American Policies in the Philippines

 American Policies in the Philippines TOWARDS THE FULL INDEPENDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Insular

Government

The Americans do not know how will they  administer the Philippines since they have no idea how to deal with the Filipinos. With With the the establ tablis ish hment ent of a Philippin ppinee civi civill administration , it was placed under the autho thority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular  Affairs. the early years of territorial During admini administr strati ation, on, the the Americ Americans ans were were reluct reluctant ant to delegate authority to the Filipinos.

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Schurman y

Commission Jan. an. 

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20, 20, 189 1899 9

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by   Dr. Jacob Schurman,, Schurman president of   Cornell University. Thi hiss co comm mmis isssion stu tud died th thee existing conditions in the Philippines and to give recommendation to the President. Acco Ac cord rdin ing g to th thee co comm mmis issi sion on,, they acknowledged Filipino aspir as pirati ation onss for in inde depe pend nden ence ce;; they declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it.

ecommendation of R ecommendation

the Schurman Commission

Establishment of civ civilian governme nment as rapidly as possible (the American chief  executive in the islands at that time was the military governor). Esta Estab blish lishme ment nt of a bica bicame mera rall legi legisl slat atur uree, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels.  A system of free public elementary schools.

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Taft Commission y

March 

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16, 1901

by William by  William H. Taft, Taft, a lawyer from Ohio. Pres Pr esid iden entt Mc McKi Kinle nley y gav gavee hi him m executive and legislative powers as a commissioner. Their primary goal is to establish a civil government in the Philippines. With the success of the comm co mmis issi sion on,, Ta Taft ft be becam camee the first Civ Civilil-Go Gove verno rnor r of the Philippines.

ecommendations R ecommendations y

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of the Taft Commission

Establishment of a judicial system including a Supreme Cou Court. This was to replace lace anti ntiqua quated Spanish ordinances and organized a civil service. Establishment and modification of laws to replace Spanish laws in the Philippines. An establishment of a public school system through Educ Educat atio ion n Act Act of of 1901 1901.. The settle the issues of friar estates. To give importance to the natural resources in the Philippines.

Spooner

Amendment y

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Originally sponsored by  John Senator Coit Spooner, it is a congressional amendment to the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 tha that called for the end of the U.S. military  government in the Philippines by the terms of  the Treaty of Paris. It was believed in the United State tatess that that their their resis resista tanc ncee  was due to the harshness of  military government.

The Spoon ooner Ame Amendme ndment nt autho uthorrize zed d Pres. res.   Wi Willi lliam McKin cKinle ley y to supp suppla lant nt milita litary ry rule rule with civilian government, which was inaugurated inaugurated in July 1901. The passage of the Spooner amendment was a sign signiifica ficant nt mil mileston stonee in the the deve develo lop pment ent of  U.S.±Philippine policy because it allowed the President to govern the Philippines by  authority of Congress and not by his wartime authority as Commander in Chief.

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Cooper Law  y y

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Phil Philip ippi pine ne Orga Organi nic c Act Act of 1902 1902 This law was passed by Senator by Senator Henry A. Cooper of Wisconsin. This law will establish a Philippine Assembly and Assembly  and the foundation of the Insular Government Government of the Philippines. Philippines. Also, the law gave Filipinos all the civil liberties like the Americans. This law also gave provisions to have Filipino representation in the Congress but without voting powers.

The passing of the Cooper Law    According to Cooper, the Senate branded the Filipinos as pirates, savages,  barbarians, and incapable of a civilization. Cooper was disgusted by this and recited the Mi the  Mi Ultimo Adios by Adios by Jose R izal. izal. His speech was applauded and the law was passed.

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³Pirates! Pirates!

Barbarians! Barbarians! Savages! Incapable of civilization.¶ How many of the civilized civilized,, Cauc Caucas asia ian n slan slande dere rers rs of his his race race coul could d ever ever be capa capabl blee of thou though ghts ts like like thes these, e,  which on the awful night, as he sat alone amidst dst sil silence unbroke oken save save by the rustling of the black plumes of the death angel at his side, poured from the soul of  the martyred Filipino? Search the long and bloody roll of the world¶s martyred dead, and where²on what soil soil,, under under what what sky²d sky²did id Ty Tyra rann nny  y  ever ever claim claim a noble nobler r victim?´ victim?´ -

Henry A. Cooper

Philippine Assembly 

Sedition

Law 

Enacted in 1901. Any forms of aggressive or passive resistance to the American rule in the Philippines are forbidden. The scope of the law was not just limited to the following: speech, play, publications etc.   Any violation of this law will be punished  with either exile or death.

