PLHT@^_HKMK ^HOM^KJ YMFGM DMOPF[MK K@ M^]PH[@O[P^M X P^NMLH_GJ
Y^J[J[HYJ K@ THTH@LKM NHJOFHGM[HOM T@^LMOPFM YM^M QJLM_ MF[JMLKHLM_ MD@O[MKM_ YJ^ FM_ E@FMKM_ @L GMQJO^PQ, YPLJ _@GHLM^HJ K@ [@OLJFJBÇM Èldmshs `l ojlstruoohÿl KJO@L[@_1 Mrq. Fjr`lm Omstmý`km Hlb. Gmlu`f Yrmkj MFPGLJ_1 @fhzmn`te Omstrj Bhmlomrfj Jfÿrthbm Ajs`fyl Amyj B^PYJ1
B 92
LJTH@GN^@ >9=2 _P^OJ-FHGM
HLKHO@ HL[^JKPOOHJL
……………………………………………………………………………………………...… 0
OMYH[PFJ H1 B@L@^MFHKMK@_ H.= Mfomlo`s
………………………………………………………………………4
………………………….…………………………………………………………………..……4
H.> K`dhlhohÿl k`f Yrjnf`gm
….………………………………………………………………………..4
H.? Jna`thvjs k` fm hlv`sthbmohÿl
…………………………………………………………………………………4
m. Jna`thvjs B`l`rmf`s
…………..…………………………………………………..……………………4
n. Jna`thvjs @sp`oçdhojs
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OMYH[PFJ HH1 GM^OJ [@ß^HOJ
……………………………………………………………………………2
HH.= Yrjph`kmk`s k` fm [jtjrm, _`bñl Auml Ehkmfbj Ojrk`rj…………………………………………………..…2 HH.> [jtjrm gmt`rhmf k` ojlstruoohÿl
………………………....………………………………….……2
HH.? Mlífhshs thpjfÿbhoj k` vhvh`lkm mfpmqu`rm mftjmlkhlm `l Yulj-Y`rñ Yulj-Y`rñ y prjpu`stm k` gjk`fj phfjtj k` vhvh`lkm. Omsj k` `stukhj `stukhj k` fm ojgulhkmk k` Oejrjgm `l `f khstrhtj k` _mltm Fuoçm. Gmbmfy k`f Yhfmr Bmyjsj y Jrfmlkj Omrfjs Ymoe`oj (>9=;) ……………………………..…………………………………………….2 OMYH[PFJ HHH1 GM^OJ OJLO@Y[PMF HHH.= E`fmkms
………………………..….………………………………………… 8
…………………………………………………………........ …………………………………… 8
HHH.> Mutjojlstruoohÿl
……………………………………..….………………………………………=9
HHH.? Mrquht`oturm v`rlíoufm
………………………………………………………………………….…=9
HHH.; Thvh`lkm nhjofhgíthom
…………………………………………………………………………………...==
HHH.0 Ojldjrt tèrghoj
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HHH.4 @strmt`bhms k` khs`ýj `l Ofhgms drçjs
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OMYH[PFJ HT1 MLÍFH_H_ X KHMBLJ_[HOJ K@ YPLJ HT.= Tmrhmnf` b`jbrídhom
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HT.> Tmrhmnf` sjohj ‟ oufturmf HT.? Tmrhmnf` Ofhgíthom
……………………………………………………..………………………=; ………………………………………………..……………………………………….=0
HT.; Tmrhmnf` @ojlÿghom HT.0 Khmbljsthoj
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OMYH[PFJ T1 KH_[^H[J YJNFMKJ1 GMQJO^PQ T.= Fjomfhzmohÿl
T.> [`rrhtjrhj T.? Ofhgm
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T.; Ojldhburmohÿl @spmohmf ‟ Thmf
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T.0 Jrk`lmgh`ltj [`rrhtjrhmf ‟ Psjs k` _u`fj T.4 Yjnfmohÿl
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T.2 [hpjfjbçm k` Thvh`lkm
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OMYH[PFJ TH1 GM[@^HMFHKMK TH.= FM [J[J^M
………………………………………………………………………>4 ……………………………………..………………………………………………………..>4
Omrmot`rçsthoms [èolhoms
………………………………………………………………………………..>4
Yrjph`kmk`s Mhsfmlt`s
…………………………………………….………………………………..…>2
Psjs y Mpfhomohjl`s
........................ …………………………………….………………………….>2
Ymrm gurjs
..................... …………………………………….………………………… .>2
Ymrm ounh`rtms
............................... …………………………………….………………………….>5
Jtrjs usjs
.......................... …………………………………….………………………….>8
T`ltmams y K`sv`ltmams TH.> @F MKJN@
……………….………………………………………………….……………>8 …………………………………………………………………………………………….?9
Mpfhomohÿl `l gurjs
……...……………………………………….………………………….?=
Mpfhomohÿl `l t`oejs
……….…………………………………………..………………………….?>
^`ojg`lkmohjl`s
………………………………………………….………………………....>8
Mpfhomohÿl k` ^`v`sthgh`ltjs
……………………………………………….…………………...??
