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Gard`àijlmadjti AX.

ÍJGA@D <. GASD@@AIJLMADJWI AXV7 0 <.<. Gaspisatavis qud utakazlj gard`àijlmadjti AX ................................................................................. 7 <.3. Wapis cìsaìs gd gard`àijds Apv7 ..................................................................................................... 4 <.0. Sljbis y gard`àijds AXv7 rdsdrvlgls .............................................................................................. 2 <.0.<. Gard`àijds dspdàlkds <.0.3. Gard`àijds pravlgls <.0.0. Gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls

2 1 <8

<.7. ALJL ......................................................................................................................................................... <8 <.4. AX faols y gajìma` g ajìma`ls ls ................................................................................................................................ << <.6. AX pÿcka`ls pÿcka`l s y pravlgls pravlgl s ............................................................................................................................ << <.2. Xrivddgir gd sdrvaàis gd Ajtdrjdt ................................................................................................. <0 <.5. LXAXL ........................................................................................................................................................ <7 <.1. Xrdfaois Xr dfaois gd rdg r dg ....................................................................................................................................... <4 <.<8. @ìkùki gd gard`àijds gd rdg, gd crilg`lst y gd eist ........................................................... <4 <.<<. AXv7 vs. AXv6 .......................................................................................................................................... <6 <.<3. Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg s ucrdg .............................................................................................................................. <2 <.<0. @AGS......................................................................................................................................................... <1 <.<7. @ìkùki gd gard`àijds gd g d rdg y gd g d crilg`lst> y mìs`lrl gd sucrdg ............ .................. ............ ............ ......... ... 38 <.<7.<. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG <.<7.3. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l IS <.<7.0. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l UJIS

38 3< 3<

<.<4. Vdr sa vlrais X@s pdrtdjd`dj l kl masml rdg .............................................................................. 33 <.<6. Dodmpki ................................................................................................................................................... 33 3. PTCJDWWAJB 30 3.<. Gdfaja G dfajaàðj àðj ................................................................................................................................................ 30 3.3. Sdstra`àijds Sdstra `àijds ......................................................................................................................................... 37 3.0. Gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls dj kl plrtd ki`lk lk `rdlr sucrdgds ................................................... 34 3.7. Xlsis l sdbuar ........................................................................................................................................ 36 3.4. Dodmpki <................................................................................................................................................. 35 3.6. Dodmpki 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.2. Dodmpki 0 ................................................................................................................................................ 08 3.5. Dodmpki 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 03 Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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3.1. Vdjtlols Vdjtlol s .................................................................................................................................................. 00 3.<8. @ij`kusaijds @ij`ku saijds ......................................................................................................................................... 07 0. VKPM 07 0.<. Dodmpki D odmpki < ................................................................................................................................................. 04 0.3. Dodmpki 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 06 7. XTDSWL GD DJKL@D 02 4. DJ@LMAJLMADJWI AX 01 4.<. Gdfaja G dfajaàðj àðj ................................................................................................................................................ 01 4.3. Sdbkls gd dj`lmajlmadjti ................................................................................................................. 01 4.0. Mátigis gd dj`lmajlmadjti ............................................................................................................. 78 4.0.<. Dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti 4.0.3. Dj`lmajlmadjti ajgard`ti

78 7<

4.7. Wlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti ................................................................................................................... 70 4.4. Dodmpkis gd dj`lmajlmadjti ............................................................................................................ 77 4.4.<. Dodmpki < 4.4.3. Dodmpki 3 4.4.0. Sdg firmlgl pir trds riutdrs qud dj`lmajlj plqudtds djtrd trds rdgds rdg ds

77 74 74

4.6. Wapis gd dj`lmajlmadjti ................................................................................................................... 76 4.6.<. Dj`lmajlmadjti dstìtaì 4.6.3. Dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì 4.6.0. Gafdrdjàls djtrd djrutlmadjti dstìtaì y gajìmaì

76 72 71

6. VKLJ

Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

48

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<. GASD@@AIJLMADJWI AXV7 Kl gard`àðj AX (Ajtdrjdt Xritiìk, Xritiìki gd Ajtdrjdt) ds kl gard`àðj kðba`l gd kl tlrodtl gd rdg y sd usl plrl agdjtafa`lr gd firml dx`kusavl l kis eists (irgdjlgirds, amprdsirls gd rdg, tdkáfijis AX, `ìmlrls AX, dt`.) dj sus rdgds plrl qud kis gaspisatavis sd pudglj ìmuja`lr. Kls gard`àijds AX, lk sdr vartulkds, sd lsabjlj víl siftwlrd. sift wlrd. Dj kl gdfajaàðj ajaàlk gdk pritiìki ( AXv7), kls gard`àijds AX sd dxprdslclj ìmi ujl sdùdjàl gd ùltri gíbatis, gd 5 cats `lgl uji . Gdcagi lk djirmd `rdàmadjti gd Ajtdrjdt, l plrtar gd <114 sd gdslrrikkð uj judvi pritiìki, dk AXv6, qud pdrmatd gdfajar uj jÿmdri muèi mlyir gd gard`àijds . Paj dmclrbi, gaèl vdrsaðj gdk pritiìki dstì lÿj dj flsd gd ampkljtlàðj, pir ki qud jis `djtrlrdmis dj kl gds`rapàðj gd kls gard`àijds AXv7. Kls gard`àijds AX tadjdj ujl kijbatug gd 03 cats (ìj kl vdrsaðj l`tulk AXv7) y sd gavagdj dj 7 i`tdtis gd 5 cats `lgl uji . Dodmpki? Gard`àðj AX dj firml gd sdùdjàl gd ujis y `dris.

Dk jÿmdri gd AX gdcd sdr gafdrdjtd plrl `lgl irgdjlgir y dstì firmlgi pir ùltri ckiquds gd jÿmdris, sdplrlgis pir pujtis , gijgd `lgl jÿmdri pudgd tdjdr uj vlkir djtrd 8 y 344 ? R.U.Q._ . Dodmpki? <13.<65.8.38 ds kl gard`àðj AX qud agdjtafa`l l uj gaspisatavi dj kl rdg. Dodmpki? Gard`àðj AX dj jitlàðj cajlral y gdàmlk.

Dj su firml cìsa`l, kl gard`àðj AX sd gavagd dj gis plrtds? ujl gard`àðj gd rdg y y ujl gard`àðj gd eist .

(*) Kls gard`àijds 8 y <32 dstìj rdsdrvlgls. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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<.<. Gaspisatavi Gaspisataviss qud utakazlj gard`àijlmadjti AX Wigis kis dkdmdjtis qud pdrtdjd`dj l kl rdg gdcdj gaspijdr gd gard`àijlmadjti AX. Djtrd dkkis sd pudgdj djìjtrlr, gdsgd kis elcatulkds dquapis ajfirmìtaìs? irgdjlgirds, pujtis gd l``dsi ajlkìmcraìs, amprdsirls , dt`., elstl gaspisatavis utakazlgis plrl lpka`làijds dspd`ífa`ls ji tlj elcatulkds ìmi kis pramdris? `ìmlrls gd vagdivabakljàl, tdkáfijis AX, gastracuagirds gd sijirazlàðj, dt`. Dodmpki? Sdg ki`lk `lckdlgl gd `klsd @.

Dodmpki? Sdgds gd ìrdl ki`lk ajtdrìjd`tlgls.

Gis rdgds gd ìrdl ki`lk ìjd`tlgls djtrd sí mdgaljtd uj gaspisatavi djrutlgir. @lgl dquapi gd kl rdg mudstrl kl gard`àðj AX lsiàlgl l ák.


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<.3. Wapis cìsaìs gd gard`àijds Apv7 Dxastdj trds tapis cìsaìs gd gard`àijds AX sdbÿj sd utaka`dj plrl agdjtafa`lr l ujl ajtdrflz dj ìj`rdti i l uj brupi gd ajtdrfl`ds . Kis cats gd mlyir pdsi gd kis qud ìmpijdj kl gard`àðj AX sij kis qud pdrmatdj gastajbuar dk tapi gd gard`àðj , dmpkdìjgisd uj jÿmdri vlralckd gd cats plrl `lgl `lsi. Dstis tapis gd gard`àijds sij? Gard`àijds uja`lst. Pij kls gard`àijds garabagls l uj ÿjaì ajtdrflz gd kl rdg . Dstls gard`àijds dspdàfa`lj ujl rdklàðj uji-l-uji djtrd uj irabdj y uj gdstaji . Ds dk pri`dsi pir dk ùlk sd djvíl uj plqudtd gd uj u j eist l uj eist ajgavagulk. Dodmpkis? Kl mlyiríl gd kls gard`àijds AX sd rdfadrdj l uj ÿjaì gdstajltlrai, ìmi? <13.<65.8.<4< , <8.<8.8.4 Dodmpki? 

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Gard`àijds ljy`lst. Agdjtafa`lj l uj ìjoujti gd ajtdrfl`ds gd kl rdg . Dk plqudtd sd djvalrì l

ujl ajtdrflz ùlkquadrl gd kls qud firmlj plrtd gdk ìjoujti. Dstls gard`àijds sij dj rdlkaglg gard`àijds uja`lst qud sd djùdjtrlj lsabjlgls l vlrals ajtdrfl`ds, kls ùlkds jd`dsatlj sdr ìjfaburlgis gd mljdrl dspdàlk. Dk firmlti ds dk masmi qud dk gd kls gard`àijds uja`lst. Pd utakazl plrl blrljtazlr sdrvaàis y rdplrtar kl `lrbl `lrbl djtrd vlrais sdrvagirds sdrvagirds . Dodmpki?

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Gard`àijds mukta`lst. Dstd tapi gd gard`àijds agdjtafa`l l uj ìjoujti gd ajtdrfl`ds gd kl rdg , gd mljdrl qud dk plqudtd ds djvalgi l `lgl ujl gd dkkls ajgavagulkmdjtd. Ds dk pri`dsi pir

dk ùlk sd djvíl uj plqudtd gd uj eist l uj brupi sdkd`àijlgi gd eists, pisackdmdjtd dj rdgds gastajtls. Pa uj gltlbrlml AX ds gafujgagi l ujl sucrdg, ástd ds rdàcagi pir `lgl eist qud sd djùdjtrd dj kl masml. @lgl eist pri`dsl dk plqudtd plrl gdtdrmajlr sa dk pritiìki icodtavi sd djùdjtrl l`tavi. Pa ji ki dstì, dk gltlbrlml AX ds gds`lrtlgi. Mukta`lstajb dvatl dsti sdkd`àijljgi brupis gdstaji. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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@lgl brupi ds rdprdsdjtlgi pir ujl gard`àðj AX gd `klsd G. Xlrl `lgl gard`àðj mukta`lst, elcrì uj brupi gd 8 i mìs eist dsùèljgi pir plqudtds garabagis l kl masml. Dstd ìjoujti gd eists sd gdjimajl eist briup. Kis plqudtds djvalgis l ujl gard`àðj mukta`lst sij rddjvalgis sðki l kis madmcris gdk brupi gd eist ìrrdspijgadjtd ` irrdspijgadjtd . Dodmpki? Gard`àðj gd gafusaðj gd ujl rdg gd `klsd @? <13.<65.8.344

Kls gard`àijds crilg`lst juj`l sij vìkagls ìmi gard`àijds irabdj. Dspdàfa`lj ujl gard`àðj gdstaji. Xigdmis gafdrdjàlr kis sabuadjtds tapis gd gard`àijds crilg`lst i mátigis gd gafusaðj? Gard`àðj gd gafusaðj kamatlgl (Kamatdg crilg`lst lggrdss). Pd djvíl uj plqudtd gd gltis ìj kl gard`àðj 344.344.344.344 . Pd rdfadrd l tigis kis eists dj kl sucrdg ki`lk y ds rdìjiàgl pir `lgl eist. i

i

Gard`àðj gd gafusaðj garabagl l rdg (Jdtwirn-gard`tdg crilg`lst lggrdss). Dstl

gard`àðj sd rdfadrd l tigis kis eist gd kl rdg dspdàfa`lgl. Pd utakazl dj djtirjis saj sucjdtdlr . Dk jÿmdri gd rdg sdrì uj jÿmdri gd rdg vìkagi y dk jÿmdri gd eist ds tigis kis eists (pir dodmpki, <13.<65.344.344). Kis riutdrs rddjvílj dstis mdjslods gd crilg`lst. Pd utakazl dj kls sikaàtugds LSX .

Dodmpkis? Crilg`lst garabagi 

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Gdstaji <23.<6.7.344 Eists gdjtri gd kl rdg <23.<6.7.8 / 37


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<.0. Sljbis y gard`àijds AXv7 rdsdrvlgls <.0.<. Gard`àijds dspdàlkds

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Dxastdj lkbujls gard`àijds AXv7 dspdàlkds qud ji pudgdj sdr utakazlgls pir dquapis, ìmi sij? Gard`àðj gd rdg. Ds kl gard`àðj ìj dk `lmpi eist tigi l `dris . Agdjtafa`l ujl rdg. Pd utakazl plrl ajga`lr kl rdg masml y, pir tljti, ji sd utakazl plrl jajbÿj eist. Pd utakazl sðki dj kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti. Agdjtafa`lgir gd Eist (EistAG) = tigi l 8‑s.

Dodmpki
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Gard`àðj gd gafusaðj ki`lk. Ds kl gard`àðj ìj dk `lmpi eist tigi l ujis . Pd utakazl plrl el`dr kkdblr uj plqudtd l tigis kis dquapis ìjd`tlgis l kl masml rdg y,

jajbÿj eist. Wlmcaáj sd kl ìji`d ìmi gard`àðj gd crilg`lst.

pir tljti, ji sd utakazl plrl

Agdjtafa`lgir gd Eist (EistAG) = tigi l <‑s.

Dodmpki

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Gard`àijlmadjti AX. 

Gard`àðj gd gafusaðj titlk. @ijsastd dj tigis kis cats gd kl gard`àðj pudstis l < (344.344.344.344 ). Pd utakazl plrl el`dr kkdblr uj plqudtd l tigis kis dquapis gd tigls kls

rdgds . Xdri, jirmlkmdjtd, kis dj`lmajlgirds ji kl priplblj.