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Brigandage Act Enacted in 1902. It was enacted with the help of the Philippine Commission. A law for forbiddin dding g Filipinos nos to esta stablish a nationalist movement. Any form of resistance against the   Americans will be branded as a bandit or traitor.

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Flag Law  y y

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Enacted in 1907 This law forbids the display of the Philippine Flag. response, In Gregorio Aglipay  had a habit sewn in the design of the Philippine Flag.

Jones Law   

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Philippin Philippine e Autonom Autonomy y Act Enacted ted on August 29, 1916 by  Senator William A. Jones of   Virginia. This la w guaranteed Philippine Independence provided there is a functioning and well-formed government in the Philippines. This law law also also cre created ated the the Hous House e of  Representatives and the Philippine Senate. Senate. This law extends the Bill of  R ights ights to the Filipinos. Also, the law abolished all existing laws against Philippine Nationalism such as the Sedition Law and the Flag Law.

Philippine Independence Missions objective was to send a representative to have dialogues with American lawmakers in the matters of the exact date of Philippine independence. Philippine Congress funded the Filipino  The delegates in these independence missions.  Most of these independence missions ended up as failures since they were not successful in convincing  American lawmakers to define the definite date of  independence.  Years of the missions: 1919, 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931 1932 

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OsR ox ox Mission y

1931 eepresentatives presentatives Serg Se rgio io Os Osmeñ meña a and anue uell Ro Roxa xas s were Man sent as delegates in the Independence Mission.  They were successful in their mission and was able to bring home an independence law  entitled HareHawes Haw es-C -Cut utti ting ng Law .  R 

Hare-Hawes-Cutting y

Dec. Dec. 1932 1932 Authored by  Representative Butler B. Hare, Senators Harry  B. Hawes and Bronson M. Cutting.. Cutting law was vetoed by then  This Preside Pre sident nt Her Herber bertt Hoov Hoover er.. His  veto was overrule overruled d by the the US Senate.  The American High Commissioner in thee Ph th Phil ilipp ippin ines es an and d th thee Ph Phil ilip ippi pine ne Senate rejected to ratify the law since ther th eree ar aree pr prov ovis isio ions ns th that at ga gave ve th thee U.S. president the right to maintain land lan d and othe otherr pro proper pertie tiess res reserv erved ed for military use. 

Law 

Contents of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law  Guaranteed Philippine Independence in 10  years.  The Foundation of the Commonwealth of  the Philippines. of military bases in  Establishment Mindanao.  Imposition of tariffs and quota on all Philippine exports exports to the United States. 

L-R : Congressman Butler B. Hare, Senators Harry B. Hawes and Bronson M. Cutting

Tydings-McDuffie Law  y

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Philippine Independence Act of 1934 Legislated by  Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie. Manuel Quezon personally  headed this independence mission and was successful. The law was ratified in the Philippine Sena enate and signe gned it into law on March 24, 19 193 34 by  President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Contents of the Tydings-McDuffie Law  y

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This law has little or no different from the original Hare-Hawes awes-C -Cut utti ting ng Law. Law. This was simply a political machination of Quezon to further streng rength theen and solidi lidiffy his politi itical cal ambitions ambitions to become become a preside president. nt.

L-R : Senator Milliar illiard d Tyding Tydings s and Representative John McDuffie

Sakdalista y

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A movement was founded in 1930 by a right wing leader, Benign Benigno o Ramos Ramos, a write riterr and and dis discon conten tented form ormer government clerk. It draws strength from illiterate, landless peasants, the movement advocated a drastic reduction of taxes on the poor and a radical land reform, including a breakup of  the large estates. It also opposed the policy of the dominant Nacionalista Party of accepting gradual independence from the United States, demanding instead immediate severance of all Philippine-American Philippine-American ties.

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akdall Sakda

voic voiced ed its its oppo opposi siti tion on to Tydi Tyding ngss-Mc McDuffie law, demanding that the Philippines be given "complete and absolute independence" on or before December 31, 1935. May 1, 1935 

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Partially armed mobs seized municipal buildings in 14 towns such as Bulacan and Laguna. The uprising was crushed the next day, with the loss of about 100 lives. R amos a mos fled to Tokyo and the Sakdals were disbanded, but rura rall condit itiions re rema maiined a source of fr fru ust strration and dissension dissens ion and led to numerous other such peasant rebellions.