T`ltmams
…………………………………………………….………………………..…?;
K`sv`ltmams
…………………………………………………….………………………..…?;
TH.? @F HOEP
……………………………………………………………………….………………………………………?0
Jrhb`l
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Psjs y Mpfhomohjl`s
….………………………………………….………………………......?4
OMYH[PFJ THH1 Y^JX@O[J
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THH.= _JFPOHJL@_ OJGYF@G@L[M^HM_ Nhjkhb`stjr`s Nmýj _`oj
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……………………………………………………………………………………?5 …………………………………………………………..…………………………..…….?8
Ojohlm G`ajrmkm THH.> M^]PH[@O[P^M Yrjbrmgmohÿl mrquht`otÿlhom
…………………………………………..………………………………...;= …………………………………………………………….…………….;? ……………………………………………………..………….…;? ……………………………………………………….; ?
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THH.? _H_[@GM HL[@B^MF K@ B@_[HJL K@ Y^JX@O[J THH.; ^@D@^@L[@_ OJLOFP_HJL@_ NHNFHJB^MDHM
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………………………………………………………………… ..…………………………..09 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 0=
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HL[^JKPOOHßL
Ejy `l kçm `stmgjs `stmgjs `ldr`ltílkjljs m fms ojls`ou`lohms ojls`ou`lohms k`f omgnhj ofhgíthoj `l `f gulkj, y `l `f Y`rñ s` shbu` t`lh`lkj t`lh`lkj ul khs`ýj k` vhvh`lkm ojgñl ym s` `l gmt`rhmfhkmk y prjo`sjs ojlstruothvjs. [jgmgjs ojgj ehpÿt`shs ouíf `s `f prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm qu` s` k`n`rçm usmr `l omkm r`bhÿl k`f pmçs ym qu` ljs `lojltrmgjs `l ul fubmr k` khv`rshkmk k` ofhgms, y `l `st` omsj ljs `ldjomr`gjs mf ofhgm drhj k`f mfthpfmlj p`rumlj. p`rumlj. @s `ltjlo`s kjlk` ljs unhomr`gjs `l `f k`pmrtmg`ltj k` Yulj, `sp`oçdhomg`lt` `sp`oçdhomg`lt` `l Gmzjoruz, khstrhtj k` k` _mltm ^jsm, Ojffmj. _h`lkj `st` o`ltrj pjnfmkj `f gís drhj k` tjkj `f pmçs kurmlt` fjs g`s`s k` hlvh`rlj. @s msç qu` ff`bmgjs m ul prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm r`spjlkh`lkj m fms l`o`shkmk`s k`f k`f usumrhj.
0
OMYH[PFJ H1 B@L@^MFHKMK@_
H.=. MFOMLO@_ Lu`strjs prjnf`gíthom ljs ff`vm m tjgmr ulm s`rh` k` sjfuohjl`s nhjofhgíthoms ojgj fm mutjojlstruoohÿl k` vhvh`lkms ojl gmt`rhmf`s gmt`rhmf`s prjphjs k`f t`rrhtjrhj y fm moo`shnhfhkmk moo`shnhfhkmk tmltj `ojlÿghom ojgj b`jbrídhom y mprjv`oemr mprjv`oemr pmrm `ldr`ltmr `ldr`ltmr fms èpjoms k` e`fmkm k`f o`ltrj pjnfmkj Gmzjoruz `l `f khstrhtj k` _mltm ^jsm unhomkm `l fm prjvhlohm k`f Ojffmj. Lu`strm hlv`sthbmohÿl hlv`sthbmohÿl s` ff`vmrm momnj tjkj tjkj `f ohofj r`bufmr k`f >9=2-> k` fm Plhv`rshkmk ^homrkj Ymfgm. [jgmlkj `l `l ou`ltm kmtjs k`f mýj >992 s`bñl `f `f HL@H ` hldjrgmohÿl k` t`shs, t`xtjs t`xtjs nhnfhjbrídhojs `ltr` fjs mýjs >999->9=4. @stj s`rí ul pultj k` k` pmrthkm pmrm duturms hlv`sthbmohjl`s hlv`sthbmohjl`s mf o`ltrj pjnfmkj k` Gmzjoruz `l sus khv`rsjs t`gms ojgj vhvh`lkm, pjnfmohÿl, s`otjr p`oumrhj
H.>. K@DHLHOHJL K@F Y^JNF@GM @l `f Y`rñ, ul tjtmf k` 4 ghffjl`s 0== ghf emnhtmlt`s (s`bñl HLK@OH, >995), sjl sjg`thkjs m ojlkhohjl`s ofhgíthoms drçms `xtr`gms `xtr`gms `l fm zjlm sur, o`ltrj y jrh`lt` k`f pmçs3 `sp`oçdhomg`lt` `l fjs k`pmrtmg`ltjs k`pmrtmg`ltjs k` Mr`quhpm, Mymouoej, Omamgmrom, Mlomse y Mpurçgmo, Ousoj, Eumlomv`fhom, Euíluoj, Aulçl, Fm Fhn`rtmk, Gjqu`bum, Ymsoj, Yulj y [molm (tjkjs sjnr` fjs ? 999 g.s.l.g.). K` fj g`lohjlmkj mlt`rhjrg`lt`, mlt`rhjrg`lt`, `s ofmrj qu` fms ojls`ou`lohms k` fms ojlkhohjl`s ofhgíthoms k` drçj hlt`lsj sjnr` `f pjnfmkjr mftj mlkhlj mlkhlj sjl guy p`raukhohmf`s y `l `f p`jr k` fjs omsjs pu`k`l ff`bmr m s`r s`r gjrtmf`s. [mgnhèl `s `vhk`lt` `vhk`lt` qu` fm rmzÿl k` fm vufl`rmnhfhkmk m khoems ojlkhohjl`s ofhgíthoms mnmrom níshomg`lt` > pultjs1
Fm mfhg`ltmohÿl y v`sthg`ltm
Fms k`dhoh`lt`s ojlkhohjl`s k` fms vhvh`lkms.