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Gard`àðj gd eist. Ds kl gard`àðj lsabjlgl l kis gaspisatavis fajlkds gd kl rdg . @lgl gaspisatavi

fajlk rdquadrd ujl gard`àðj ÿja`l plrl djvalr uj plqudtd l gaèi eist. r dg y kl gard`àðj gd Dj kls gard`àijds AXv7, sd lsabjlj kis vlkirds djtrd kl gard`àðj gd rdg crilg`lst l kis gaspisatavis dj gaèl rdg . Dodmpki
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Gard`àðj gdsìjiàgl. Ds kl gard`àðj ìj tigis kis cats l `dri (8.8.8.8). Xudgd sabjafa`lr gis

ìsls? i

i

Mìquajl saj gard`àðj AX lÿj. Dstl gard`àðj ajga`l qud uj jigi ji dstì ìjd`tlgi l jajbujl rdg W@X/AX. Xir tljti, ji pudgd ìmuja`lrsd ìj jajbÿj itri jigi. Djtrlgl pir gdfd`ti dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti. Ds plrl el`dr uj rutdi pir gdfd`ti .

Kl rutl pir gdfd`ti sd usl plrl djvalr plqudtds plrl kis qud ji ely djtrlgl dj kl tlckl gd djrutlmadjti plrl kl rdg gd gdstaji . Kis plqudtds ìj ujl gard`àðj gd rdg gd gdstaji qud ji ìmcajlj ìj ujl rutl mìs dspd`ífa`l dj kl tlckl gd djrutlmadjti sij djvalgis lk riutdr gdk prðxami slkti lsiàlgis ìj kl rutl pir gdfd`ti. 

Gard`àðj ìj dk `lmpi rdg tigi l `dris. Agdjtafa`l l uj eist dj kl pripal rdg , ùlkquadrl qud

ástl sdl. Pd usl plrl djvalr gltlbrlmls l uj irgdjlgir gd kl masml rdg saj slcdr dj quá rdg jis djìjtrlmis, lujqud ds prdàsi ìji`dr sa ds gd `klsd L, C ð @ plrl slcdr quá plrtd gd kl gard`àðj ds rdg y quá qu á plrtd ds eist. Q sd utakazl utak azl tlmcaáj dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti. Agdjtafa`lgir gd Sdg (JdtAG) = tigi l 8‑s.

Dodmpki
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Gard`àðj gd cu`kd ki`lk (kiipcl`n). Pd utakazl plrl prudcls kiipcl`n (i rdtirji gd klzi i

cu`kd ki`lk) . Ds ujl gard`àðj AX `rdlgl ÿja`lmdjtd plrl el`dr prudcls W@X/AX y ìmuja`làðj djtrd pri`dsis ajtdrjis gdjtri gdk pripai dquapi . Ds ùlkquadr gard`àðj AX gd kl rdg gd `klsd L ìj agdjtafa`lgir gd dquapi <32 , ds gdàr, <32.UUU.UUU.UUU. Bdjdrlkmdjtd, sd sudkd dmpkdlr

<32.8.8.<.

Dodmpki? Pa el`dmis pajb <32.8.8.<, dstlmis elàdjgi uj pajb l judstri pripai dquapi.

Pa judstri dquapi ji rdspijgd, pudgd gdcdrsd l qud kl tlrodtl gd rdg dstá dstripdlgl i mlk ajstlklgl, i l qud Rajgiws ji sdl `lplz gd ìmuja`lrsd ìj dkkl. 

Gard`àðj gd djkl`d ki`lk (kajn-ki`lk). Ds ujl gard`àðj AX `rdlgl ÿja`lmdjtd plrl

ìmuja`làijds gdjtri gd ujl sucrdg ki`lk ùljgi ji ely gaspijackd uj md`ljasmi dxtdrji gd lutiìjfaburlàðj gd gard`àijds AX , tlk ìmi GE@X, u itri md`ljasmi prajàplk gd ìjfaburlàðj el flkklgi. Pd pudgd lsabjlr lutimìta`lmdjtd lk eist ki`lk . Dstls gard`àijds sij <61.347.8.8 l <61.347.344.344 (<61.347.8.8/<6). Kis riutdrs ji djrutlj plqudtds ìj gard`àijds gd djkl`d ki`lk. 

Gard`àðj WDPW-JDW. Kls gard`àijds gd <13.8.3.8 l <13.8.3.344 (<13.8.3.8/37) sd

rdsdrvlj plrl fajds gd djsdüljzl y lprdjgazlod , y sd utakazlj dj dodmpkis gd giùmdjtis y gd rdgds.

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Gard`àðj dxpdramdjtlk. Kls gard`àijds gd 378.8.8.8 l 344.344.344.347 sd ajga`lj ìmi rdsdrvlgls .

<.0.3. Gard`àijds pravlgls

Lgdmìs gd dstls gard`àijds dspdàlkds, kl SF@ <1<5 gdfajd lkbujis rljbis gd gard`àijds qud dstìj rdsdrvlgis plrl usi pravlgi, ds gdàr, pudgdj sdr utakazlgis dj rdgds pravlgls (Ajtrljdts) qud ji jd`dsatdj ìjd`tlrsd ìj dk dxtdrair, y dstì prieacagi utakazlrkis dj rdgds pÿcka`ls (Ajtdrjdt). Dstis rljbis sij? Sljbi gd AX‑s @klsd Xrdfaoi @AGS J¿ gd rdgds L <8.8.8.8/5 <8.8.8.8 ‐ <8.344.344.344 < C <23.<6.8.8/<3 <23.<6.8.8 ‐ <23.0<.344.344 <6 @ <13.<65.8.8/<6 <13.<65.8.8 ‐ <13.<65.344.344 346 Dstls <6 rdgds gd `klsd C ìjtabuls sd uslj dj ujavdrsaglgds y brljgds ìmplüíls y kls 346 rdgds gd `klsd @ ìjtajuls tadjdj usi dj ìmplüíls mdgals y pdqudüls lgdmìs gd eiblrds . Dodmpki? Dstis jÿmdris sd uslj plrl ìjstruar rdgds gdtrìs gd uj ìrtlfudbis, saj radsbi gd djtrlr dj ìjfka`ti gd l``dsi l rdgds vìkagls gd kl Ajtdrjdt.


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Vdjtlols? 



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Pij gard`àijds plrl dk usi plrtaùklr gd kl rdg ajtdrjl ? dj rdgds i eists qud utakazlj

W@X/AX y qud ji tadjdj ujl gard`àðj pÿcka`l. Pij gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls y ùlkquadrl kls pudgd utakazlr. @lgl uji dj su irbljazlàðj pudgd utakazlr kls masmls gard`àijds pravlgls. Kis plqudtds qud ìjtadjdj l dstls gard`àijds ji sij djrutlckds l trlvás gd Ajtdrjdt . Dodmpki? Sdg KLJ ìj gard`àijds AX lsabjlgls.

<.0.0. Gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls

Kls rdgds <35.8.8.8, <1<.344.8.8, <13.8.8.8 y dk rljbi gd 378.8.8.8 dj lgdkljtd dstìj rdsdrvlgls y ji gdcdj utakazlrsd. Kls gard`àijds gd dsplài gd gard`àijds ìmplrtagi sij? Ji sij ìmpkdtlmdjtd djrutlckds. Xrdvastls siklmdjtd plrl su usi dj rdgds gd privddgirds gd sdrvaàis. Dk ckiqud gd gard`àijds ds <88.67.8.8/<8. 

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<.7. ALJL ALJL (Ajtdrjdt Lssabjdg Jumcdrs Luteiraty) ds kl djtaglg rdspijslckd gd supdrvaslr kl

y itris pritiìkis rdklàijlgis. lsabjlàðj bkiclk gd gard`àijds AX y

ALJL ljtds drl ujl irbljazlàðj lutðjiml, pdri leirl trlclol oujti l kl A@LJJ (Ajtdrjdt @irpirltaij fir Lssabjdg Jlmds ljg Jumcdrs) , qud ds kl irbljazlàðj rdspijslckd gd kl lsabjlàðj gd gard`àijds AX y jimcrds gd gimajai y itris agdjtafa`lgirds dj Ajtdrjdt .


Xìbajl <8 gd 4<


<.4. AX faols y gajìma`ls Dj ujl rdg gd gltis (yl sdl gd ìmcati ki`lk i kl pripal Ajtdrjdt), ely dquapis qud tadjdj ujl gard`àðj AX lsabjlgl qud ji `lmcal ìj dk tadmpi. Xir dk ìjtrlrai, ely itris ùyl gard`àðj ds lsabjlgl gajìma`lmdjtd pir uj sdrvaài `djtrlkazlgi ùljgi dk dquapi sd ìjd`tl l kl rdg. Elcklmis, lsí, gd gard`àijds AX faols y gajìma`ls . Kl gard`àðj AX sd pudgd lsabjlr gd gis firmls? Gd firml faol (i dstìta`l)? mdgaljtd kl ìjfaburlàðj mljulk pir pir plrtd gdk usulrai l trlvás gdk siftwlrd. Pd utakazl dj lqudkkis dquapis gd dspdàlk rdkdvljàl dj kl rdg? sdrvagirds, riutdrs, dt`. Gd firml gajìma`l (i lutimìta`l)? l trlvás uj gaspisatavi, ìmi uj riutdr, qud sdl `lplz gd sdrvar gard`àijds AX gd firml lutimìta`l, mdgaljtd kl fujàðj gdjimajlgl GE@X . 

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Dj ujl rdg gd ìrdl ki`lk pigdmis lsabjlr l kis dquapis ujl gard`àðj AX faol i gdolr qud sdl uj sdrvagir `djtrlk dk qud kls lsabjd l trlvás gd uj sdrvaài gdjimajlgi GE@X (Gyjlma` Eist @ijfaburltaij Xritiìk, Xritiìki gd @ijfaburlàðj Gajìma`l gd Dquapis) . Kl vdjtlol gd dstl ìjfaburlàðj dj ujl rdg ki`lk ds qud leirrl dk trlcloi gd lsabjlàðj mljulk gd kls gard`àijds . Paj dmclrbi, ds ìjvdjadjtd qud àdrtis dquapis gd kl rdg ki`lk, ìmi kis sdrvagirds i kls amprdsirls W@X/AX, tdjblj lsabjlgl ujl AX faol plrl flàkatlr kl ìmuja`làðj ìj dkkis. JIWL? Dj kls rdgds gd tlmlüi pdqudüi, dk sdrvagir GE@X ìjsastd dj ujl lpka`làðj siftwlrd ajstlklgl dj dk pripai riutdr. Dodmpki? Siutdr ìj GE@X.

Dj kls rdgds Ra-Fa pÿcka`ls, kl lsabjlàðj `djtrlkazlgl gd gard`àijds AX gajìma`ls pdrmatd qud muèis dquapis sd ìjd`tlj l kl rdg samuktìjdmdjtd saj qud sdl jd`dslrai itirblrkds mljulkmdjtd ujl AX y saj radsbi gd qud sd prdsdjtd ujl gupkaàglg gd gard`àijds (ds gdàr, qud gis dquapis tdjblj

lsabjlgl kl masml gard`àðj AX).

<.6. AX pÿcka`ls y pravlgls Kls gard`àijds AX pudgdj sdr gd gis tapis? Kls gard`àijds pÿcka`ls sij gard`àijds AX dj Ajtdrjdt (ji pudgd elcdr gis mìquajls ìj kl masml gard`àðj pÿcka`l). Kls gard`àijds pravlgls sij gard`àijds AX dj rdgds sdplrlgls gd Ajtdrjdt pir ujl pudrtl gd l``dsi i riutdr . Ds gdàr, sðki plrl usi dj rdgds pravlgls (Ajtrljdts) y ji dj AJWDSJDW (pir ki tljti, PÍ pudgdj rdpdtarsd kls gard`àijds AX pravlgls). Jirmlkmdjtd, uslrdmis AX pravlgls , yl qud kls pÿcka`ls dstìj dstìj muy kamatlgls y gdcdrílmis plblr pir `lgl ujl gd dkkls. 

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Xìbajl << gd 4<


Dodmpki? Siutdr ìj gis gard`àijds AX (ujl pravlgl plrl kl rdg ki`lk y itrl pÿcka`l plrl slkar lk

dxtdrair).

Dodmpki? Ajtdrìjdxaðj gd kl rdg pÿcka`l (Ajtdrjdt) ìj ujl rdg pravlgl gd `klsd @ l trlvás gd

uj riutdr.

Dodmpki? Ajtdrìjdxaðj gd kl rdg pÿcka`l (Ajtdrjdt) ìj ujl rdg pravlgl gd `klsd @ l trlvás gd

uj euc/swatè y uj riutdr.

Dodmpki? L``dsi gdsgd uj irgdjlgir lk sdrvagir Biibkd.


Xìbajl <3 gd 4<


<.2. Xrivddgir gd sdrvaàis gd Ajtdrjdt Tj Xrivddgir gd Pdrvaàis gd Ajtdrjdt (i APX, pir kls sabkls dj ajbkás gd Ajtdrjdt Pdrva`d Xrivagdr ) ds ujl dmprdsl qud crajgl ìjdxaðj l Ajtdrjdt l sus `kadjtds .

Tj APX ìjd`tl l sus usulrais l Ajtdrjdt l trlvás gd gafdrdjtds td`jikibíls ìmi GPK, @lckd migdm, BPM, Galk-up, Ra-Fa, djtrd itris . Muèis APX tlmcaáj ifrd`dj sdrvaàis rdklàijlgis ìj Ajtdrjdt, ìmi dk ìrrdi dkd`trðjaì, lkiolmadjti Rdc, rdbastri gd gimajais, sdrvagirds gd jitaàls, dt`.

Irabajlkmdjtd, plrl l``dgdr l Ajtdrjdt sd jd`dsatlcl ujl ùdjtl ujavdrsatlral i gd lkbujl lbdjàl gdk bicadrji. Ajtdrjdt ìmdjzð l l`dptlr trìfaì ìmdràlk l prajàpais gd kis 18s, pdri drl gdmlsalgi kamatlgi y dj ujl `ljtaglg míjaml l ki qud sd ìji`d eiy dj gíl.


Xìbajl <0 gd 4<


Dj Ajtdrjdt, kl mlyir plrtd gd kis sdrvagirds qud prdstlj sdrvaàis ìmdràlkds (sdrvagirds Rdc, gd ìrrdi, gd lrèavis, dt`.) tadjdj lsabjlgl ujl AX faol, ki ùlk flàkatl kl ìmuja`làðj ìj dkkis y kl rdsikuàðj gd sus jimcrds gd gimajai. Paj dmclrbi, gdcagi l kl ‛ds`lsdz” gd gard`àijds AX , muèis Xrivddgirds gd Pdrvaàis gd Ajtdrjdt (APX) pripiràijlj l kis usulrais gimástaìs y l lkbujls pdqudüls dmprdsls ujl ujl AX faol, qud prdsdjtl vdjtlols plrl kl ìjdxaðj rdmitl l kis dquapis gd kl rdg ki`lk i plrl dk usi gd kl tdkdfijíl gd viz sicrd AX (ViAX) y ìjkkdvl jirmlkmdjtd uj ìstd mìs dkdvlgi . Dodmpki? Ajtdrìjdxaðj gd rdgds pravlgls l trlvás gd su APX.