Economic Policies y

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The Americans tried to limit Philippine trade through tariffs and quota. This This was to prev preveent the the infl influx ux of Phil Philip ipp pine ine raw  raw  products to the United States since it might upset commerc commercee and their their marke market. t. But But the the Amer Americ ican anss are allo allowe wed d to trad tradee with with the the Philippines Philippines without tariffs tariffs and quota. Later on, these economic restrictions were eased by  different laws and called for the establishment of a national bank.

Payne±Aldrich Tariff Act y

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Legislated Legislated by Sens. by  Sens. Sereno E. Payne and Nelson  W.  W. Aldr Aldric ich h. A bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. In this law, 650 tariff schedules were lowered, 220 raised, and 1,150 left unchanged. There are provisions that allowed free trade with the Philippines. For example, tobacco exports from the Philippines to  America had annually increased increased as a result of the bill passing by 1915.

L-R : Senato Senators rs Sere Sereno no E. Payne Payne and Nelson Nelson W. W. Aldri Aldrich ch..

Underwood-Simmons Act y

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Revenue Act of 1913 Legi Le gisl slat ated ed by  Rep. Rep. Oscar scar Unde Under rwoo wood and Sen. Furnifold McLen cLende dell Simm Simmon ons s. It lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%. easurres vast vastly ly incr increeased ased the fre free list list,, It measu addi adding ng wools ools,, iro iron, stee steel, l, farm farm mach machin iner ery  y  and many raw materials and foodstuffs.

L-R : Rep. Oscar Underwood and Sen. Furnifold McLen cLende dell Simmo Simmons ns

Philippine National Bank  y y

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Foun Founde ded d on July 22, 1916. Opened at Escolta with Henry Parker Willis became the first first presid president ent of the bank. bank. primar ary y mand mandat atee was was to prov provid idee fina financ ncia iall servi ervice cess to Its prim Philippine industry and agriculture and support the governme government's nt's economic economic developm development ent effort. effort. PNB was authorized to grant short and long-term loans to agricult agriculture ure and industr industry. y. Fil Filipin ipino o far farmers ers the then coul could d avai availl of loans ans with ith inte interres estt  between  between 8% to 10% 10% per annum. annum. PNB was also authorized to receive deposits, open foreign credits and rediscount bills. It has also functioned as the de facto Central Bank of the Philippine Philippiness until 1949. 1949.

The Philippine National Bank Logo  I t featured what will be the coat-of-arms of the Philippines

5 Peso Bill  F eaturing eaturing William McKinley

The Protestant Faith y

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The dominance of the Catholic Church in the Philippines and and Prote rotest stan antt anim animos osit ity y towa toward rdss Cath Cathol olic icis ism m were were prominent reasons for the start of Protestant missionary  activity. The The Pres Presby byte teria rian, n, Bapt Baptis istt and and Me Meth thodi odist st lead leaders ers me mett together in New York to discuss how to bring the Protestant message to the Filipinos. Filipinos. To furt furthe herr disc discus usss the the comi comity ty agre agreem emen ent, t, thes thesee thre threee specific major agenda items were given: 

T o or orga gani nize ze th thee Ev Evan ange geli lica call Un Unio ion n

Choose Choo se a co comm mmon on na nam me fo forr Pr Prot otes esta tant nt ch chur urch ches es  Del elin inea eate te the ge geog ogra raph phic ical al wo work rk al allo lotm tmen ents ts fo forr ea each ch chu churc rch. h.   D 

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From rom 189 1898 to 1905 there were dif differen erentt Prot rotes esttant missions agencies joining the comity agreement, namely:  

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Methodists (1898,

most of lowland Luzon and north of Manila); Presbyterians (1899, Bicol, Southern Tagalog area and some parts of Central Central and Western Visayas); Baptists (19 (1900, 00, Wes Wester tern n Vis Visay ayas) as);; Unite Un ited d Bre Brethr thren en (1901, Mountain Province and La Union); Disc Di scip iple les s of Ch Chri rist st (1901, Ilocos, Abra, and Tagalog towns); Congregationalists (1902 (1902,, Mindanao Mindanao excep exceptt for the the western western end) end);; Christian and Missionary Alliance (1902, Western Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago).