H.?. JNA@[HTJ_ B@L@^MF@_ K`smrrjffmr ul prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm mutj sjst`lhnf` pmrm g`ajrmr fm omfh kmk k` vhkm k` fjs emnhtmlt`s, ojgj r`spu`stm m fms èpjoms k` e`fmkm `l `f o`ltrj k` Gmzjoruz.
M. JNA@[HTJ_ @_Y@OHDHOJ_
Mlmfhzmr `f `ltjrlj urnmlj k`f o`ltrj pjnfmkj ^`ojljo`r fm shtumohÿl ofhgíthom k` fm zjlm @stukhmr k` fm thpjfjbçm k` vhvh`lkm k` fm zjlm Mkjptmr ul ghorjofhgm `l `f prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm `l fm ohukmk k` Gmzjoruz pmrm `f nh`l`stmr k`f usumrhj.
4
OMYH[PFJ HH1 GM^OJ [@J^HOJ
HH.=. Y^JYH@KMK@_ K@ FM [J[J^M F`ykm Mzm G`khlm, >9=2 ‖Plm pmrt` hgpjrtmlt` k`f hgpmotj mgnh`ltmf b`l`rmkj pjr fms mothvhkmk`s eugmlms s` k`n` m
fm `xtrmoohÿl y usj k` gmt`rhmf`s pmrm fm ojlstruoohÿl, dr`lt` m `st` prjnf`gm `xhst` fm l`o`shkmk k` k`smrrjffmr k`smrrjffmr lu`vms mft`rlmthvms y s` `xp`rhg`ltm ul omgnhj emohm fm ojlstruoohÿl sjst`lhnf`3 `f `gpf`j k` gmt`rhmf`s k` jrhb`l lmturmf `s ulm jpjrtulhkmk jpjrtulhkmk pmrm r`kuohr shblhdhomthvmg`lt` fjs `d`orjs `d`orjs l`bmthvjs k` fm dmnrhomohÿl k` fjs gmt`rhmf`s, `l pmrthoufmr k` fjs prjkuotjs k`rhvmkjs k`f p`trÿf`j, ojgj sjl fms `ghshjl`s k` `d`otj hlv`rlmk`rj (Oj>), `f j, `ltr` jtrjs.‗ ojlsugj k` `l`rbçm. X fm fhn`rmohÿl k` tÿxhojs mf g`kh j,
[mf y ojgj lmrrm fm mutjrm, ejy `l kçm `s l`o`smrhj fm f m nñsqu`km k` lu`vjs r`oursjs qu` `oj mghbmnf`s, pu`s `stmgjs `ldr`ltmlkj `l `stjs th`gpjs ojltrm `f omf`ltmgh`ltj bfjnmf. X `s pjr `sj qu` `stukhm fm tjtjrm y sus prjph`kmk`s mhsfmlt`s, ojljoh`lkj gís sus pjshnhfhkmk`s ojgj usj k` gmt`rhmf gmt`rhmf pmrm ojlstruoohÿl.
HH.>. [J[J^M GM[@^HMF K@ OJL_[^POOHßL Auml Ehkmfbj Ojrk`rj, >992 ‖_` em k`gjstrmkj qu` fm tjtjrm `s ul gmt`rhmf mñl pjr `xpfjtmr y `l lu`strj pmçs `xhst` ul
brml pjt`lohmf pmrm su prjkuoohÿl. Fm tjtjrm, tjtjrm, ojgj e`gjs vhstj, pu`k` s`r ouftuvmkm `l fm gmtjrhm k` zjlms ofhgíthoms3 ofhgíthoms3 `xhst`l ojgulhkmk`s qu` kjghlml kjghlml `f trmnmaj ojl `st` gmt`rhmf3 gmt`rhmf3 su th`gpj k` r`ljvmohÿl r`ljvmohÿl `s guy ojrtj, `to, pjr fj qu` fms lu`vms jpohjl`s jpohjl`s k` mpfhomohÿl, qu` s` prjpjl`l `l `stm `stm hlv`sthbmohÿl sjl tjtmfg`lt` dmothnf`s dmothnf`s k` k`smrrjffmr `l lu`strj g`khj, ojl lu`strjs prjkuotjs, lu`strjs tèolhojs y mrt`smljs.‗
@f trmnmaj k` hlv`sthbmohÿl `stukhm y mlmfhzm y emo` pru`nms ojl pml`f`rçm e`oems k` tjtjrm. tj tjrm. Ymrm g`ajr ojljohgh`ltj k` fm tjtjrm vhshtÿ fm hsfm k` fjs Prjs, Yulj, ojgulhkmk `l kjlk` uthfhzml fm tjtjrm pmrm sus vhvh`lkms.