<.5. LXAXL Dj sastdmls ipdrltavis gd Ma`risift, kls gard`àijds gd djkl`d ki`lk (kajn-ki`lk) sij kklmlgls LXAXL (Lutimlta` Xravltd AX Lggrdssajb) . Dj itrls i`lsaijds tlmcaáj sd kd pudgd kklmlr luti-AX. @ij kl lsabjlàðj lutimìta`l gd gard`àijds AX pravlgls , kis `kadjtds GE@X sd lsabjlj lutimìta`lmdjtd ujl gard`àðj AX y ujl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg ùljgi ji dstì gaspijackd uj sdrvagir GE@X . Dk gaspisatavi sd lsabjl su pripal gard`àðj AX dj dk rljbi <61.347.<.8 l <61.347.347.344 . Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sd loustl lutimìta`lmdjtd l 344.344.8.8 y y kl gard`àðj gdk bltdwly sd loustl l 8.8.8.8 .

JIWL? Pa vlrais eists gd ujl masml rdg tadjdj ìrrd`tlmdjtd lsabjlgls gard`àijds gd djkl`d

ki`lk, kls lpka`làijds gd pujti l pujti y `kadjtd/sdrvagir fujàijlrìj ìrrd`tlmdjtd, pdri ji sd pigrì tdjdr l``dsi l fudrl gd kl rdg ki`lk. Xir gdfd`ti, dk pritiìki LXAXL dstì gdselcakatlgi. Dodmpki
gdsvdjtlol tadjd qud pudgdj lplrd`dr muktatug gd drrirds , yl qud kls gard`àijds AX sij lsabjlgls gd firml titlkmdjtd lkdltiral y dsti pudgd gafaùktlr kl lgmajastrlàðj y kl gdtd`àðj gd prickdmls. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

Xìbajl <7 gd 4<


<.1. Xrdfaois gd rdg Tjl prdbujtl ampirtljtd ds? ¹@ðmi ds pisackd slcdr ùìjtis cats rdprdsdjtlj kl piràðj gd rdg y ùìjtis cats rdprdsdjtlj kl piràðj gd eist9 Lk dxprdslr ujl gard`àðj gd rdg AXv7, sd lbrdbl ujl kijbatug gd prdfaoi l kl gard`àðj gd rdg. Kl kijbatug gd prdfaoi ds kl `ljtaglg gd cats dj kl gard`àðj qud ìjfirml kl piràðj gd rdg . Dodmpki? Dj kl rdg <23.<6.7.8/37, /37 ds kl kijbatug gd prdfaoi d ajga`l qud kis pramdris 37 cats sij kl gard`àðj gd rdg . Dsti gdol l kis 5 cats rdstljtds, dk ÿktami i`tdti, ìmi kl piràðj gd eist .

<.<8. @ìkùki gd gard`àijds gd rdg, gd crilg`lst y gd eist Elstl leirl, dk usulrai pigríl prdbujtlrsd? ¹@ðmi sd `lkùklj dstls gard`àijds9 Dstd pri`dsi gd `ìkùki rdquadrd qud dk usulrai ìjsagdrd dstls gard`àijds ìmi cajlrals. Dj kls gavasaijds gd rdg sd gdcd ìjsagdrlr dk i`tdti gd kl gard`àðj gijgd dk prdfaoi gavagd kl piràðj gd rdg gd kl piràðj gd eist. Dodmpki? Pupijblmis kl rdg <23.<6.38.8/34.

Dj dk pramdr ùlgri, sd djùdjtrl kl rdprdsdjtlàðj gd kl gard`àðj gd rdg. @ij uj prdfaoi gd 34 cats, kis ÿktamis 2 cats sij cats gd eist. Xlrl rdprdsdjtlr kl gard`àðj gd rdg, tigis dstis cats gd eist sij ‛8 ‛ 8”. Dsti el`d qud dk ÿktami i`tdti gd kl gard`àðj sdl 8. Gd dstl firml, kl gard`àðj gd rdg ds <23.<6.38.8. Dj dk sdbujgi ùlgri, sd icsdrvl dk `ìkùki gd kl gard`àðj eist mìs clol . Ástl ds sadmprd uj jÿmdri mlyir qud kl gard`àðj gd rdg . Dj dstd `lsi, dk ÿktami gd kis 2 cats gd eist sd ìjvadrtd dj ‛<”. @ij dk cat mìs cloi dj kl gard`àðj eist dstlckdàgi dj <, kl gard`àðj eist mìs clol ds <23.<6.38.<. Dk tdr`dr ùlgri mudstrl dk `ìkùki gd kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst gd kl rdg. Xir ki tljti, kis 2 cats gd eist utakazlgis dj dstl rdg sij tigis ‛<”. L plrtar gdk `ìkùki, sd ictadjd <32 dj dk ÿktami i`tdti. Dsti prigu`d ujl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst gd <23.<6.38.<32 . Dk ùlrti ùlgri rdprdsdjtl dk `ìkùki gd kl gard`àðj eist mìs lktl . Ástl ds sadmprd uj jÿmdri mdjir qud kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst . Dsti sabjafa`l qud dk cat mìs cloi gdk eist ds uj ‛8” y tigis kis itris cats sij ‛<”. Dsti el`d qud kl gard`àðj eist mìs lktl gd kl rdg r dg sdl <23.<6.38.<36 .


Xìbajl <4 gd 4<


<.<<. AXv7 vs. AXv6 Kl vdrsaðj mìs dxtdjgagl l`tulkmdjtd gdk pritiìki AX ds dk AXv7, pdri ujl vdrsaðj mìs dvikuàijlgl, dk AXv6 yl dstì dmpdzljgi l sdr dxpdramdjtlgi. Xrickdml? Dk gdslrrikki gd Ajtdrjdt y dk brlj `rdàmadjti gd kis gaspisatavis (ji sðki irgdjlgirds gd sicrdmdsl, saji tdkáfijis ajtdkabdjtds, tlckdtls, pirtìtakds y maja-pirtìtakds) qud sd ìjd`tlj l kl rdg el privi`lgi ujl `rdàdjtd sdquíl gd gard`àijds gd Ajtdrjdt. Pikuàðj? @imi rdspudstl l dstd rdti surbd dk pritiìki AXv6. Kls gard`àijds AXv6 dstìj firmlgls pir ièi brupis gd ùltri gíbatis edxlgdàmlkds (<35 cats) . Dodmpki? Tjl gard`àðj gd dstd tapi AXv6 tdjgríl kl firml? 388
Dodmpki? @ijvdrsaðj gd gard`àðj AXv6 gd edxlgdàmlk l cajlrai.

Dk AXv6 sipirtl gard`àijds AX mìs klrbls (gd (gd 03 cats, plsl l <35 cats) y, pir tljti, pdrmatd kl dxastdjàl gd muèis mìs usulrais dj Ajtdrjdt . Wlmcaáj lpirtl `lplàglg plrl kl lutdjta`làðj gd kls trljsl`àijds gd ìmdrài dkd`trðjaì y pravlàglg dj kls ìmuja`làijds , lsí ìmi sipirtd plrl judvls lpka`làijds muktamdgal dj tadmpi rdlk . Frdjtd l kis piì mìs gd ùltri mak makkijds gd gard`àijds qud sipirtl dk pritiìki gd Ajtdrjdt vdrsaðj 7 ( AXv7), AXv6 lgmatd 3 <35, i sdl, ujis 078 sdxtakkijds gd gard`àijds . @ij dsd jÿmdri sd pigrílj lsabjlr ujis 628 mak cakkijds gd gard`àijds AX pir `lgl makímdtri ùlgrlgi gd supdrfaàd tdrrdstrd. @ij dk gdslrrikki gd dstd pritiìki kl sdquíl gd AX qudgl gdfajatavlmdjtd supdrlgl. Xdri muèi ljtds gd kl gdfajatavl ampkljtlàðj gd AXv6, sd ìmdjzð l migafa`lr ìj áxati dk pritiìki AXv7 plrl qud pugadrl sicrdvavar lk `rdàmadjti dxpijdjàlk gd Ajtdrjdt. Kls sikuàijds l ìrti pklzi plrl kl ds`lsdz gd gard`àijds AXv7 elj elj sagi? Ajtrigu`àðj gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg. Gavasaðj dj sucrdgds dj <154 (sucjdttajb). Gavasaðj dj sucrdgds gd kijbatug vlralckds dj <152 (VKPM). Pupdrjdtajb i lbrdblàðj gd rutls. Djrutlmadjti ajtdrgimajai saj `klsd dj <110 (@AGS). Gard`àijds AX pravlgls. Wrlgu`àðj gd gard`àijds gd rdg (JLW). 

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Xìbajl <6 gd 4<


<.<3. Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg (jdt mlsn) ds uj sdùdjàl gd ùltri jÿmdris gd kl masml dstru`turl qud kl AX , qud sd utakazl plrl gastajbuar quá plrtd gd kl AX agdjtafa`l kl rdg y quá plrtd l kis dquapis . @ijstl gd gis plrtds? Kl plrtd qud agdjtafa`l l kl rdg timl dk vlkir 344 dj gdàmlk (i tigi ujis dj cajlrai), qud ds ìjiàgl ìmi Agdjtafa`lgir gd Sdg (JdtAG). Kl plrtd qud agdjtafa`l lk eist timl dk vlkir 8 dj dj gdàmlk (i tigi `dris dj cajlrai), qud ds ìjiàgl ìmi Agdjtafa`lgir gd Eist (EistAG) . 

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Dodmpki? Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg.

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Gard`àðj AX = UUUUUUUU . UUUUUUUU . UUUUEEEE . E EE E EEEE Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg = < < < < < < < < . < < < < < < < < . < < < < 8 8 8 8 . 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Gðjgd? ‛UUUU” agdjtafa`l dk JdtAG. ‛EEEE” agdjtafa`l dk EistAG.

Kls rdgds gd `klsd L, C, y @ tadjdj mìs`lrls prdgdtdrmajlgls, tlmcaáj ìjiàgls ìmi mìs`lrls jlturlkds i mìs`lrls pir gdfd`ti , ìmi sd mudstrl lquí? @klsd L? 344.8.8.8 @klsd C? 344.344.8.8 @klsd @? 344.344.344.8 Xir ki qud plrl gdfajar ujl `klsd sd el`d ìj kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg pir gdfd`ti.

Jitlàijds gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? <) Gard`àðj AX/j¿ gd cats l < gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? <12.04.<52.<05 / 37. 3) Jitlàðj ìj pujtis? <12.04.<52.<05 - 344.344.344.8. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

Xìbajl <2 gd 4<


Dodmpki? Tj irgdjlgir ìj gard`àðj AX <13.<65.<8.< tadjd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.344.8 .

Dodmpki? Lsí ujl AX = 58.62.52.<30 pdrtdjd`drì l ujl `klsd L y kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sdrì

344.8.8.8, y ujl AX = <48.52.307.25 sdrì gd `klsd C ìj mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.8.8.

Dodmpki? Xlrl dk gard`àijlmadjti gd dquapis ajfirmìtaìs pdrtdjdàdjtds l rdgds KLJ gd pdqudüls dmprdsls, gd irbljazlàijds y gimásta`ls , sd sudkd utakazlr kl gdjimajlgl `klsd @ ùyi

rljbi gd jÿmdris AX sd djùdjtrl gdsgd <13.<65.8.8 l <13.<65.344.344 . Padjgi plrl dstd tapi gd rdgds kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.344.8. Xir tljti, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sd utakazl plrl irbljazlr kis gaspisatavis dj sucrdgds . Wigis kis dquapis gd ujl masml rdg gdcdj tdjdr kl masml mìs`lrl gd sucrdg. Dodmpki? Sdg ki`lk gd `klsd @ .

Wigis kis irgdjlgirds sij gd `klsd @ pirqud kis pramdris cats gdk < dr i`tdti sij ‛<<8”. Kis 0 pramdris i`tdtis sij <13.<65.< qud agdjtafa`l l kl rdg, madjtrls qud dk ÿktami i`tdti (dj jdbratl) agdjtafa`l lk pripai eist (3, 2, <8, <4 y 38). Lgdmìs, dstìj gdjtri gd kl masml rdg pirqud kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg ds kl masml 344.344.344.8. Dodmpkis? 

<13.<65.0.46 y <13.<65.0.25 sij gis irgdjlgirds dj kl masml rdg ìj mìs`lrl gd sucrdg

344.344.344.8 pirqud tadjdj kl masml gard`àðj gd rdg <13.<65.0.8. <13.<65.4.76 y <13.<65.7.74 sij gis irgdjlgirds dj gastajtl rdg ìj mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.344.8 pirqud tadjdj gastajtl gard`àðj gd rdg (<13.<65.4.8 y <13.<65.7.8, rdspd`tavlmdjtd). Kis pramdris irgdjlgirds pigrílj ìmuja`lrsd, ajtdr`lmcalr lrèavis, dt`., kis gis sabuadjtds irgdjlgirds lk dstlr dj gastajtls rdgds ji pudgdj ajtdr`lmcalr ajfirmlàðj. 


