ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) ON
An Investigatory Project of Small World World Christian School Foundation Baguio City, Philippines
Submitted By !ernande", #abriel C$ %eyes, Sechariah &ictor P$ Suriaga, Sofia '$ Submitted 'o (r$ )ohnson A*uicio +ate Submitted )uly -, ./0
'AB12 3F C34'24'S C!AP'2% / I4'%3+5C'I34$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$/ a$ Statement of the problem b$ Conceptual Frame6or7 c$ Statement of the Problem d$ Scope and 1imitation e$ Significance of the Study f$ +efinition of 'erms
I Introduction
A$ BAC8#%354+ 3F '!2 S'5+9 Echhornia crasspies, common name Water hyacinth, is an a*uatic plant that 6as discovered in /:- by C$ von (artius, a #erman naturalist$ It 6as named before as Pontederia crassipes$ After many years, Solms classified it in the 2chhornia family$ 'he Water !yacinth is an invasive plant and has fast gro6th rate$ It competes 6ith other a*uatic plants$
!erbicides could have a good or bad effect$ 'he good effect of these herbicides is to control the gro6th of some plants that can cause harm to the environment or are un6anted$ 'he bad side of these herbicides is that they are chemicals$ 'hese chemicals can harm the marine life$
Allelopathy is the use of plants 6ith allelopathic effeccts to 7ill or stop the gro6th of another plant$ It is the ne6 phenomenon 6here a plant suppresses the other plant$ It can affect its gro6th, reproduction and survival$
B$ C34C2P'5A1 F%A(2W3%8
I4P5'
35'P5' P%3C2SS
Water hyacinth Fresh 6ater
Inhibition of gro6th of 2;traction Planting of
C$ S'A'2(24' 3F '!2 P%3B12( /$ Will 6ater hyacinth inhibit the gro6th of
$ Is there a significant difference bet6een the a$ 4egative and 2;perimental Set
Positive control$ c$ !a 'here is a significant difference bet6een the 2;perimental Set
2$ SI#4IFICA4C2 3F '!2 S'5+9 'he significance of the study about the allelopathic effects of 6ater hyacinth on is to help the decrease the use of herbicides to 7ill the overgro6th of that can cause harm to the $ 'his study also aims to discover the effects for the benefit of society to use natural allelopathic plants rather than herbcides$ 1astly, this study 6ould also li7e to help other researchers that has a similar study on plant allelopathy$ F$ SC3P2 A4+ 1I(I'A'I34 'he study only had one laboratory test 6hich is the 2thanolic 2;taction of the Water !yacinth$ #$ +2FI4I'I34 3F '2%(S
/$Allelopathic< a harmul or benificial characteristic of some plants that can affect the gro6th, survival and reproduction of a plant$ $!erbicides< a chemical substance that is used to destroy vegetation$ -$Allelochemicals< subset of secondary metabolites that are present in allelopathic plants$
II Review of Related Literature and Studies
%evie6 of %elated 1iterature
Water !yacinth According to a article by !isashi 8ato<4oguchi,(ayumi (oriyasu, 3samu 3hno, 8iyota7e Suenaga, Water hyacinth = Eichhornia crassipes> is one of the most no;ious invasive a*uatic plants in many countries due to its rapid gro6th and reproduction rate$ (ost practical methods to control 6ater hyacinth are mechanical removal of the plants, and chemical and biological controls 6ith large e;pense for those treatments$ For recovery of control costs, beneficial use options for 6ater hyacinth after mechanical removal 6ould be helpful$ 'herefore, 6e investigated possible allelopathic effects of e;tracts and isolated allelopathic substances in 6ater hyacinth$ An a*ueous methanol e;tract of 6ater hyacinth inhibited the gro6th of roots and shoots of cress = Lepidium sativum>, lettuce = Lactuca sativa>, alfalfa = Medicago sativa>, timothy = Phleum pratense> and ryegrass = Lolium multiflorum>$ Increasing e;tract concentration increased the inhibition$ 'hese results suggest that 6ater hyacinth may cause allelopathic effects and contain allelopathically active substances$ 'he e;tract 6as then purified by several choromatographic runs 6ith monitoring the inhibitory activity during all purification steps, and a main allelopathically active substance 6as isolated$ 'he chemical structure of the substance 6as determined by spectral data as loliolide$ 1oliolide inhibited the gro6th of cress and ryegrass at concentrations greater than - and /. ?($ 'he concentrations re*uired for 0.@ inhibition of the root and shoot gro6th ranged from /$$0 to $0D$ ?( for cress and