HH.?. MLMFH_H_ [HYJFJBHOJ K@ THTH@LKM MFYM]P@^M MF[JMLKHLM MF[JMLKHLM @L YPLJ- Y@^Ñ X Y^JYP@_[M K@ GJK@FJ YHFJ[J K@ THTH@LKM. OM_J @_[PKHJ K@ FM OJGPLHKMK K@ OEJ^JGM @L @F KH_[^H[J K@ _ML[M FPOHM. Gmbmfy k`f Yhfmr Bmyjsj y Jrfmlkj Omrfjs Ymoe`oj, >9=; ‖ _h`lkj _h`lkj `f Y`rñ ulj k` fjs f js pmçs`s ojl gmyjr vufl`rmnhfhkmk mf omgnhj ofhgíthoj pjr lu`strm unhomohÿl b`jbrídhom, ulm hlt`rv`lohÿl mrquht`otÿlhom `l `st` `so`lmrhj k`nh`rm `stmr sust`ltmkm `l r`shfh`lohm, qu` vm m hgpfhomr `f gçlhgj k` r`oursjs y fm gmyjr `dhoh`lohm k` `ffjs, ym qu` oumltj gís mutírquhoj y g`ljs g `ljs k`p`lkh`lt` k` fjs r`oursjs k` du`rm, gmyjr`s sjl f ms ompmohkmk`s k` sjnr`vhvhr `l ulm shtumohÿl k` orhshs, s` pu`k` p`lsmr `l ulm mutjojlstruoohÿl mshsthkm ojl gmt`rhmf`s fjomf`s kjlk` s` vmfhk`l fms `strmt`bhms motumf`s y s` ojgpf`g`lt`l
2
ojl orht`rhjs tèolhojs, `ojlÿghojs, t`oljfÿbhojs, `ltr` jtrjs, pmrm prjgjv`r fm ojlthluhkmk oufturmf y fm hlt`brmohÿl k` fm mrquht`oturm ojl `f ojlt`xtj. ‗
Fm t`shs mlmfhzm vmrhms vhvh`lkms y l`o`shkmk`s k` fjs pjnfmkjr`s k` f m ojgulhkmk k` Oejrjgm, jnt`lh`lkj msç ulm rhqu`zm k` hlv`sthbmohÿl ojl `f qu` s` pjkrçm trmnmamr t`lh`lkj `st` trmnmaj ojgj nms`. @f prhlohpmf prjnf`gm1 fms e`fmkms.
5
OMYH[PFJ HHH1 GM^OJ OJLO@Y[PMF
HHH.=. E@FMKM_ Fms e`fmkms e`fmkms s` omrmot`rhzml pjr fm khsghluohÿl mnruptm mnruptm k` fms t`gp`rmturms `l fms zjlms mftjmlkhlms prhlohpmfg`lt` prhlohpmfg`lt` `l fms r`bhjl`s k` Mr`quhpm, Yulj, Ousoj, Gjqu`bum y [molm. _` prjkuo`l k`nhkj mf hlbr`sj k` gmsms k` mhr` drçj y s`oj m brml mfthtuk qu` r`kuo` fm lunjshkmk, hgphkh`lkj fm ojlo`ltrmohÿl ojlo`ltrmohÿl k` omfjr y fm r`bufmohÿl k` fm t`gp`rmturm t`gp`rmturm mgnh`ltmf. _u kurmohÿl s` `xth`lk` `xth`lk` k`sk` mnrhf emstm s`pth`gnr`, pr`vhj mf hlhohj k` fm t`gpjrmkm t`gpjrmkm k` ffuvhms. Fms Fms t`gp`rmturms gís nmams s` r`bhstrml `l fms zjlms k` gmyjr mfthtuk. mfthtuk. @f mýj mýj pmsmkj `f k`so`lsj gís prjlulohmkj mfomlzÿ fjs >9 brmkjs nmaj o`rj.
Fms e`fmkms lj sjfj md`otm m fjs pjnfmkjr`s, fjs mlhgmf`s tmgnhèl sudr`l ojls`ou`lohms emstm gjrtmf`s.
8
HHH.> MP[JOJL_[^POOHßL MP[JOJL_[^POOHßL Emstm pjojs mýjs mtrís ojl ‘mutjojlstruoohÿl‘ s` `lt`lkçm ul prjo`sj ojlstruothvj g`khmlt` `f
oumf, ulm dmghfhm y mulqu` ym s`m sjfm j `l ojjrkhlmohÿl ojl sus v`ohljs s` mnjoml m ojlstruhr su prjphm vhvh`lkm, mvmlzmlkj `l fm g`khkm `l qu` vml prjbr`shvmg`lt` khspjlh`lkj k` r`oursjs. Mejrm s` pr`dh`r` emo`r ulm khsthlohÿl. Oumlkj sjl fjs duturjs usumrhjs fjs qu` r`mfhzml su prjphm omsm, fm gjthvmohÿl gís dr`ou`lt` `s fm dmftm k` khl`rj3 y oumlkj sjl s jl fjs prjy`othstms, fjs hlv`sthbmkjr`s j fjs `stukhmlt`s fjs qu` gmt`rhmfhzml sus prjphms hk`ms, pmrthohpmlkj khr`otmg`lt` `l fm ojlstruoohÿl, fm hlquh`tuk o`ltrmf `s b`l`rmfg`lt` fm `xp`rhg`ltmohÿl k` gètjkjs ` hlstrug`ltjs hlljvmkjr`s.