Xìbajl <5 gd 4<


<.<0. @AGS Kl gavasaðj dj `klsds gdk dsplài gd gard`àijds AX ds ujl gavasaðj odrìrqua`l ríbagl . Dk tlmlüi gd kls rdgds dstì faoi? kls rdgds gd `klsd @ pudgdj lkcdrblr elstl 347 irgdjlgirds (346 gard`àijds mdjis kl gard`àðj gd rdg y kl gd gafusaðj ki`lk). Kls gd `klsd C, elstl 64.407, y kls gd `klsd L, elstl <6.222.3<7. Dsti pkljtdl uj prickdml gd gdslprivdèlmadjti gdk dsplài gd gard`àijds, pudsti qud, pir dodmpki, plrl lkiolr ujl rdg ìj 488 irgdjlgirds, ds jd`dslrai gdga`lr lk mdjis ujl gard`àðj gd `klsd C. Dj dstd dodmpki, 64.847 gard`àijds qudglrílj saj utakazlr. @ijfirmd Ajtdrjdt acl `rdàdjgi , dk prickdml gdk lbitlmadjti gdk dsplài gd gard`àijds sd eazi `lgl vdz mìs dvagdjtd. @imi sikuàðj l dstd prickdml, sd pkljtdð ujl rddstru`turlàðj gdk mljtdjdr dk vadoi dsqudml gd lsabjlàðj gd gard`àijds pir firmlti gd kls gard`àijds AX ? ‛Dj kublr gd mljtdjdr dk `klsds, ìj agdjtafa`lgirds gd rdg gd tlmlüi faoi, sd utakazlj agdjtafa`lgirds gd rdg gd tlmlüi vlralckd”. Dsti ds ki qud sd ìji`d ìmi gard`àijlmadjti saj `klsds (`klsskdss) i @AGS (@klsskdss Ajtdr Gimlaj Siutajb). Dk jimcrd firmlk ds ‛djrutlmadjti djtrd gimajais saj `klsd” (@AGS, prijujàlgi ìmi ‛àgdr”). @AGS `rdð uj judvi ìjoujti gd dstìjglrds qud pdrmatíl qud kis privddgirds gd sdrvaàis lsabjlrlj gard`àijds AXv7 dj ùlkquadr kímatd gd cats gd gard`àðj (gurlàðj gd prdfaoi) dj kublr gd sðki ìj ujl gard`àðj gd `klsd L, C ð @. @AGS lpirtl fkdxacakaglg l kl eirl gd dspdàfa`lr kl sdplrlàðj djtrd agdjtafa`lgir gd rdg d agdjtafa`lgir gd dquapi. Dk jÿmdri gd cats ìrrdspijgadjtds lk agdjtafa`lgir gd rdg sd sdkd`àijl mdgaljtd ujl mìs`lrl cajlral? kis cats pdrtdjdàdjtds lk agdjtafa`lgir gd rdg dstìj pudstis l < dj gaèl mìs`lrl, madjtrls qud kis cats pdrtdjdàdjtds lk agdjtafa`lgir gd dquapi dstìj pudstis l `dri. Gdspuás gd kl /, pijgrílmis uj jÿmdri, ajga`ljgi dk jÿmdri gd < qud tadjd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg . L vd`ds rdsuktl `ðmigi utakazlr kl jitlàðj ìj /, dj kublr gd g d kl mìs`lrl. Dodmpki? Gard`àðj AX y Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gd `klsd @  @AGS <13.<65.<.< , 344.344.344.8  <13.<65.<.
Lsí puds, ùlkquadr gard`àðj AX gdcd kkdvlr lsiàlgl ujl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg qud jis pdrmatl ìji`dr quá plrtd agdjtafa`l l kl rdg, y quá plrtd lk dquapi. Dk ìjoujti (gard`àðj AX, mìs`lrl) sd sudkd rdprdsdjtlr mdgaljtd ujl jitlàðj ìmpl`tl qud ìjsastd dj dspdàfa`lr kl gard`àðj AX y dk jÿmdri gd cats gd kl mìs`lrl qud dstìj pudstis l <, sdplrlgis pir ujl clrrl . Pabuadjgi dk dodmpki ljtdrair, dk ìjoujti gd gard`àðj AX <07.30.<00.31 y mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.344.8 pudgd ds`racarsd gd mljdrl mìs ìmpl`tl ìmi <07.30.<00.31/37 . Jðtdsd qud, sabuadjgi dk dsqudml trlgaàijlk, ujl gard`àðj ìmi <07.30.<00.31/34 pdrtdjd`dríl l ujl rdg gd `klsd C , y gdcdríl tdjdr uj agdjtafa`lgir gd rdg gd <6 cats . @AGS jis pdrmatd qudglr ìj ujl ‛piràðj” gd dsl rdg , gd uj tlmlüi mìs lgdùlgi l judstrls jd`dsaglgds. Wlmcaáj jis pdrmatd sucgavagar uj rljbi dj trizis mìs pdqudüis , qud pudgdj sdr lgmajastrlgis ajgdpdjgadjtdmdjtd. Dsti flàkatl kl tlrdl gd lsabjlàðj gd gard`àijds y dk dj`lmajlmadjti.


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Ji sadmprd l kls rdgds sd kd lsabjl uj prdfaoi /37. Dk prdfaoi lsabjlgi pudgd vlralr gd lùdrgi ìj kl `ljtaglg gd eists gd kl rdg. Wdjdr uj jÿmdri gd prdfaoi gafdrdjtd `lmcal dk rljbi gd eist y kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst plrl `lgl rdg.

<.<7. @ìkùki gd gard`àijds gd rdg y gd crilg`lst> y mìs`lrl gd sucrdg Elstl leirl, dk usulrai pigríl prdbujtlrsd? ¹@ðmi sd `lkùklj dstls gard`àijds9 Dstd pri`dsi gd `ìkùki rdquadrd qud dk usulrai ìjsagdrd dstls gard`àijds ìmi cajlrals. <.<7.<. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG

El`dmis kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG djtrd kl gard`àðj AX gdk eist y kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg plrl ictdjdr kl gard`àðj gd rdg? Xir ki qud dk djmls`lrlmadjti pdrmatd, mdgaljtd kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG , dxtrldr dk agdjtafa`lgir gd rdg l plrtar gd kl gard`àðj AX gdk dquapi y kl mìs`lrl . Dodmpki? Gard`àðj AX = <07.30.<00.31 / 37 Gard`àðj AX = <07.30.<00.31 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.888 <<<8 < Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg = 344.344.344.8 = << << <<<<. << << <<<<.<<< < <<<<.88888888 Ag. gd rdg

Ag. gd eist

Ipdrlàðj LJG?

<07. 30.<00.31 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.888 << <8< 344.344.344. 8 = << < <<<< <.< <<< <<<<.<< << < <<<.88888888 <07. 30.<00. 8 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.88888888 Pikuàðj? Kl gard`àðj gd rdg ds <07.30.<00.8 Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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<.<7.3. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l IS

El`dmis kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l IS djtrd kl gard`àðj AX gdk eist y kl JIW gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg plrl plrl ictdjdr kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst? Dodmpki? Gard`àðj AX = <07.30.<00.31 / 37 Gard`àðj AX = <07.30.<00.31 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.888 <<<8 < Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg = 344.344.344.8 = << << <<<<. << << <<<<.<<< < <<<<.88888888 Ag. gd rdg

Ag. gd eist

JIW mìs`lrl gd sucrdg = JIW(344.344.344.8) = JIW(<<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.88888888) =

= 88888888.88888888.88888888.<<<<<<<< = 8.8.8.344 Ipdrlàðj IS?

<07.30.<00. 31 = <8888 <<8.888 <8< <<. <88888 <<.888 <<.888 <<<8< 8. 8. 8.344 = 88888888.88888888.88888888.< << << <<< <07.30.<00.344 = <8888 <<8.888 <8< <<. <88888 <<.< << << <<< Pikuàðj? Kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst ds <07.30.<00.344 <.<7.0. Ipdrlàðj kðba`l UJIS

El`dmis kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l UJIS djtrd kl gard`àðj gd rdg y kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst plrl ictdjdr kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? Dodmpki? Gard`àðj gd rdg = <07.30.<00.8 y gard`àðj gd crilg`lst = <07.30.<00.344 Ipdrlàðj UJIS? <07. 30.<00. 8 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.88888888 <07. 30.<00.344 = <8888<<8.888<8<<<.<88888<<.< << << < << 344.344.344. 8 = << < <<<<<. < <<< <<<<.<< <<<<.<< < << << <<<.88888888 <<<.88888888 Pikuàðj? Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg ds 344.344.344.8


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<.<4. Vdr sa vlrais X@s pdrtdjd`dj l kl masml rdg Dodmpki? \udrdmis ìmpriclr ùìkds gd dstls gard`àijds AX pdrtdjd`dj l kl masml rdg?

<13.<65.8.38 <13.<65.8.<8 303.<58.<31.<< Xlrl dkki, tdjdmis qud gdsìmpijdr kls gard`àijds AX l javdk cajlrai y, gdspuás, rdlkazlr kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG . 

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Xir tljti, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdfajd plrl uj irgdjlgir ki qud sd djùdjtrl ‛fudrl” y ‛gdjtri” gd kl sucrdg . Pd pudgd l``dgdr gard`tlmdjtd l lqudkkis irgdjlgirds qud sd djùdjtrdj ‛gdjtri” , madjtrls qud l kls qud sd djùdjtrlj ‛fudrl” sðki sd kkdbl mdgaljtd uj djrutlgir (riutdr) i ujl plslrdkl (bltdwly) . Ljtds gd djvalr uj plqudtd dk irgdjlgir rdlkazl kl ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG, cat l cat djtrd kl gard`àðj gd gdstaji y kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg, y kl gard`àðj gd irabdj y kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg . Pa dk rdsuktlgi ds agájtaì, sabjafa`l qud dk irgdjlgir rdmiti sd djùdjtrl dj kl masml sucrdg. Gd dstd migi, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg pir gdfd`ti lyugl l kis riutdrs y eists l gdtdrmajlr sa dk eist gdstaji dstì uca`lgi dj dstl rdg i dj itrl rdg .

<.<6. Dodmpki Pa jis glj ujl gard`àðj AX y ujl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg, pigdmis, mdgaljtd ujis sdjàkkis `ìkùkis, lvdrabulr dk rljbi gd kl rdg, kl pramdrl gard`àðj AX (qud ìrrdspijgd ìj kl gard`àðj gd rdg), kl ÿktaml gard`àðj gd rdg (qud (qud ìrrdspijgd ìj kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst) y dk jÿmdri gd AXs gdk rljbi . Dodmpki? Xlrl uj irgdjlgir ìj gard`àðj AX <13.<65.<8.< y mìs`lrl gd sucrdg 344.344.344.8 gd `klsd, tdjdmis? Gard`àðj gd rdg = <13.<65.<8.8 Gard`àðj gd crilg`lst = <13.<65.<8.344 Sljbi gd AXs = <13.<.65.<8.< ‐ <13.<65.<8.347 Jÿmdri gd AXs gdk rljbi = 3 5 ‐ 3 = 347 Xir tljti, kls gard`àijds AXs gd kis X@s gdcdrìj tdjdr kis trds pramdris jÿmdris abulkds (<13.<65.<8.U) y dk ÿktami jÿmdri pigrì `lmcalr gdsgd < elstl 347, pirqud ji sd pdrmatd kl utakazlàðj gd kl pramdrl ja gd kl ÿktaml gard`àðj AX gdk rljbi yl qud qudglj rdsdrvlgls. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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3. PTCJDWWAJB Padmprd qud jd`dsatdmis ujl gard`àðj gd rdg ¹gdcdrdmis dstlr ìjgaàijlgis pir kls rdgds gd `klsd L, C ð @9 Dodmpki? Pa jd`dsatlmis ujl rdg gijgd sðki el`dj flktl 38 gard`àijds AXs, ¹ùìjtls gard`àijds AX mlkblstlmis lk ìbdr ujl gard`àðj gd `klsd @9 Mlkblstlrílmis 3 5 - 3 ‐ 38 = 307 AX‑s @ij ujl gard`àðj gd `klsd L ð C mlkblstlrílmis muèls mìs. ¹Pd pudgd el`dr lkbi plrl dvatlr dsti9 d sti9 Pucjdttajb.

3.<. Gdfajaàðj Dk sucjdttajb lplrdàð l mdgagl qud kis satais Rdc dmpdzlrij l gdslrrikklrsd pirqud kl gavasaðj dj `klsds (L, C y @) drl gdmlsalgi ríbagl y ji pdrmatíl lprivdèlr cadj kls gard`àijds dj rdgds gd ìrdl ki`lk .

L mdgalgis gd kis lüis 58 , ji elcíl mìs`lrls gd sucrdg dj kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti , yl

qud tigi sd rdlkazlcl icsdrvljgi kis pramdris cats gd kl gard`àðj AX (gdtd`àðj gd kls `klsds L, C y @). Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg y dk sucjdttajb pdrmatadrij muktapka`lr gd firml dfaàdjtd kis gastajtis tapis gd sucrdgds . Dk sucjdttajb pdrmatað qud kls rdgds sd pugadrlj gavagar dj rdgds mìs pdqudüls kklmlgls sucrdgds, elàdjgi vlralckd kls mìs`lrls gd sucrdg gd kls `klsds y lprivdèljgi mdoir dk jÿmdri gd gard`àijds AX . Xir ki qud dstd mátigi, qud ìjsastd dj ìjvdrtar ujl brlj rdg dj sdbmdjtis mìs pdqudüis, mìs dfaàdjtds y lgmajastrlckds i sucrdgds , el dvatlgi dk ìmpkdti lbitlmadjti gd kls gard`àijds AX . Xlrl `rdlr sucrdgds l plrtar gd ujl gard`àðj clsd (ictdjagl l trlvás gd uj APX), ‛sd ìbdj cats prdstlgis” gd kl piràðj gd eist plrl sdr cats gd sucrdg (sucjdtAG) . Dstis cats gd sucrdg elj gd sdr kis mìs sabjafa`ltavis gdk eistAG irabajlk (kis (kis qud dstìj mìs `dr`ljis l kis cats gd rdg). r dg).

Kl `lplàglg plrl gdàgar `ðmi sd gavagd kl piràðj gd eist irabajlk dj kis judvis `lmpis gd sucrdg y gd eist ifrd`d fkdxacakaglg dj dk gard`àijlmadjti lk lgmajastrlgir gd rdg . Dodmpki? @uljgi sd timl ujl ÿja`l gard`àðj gd rdg ìmi <13.<88.<8.8 y sd gavagd dj 4 rdgds mdjirds (<13.<88.<8.<6, <13.<88.<8.03, <13.<88.<8.75, <13.<88.<8.67, <13.<88.<8.58) dk mujgi dxtdrair tiglvíl vd kl gard`àðj <13.<88.<8.8, madjtrls qud kis irgdjlgirds y riutdrs ajtdrjis vdj 4 sucrdgds mìs pdqudüls. @lgl ujl ds ajgdpdjgadjtd gdk rdsti. Dsti sðki pudgd kibrlrsd ìj ujl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl. Tjl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl ìbd cats gd kl plrtd gdk eist gd kl gard`àðj AX plrl firmlr ujl gard`àðj gd sucrdg djtrd kls plrtds gd rdg y eist gd ujl gard`àðj AX . Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

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@ìkùki gdk i`tdti gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl?

JIWL? Dxastd ujl tá`ja`l qud sd ìji`d ìmi supdrjdttajb, gijgd ‛sd timlj prdstlgis cats”

gd kl piràðj gd rdg plrl `rdlr mìs eists . Ji sd prdiùpd pir dsti. Pd usl muy rlrlmdjtd.