The Seventh-day Adventist Church and Episcopal Church came in later because they wanted to go to all parts of the archipelago.

oman R oman y

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Catholic R eaction eaction

Archbishop Jeremiah Harty , the first American Archbishop of Manila, decided to counter the rise of Protestantism and Filipino-b Filipino-based ased Christiani Christianity ty througho throughout ut the Philippines. Philippines. oman Cath Cathol olic ic He asked the Vatican to sent more R oman miss missio iona narries ies to the the Phil Philiippin ppines es to repl replac aced ed the the Spanish clergies who left the Philippines. As a response, The Vatican sent missionaries from France, Belgium, Italy taly,, Ge Germ rman any, y, Grea Greatt Brit Britai ain, n, Irelan eland d and the United States. Like the Protestants, they vigorously do missionary works. This made made the the Filipinos Filipinos remain remain as R oman oman Catholics. Archbishop Harty also called for the establishment of new  R oman oman Catholic schools all over the Philippines to further streng strengthe then n the R oman oman Catholic faith.

 Archbishop Jeremiah Harty  he first American T he  Archbishop of   Manila

Education y

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is education that became one of the lasting legacy  of American rule in the Philippines. U.S. Army soldiers had alread eady began teaching Filipinos the English language thus in effect laying down the foundation of the Philippine public school system. They introduced the public school system and the use of English as medium of instruction. Also, the educational system was based on democ democra rati ticc trad traditi itions ons and and pract practica icall applic applicat ation ion of  laws and principles.

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For the first time, religion was not a compulsory  subj subjeect inst insteead, ad, it was was made made opti optio onal nal due due to the the separation of church and state. Beca Becaus usee of thes thesee educ educat atio iona nall poli polici cies es,, more more than than 100,00 ,000 Filipino children were enrolled in the primary level. The The high high scho school ol syst system em sup support ported ed by prov provin inci cia al governments, special educational institutions, school of arts and trades, an agricultural school, and commerce and marine institutes were established as  well.

Thomasites y

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Derived

from the transport vessel, the USS Thomas. omas. They will become the pioneer teachers in the Philippines. 365 males and 165 females will become the first homasites upon their departure from San Francisco. T homasites They They were were depl deploy oyed ed all all thro throug ugho hout ut the Phil Philip ippi pine ness even as far as Jolo. Many of them will die of tropical diseases or will  became victims of native hostilities to foreigner. Nonetheless, their mission was a complete success in laying the foundation for a more modern and progressive education in the Philippines.

Thomasites Curriculum: 1902-1935 y

The Thomasites taught the following subjects: English  Agriculture  R eading eading  Grammar  Geography   Mathematics  General courses  Trade courses  Housekeeping and household arts  Manual trading  Mechanical drawing  Freehand drawing  Athletics (baseball, track and field, tennis, indoor baseball and  basketball). 

USS Thomas

Uncle Sam offering Education

Thomasites

Thoma Thomasite sites s with with their stude students nts

 Pensionado y

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They were called as such because the government covered all their expenses. They were sent to the U. S. to continue their studies and to become expert in their desired fields or professions. In return, they were to teach or work in government offices after they they finished finished their their studies. studies. There were successful Filipino scholars like Judge Jose Abad Santos, Fran Franci cisco sco Benite Benitez z, Dr. Honoria Sison, Tomas Mapua, Carlos Quirino, Quirino, and Francisco Delgado. Delgado.

Higher y

Education

Many institution for higher education were established during the American period, most of them were Normal Schools (teacher¶s college). These are:    

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Philippi Phili ppine ne Nor Norma mall Sch School ool (1901, Ph  Phil ilipp ippine ine Nor Norma mall Uni Univer versit sity) y) Cebu Ce bu No Norm rmal al Sc Scho hool ol (1915, Cebu Nor Norma mall Uni Univer versit sity) y) Iloi Il oilo lo No Norm rmal al Sc Scho hool ol (1902, We West st Vi Visa saya yass St Stat atee Un Univ ivers ersit ity) y) Zamb amboan oanga ga Nor Normal mal Scho School ol (1904, Western Mindanao State University) National Nati onal Uni Univers versity  ity (1901) (1901) Cent Ce ntro ro Es Esco cola lar r de Se Seño ñori rita tas s (1907, Cen Centro tro Esc Escol olar ar Uni Univer versit sity) y) Unive Un iversi rsity ty of Manila (1914) Phili Phi lippi ppine ne Wo Wome men n Un Unive iversi rsity  ty (1919) (1919) Insti In stitut tute e of Acc Accoun ounta tancy  ncy (1919, (1919, F ar ar Ea East stern ern Un Univ iver ersi sity ty)) Map apua ua In Inst stit itut ute e of Te Tech chno nolo logy  gy (1925) (1925)

Philippine Normal School (1901, Philippine Normal University) Cebu Normal School (1915, Cebu Normal University)