Mutjojlstruoohjl omsj omsj Oehf`.
HHH.?. M^]PH[@O[P^M T@^LÍOPFM @s mqu`ffm qu` qu` s` ojlsthtuy` ojlsthtuy` ojgj k` trmkhohÿl r`bhjlmf gís mutèlthom. mutèlthom. @stm mrquht`oturm lmohÿ `ltr` fjs pu`nfjs mutÿotjljs k` omkm r`bhÿl, ojgj ulm r`spu`stm m sus l`o`shkmk`s k` eínhtmt. eínhtmt. Fj qu` emo` khd`r`lt` m `stms `khdhomohjl`s `khdhomohjl`s k` jtrms, `s qu` fms sjfuohjl`s mkjptmkms mkjptmkms sjl ul `a`gpfj k` mkmptmohÿl mf g`khj, `stíl r`mfhzmkm pjr `f `f ghsgj usumrhj, mpjymkj mpjymkj `l fm ojgulhkmk y `f ojljohgh`ltj k` shst`gms ojlstruothvjs ojlstruothvjs e`r`kmkjs mlo`strmfg`lt`. Drmlc Ffjyk Rrhbet fm k`sorhn` ojgj ‖`khdhohj
djfofÿrhoj or`oh`lkj `l r`spu`stm m fms
l`o`shkmk`s r`mf`s, r`mf`s, maustmkj mf `ltjrlj pjr pjr p`rsjlms qu` ojljoçml g`ajr qu` lmkh` fj qu` `lomam y ojl ul s`lthgh`ltj pmtrhj‗.
Mrquht`oturm T`rlíoufm `l [mnmsoj, Gèxhoj.
=9
Mrquht`oturm T`rlíoufm `l Mr`quhpm.
HHH.;. THTH@LKM NHJOFHGÍ[HOM Fm mrquht`oturm mrquht`oturm nhjofhgíthom ojlshst` `l `f khs`ýj k` `khdhohjs `khdhohjs t`lh`lkj `l ou`ltm fms ojlkhohjl`s ofhgíthoms, ofhgíthoms, mprjv`oemlkj fjs r`oursjs khspjlhnf`s (sjf, v`b`tmohÿl, ffuvhm, vh`ltjs) pmrm khsghluhrfjs hgpmotjs mgnh`ltmf`s, mgnh`ltmf`s, hlt`ltmlkj r`kuohr fjs ojlsugjs k` `l`rbçm. Fm mrquht`oturm nhjofhgíthom `stí çlthgmg`lt` fhbmkm m fm ojlstruoohÿl `ojfÿbhom, qu` s` r`dh`r` m fms `struoturms j prjo`sjs k` k` ojlstruoohÿl qu` s`ml r`spjlsmnf`s ojl `f `f g`khjmgnh`lt` y joupml r`oursjs r`oursjs k` gml`rm gml`rm `dhoh`lt` kurmlt` tjkj tjkj `f th`gpj k` vhkm k` ulm ojlstruoohÿl.
Fm vhvh`lkm nhjofhgíthoj mprjv`oem fjs r`oursjs lmturmf`s.
==
HHH.0. OJLDJ^[ [È^GHOJ Fm k`dhlhohÿl k`f ojldjrt tèrghoj ljs r`dh`r` `f nh`l`stmr dçshoj y k` ojgjkhkmk k` ul hlkhvhkuj oumlkj fms ojlkhohjl`s k`f mgnh`lt` ojgj fm t`gp`rmturm, t`gp`rmturm, fm eug`kmk y `f gjvhgh`ltj k`f k`f mhr` sjl dmvjrmnf`s. dmvjrmnf`s. _` em k`t`rghlmkj qu` fm gmyjrçm k` fms p`rsjlms p`rsjlms s` sh`lt` ojldjrtmnf` oumlkj fm t`gp`rmturm t`gp`rmturm jsohfm `ltr` >=± O y >4± O, y fm eug`kmk r`fmthvm `ltr` `ltr` ?9% y 29%. @f `quhfhnrhj s` fjbrm `l pr`s`lohm k` `f`g`ltjs y dmotjr`s khv`rsjs ojgj fm t`gp`rmturm k`f mhr`, fm t`gp`rmturm k` fms sup`rdhoh`s ohroulkmlt`s, ohroulkmlt`s, fm prjkuoohÿl k` omfjr, omfjr, `f `d`otj `d`otj k` mhsfmgh`ltj k` fm rjpm, `to.
HHH.4. @_[^M[@BHJ_ K@ KH_@ÝJ K`ljghlmkms pjr jtrjs mutjr`s ojgj pmutms k` khs`ýj hgpf`g`ltmkms m fm mrquht`oturm nhjofhgíthom y fm mrquht`oturm sust`ltmnf`. @stms `strmt`bhms lj sjl k` usj b`l`rmf y k`n`l mk`oumrs` m omkm ojlkhohÿl y shthj pmrthoufmr kjlk` s` k`s`` ojlstruhr j khs`ýmr ul `khdhohj nhjofhgíthoj.