3.3. Sdstra`àijds 

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Wigi l `dris (gard`àðj gd rdg) y tigi l ujis (gafusaðj garabagl) sij gis gard`àijds gd

mìquajl rdsdrvlgls. Dj sucrdgds lfd`tlj l kl plrtd ki`lk gd sucrdg . Dj gard`àijds gd `klsd L, C y @ lfd`tlj l kl plrtd gd kl mìquajl .


Xìbajl 37 gd 4<


Dodmpki? Glgl kl gard`àðj gd rdg <13.<88.<8.8 y mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl 344.344.344.337 , ajga`l? 

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Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl dj cajlrai = <<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<. <<<88888 J¿ gd cats ìbagis gd kl piràðj p iràðj gd eist = 0 J¿ titlk gd sucrdgds = 3 0 = 5 J¿ gd sucrdgds ÿtakds = 3 0 ‐ 3 = 6 (Jitl? Sdstlr 3 lk j¿ titlk gd sucrdgds plrl ictdjdr dk j¿ gd sucrdgds vìkagls.) J¿ titlk gd gard`àijds gd eist = 3 5-0 = 34 = 03 J¿ gd gard`àijds gd eist ÿtakds = 3 4 ‐ 3 = 08 (Jitl? Sdstlr 3 plrl ictdjdr dk j¿ gd eists gard`àijlckds.)

3.0. Gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls dj kl plrtd ki`lk lk `rdlr sucrdgds @uljgi sd `rdlj sucrdgds y sd rdstlj kls gis gard`àijds rdsdrvlgls (tigi l `dris y tigi l ujis) dj kl plrtd ki`lk gd sucrdg, sd padrgdj gard`àijds AX.

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Dj rdgds gd `klsd L, C y @ sadmprd ely qud gdsìjtlr dj kl plrtd ki`lk i gd mìquajl? Wigi l 8‑s (gard`àðj gd rdg) y tigi l < ‑s (gard`àðj gd gafusaðj i crilg`lst l tigls kls mìquajls gd ujl rdg). i

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Dj sucrdgds gd `klsd L, C y @ dj fujàðj gd `ðmi sdl dk siftwlrd W@X/AX gd kl mìquajl? Icsikdti? Gard`tlmdjtd ji pdrmatdj kl ìjfaburlàðj gd tigi l 8 ‑s y tigi l <‑ < ‑s y, lgdmìs, pudgd uslr uj pritiìki gd dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì gdk tapi SAXv<. Pd gdsùdjtlj kls gard`àijds tigi 8s y
i


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3.7. Xlsis l sdbuar Kis plsis l sdbuar plrl gdtdrmajlr ùìjtis cats gdk eist timlr prdstlgis y gdfajar kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sij? <) Xramdri, gdtdrmajl ùìjtls sucrdgds sd vlj l jd`dsatlr. 3) Ttakazljgi kis vlkirds gdk sabuadjtd ùlgri gd ìjvdrsaðj gd kis i`tdtis cajlrais, sÿmlkis elstl lk`ljzlr dk titlk gd kl `ljtaglg gd sucrdgds qud qu d jd`dsatl.

0) @udjtl kl `ljtaglg gd cats qud utakazð plrl kkdblr l dsd titlk. Ttakazl dsl `ljtaglg gd cats plrl kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl. Dodmpki
Gard`àðj clsd = <23.348.8.8/<6 l) Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg pir gdfd`ti? <<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.88888888.88888888 344 . 344 . 8 . 8 c) Jd`dsatlmis 4 sucrdgds? @ij 3 cats, tdjdmis elstl 3 3 = 7 sucrdgds @ij 0 cats, tdjdmis elstl 3 0 = 5 sucrdgds Xir tljti, plrl `rdlr 4 sucrdgds timlmis 0 cats gd kl piràðj gd eist? <<< `) Judstri tdr`dr i`tdti plrl kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl dj cajlrai sdrì? <<<88888 g) Ki ìjvdrtamis l gdàmlk? 337 <<<88888 = 32 + 36 + 34 = <35 + 67 + 03 = 337 Lsí, dk tdr`dr i`tdti gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sd ìjvadrtd l 337. d) Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl? <<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<88888.88888888 344 . 344 . 337 . 8 Xir tljti, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl sdrì 344.344.337.8 f) @ìkùki gd kls sucrdgds y eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? @ljtaglg gd sucrdgds gaspijackds? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd cats timlgis gd kl plrtd gd eist, dj dstd `lsi 0? 3 0 = 5 @ljtaglg gd eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd `dris, dj dstd `lsi <0? 3 <0 = 5.<13 JIWL? Sdùdrgl sadmprd, qud dj `lgl sucrdg elcrì uj jÿmdri gd sucrdg y itri gd crilg`lst, pir ki qud dj `lgl sucrdg elcrì dfd`tavis plrl lsabjlàðj gd eist? 5.<13 ‐ 3 = 5.<18. 

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Dodmpki 3? Glgl kl gard`àðj gd rdg gd `klsd L <8.8.8.8, ajga`l quá mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdcdríls dsìbdr plrl tdjdr 0 sucrdgds, kls gard`àijds gd rdg gd kls 0 sucrdgds y dk rljbi gd gard`àijds ÿtakds plrl kis eists y y dk crilg`lst gd `lgl sucrdg .

Gard`àðj clsd = <8.8.8.8/5 8888<8<8 . 88888888 . 88888888 . 88888888 Ag. Sdg Ag. Eist l) Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg pir gdfd`ti? <<<<<<<<.88888888.88888888.88888888 344 . 8 . 8 . 8 c) Jd`dsatlmis 0 sucrdgds? @ij 3 cats, tdjdmis elstl 3 3 = 7 sucrdgds @ij 0 cats, tdjdmis elstl 3 0 = 5 sucrdgds Xir tljti, plrl `rdlr 0 sucrdgds timlmis 0 cats gd kl piràðj gd eist? <<< `) Judstri sdbujgi i`tdti plrl kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl dj cajlrai sdrì? <<<88888 g) Ki ìjvdrtamis l gdàmlk? 337 <<<88888 = 32 + 36 + 34 = <35 + 67 + 03 = 337 Lsí, dk sdbujgi i`tdti gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sd ìjvadrtd l 337. d) Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl? <<<<<<<<.<<<88888.88888888.88888888 344 . 337 . 8 . 8 Xir tljti, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl sdrì 344.337.8.8 f) @ìkùki gd kls sucrdgds y eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? @ljtaglg gd sucrdgds gaspijackds? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd cats timlgis, dj dstd `lsi 0? 3 0 = 5 @ljtaglg gd eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd `dris, dj dstd `lsi 3
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b) Gard`àijds gd rdg gd kls 0 sucrdgds? 8888<8<8 . 88888888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 8 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj gd rdg Ag. Sdg Ag. Eist Ag. Pucrdg 8888<8<8 . 88<88888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 03 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj gd rdg gd kl <ª sucrdg 8888<8<8 . 8<888888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 67 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj gd rdg gd kl 3ª sucrdg 8888<8<8 . 8<<88888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 16 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj gd rdg gd kl 0ª sucrdg


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d) Sljbi gd gard`àijds ÿtakds plrl kis eists y dk crilg`lst gd `lgl sucrdg? 8888<8<8 . 888<<<<< . 344 . 344 = <8 . 0< . 344 . 344 - Gard`àðj gd crilg`lst qud ds ìmÿj plrl kls 0 sucrdgds Pucrdg
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Pucrdg 3?

8888<8<8 . 8<888888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 67 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj Gar d`àðj gd rdg 8888<8<8 . 8<888888 . 88888888 . 8888888< = <8 . 67 . 8 . < - Gard`àðj gdk < dr eist ……………………………………………………………………………… 8888<8<8 . 8<8<<<<< . <<<<<<<< . <<<<<<<8 = <8 . 16 . 344 . 347 - Gard`àðj gdk ÿktami eist 8888<8<8 . 8<8<<<<< . <<<<<<<<. <<<<<<<< = <8 . 16 . 344 . 344 - Gard`àðj gd crilg`lst ki`lk 

Pucrdg 0?

8888<8<8 . 8<<88888 . 8 . 8 = <8 . 16 . 8 . 8 - Gard`àðj Gar d`àðj gd rdg 8888<8<8 . 8<<88888 . 88888888 . 8888888< = <8 . 16 . 8 . < - Gard`àðj gdk < dr eist ……………………………………………………………………………… 8888<8<8 . 8<<<<<<< . <<<<<<<< . <<<<<<<8 = <8 . <32 . 344 . 347 34 7 - Gard`àðj gdk ÿktami eist 8888<8<8 . 8<<<<<<< . <<<<<<<<. <<<<<<<< = <8 . <32 . 344 . 344 - Gard`àðj gd crilg`lst ki`lk

3.4. Dodmpki < ALJL lsabjl kl gard`àðj gd rdg <72.50.8.8 (`klsd C) l uj APX. Ástl ds kl gard`àðj gd plrtagl plrl el`dr dk sucjdttajb, kl ùlk kklmlrdmis gard`àðj gar d`àðj clsd. L ìjtajulàðj, `lkùklrdmis kls sucrdgds qud sd pudgdj `rdlr y dk j¿ gd eists qud sd pudgdj ìjd`tlr l `lgl sucrdg usljgi ìmi mìs`lrl gd sucrdg /38. Gard`àðj clsd = <72.50.UUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUU  <72.50.8.8/<6 Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl = <<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<<8888.88888888 = 344.344.378.8 Sdg Pucrdg Eists <72.50.8 8 8 8 UUUU.UUUUUUUU <72.50.8.8 /38 J¿ eists = 7.817 <72.50.8 8 8 < UUUU.UUUUUUUU <72.50.<6.8 /38 J¿ eists = 7.817 <72.50.8 8 < 8 UUUU.UUUUUUUU <72.50.03.8 /38 J¿ eists = 7.817 <72.50.8 8 < < UUUU.UUUUUUUU <72.50.75.8 /38 J¿ eists = 7.817 ……………………………………………………………………………… <72.50.< < < < UUUU.UUUUUUUU <72.50.378.8 /38 J¿ eists = 7.817 ↓

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Xìbajl 35 gd 4<


3.6. Dodmpki 3 Glgl kl gard`àðj gd rdg <13.<88.<8.8, ajga`l quá mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdcdríls gdcdríls dsìbdr plrl tdjdr <7 eists pir sucrdg y dk rljbi gd gard`àijds ÿtakds plrl kis eists , kl sucrdg y y dk crilg`lst . Gard`àðj clsd = <13.<88.<8.8/37 l) @ìkùki gd kls sucrdgds y eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? @ljtaglg gd eists gaspijackds gdjtri gd `lgl sucrdg? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd cats timlgis plrl kis eists mdjis 3, dj dstd `lsi 7? 3 7 ‐ 3 = <6 ‐ 3 = <7 J¿ gd cats plrl kls sucrdgds? j¿ titlk gd cats gd kl piràðj gd eist (5) mdjis j¿ gd cats plrl gard`àijds gd eist ÿtakds (7)? 5 ‐ 7 = 7 @ljtaglg gd sucrdgds gaspijackds? 3 dkdvlgi l kl pitdjàl qud ajga`l kl `ljtaglg gd cats timlgis plrl kls sucrdgds mdjis 3, dj dstd `lsi 7? 3 7 - 3 = <6 ‐ 3 = <7 c) Judstri ùlrti i`tdti plrl kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl dj cajlrai sdrì? <<<<8888 `) Ki ìjvdrtamis l gdàmlk? 378 <<<<8888 = 3 2 + 36 + 34 + 37 = <35 + 67 + 03 + <6 = 378 g) Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl? <<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<<<<<<.<<<<8888 344 . 344 . 344 . 378 Xir tljti, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl sdrì 344.344.344.378 d) Sljbi gd gard`àijds ÿtakds plrl kis eists, kl sucrdg y dk crilg`lst? Pucrdg 8? <13.<8.<8.8 l <13.<88.<8.<4 (Sljbi ajvìkagi) Pucrdg
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Xìbajl 31 gd 4<


3.2. Dodmpki 0 Glgl kl gard`àðj gd rdg 338.<8.<4.8, ajga`l quá mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdcdríls dsìbdr plrl tdjdr 3 sucrdgds. Lgdmìs, mdjàijl kls gard`àijds gd sucrdg y gd crilg`lst , y dk rljbi gd gard`àijds AX lsabjlckds l `lgl sucrdg .

Sljbis vìkagis gd gard`àijds plrl kls sucrdgds?


Xìbajl 08 gd 4<


Ictdjàðj gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl?

Ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG?


Xìbajl 0< gd 4<


Sljbi gd gard`àijds y pitdjàlk prickdml?

3.5. Dodmpki 7 Glgl kl gard`àðj gd rdg <35.<8.8.8, ajga`l quá mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdcdríls dsìbdr plrl tdjdr 347 sucrdgds. Lgdmìs, mdjàijl kls gard`àijds gd sucrdg y gd crilg`lst, y dk rljbi gd gard`àijds AX lsabjlckds l `lgl sucrdg.


Xìbajl 03 gd 4<


Ictdjàðj gd kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl?

Ipdrlàðj kðba`l LJG?

3.1. Vdjtlols ¹Xir quá ajtdrdsl gavagar ujl rdg dj sucrdgds9 

Fkdxacakaglg gd gard`àijlmadjti dj kl rdg.

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Dfaàdjàl. Xdrmatd qud dk lgmajastrlgir gd kl rdg crajgd ìjtdjàðj gd crilg`lst. Kis riutdrs

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faktrlj kis crilg`lst gd javdk 3. Pdburaglg gd cloi javdk dj ujl KLJ. Dk l``dsi l kls sucrdgds sd rdlkazl sðki l trlvás gd riutdrs. Ástis pdrmatdj ìjtriklr mdoir dk trìfaì (L@K‑s). Fudjtd gd ajbrdsis. Kl gavasaðj dj sucrdgds `rdl ujl fudjtd gd ajbrdsis l trlvás gdk lkquakdr i vdjtl gd gard`àijds AX qud ji sd utakazlclj.