Iloilo Normal School (1902, West Visaya Visayass State Univers University) ity) Zamboanga amboanga Normal Normal School (1904, Western Mindanao State University)

National University (1901) (1901) Centro Centro Escola Escolar r de Señorit Señoritas as (1907, Centro Centro Escolar Escolar Universit University) y)

University of Manila (1914) Philippine Women University (1919) University (1919)

apua Mapua

Instit Institute ute of of Techno Technolog logy  y (1925) (1925) Far Eastern University (1919) University (1919)

 Vocational Schools y

Vocational schools were also established as part of  the American educational system in the Philippines. These are: Philipp Phili ppin ine e Nau Nautic tical al Sch Schoo ooll ( reopening the Academia  Nau  N auti tica ca Re Real al;; Phi Phili lippi ppine ne Me Merc rcha hant nt Ma Mari rine ne Ac Acad adem emy) y) School of Arts and Trades (1901,  Philippine T echn echnol olog ogica icall Un Unive ivers rsit ity y of th thee Phi Phili lippi ppine nes) s) Cent ntrral Lu Luzo zon n  Central Luzon Agriculture School (1907, Ce  State  St ate Uni Univer versit sity) y) 

Philippine Nautical School (  Philippine Merchant Marine Academy) Philippine School of Arts and Trades (1901, T echnological echnological University of the Philippines) Central Luzon Agriculture School (1907, Central Luzon State University)

University of the Philippines y

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Found ounded ed in 19 1908 08 thro throug ugh h Act No. 1870 1870 of the first Philippine Legislature, known as the "University  Act " by authority of the United States. The act specified the function of the University, which is to provide advanced instruction in litera literatur ture, e, philo philosoph sophy, y, the scie scienc nces es,, and and arts arts,, and and to give professional and technical training.

Protestant Institutions y

Because of the coming of Protestantism in the Philip Philippi pines nes,, they they also also es esta tabli blish shed ed their their resp respect ectiv ivee institutions of higher education in the Philippines. These are: Silliman Sillima n Uni Univer versity  sity (1901,Presbyterian) (1901,Presbyterian) Centrall Philip Philippine pine Univ University  ersity (1901, (1901, Baptists)  Centra  Adventist University of the Philippines (1917, Seventhday Adventists) Norther thern n Luz Luzon on Adve Adventi ntist st Coll College ege (1923, Seventh-day   Nor  Adventists 

Silliman University  (1901,Presbyterian) Central Philippine University  (1901, Baptists)  Adventist University of the Philippines (1917, Seventh-day Adventists)

Emergence of R oman oman Catholic Institutions y

As a response to the rise of Protestantism in the Philippines and the formation of non-sectarian institutions, institutions, the R oman oman Catholic Church decided to expand their institutions institutions of higher higher learning. These are: are:          

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San Bed Beda a College College (1901, Benedictine) La Conso Consolac lacion ion College College (1902, Augustian Sisters) Universi Univ ersity ty of San Agusti Agustin n (1904, Augustinian) Assumption College (1904, R eligious eligious of the Assumption) Saint Scholastica's College (1906, Benedictine Sisters) Saint Paul University Philippines (1907, Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres) De La Sa Sall lle e Un Univ iver ersi sity  ty (1911, (1911, Christian Brothers) St. Loui Louis s Univer University  sity (1911, (1911, Scheutists or CICM) St. Ther Theresa's esa's Coll College ege (1915, Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) ) aryknoll noll Colle College ge (1925, Sist isters ers of the Mary Marykno knoll ll Cong Congreg regati ation; on; Miriam Maryk College)) College Adamson University (1932, University  (1932, Vincentian) San Seba Sebastia stian n Colleg College e ± Reco Recoleto letos s de Manila (1941, Augustian R ecollects) ecollects)

San Beda College (1901, Benedictine) La Consolacio Consolacion n College College (1902, Augustian Sisters)

University of San Agustin (1904, Augustinian)  Assumption College (1904, R eligious eligious of the Assumption)

Saint Saint Scholasti Scholastica's ca's College College (1906, Benedictine Sisters) Saint Paul University Philippines (1907, Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres)

De La Salle University  (1911, Christian Brothers) St. Louis University  (1911, Scheuti cheutists sts or CICM)

St. Theresa's College (1915, Immaculate Heart of Mary ( ICM) ) Maryknoll aryknoll College College (1925, Sisters of the Maryknoll Congregation; Congregation; Miriam College) College)

 Adamson University  (1932, Vincentian) San Sebastia Sebastian n College College ± Recolet Recoletos os de de Manila (1941, Augustian R ecollects) ecollects)