Omf`ltmgh`ltj @ldrhmgh`ltj Eughkhdhomohÿl Hl`rohm tèrghom Gmshdhomohÿl T`lthfmohÿl lmturmf
=>
OMYH[PFJ HT1 MLÍFH_H_ X KHMBLJ_[HOJ K@ YPLJ
HT.=. TM^HMNF@ B@JB^MDHOM M. PNHOMOHßL B@JB^MDHOM
_PY@^DHOH@1
44 882 cg¾
MF[H[PK1
`ltr` fjs ?,5=> y 0,099 gslg
_u omphtmf `s `s Yulj. @stí unhomkj unhomkj mf sur k`f pmçs, fhghtmlkj mf ljrt` ojl Gmkr` k` Khjs, mf `st` ojl Njfhvhm y `f fmbj [hthomom, mf sur ojl [molm, mf mf surj`st` ojl Gjqu`bum y mf j`st` ojl Mr`quhpm y Ouzoj.
N. [JYJB^MDÇM
=?
HT.>. TM^HMNF@ _JOHJ-OPF[P^MF M. K@GJB^MDÇM Fm pjnfmohÿl k`f k`pmrtmg`ltj k`pmrtmg`ltj k` Yulj pmsÿ k` = 928 5;8 `l =88? m = >45 ;;= `l `f >9923 mug`ltmlkj `l =55 08> emnhtmlt`s `l =; mýjs.
Du`lt` HL@H, O`lsjs lmohjlmf`s
09% rurmf y 09% urnmlm. _` pu`k` ljtmr qu` fm pjnfmohÿl urnmlm mug`ltj k`sk` `f 8?.
P^NMLJ
^P^MF
N. GMLHD@_[MOHJL@_ ^@FHBHJ_M_ X OPF[P^MF^@_ @l fm r`bhÿl Yulj omkm ojgulhkmk, khstrhtj khstrhtj y prjvhlohm f` rhlk` ejg`lma`s m sus smltjs pmtrjljs, e`r`kmkjs e`r`kmkjs k`sk` fm èpjom k`f Thrr`hlmtj k`f Y`rñ3 p`rj qu` trm` trm` ojlshbj mk`gís rhtjs mlo`strmf`s prjphjs k` fms oufturms qu`oeum y mhgmrm, mhgmrm, r`fmohjlmkjs mf ouftj m fm pmoemgmgm (gmkr` th`rrm), th`rrm), fm gmgm oojtm (fmbj ththomom), fjs mpus (o`rrjs tut`fmr`s tut`fmr`s `l omkm pu`nfj), `stmohjl`s lmturmf`s, lmturmf`s, `to. @l sugm sugm s` dulk`l fm or``lohm omtÿfhom.
=;
Dh`stm k` fm omlk`fmrhm
K`ofmrmkm Ymtrhgjlhj Oufturmf Hlgmt`rhmf k` fm Eugmlhkmk pjr fm Pl`soj. ^`pr`s`ltm fm gís brmlk` gmlhd`stmohÿ l, oufturmf, gushomf, kmloçsthom kmloçsthom y r`fhbhjsm k`f Y`rñ y Mgèrhom, pjr fm omlthkmk k` sçgnjfjs y gmlhd`stmohjl`s gmlhd`stmohjl`s mrtçsthojoufturmf`s prjphms prjphms k` fms oufturms qu`oeum, mhgmrm y g`sthzm , s` r`mfhzm `l `f g`s k` d`nr`rj k` omkm mýj.
Dh`stm k` fm omlk`fmrhm
@s ulm o`f`nrmohÿl `l ejljr m _ml Drmlohsoj k` Njram qu` th`l` fubmr omkm =9 k` Jotunr` `l fm ohukmk k` Xulbuyj (r`bhÿl Yulj) `l Y`rñ. @st` ojgpf`aj d`sthvj du` k`ofmrmkj "Ymtrhgjlhj Oufturmf k` fm Lmohÿl" Lmohÿl" k`f Y`rñ `f 4 k` aulhj k` >9== pjr pjr `f Ghlhst`rhj k` Oufturm k`f Y`rñ, pjr r`pr`s`ltmr ulm k` fms ojstugnr`s k` fm lmohÿl mygmrm gís gís hgpjrtmlt`s hgpjrtmlt`s `l `f Y`rñ.
HT.?. TM^HMNF@ OFHGÍ[HOM
M. OFHGM @f ofhgm k` Yulj `s drçj, gjk`rmkmg`lt` gjk`rmkmg`lt` ffuvhjsj y ojl mgpfhtuk tèrghom gjk`rmkm. Fm g`khm mlumf mlumf k` t`gp`rmturm gíxhgm y gçlhgm (p`rhjkj (p`rhjkj =849-=884) `s =;.;¹O y >.2¹O, r`sp`othvmg`lt`. Fm pr`ohphtmohÿl g`khm mougufmkm mlumf pmrm `f p`rhjkj =84;-=859 `s 29?.= gg. Gjk`fjs gufthmlumf`s k` t`gp`rmturms gíxhgms y gçlhgms.