Xìbajl 00 gd 4<


3.<8. @ij`kusaijds 

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Pd rdlsabjlj cats gdk `lmpi gd eist irabajlk lk lk `lmpi gd sucrdg gd kl gard`àðj AX. Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg lglptlgl gdtdrmajlrì kl judvl sucrdg `rdlgl = cats rdg irabajlk + cats sucrdg. Kl sdkd`àðj gdk jÿmdri gd cats gd eist l utakazlr gdpdjgdrì gdk jÿmdri mìxami gd eists pir sucrdg y y gdk jÿmdri gd sucrdgds jd`dslrals . J¿ sucrdgds = 3 j¿ cats sucrdg J¿ eists/sucrdg = 3 j¿ cats rdstljtds gd eist ‐ 3 Pd pudgdj utakazlr tigis kis cats gd eist plrl `rdlr sucrdgds , dx`dpti kis gis ÿktamis cats mdjis sabjafa`ltavis. /31 J¿ gd eists = 3 0 - 3 = 6 AX‑s /08 J¿ gd eists = 3 3 - 3 = 3 AX‑ AX ‑s, ousti plrl ìjfaburlr uj djkl`d sdrad. /0< J¿ gd eists = 3 < - 3 = 8 AX‑ AX‑s Lk el`dr sucjdttajb, pdrgdmis 3 gard`àijds pir sucrdg, qud ji sij lsabjlckds l eists, pdri jis loustlmis mdoir l kls jd`dsaglgds gd `lgl rdg. ↓

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0. VKPM Kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gd kijbatug vlralckd (VKPM) sd utakazl plrl `rdlr dsqudmls gd gard`àijlmadjti dfaàdjtds y ds`lklckds . VKPM sd pudgd uslr plrl gavagar dj sucrdgds ujl gard`àðj qud yl dstì gavagagl dj su crdgds . Kl utakazlàðj gd VKPM pdrmatd l ujl irbljazlàðj tdjdr sucrdgds gd gafdrdjtds tlmlüis , ds gdàr, utakazlr mìs gd ujl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg gdjtri gdk masmi dsplài gd gard`àijlmadjti gd rdg . VKPM pdrmatd lgiptlr uj dsqudml gd gard`àijlmadjti dj fujàðj gd kls jd`dsaglgds gd kl rdg . @ij VKPM, uj lgmajastrlgir gd rdg pudgd uslr? Tjl mìs`lrl klrbl dj kls rdgds ìj piìs eists . Tjl mìs`lrl ìrtl dj kls sucrdgds ìj muèis eists . 

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Dodmpki? 

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Mìs`lrls gd sucrdg gd 08 cats dj ìjdxaijds sdralkds, ìj sðki gis gard`àijds gd eist vìkagls. Mìs`lrls gd sucrdg gd 33 - 37 cats plrl 488 ‐ <.888 usulrais.


Xìbajl 07 gd 4<


0.<. Dodmpki < Glgl kl rdg <13.<65.8.8/37, gdslrrikkl uj dsqudml gd gard`àijlmadjti AX qud ùmpkl ìj kis sabuadjtds rdqudramadjtis. Xlrl dkki, usl VKPM, ds gdàr, iptamazl dk dsplài gd gard`àijlmadjti tljti ìmi sdl pisackd. Tjl sucrdg gd 38 eists plrl sdr lsabjlgl l kl KLJ gd Xrifdsirds. Tjl sucrdg gd 58 eists plrl sdr lsabjlgl l kl KLJ gd Dstugaljtds. Tjl sucrdg gd 38 eists plrl sdr lsabjlgl l kl KLJ gd Ajvatlgis. Wrds sucrdgds gd 3 eists plrl sdr lsabjlgl l kis djkl`ds djtrd riutdrs. Xlsis l sdbuar? <) Irgdjlmis kls sucrdgds dj irgdj gd`rdàdjtd? 58, 38, 38, 3, 3, 3. 3) @lkùklmis dk jÿmdri gd cats l timlr gd kl plrtd gdk eist plrl `lgl sucrdg y kls gard`àijds gd rdg y gd crilg`lst y dk rljbi lsabjlckd . Xlrl 58 eists jd`dsatlmis 2 cats (3 2 = <35, mdjis kls gard`àijds gd rdg y gd crilg`lst, <36 eists ìmi mìxami), pir ki tljti, dk prdfaoi gd sucrdg gdk pramdr ckiqud sdríl /34 (5-2=<> 37+<=34). Wimljgi kl sucrdg <, kl pramdrl gard`àðj gd sucrdg sdríl <13.<65.8.8/34, crilg`lst <13.<65.8.<32, pir ki tljti, dk rljbi lsabjlckd sdríl < elstl <36 . Xlrl 38 eists jd`dsatlmis 4 cats (34 = 03, ds gdàr, 08 eists ìmi mìxami). Xrdfaoi? /32 (54=0, 37+0=32). Gard`àðj gd sucrdg? <13.<65.8.<35/32, crilg`lst? <13.<65.8.<41 y rljbi lsabjlckd? <31 - <45. Kl sabuadjtd sucrdg ds gdk masmi tlmlüi y dk prdfaoi ds dk masmi. Gard`àðj gd sucrdg? <13.<65.8.<68/32, crilg`lst? <13.<65.8.<1< y rljbi lsabjlckd .<6< - .<18 . Kis djkl`ds djtrd riutdrs sðki jd`dsatlj 3 cats (33 = 7, ds gdàr, 3 eists ìmi mìxami), pir ki tljti, dk prdfaoi gdcd sdr /08 (5-3=6, 37+6=08). Gard`àðj gd djkl`d
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Xìbajl 04 gd 4<


Pd pudgd icsdrvlr qud kis rljbis gd gard`àijds lsabjlgis sij ìjtajuis y qud qudgl gaspijackd plrl `rdàmadjti futuri uj rljbi gd gard`àijds gdsgd 387 dj lgdkljtd.

0.3. Dodmpki 3 Glgl kl rdg <13.<65.<3.8/37, gdslrrikkl uj dsqudml gd gard`àijlmadjti usljgi VKPM qud ùmpkl kis sabuadjtds rdqudramadjtis? Tjl sucrdg gd 68 eists plrl kl KLJ gd Mdr`lgdi. Tjl sucrdg gd 58 eists plrl kl KLJ gd Vdjtls. Tjl sucrdg gd 38 eists plrl kl KLJ gd Lgmajastrltavis. @ultri sucrdgds gd 3 eists plrl kis djkl`ds djtrd riutdrs. 

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Xlsis l sdbuar? <) Irgdjlmis kls sucrdgds dj irgdj gd`rdàdjtd? 58, 38, 38, 3, 3, 3. 3) @lkùklmis dk jÿmdri gd cats l timlr gd kl plrtd gdk eist plrl `lgl sucrdg y kls gard`àijds gd rdg y gd crilg`lst y dk rljbi lsabjlckd . 

Vdjtls?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.8/34 (3 2 = <35 ‐ 3 = <36)> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.<32> Sljbi lsabjlckd? < - <36> Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? 344.344.344.<35. 

Mdr`lgdi?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.<35/36 (3 6 = 67 ‐ 3 = 63)> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.<1<> Sljbi lsabjlckd? <31 - <18> Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? 344.344.344.<13. 

Lgmajastrltavis?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.<13/32 (3 4 = 03 ‐ 3 = 08)> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.330> Sljbi lsabjlckd? <10 - 333> Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg? 344.344.344.337. 

Djkl`d
Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.337/08> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.332> Sljbi lsabjlckd? 334 ‐ 336. 

Djkl`d 3?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.335/08> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.30<> Sljbi lsabjlckd? 331 ‐ 308. 

Djkl`d 0?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.307/08> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.302> Sljbi lsabjlckd? 304 ‐ 306. 

Djkl`d 7?

Gard`àðj gd rdg? <13.<65.<3.305/08> Crilg`lst? <13.<65.<3.37<> Sljbi lsabjlckd? 301 - 378. Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

Xìbajl 06 gd 4<


Dk rdsuktlgi sd pudgd vdr dj kl sabuadjtd tlckl? Sdg Gard`àðj gd rdg Crilg`lst Sljbi gd AXs ÿtakds Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg Vdjtls (58) <13.<65.8.8/34 <13.<65.8.<32 < - <36 344.344.344.<35 Mdr`lgdi (68) <13.<65.8.<35/36 <13.<65.8.<1< <31 - <18 344.344.344.<13 Lgmajastrltavis (38) <13.<65.8.<13/32 <13.<65.8.330 <10 - 333 344.344.344.337 Djkl`d < (3) <13.<65.8.337/08 <13.<65.8.332 334 - 336 344.344.344.343 Djkl`d 3 (3) <13.<65.8.335/08 <13.<65.8.300 331 - 308 344.344.344.343 Djkl`d 0 (3) <13.<65.8.307/08 <13.<65.8.302 304 - 306 344.344.344.343 Djkl`d 7 (3) <13.<65.8.305/08 <13.<65.8.37< 301 - 378 344.344.344.343 JIWL? Sdùdrgl kl vdrafa`làðj? Kl gard`àðj gd rdg gdcd tdjdr kl plrtd gd eist tigl l `dris. Kl gard`àðj gd crilg`lst gdcd tdjdr kl plrtd gd eist tigl l ujis. Jajbÿj rljbi gd gard`àijds sd gdcd trlsklplr (tdjdr plrtd gdk rljbi gdjtri gdk rljbi gd itrl sucrdg). 

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7. XTDSWL GD DJKL@D Tjl pudrtl gd djkl`d i bltdwly ds uj dquapi i dkdmdjti qud pdrtdjdàdjgi l kl rdg dstì ìjfaburlgi plrl gitlr l kis X@s qud ajtdbrlj gaèl rdg pudglj slkar lk dxtdrair, i gaèi gd itrl mljdrl, sarvd gd djkl`d djtrd gis rdgds . Dfd`tavlmdjtd, kl pudrtl gd djkl`d ds kl ‛pudrtl” pir kl qud slkgrdmis gd ‛`lsl” elàl Ajtdrjdt . Dstl mdtlfðra`l pudrtl dstì mìs `dr`l gd ki qud `rddmis y ds qud dj rdlkaglg ds judstri riutdr, ds gdàr, dk qud el`d dk trlcloi gd ìmuja`lrjis ìj dk dxtdrair. Wlmcaáj pudgd sdr uj sdrvagir i uj pirtìtak. Wigi riutdr, lk abulk qud dk rdsti gd gaspisatavis, tadjd ujl gard`àðj AX ajtdrjl, y dsl AX ds kl qud gdcdmis ìji`dr y uslrkl plrl ìjfaburlr dk rdsti gd judstris irgdjlgirds y gdmìs. Xir tljti, kl pudrtl gd djkl`d (bltdwly) ds dk jÿmdri gd AX pir dk qud sd l``dgd l itrl rdg , elàdjgi gd pudjtd djtrd kl rdg r dg pravlgl y kl rdg pÿcka`l. pÿ cka`l. Jirmlkmdjtd, kl pudrtl gd djkl`d sdrì judstri riutdr LGPK (pir dodmpki? kl AX pir gdfd`ti ds <13.<65.<.<). Dodmpki? Sdg ki`lk ìjd`tlgl ìj Ajtdrjdt l trlvás gdk riutdr.


Xìbajl 02 gd 4<


Kl pudrtl gd djkl`d gdcdrì sdr ujl AX gdk rljbi , yl qud gd ki ìjtrlrai judstri X@ ji sdrì `lplz gd ìmuja`lrsd ìj dkkl y ji tdjgrì l``dsi l Ajtdrjdt. Ki jirmlk ds qud tigis kis X@s gd judstrl rdg tdjblj ìjfaburlgl kl masml pudrtl gd djkl`d . Pa ji slcdmis kl AX gd judstrl pudrtl gd djkl`d, pigdmis vdrkl dj itri X@ qud fujàijd ìrrd`tlmdjtd kl ìjdxaðj gd Ajtdrjdt. Dodmpki? Sdg ki`lk ìjd`tlgl ìj Ajtdrjdt l trlvás gdk riutdr LGPK (mðgdmriutdr).

Sdg KLJ @klsd @ Gard`àðj gd rdg = <13.<65.8.8 Gard`àðj gd crilg`lst = <13.<65.8.344 Mìs`lrl gd sucrdg = 344.344.344.8 Kl pudrtl gd djkl`d ds kl gard`àðj AX pravlgl gdk riutdr y kis irgdjlgirds gd kl rdg ki`lk pudgdj timlr ùlkquadr gard`àðj AX qud dstá djtrd <13.<65.8.< elstl <13.<65.8.340 y ji <13.<65.8.347, yl qud dstì rdsdrvlgl plrl dk riutdr. Dk Xrivddgir gd Pdrvaàis gd Ajtdrjdt (APX) lsabjl gd firml gajìma`l lk riutdr kl gard`àðj AX dxtdrjl 58.45.0.34 plrl qud kis irgdjlgirds gd kl rdg ki`lk pudglj ìmuja`lrsd ìj itris eists gd kl rdg RLJ. JIWL? @lgl irgdjlgir gd kl rdg ki`lk gdcd tdjdr pudsti dj su ìjfaburlàðj W@X/AX kl pudrtl gd djkl`d, kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg y kls GJPs plrl pigdr ìmuja`lrsd ìj kis irgdjlgirds gd kl rdg pravlgl y ìj kis gdk dxtdrair.


Xìbajl 05 gd 4<


4. DJ@LMAJLMADJWI AX 4.<. Gdfajaàðj Pd ìji`d ìj dk jimcrd gd dj`lmajlmadjti i djrutlmadjti (i riutajb) dk pri`dsi qud pdrmatd qud kis plqudtds AX djvalgis pir dk eist irabdj kkdbudj lk eist gdstaji gd firml lgdùlgl .

Dj su valod djtrd lmcis eists, kis plqudtds elj gd ltrlvdslr uj jÿmdri ajgdfajagis gd eists i gaspisatavis gd rdg ajtdrmdgais, gdcadjgi dxastar lkbÿj md`ljasmi `lplz gd gard`àijlr kis plqudtds ìrrd`tlmdjtd gd uji l itri elstl lk`ljzlr dk gdstaji fajlk . Dstd md`ljasmi gd rutdi ds rdspijslcakaglg gdk pritiìki AX , y ki el`d gd tlk firml qud kis pritiìkis gd kls `lpls supdrairds,

ìmi W@X y TGX, ji tadjdj ìjstljàl lkbujl gdk masmi, kamatìjgisd l prdiùplrsd gd sus rdspd`tavls tlrdls.

4.3. Sdbkls gd dj`lmajlmad dj`lmajlmadjti jti 

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Kls rdbkls gd dj`lmajlmadjti plrl kis dquapis sij sampkds? Pa dk gdstaji gd uj plqudtd gd gltis dstì dj kl masml rdg ki`lk , kis gltis sd djvílj gard`tlmdjtd l ák . Pa dk gdstaji dstì dj itrl rdg , kis gltis sd djvílj l kl gard`àðj qud faburl ìmi pudrtl gd djkl`d (i plslrdkl i bltdwly) dj kl ìjfaburlàðj gd sus ajtdrfl`ds gd rdg .


