eyes $ithout using their intelligence to appreciate it 6t is this $hich makes both themsel%es and their artistic productions $earisome' de%oid of character' and' 6 may add' unnatural' in spite of the skill and patience they de%ote to them These t$o peculiarities' moreo%er' are in%ariably to be found amongst nations $hose ci%iliation is but little de%eloped; the patience so much admired is often nothing but $aste of time and breath' Auite out of proportion to the end in %ie$' and the skill is the mere conseAuence of the back$ard state of the di%ision of labor 2Educated Filipino unnatural5 6f 6 entered the house of a $ell(to(do Filipino' $ho spoke 7panish' 6 $as recei%ed $ith the same phrases his model' a 7paniard' $ould employ; but 6 al$ays had the feeling that it $as out of place 6n countries $here the nati%e population remains true to its ancient customs this is not the case; and $hene%er 6 ha%e not been recei%ed $ith proper respect' 6 ha%e remarked that the apparent fact proceeded from a difference in social forms' not more to be $ondered at than a difference in $eights and measures 6n Ja%a' and particularly in Borneo and the @oluccas' the utensils in daily use are ornamented $ith so refined a feeling for form and color' that they are praised by our artists as patterns of ornamentation and afford a proof that the labor is one of lo%e' and that it is presided o%er by an acute intelligence 2>ati%e art(sense spoiled5 7uch a sense of beauty is seldom to be met $ith in the Philippines E%erything there is imitation or careless makeshift E%en the piOa embroideries' $hich are fabricated $ith such $onderful patience and skill' and are so celebrated for the fineness of the $ork' are' as a rule' spiritless imitations of 7panish patterns 8ne is in%oluntarily led to these conclusions by a comparison of the art products of the 7panish(+merican communities $ith those of more barbarous races The Berlin Ethnographical @useum contains many proofs of the facts 6 ha%e just mentioned 26ndolence from absence of incenti%e5 The oars used in the Philippines are usually made of bamboo poles' $ith a board tied to their etremities $ith strips of rattan 6f they happen to break' so