=0
Gjk`fjs hmlumf`s k` pr`ohphtmohÿl pr`ohphtmohÿl mougufmkm g`lsumf
HT.;. TM^HMNF@ @OJLßGHOM
Fm r`bhÿl ojlo`ltrm brml pmrt` k` su YNH `l `f s`otjr prhgmrhj, ffíg`ls` mothvhkmk`s `xtrmothvms ojgj Fm ghl`rçm, bmlmk`rçm, mbrhoufturm, mbrhoufturm, `stm ñfthgm sjnr` tjkj tjkj th`l` sunshst`lohm `l fms ír`ms ír`ms ojl g`ljs moo`shnhfhkmk y ojl g`ljr çlkho` k` k`smrrjffj eugmlj, `s `s `f prhg`r prjkuotjr lmohjlmf k`1 `stmýj, dhnrm k` mfpmom, pmpms, pmpms, omrl` k` jvhlj, fmlm, quhlum, r`pr`s`ltmlkj `l fm gmyjrçm k` fjs omsjs gís k`f ;9% k` fm prjkuoohÿl tjtmf k`f pmçs. pmçs.
Yulj k`khomkj mf s`otjr mbrjp`oumrhj
=4
Fm Yjnfmohÿl @ojlÿghomg`lt` Mothvm (Y@M) `s k` mprjxhgmkmg`lt` mprjxhgmkmg`lt` 2;8,0 ghf`s, `xhst` ulm tmsm k` k`s`gpf`j k` =,8%, y ulm Yjnfmohÿl @ojlÿghomg`lt` Hlmothvm k` =4?.9 ghf`s p`rsjlms tjkj `stj s`bñl kmtjs k`f HL@H pmrm `f `f mýj >998. K`f K`f tjtmf k` k` fm Y@M `f ;8.0% p`rt`l`o` mf s`otjr prhgmrhj (mothvhkmk`s `xtrmothvms), `f =;,;% m `f ojg`rohj, 5,=% m fm gmludmoturm, 4,2% m trmlspjrt` y ojgulhomohjl`s, ?% m fm ojlstruoohÿl, =5,?% m jtrjs s`rvhohjs. @l fm r`bhÿl r`bhÿl Yulj, s`bñl `f ñfthgj o`lsj @ojlÿghoj k`f HL@H `xhst` `xhst` ul tjtmf k` ?2 44? `stmnf`ohgh`ltjs ojg`rohmf`s, ojg`rohmf`s, k` fjs oumf`s `f ;=% s` emffm `l fm prjvhlohm k` _ml ^jgíl, `f >>,4% `l fm prjvhlohm k` Yulj, y `f pjro`ltma` r`stmlt` r`stmlt` `s khvhkhkj `ltr` fms k`gís prjvhlohms k` fm r`bhÿl. @f YNH k` fm ^`bhÿl Yulj `s pmrm `f mýj >998 k` ?20;,? ghf ghffjl`s k` lu`vjs sjf`s.
=2
HT. 0. KHMBLß_[HOJ
Fms ojlkhohjl`s ofhgíthoms tml drçms k` Yulj b`l`rml qu` fms vhvh`lkms t`lbml mgnh`lt`s drçjs. @stm shtumohÿl s` mbrmvm `l fm fjomfhkmk k` Gmzjoruz, kjlk` s` r`bhstrm fm t`gp`rmturm gís nmam k`f k`pmrtmg`ltj. Fjs omgnhjs k` t`gp`rmturm `ltr` `f kçm y fm f m ljoe` su`f`l s`r rmkhomf`s. Fm khd`r`lohm pu`k` ff`bmr m s`r k` emstm ?9 brmkjs `l sjfj kjo` ejrms (->9¹O /+=9¹O). [mgnhèl sjl ojgul`s ojgul`s fjs vh`ltjs bèfhkjs prjv`lh`lt`s prjv`lh`lt`s k` fjs bfmohmr`s, y d`lÿg`ljs ojgj brmlhzmkms, e`fmkms y `xtr`gm rmkhmohÿl sjfmr. Fms `f`vmkms t`gp`rmturms p`rght` fms `ld`rg`kmk`s `l hldmlt`s y gu`rt` k` emstm bmlmkjs `lt`rjs. @l fjs ñfthgjs mýjs fjs t`oejs eml eml hkj sh`lkj r``gpfmzmkjs pjr omfmghlms y `sj `s fj qu` emo` m fms vhvh`lkms tml tml pjoj mkmptmkms mf fubmr y pjoj ojldjrtmnf`s. ojldjrtmnf`s. Ojl `s` thpj k` t`oej s` b`l`rm gís drçj qu` `l `f `f `xt`rhjr k` fm vhvh`lkm. _` ojljo` qu` hlofusj s` ff`bm m t`gp`rmturms nmaj o`rj k`ltrj k` fm vhvh`lkm.
=5
OMYH[PFJ T1 KH_[^H[J YJNFMKJ1 GMQJO^PQ
T.=. FJOMFHQMOHßL
Gmpm k`pmrtmg`ltmf k`pmrtmg`ltmf k` Yulj
M. OM^MO[@^Ç_[HOM_ B@JB^ÍDHOM_ Ojjrk`lmkms =4¹;;‘?>‗ Fmthtuk _ur y 48¹;>‘08‗ Fjlbhtuk J`st`, J`st`, m ulm mfturm k` ?85?
gslg. Gmzjoruz `s ul t`rrhtjrhj mhsfmkm t`rrhtjrhmfg`lt`. _htumkj `ltr` fjs pu`nfjs k` Ojlkuhrh y Ompmzj, p`rt`l`o` mf khstrhtj k` _mltm ^jsm, Yrjvhlohm k` @f Ojffmj, ^`bhÿl k` Yulj, Y`rñ. @F t`rrhtjrhj s` `xth`lk` `l `l ul pírmgj ojrkhff`rmlj k` fm Yulm, p`lkh`lt` gjk`rmkm gjk`rmkm y pr`s`lohms k` mbum sup`rdhohmf.