ryegrass, respectively$ 'hese results suggest that loliolide may be an allelopantic substance and contribute to the gro6th inhibitory effect of 6ater hyacinth$ A 6ater e;tract of 6ater hyacinth also inhibited all test plant species e;tract
'able / Phytochemicals
2thanol 2;tract
Al7aloids =WagnerEs test>
Positive
Flavonoids =1ead Acetate test> =!S3 test>
Positive Positive
Sterols =!S3 test> =1iebermann
Positive Positive
'erpenoids =Chloroform test> =1iebermann
Positive Positive
Anthro*uinone =BorntragerEs test>
Positive
Anthocyanins =4a3! test>
4egative
Proteins =4inhydrin=acetone>test>
Positive
Phenols =Ferric chloride test> =1ibermannEs test>
Positive Positive
uinones =!Cl test>
4egative
Carbohydrates =(olisch test> =FehlingEs test>
4egative 4egative
Saponin
4egative
'annin
4egative
Allelopathy 'he term allelopathy 6as first coined by (olisch in /D-$ In general, the term allelopathy refers to the detrimental effects of higher plants of one species =the donor> on the germination, gro6th, or development of another species =the recipient> =Putnam /D:0>$ Specifically, allelopathy refers to the biochemical
interactions that ta7e place among plants, but its effectiveness depends on the addition of a chemical to the environment =Sutton /D:Ga>$ %ice =/D> provided us 6ith a more functional definition as being any direct or indirect harmful effect by one plant =including microorganisms> on another through production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment$ Similarly, Par7er =/D:> defined allelopathy as the harmful effect of one plant or microorganism on another because of the release of secondary metabolic products into the environment$ =)ones, /DD0> 'he term allelopathy, originated from the #ree7 6ord HallelonE meaning Heach otherE and HpathosE meaning HsufferingE and 6as coined by plant physiologist, !ans (olisch, 5niversity of &ienna, Austria$ HPathosE also means HfeelingE, or HsensitiveE and could therefore be used to describe both positive =sympathetic> and negative =pathetic> interactions =#ross, /DDD>$ Chemicals that impose allelopathic influences are called allelochemicals or allelochemics$ In a revie6 of the potential use of allelochemicals as herbicides, Putnam
=/D::>
listed
G
classes
of
allelochemicals
namely
al7aloids,
ben"o;a"inones, cinnamic acid derivatives, cyanogenic compounds, ethylene and other seed germination stimulants, and flavonoids 6hich had been isolated from over -. families of terrestrial and a*uatic plants$ All these chemicals possess actual or potential phytoto;icity$ According to %ice =/D:> tens of thousands of secondary substances out of several hundreds of lo6 molecular 6eight
compounds of primary metabolism are 7no6n today, but only a limited number has been recogni"ed as allelochemicals$ %ainfall causes the leaching of allelopathic substances from leaves 6hich fall to the ground during period of stress leading to inhibition of gro6th and germination of crop plants =%ice, /D (ann, /D:>$ Biodegradable natural plant products rarely contain halogenated atoms and possess structural diversity and comple;ity, constituting one such class of chemicals and these can act directly as herbicides or may provide lead structures for herbicidal discovery =+u7e et al$, ...>$ Selection of allelopathic plants is a good and commonly used approach for identification of plants 6ith biologically active natural products =+u7e et al$, ...>$ 'he common allelochemicals are phenolics, terpenoids, al7aloids, coumarins, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, and *uinones$ =2inhellig and 1eathe r, /D::>
III Methodology
I$ Collection of Water !yacinth a$ +ata #athering Procedure 'he Water hyacinth 6as bought in Baguio 3rchidarium and 6as identified in the 5niversity of the Philippines$ II$ Collection of b$ +ata #athering Procedure
III$ a$ +ata #athering 'ools
b$ +ata #athering Procedure
I&$ 2;traction of Water !yacinth 'he Water !yacinth 6as brought to S15<4S%5 for
e;traction$ 'he part to be e;tracted in the 6ater hyacinth 6ere the leaves$ First, they 6ould cut the leaves in to small pieces then they 6ould submerge it to a bea7er filled 6ith / 1iter D0@ ethanolic e;tract for to - days$ &$ Seed