Xìbajl 01 gd 4<


Dj kis dj`lmajlgirds i riutdrs , kls gdàsaijds gd dj`lmajlmadjti plrl uj plqudtd sd timlj gd kl sabuadjtd mljdrl? Pa dk gdstaji dstì dj ujl rdg ki`lk (l kl qud dstì gard`tlmdjtd ìjd`tlgi dk dj`lmajlgir), dk 

plqudtd gd gltis sd djvíl gard`tlmdjtd l ák l trlvás gd kl ajtdrflz ajga`lgl dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti. 

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Pa dk gdstaji dstì dj itrl rdg , sd sdkd`àijl kl rutl lgdùlgl gd kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti y sd djvíl dk plqudtd lk sabuadjtd jigi qud faburl ìmi ì mi prðxami slkti dj kl rutl . Pa ji dxastd djtrlgl dj kl tlckl plrl dsd gdstaji , dk plqudtd gd gltis sd gds`lrtl y sd djvíl uj mdjslod gd drrir A@MX lk irabdj gdk plqudtd .

4.0. Mátigis gd dj`lmajlmadj dj`lmajlmadjti ti L plrtar gd kl gard`àðj AX gdk gdstaji gd uj plqudtd, ùlkquadr gaspisatavi gd kl rdg (dquapi i dj`lmajlgir) gdcd gdtdrmajlr elàl gðjgd dj`lmajlrki . Pdbÿj `ðmi sd djùdjtrd uj gdtdrmajlgi prdfaoi gdjtri gd uj riutdr , pigdmis gafdrdjàlr djtrd dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti d ajgard`ti . 4.0.<. Dj`lmajlmadjt Dj`lmajlmadjtii gard`ti

Pa kl gard`àðj gd kl rdg gdstaji ds kl masml qud kl gard`àðj gd kl rdg l`tulk (dj`lmajlmadjti l uj gaspisatavi satulgi dj kl masml rdg ki`lk i djtrdbl ajmdgaltl), dk plqudtd sd djtrdblrì l javdk gd djkl`d gd gltis utakazìjgisd dk pritiìki LSX plrl trlguàr kl gard`àðj AX l gard`àðj físa`l (i gard`àðj ML@) . @uljgi uj eist gdcd djvalr gltis l itri, ki pramdri qud el`d ds ìmpriclr sa kl gard`àðj AX gd ástd sd djùdjtrl dj su tlckl LSX, dj ùyi `lsi kis gltlbrlmls kd sij djvalgis gard`tlmdjtd mdgaljtd kl gard`àðj gd su tlrodtl gd rdg, r dg, ìjiàgl ìmi gard`àðj ML@. Dj `lsi gd qud ji ìjiz`l kl masml, djvíl uj u j mdjslod gd pdtaàðj LSX, qud sdrì rdspijgagi pir dk eist gdstaji djvaljgi su gard`àðj ML@, ìj kl qud yl tadjd kis gltis sufaàdjtds plrl kl trljsmasaðj gd kls trlmls. Dk dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti ds ùljgi uj prdfaoi gdtdrmajlgi sd djùdjtrl uca`lgi dj dk pripai riutdr , ds gdàr, dstì ìjd`tlgi l lkbÿj pudrti gdk dquapi . @lrl`tdrísta`ls? 

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Dk jigi fudjtd y dk jigi gdstaji pdrtdjd`dj pdr tdjd`dj l kl masml rdg kðba`l AX. Pd ictadjd gard`tlmdjtd kl gard`àðj ML@ gdk gdstaji, sd dj`lpsukl dk plqudtd dj kl trlml gdk javdk gd djkl`d y sd djvíl. Ji rdquadrd kl ajtdrvdjàðj gdk riutdr. Dodmpki?


Xìbajl 78 gd 4<


4.0.3. Dj`lmajlmadjt Dj`lmajlmadjtii ajgard`ti

Xdri sa dk gdstaji sd djùdjtrl dj ùlkquadr itrl rdg, dk plqudtd sd dj`lmajlrì l trlvás gd kl pudrtl gd djkl`d (i plslrdkl i bltdwly) plrl qud slkbl gd kl rdg ki`lk . Kl plslrdkl, qud rdàcd kis gltis qud sd trljsmatarìj l itrl rdg, tdjgrì qud gdtdrmajlr dk dj`lmajlmadjti qud rdlkazlrì , ds gdàr, dk prðxami jigi qud sdbuarìj kis gltis clsìjgisd dj kl gard`àðj AX gdk gdstaji y dj ujl tlckl ajtdrjl qud ìjtadjd ` ijtadjd kl ajfirmlàðj gd dj`lmajlmadjti . Dk dj`lmajlmadjti ajgard`ti ds ùljgi dk prdfaoi gdstaji ji dstì dj dk riutdr y ely qud dspdàfa`lr gðjgd sd djùdjtrl , dsti sd ìjsdbuarì mdgaljtd djrutlmadjti dstìtaì i gajìmaì. Xir tljti, dk dj`lmajlmadjti ajgard`ti ds mìs ìmpkdoi, yl qud dk eist irabdj el gd agdjtafa`lr lk riutdr lk qud gdcd djtrdblr dk plqudtd , dk pramdr riutdr gdcd agdjtafa`lr ùìk sdrì dk sabuadjtd riutdr lk qud gdcd djvalr dk plqudtd , dsti tlmcaáj sd gdjimajl ìmi ‛sabuadjtd slkti” . @lrl`tdrísta`ls? 

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Dk jigi fudjtd y dk jigi gdstaji dstìj dj rdgds kðba`ls AX gafdrdjtds. Pd kd djvíl dk gltlbrlml lk djrutlgir plrl qud ki elbl kkdblr lk gdstaji. Kl gard`àðj ML@ ictdjagl pir kl fudjtd ds kl gdk riutdr. Kudbi, dk riutdr ictadjd kl gard`àðj ML@ gdk gdstaji plrl mljglr dk plqudtd. @lgl eist ìrrd uj pritiìki gd djrutlmadjti i tadjd uj djrutlgir pir gdfd`ti (ji ds amprdsàjgackd). Dodmpki?


Xìbajl 7< gd 4<


JIWL? Dk eist irabdj lvdrabul sa gdcd rdlkazlr dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti i ji , ds gdàr, sa dk

eist gdstaji dstì ìjd`tlgi i ji gard`tlmdjtd l su rdg físa`l mdgaljtd dk prdfaoi gd rdg. Dk eist irabdj dxtrld dk jÿmdri gd rdg gd kl gard`àðj AX gdk gdstaji y kl ìmplrl ìj dk jÿmdri gd rdg gd su pripal gard`àðj AX . Pa lmcls sd ìrrdspijgdj , sabjafa`l qud sd pudgd utakazlr dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti, saji sd el gd utakazlr dj`lmajlmadjti ajgard`ti.

Dodmpki? Pupijblmis gis rdgds ujagls pir uj riutdr.

Pa dk eist C gd kl rdg L gdsdl djvalr uj plqudtd lk eist E gd kl rdg C, ki pramdri qud elrì sdrì ìmpriclr sa dk eist gd gdstaji lplrd`d dj su tlckl LSX , y sa ji ds lsí, rdlkazl kl ìrrdspijgadjtd pdtaàðj LSX usljgi crilg`lst . @imi E ji pudgd rdspijgdr l kl masml, lk dstlr dj itrl rdg, C gdàgd djvalr kis plqudtds lk riutdr plrl qud ástd sd dj`lrbud gd su gard`àijlmadjti. Kis plqudtds qud kd plsl ìjtadjdj kl gard`àðj AX gd E y kl gard`àðj físa`l g dk riutdr . Kis riutdrs pisddj ujls tlckls gd djrutlmadjti dj kls qud lkml`djlj ajfirmlàðj sicrd dk mdoir `lmaji qud pudgdj sdbuar kis plqudtds plrl kkdblr l su gdstaji . @uljgi kd kkdblj kis plqudtds, dk riutdr gdcd dxtrldr gd dkkis kl gard`àðj gd kl rdg l kl qud pdrtdjd`d E , plrl slcdr l ùìk gd kls rdgds qud ujd gdcd mljglr kis plqudtds. Xlrl dkki, ìbd kl gard`àðj AX gd gdstaji y rdlkazl ìj dkkl y kls mìs`lrls gd rdg gd `lgl ujl gd kls rdgds l kls qud pdrtdjd`d ujl ipdrlàðj LJG kðba`l , ìj ki qud ictdjgrì kl gard`àðj gd kl rdg gdstaji . Xlrl rdlkazlr kl ipdrlàðj LJG, plsl kls gard`àijds AX l firmlti cajlrai .


Xìbajl 73 gd 4<


JIWL? L kl eirl gd gdtdrmajlr kl rdg l kl qud pdrtdjd`d dk gdstaji gdk mdjslod `lcdj gis pisacakaglgds. Xir uj klgi, sd pudgd utakazlr kl mìs`lrl pir gdfd`ti gd kl `klsd l kl qud pdrtdjd`d kl gard`àðj gd dquapi gdstaji> y pir itri klgi, sd pigríl lpka`lr itrl mìs`lrl gafdrdjtd l kl mìs`lrl gd

kl `klsd. Gdpdjgadjgi gd kl ipàðj dkdbagl, dk dj`lmajlmadjti sdrì `klssfukk (ìj `klsd) i `klsskdss (saj `klsd) . Tj dj`lmajlmadjti `klssfukk (i ìj `klsd) ds lqudk qud ji lgmatd kl utakazlàðj gd mìs`lrls gafdrdjtds l kls gd kl pripal `klsd . Madjtrls qud uj dj`lmajlmadjti `klsskdss (i saj `klsd) pudgd utakazlr mìs`lrls gafdrdjtds .

4.7. Wlckl gd dj`lmajlmadj dj`lmajlmadjti ti Wigis kis gaspisatavis gd ujl rdg tadjdj qud timlr gdàsaijds gd dj`lmajlmadjti . Xir dkki, tljti kis dquapis gd usulrai ìmi kis dj`lmajlgirds gdcdj lkml`djlr kl ajfirmlàðj jd`dslral plrl dj`lmajlr kis gltis. Dstl ajfirmlàðj sd rdìbd dj kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti . Kl ajfirmlàðj gd kls rdgds qud sd pudgdj lk`ljzlr gdsgd uj dquapi i uj dj`lmajlgir sd lkml`djl ìmi djtrlgls dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti ìj kls ìkumjls sabuadjtds? Sdg gdstaji (gard`àðj gd rdg). Mìs`lrl (mìs`lrl gd sucrdg). Pabuadjtd slkti (rutl i bltdwly). Ajtdrflz gd slkagl. @istd (jÿmdri gd slktis). Tjl rutl dj kl tlckl sðki ajga`l dk ‛sabuadjtd slkti” , ji aj`kuyd kis plsis i jigis ajtdrmdgais elàl kl rdg gdstaji. Tj dquapi ìjfíl dj su pudrtl gd djkl`d plrl djvalr sus gltis. @lgl riutdr ajtdrmdgai gd ujl rdg ìjfíl dj dk sabuadjtd riutdr (prðxami slkti) plrl qud dj`lmajd ìj làdrti kis plqudtds gd gltis. @uljgi uj plqudtd AX dstì sadjgi dj`lmajlgi gd rdg dj rdg, fajlkmdjtd lk`ljzl uj riutdr qud dstì gard`tlmdjtd ìjd`tlgi l kl rdg gdstaji, djtij`ds sd djvíl dk plqudtd gard`tlmdjtd lk dquapi gdstaji fajlk. Dk djvíi sd rdlkazlrì yl l javdk gd djkl`d gd gltis, pir ki qud sd uslrì kl rdsikuàðj LSX sa ji sd ìji`d su gard`àðj ML@. Dj ujl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti pudgd elcdr trds tr ds tapis gd djtrlgls? Sutls gd slkti. Ajga`lj dk sabuadjtd slkti plrl lk`ljzlr ujl gdtdrmajlgl rdg . Sutls gd eist. Ajga`lj dk sabuadjtd slkti plrl lk`ljzlr uj gaspisatavi ga spisatavi ìj`rdti . Sutls pir imasaðj. Ajga`lj dk sabuadjtd slkti sa jajbujl djtrlgl gd kl tlckl sd ìrrdspijgd ìj kl rdg gdstaji . 

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JIWL? Kl rutl pir gdfd`ti ds kl gard`àðj ìj tigis kis cats l `dri (8.8.8.8), sd ìji`d ìmi gard`àðj gdsìjiàgl y sd usl plrl djvalr plqudtds plrl kis qud ji ely djtrlgl dj kl tlckl gd djrutlmadjti plrl kl rdg gd gdstaji . Kis plqudtds ìj ujl gard`àðj gd rdg gd gdstaji qud ji ìmcajlj

ìj ujl rutl mìs dspd`ífa`l dj kl tlckl gd djrutlmadjti sij djvalgis lk riutdr gdk prðxami slkti lsiàlgis ìj kl rutl pir gdfd`ti. Pa dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti lplrd`d kl rutl pir gdfd`ti, tljti kl gard`àðj gd gdstaji ìmi kl mìs`lrl gd sucrdg sij tigis `dris , ds gdàr, 03 `dris. Xlrl tigls kls rutls qud lplrd`dj dj ujl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti gd uj gaspisatavi, dk sabuadjtd jigi dstì dj ujl rdg gard`tlmdjtd ìjd`tlgl lk jigi . Dj`lrjlàðj Mlríj @lclkkdri

Xìbajl 70 gd 4<


JIWL? Dj kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti ji lplrd`dríl kl ìkumjl ‛Mìs`lrl”, sa kl rdg dstuvadrl

trlcloljgi ìj dj`lmajlmadjti `klssfukk (i ìj `klsd) qud ji pdrmatd kl utakazlàðj gd itrls mìs`lrls gafdrdjtds l kl mìs`lrl pir gdfd`ti gd kl `klsd l kl pdrtdjd`d kl gard`àðj gdk gdstaji. Dstd edèi ji ds elcatulk dj kls rdgds l`tulkds.

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Kis ìmljgis plrl vdr kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti sij? r . Dj uj dquapi Rajgiws? riutd prajt y y jdtstlt ‐ r jr . Dj uj dquapi Kajux? riutd y jdtstlt ‐ jr

4.4. Dodmpkis gd dj`lmajlmad dj`lmajlmadjti jti 4.4.<. Dodmpki <

Glgi dk dsqudml gd rdg gd kl sabuadjtd faburl, kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdk dquapi L y dk dj`lmajlgir ìj jimcrd Siutdr3 sij?

Wlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdk dquapi L? Sdg gdstaji

Mìs`lrl

Pabuadjtd slkti

Ajtdrflz gd slkagl

<3.8.8.8 <73.45.8.8 8.8.8.8 (gdfd`ti)

344.8.8.8 344.344.8.8 8.8.8.8

<3.<.<.< (djtrdbl ajmdgaltl) <3.8.8.< (Siutdr<) <3.8.8.0 (Siutdr3)

<3.<.<.< <3.<.<.< <3.<.<.<

Wlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdk dj`lmajlgir SITWDS 3?


Xìbajl 77 gd 4<


Sdg gdstaji

Mìs`lrl

Pabuadjtd slkti

Ajtdrflz gd slkagl

<4.8.8.8 <3.8.8.8 <73.45.8.8 16.8.8.8

344.8.8.8 344.8.8.8 344.344.8.8 344.344.8.8

<4.8.8.0 (djtrdbl ajmdgaltl) <3.8.8.0 (djtrdbl ajmdgaltl) <3.8.8.< (Siutdr<) <4.8.8.6 (Siutdr0)

<4.8.8.0 <3.8.8.0 <3.8.8.0 <4.8.8.0

4.4.3. Dodmpki 3

Dj kl sabuadjtd faburl, sd prdsdjtl uj dsqudml gd rdg y kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdk riutdr ajga`lgi.

4.4.0. Sdg firmlgl pir trds riutdrs qud dj`lmajlj plqudtds djtrd trds rdgds


Xìbajl 74 gd 4<


Dj dstd dodmpki, kls rdgds <8.8.8.8/37, <<.8.8.8/08 y <3.8.8.8/08 tadjdj dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti dj dk Siutdr L, kls rdgds <0.8.8.8/37 y <<.8.8.8/08 tadjdj dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti dj dk Siutdr C y kls rdgds <4.8.8.8/37 y <3.8.8.8/37 tadjdj dj`lmajlmadjti gard`ti dj dk Siutdr @ . Lgdmìs, dk Siutdr L tadjd gis rutls dstìta`ls (dj`lmajlmadjti ajgard`ti) plrl ìji`dr dk gdstaji gd kls rdgds <0.8.8.8/37 y <4.8.8.8/37 l trlvás gd kis sabuadjtds slktis (i rutls) <<.8.8.3 y <3.8.8.3, rdspd`tavlmdjtd. Gd dstl firml, ìj kl ajfirmlàðj ljtdrair sd sd ìmpijd kl tlckl gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdk riutdr L ìmi lplrd`d dj kl faburl gd lrracl.

4.6. Wapis gd dj`lmajlmadj dj`lmajlmadjti ti 

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Ltdjgadjgi l kl firml dj qud sd `rdlj dstls tlckls , dxastdj gis tapis gd dj`lmajlmadjti? Dj`lmajlmadjti dstìtaì. Dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì.

4.6.<. Dj`lmajlmadjt Dj`lmajlmadjtii dstìtaì

Kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti sd `rdlj gd firml mljulk. Dk lgmajastrlgir gd kl rdg ìjfaburl mljulkmdjtd kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti dj kis riutdrs ìj kl ajfirmlàðj gd `ðmi lk`ljzlr kls gafdrdjtds rdgds rdmitls. Dk lgmajastrlgir ds rdspijslckd gd qud tigls kls rdgds sdlj l``dsackds y gd qud kl ìjfaburlàðj dstá kacrd gd cu`kds d ajìjsastdjàls . @ulkquadr `lmcai dj kl tipikibíl gd kl rdg rdquadrd qud dk lgmajastrlgir lbrdbud i dkamajd kls rutls lfd`tlgls pir gaèis `lmcais.

Dj ujl rdg gd brlj tlmlüi, dk mljtdjamadjti mljulk gd kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti rdquadrd gd muèi tadmpi gd lgmajastrlàðj . Dj rdgds pdqudüls, ìj piìs `lmcais, kls rutls dstìta`ls rdquadrdj muy piì mljtdjamadjti . Vdjtlols? Ji sd ìjsumd ljèi gd cljgl gd kl rdg plrl djvalr mdjslods djtrd riutdrs. Xdrmatdj kl ìjfaburlàðj mljulk gd gd kls tlckls gd djrutlmadjti. 

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Xìbajl 76 gd 4<


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Ji sij jd`dslrais kls `lrbls y kis pri`dsis lsiàlgis

l uj pritiìki gd gdsùcramadjti gd

rutls. Ds fìàk dstlckd`dr clrrdrls gd sdburaglg cloi dstd migdki. Ajìjvdjadjtds?

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Dk mljtdjamadjti ds ìmpka`lgi . Kls tlckls ji pigrìj sdr migafa`lgls dj firml gajìma`l . Kis riutdrs ji pudgdj rddjrutlr ljtd flkkis gd djkl`d . frdjtd l flkkis gd kis djkl`ds. Flktl gd fkdxacakaglg frdjtd

4.6.3. Dj`lmajlmadjt Dj`lmajlmadjtii gajìmaì

Dj dk dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì kl ajfirmlàðj jd`dslral plrl `rdlr y mljtdjdr l`tulkazlgls kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti sd ictadjd gd kis gdmìs riutdrs gd kl rdg . Kis riutdrs utakazlj kis pritiìkis gd dj`lmajlmadjti plrl ajtdr`lmcalr ajfirmlàðj gd sus tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti ìj sus riutdrs vdàjis .

Dk pritiìki gd dj`lmajlmadjti gdfajd dk ìjoujti gd rdbkls y md`ljasmis mdgaljtd kis ùlkds kis riutdrs ajtdr`lmcalj dstl ajfirmlàðj .


Xìbajl 72 gd 4<


Dj dk djrutlmadjti gajìmaì tdjdmis gis pritiìkis? dk pritiìki vd`tir-gastljàl y dk pritiìki dstlgi gdk djkl`d .

Gafdrdjàls djtrd kis pritiìkis Vd`tir-Gastljàl y Dstlgi gdk Djkl`d? Xritiìki Vd`tir-Gastljàl

Xritiìki Dstlgi gdk Djkl`d

Kls gastljàls sij `lkùklgls dj clsd l ki qud kis Tjl vdz ìmpkdti dk mlpl sd utakazl dk lkbiratmi Gaosntrl plrl djìjtrlr kl mdoir rutl. itris kd ùdjtdj. @ijsumd mdjis mdmiral y `lplàglg gd @ijsumd mìs mdmiral y `lplàglg gd pri`dslmadjti gdk riutdr qud dk pritiìki dstlgi pri`dslmadjti gdk riutdr qud dk pritiìki vd`tirgd djkl`d. gastljàl. Kls l`tulkazlàijds gd kls tlckls gd djrutlmadjti Kls l`tulkazlàijds gd kls tlckls gd djrutlmadjti sd el`dj pdraðga`lmdjtd i ùljgi `lmcal kl sij gdsdj`lgdjlgls pir dvdjtis. tipikibíl gd kl rdg. Kis riutdrs djvílj tigl su tlckl gd djrutlmadjti Kis riutdrs djvílj sðki kis `lmcais gd sus tlckls l kis riutdrs vdàjis. gd djrutlmadjti l kis riutdrs vdàjis. Kl ìjvdrbdjàl gd kl rdg gdpdjgd gdk pdríigi ìj Kl ìjvdrbdjàl gd kl rdg ds mìs rìpagl, glgi qud qud sd l`tulkazlj kls tlckls gd djrutlmadjti. ljtd uj `lmcai, ástd sd ljujàl ajmdgaltlmdjtd. Dj kl prì`ta`l, ujl ampkdmdjtlàðj gdk pritiìki vd`tir-gastljàl ds SAX (Siutajb Ajfirmltaij Xritiìk) y ujl ampkdmdjtlàðj gdk pritiìki dstlgi gd djkl`d ds IPXF (Ipdj Peirtdst Xlte Farst) . Pd clslj dj mátra`ls plrl kl sdkd`àðj gd rutls . SAX (Siutajb Ajfirmltaij Xritiìk)? Dspdàfa`lgi dj dk SF@ <845. Pd clsl dj kl fakisifíl gd vd`tir ‐ gastljàl gastljàl. Ttakazl ìmi mátra`l dk ìj`dpti gd slkti (i eip) . Dk jÿmdri mìxami gd slktis pdrmatagis ds <4. Pd l`tulkazl `lgl 08 sdbujgis. 

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ABSX (Ajtdrair Bltwly Siutajb Xritiìk)? i

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Gdslrrikklgi pir @AP@I. gastljàl. Pd clsl dj kl fakisifíl gd vd`tir ‐ gastljàl Ttakazl ujl mdz`kl gd `ratdrais plrl gdtdrmajlr kl mátra`l. Ljèi gd cljgl gdk `ljlk. Sdtlrgis. @lrbl.


Xìbajl 75 gd 4<

Gard`àijlmadjti AX. i

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IPXF (Ipdj Peirtdst Xlte Farst)? i

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Dspdàfa`lgi dj dk SF@ <<0< y dj dk SF@ <372. Pd clsl dj kl fakisifíl gd dstlgi gdk djkl`d . Ttakazl dk ìj`dpti gd ìsti plrl gdtdrmajlr kl mátra`l . Gasdülgi plrl sdr uslgi dj uj ÿjaì sastdml lutðjimi.

DBX (Dxtdrair Bltdwly Xritiìk)? i

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@ijfalcakaglg. Pd l`tulkazl `lgl 18 sdbujgis.

Dspdàfa`lgi dj kis SF@ 532 y SF@ 187. Sutdl dj clsd l kis riutdrs vdàjis . Ji utakazl mátra`l. Kis riutdrs sd ìmuja`lj dk dstlgi gd kis djkl`ds.

CBX (Cirgdr Bltdwly Xritiìk)? i

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i

Dspdàfa`lgi dj kis SF@ <<84, SF@ <<60 y SF@ <362. Ttakazl ìjdxaijds gdk tapi W@X. Sdlkazl mdgagls pdraðga`ls plrl plrl gdtdrmajlr kls mdoirds rutls.

Dk lgmajastrlgir gdcd pijdr dj mlrèl dk dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì . Xdri, gdspuás, kls tlckls gd dj`lmajlmadjti gd kis riutdrs sd loustlj lutimìta`lmdjtd ljtd `lmcais dj kl rdg . Vdjtlols? Dk dj`lmajlmadjti gajìmaì ds mìs fìàk gd mljtdjdr qud qud dj dk dj`lmajlmadjti dstìtaì. Pd clsl dj kl ìmuja`làðj, l trlvás gd crilg`lsts , djtrd kis riutdrs. Xlrl gdsùcrar kls mdoirds rutls kis riutdrs dmpkdlj dk ìj`dpti gd mátra`l. Ji ds jd`dslrai mljtdjdr mljulkmdjtd kls tlckls gd rutls. Dk sastdml sd vudkvd mìs fkdxackd y lutðjimi frdjtd l `lígls gd kis djkl`ds. 

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Ajìjvdjadjtd? 

@ijsumd muèi ljèi gd cljgl dj kis djkl`ds djtrd kis riutdrs ,

ajtdr`lmcalj kis riutdrs plrl ìjfaburlrsd lutimìta`lmdjtd.

gdcagi l kis mdjslods qud sd

4.6.0. Gafdrdjàls djtrd djrutlmadjti dstìtaì y gajìmaì

Djrutlmadjti Dstìtaì


Djrutlmadjti Gajìmaì

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Bdjdrl `lrbl lgmajastrltavl y ìjsumd tadmpi gdk lgmajastrlgir gd rdg dj rdgds brljgds. Dk lgmajastrlgir gdcd ìjfaburlr dk djrutlmadjti dj `lgl riutdr gd kl rdg. Dk riutdr ji ìmplrtd su tlckl gd djrutlmadjti ìj kis riutdrs vdàjis. Kis riutdrs ji tadjdj `lplàglg gd rdl`àðj ljtd uj flkki dj kl rdg.

Ji bdjdrl muèl `lrbl lgmajastrltavl pirqud kis riutdrs lprdjgdj l djrutlrsd gd kis gdmìs riutdrs gd kl rdg. Dk riutdr ìmplrtd su tlckl gd djrutlmadjti ìj kis riutdrs vdàjis. Kis riutdrs tadjdj `lplàglg gd rdl`àðj ljtd uj flkki dj kl rdg.

6. VKLJ VKLJ (Vartulk KLJ, Sdg gd ìrdl ki`lk vartulk) ds uj mátigi plrl `rdlr rdgds kðba`ls

ajgdpdjgadjtds gdjtri gd ujl masml rdg físa`l. Vlrals VKLJs pudgdj ìdxastar dj ujl ÿja`l rdg físa`l. Dstd tapi surbað ìmi rdspudstl l kl jd`dsaglg gd pigdr dstru`turlr kls ìjdxaijds gd dquapis gd uj dgafaài pir mdgai gd siftwlrd, siftwlrd, pdrmatadjgi gavagar uj ìjmutlgir dj vlrais vartulkds . Dfd`tavlmdjtd, kl ìmuja`làðj djtrd kis gafdrdjtds dquapis dj ujl rdg gd ìrdl ki`lk dstì rdbagl pir kl lrquatd`turl físa`l. Brlàls l kls rdgds vartulkds (VKLJs) , ds pisackd kacdrlrsd gd kls kamatlàijds gd kl lrquatd`turl físa`l (kamatlàijds bdibrìfa`ls, kamatlàijds gd gard`àðj, dt`.), yl qud sd gdfajd ujl sdbmdjtlàðj kðba`l clslgl dj dk lbruplmadjti gd dquapis sdbÿj gdtdrmajlgis `ratdrais (gard`àijds ML@, jÿmdris gd pudrtis, pritiìkis, dt`.). Pij ÿtakds plrl rdguàr dk tlmlüi gdk gimajai gd gafusaðj y lyuglj dj kl lgmajastrlàðj gd kl rdg, sdplrljgi sdbmdjtis kðbaìs gd ujl rdg gd ìrdl ki`lk (kis gdplrtlmdjtis gd ujl dmprdsl, pir dodmpki) qud ji gdcdrílj ajtdr`lmcalr gltis usljgi kl rdg ki`lk. Dodmpki? Pd trltl gd pdqudüls rdgds vartulkds (kis gdplrtlmdjtis gd ujl dmprdsl) gdjtri gd ujl rdg gd ìrdl ki`lk (KLJ).


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