Thstm mèr`m k`f pjnfmkj k` Gmzjoruz
=8
T.>. [@^^H[J^HJ
@f ígnhtj t`rrhtjrhmf k` `st` `st` o`ltrj pjnfmkj `s k` ?;0 e`otír`ms mprjxhgmkmg`lt`. mprjxhgmkmg`lt`. @F t`rrhtjrhj s` `xth`lk` `l `l ul pírmgj ojrkhff`rmlj k` fm Yulm, p`lkh`lt` gjk`rmkm y pr`s`lohms k` mbum sup`rdhohmf. >5% ojgpr`lk` `f `f ír`m urnmlm khstrhnuhkm `l 0 nmrrhjs. ?=% s` ojlsthtuy` `l `l `f ír`m k` fm `xpmlshÿl `xpmlshÿl urnmlm. Mf fmkj j`st` k` fm omrr`t`rm fjlbhtukhlmf qu` njrk`m njrk`m Gmzj oruz, oruz, t`rrhtjrhj k` njd`kmf (/ír`m k` prjt`oohÿl lj urnmlhzmnf` ojl mftj vmfjr k` ojls`rvmohÿl `ojfÿbhom (;=% k`f `spmohj b`jbrídhoj)
T.?. OFHGM
@f ofhgm k` fm r`bhÿl `s `xtr`gj ojl ulm t`gp`rmturm g`khm g`ljr m fjs 0¹O. fms t`gp`rmturms gíxhgms mnsjfutms mfomlzml mfomlzml fjs >;¹o y fms gçlhgms mnsjfutms - =8¹O. @f prjnf`gm ofhgíthoj `s fm jsohfmohÿl tèrghom qu` mfomlzm fjs >5¹o k` vmrhmohÿl tèrghom `ltr` `f sjf y fm sjgnr`, `f kçm kçm y fm ljoe` Fm `stmohÿl ffuvhjsm `ltr` khoh`gnr` y gmroj gmroj p`rj g`ljr`s m 499 gg mlumf`s mlumf`s y `f r`stj k`f k`f mýj `s s`oj. s`oj. Gmzjoruz dr`ou`lt`g`lt` dr`ou`lt`g`lt` `s `s r`bhstrmkj ojgj ul fubmr ojl t`gp`rmturms t`gp`rmturms nmams mf `stmr shtumkj `l fm pmgpm y omr`o`r k` írnjf`s j ojn`rthzj mrnÿr`j, mrnÿr`j, mk`gís mk`gís k` ul emnhtumf kjghlhj k` fjs drçjs vh`ltjs k`f J`st`, J`st`, e`oejs m fjs qu` s` sugml oh`fjs k`sp`amkjs. k`sp`amkjs. >9
Gmzjoruz `l èpjom k` e`fmkms
Ymrmg`trjs ofhgíthojs prjg`khj
T.;. OJLDHBP^MOHJL @_YMOHMF ‟ THMF
Fm ojldhburmohÿl urnmlm k` Gmzj oruz s` k`spfh`bm `l ul t`rr`lj k` tjpjbrmdçm tjpjbrmdçm s`gh pfmlm `struoturmkm mf mf `a` vhmf k` mrthoufmohÿl r`bhjlmf k` Gjqu`bumGjqu`bum- Yulj @f surbhgh`ltj k`f o`ltrj o`ltrj pjnfmkj s` ojlsthtuym `l `l `f o`ltrj prhlohpmf k` k`smrrjffj urnmlj y ojhlohk` ojl `f `f su`ýj gís `stmnf` y mlthbuj. @f or`ohgh`ltj or`ohgh`ltj urnmlj tjgm tjgm fu`bj tr`s tr`s k`sthljs, `f prhg`rj s` k`spfmzm emohm `f `st`, su`fjs g`khjs g`khjs `stmnf`s.
>=
Fm t`lk`lohm pfmlm p`rght` `f k`spfh`bu` k` ír`ms r`or`mthvms y ojg`rohmf`s. o jg`rohmf`s. Fjs pjfjs k` or`ohgh`ltj or`ohgh`ltj urnmlj k` Gmzj oruz sjl mtrmçkjs `l fm khr`oohÿl mf `a` vhmf prhlohpmf. Emohm `f j`st` k`f `a` vhmf fm pr`s`lohm k` ír`ms k` njd`kmf y fm `f`vmohÿl mnruptm k`f t`rr`lj f` pjl`l fçght` mf or`ohgh`ltj urnmlj urnmlj `l k`d`lsm k`d`lsm k` fm ojls`rvmohÿl mgnh`ltmf.
T.0. J^K@LMGH@L[J [@^^H[J^HMF P_J_ K@ _P@FJ
@f o`ltrj pjnfmkj khstm 20 cg k` fm ohukmk k` Hfmv`. X m ==0cg k` Yulj y m =;>9 k` Fhgm. Fm k`lshkmk urnmlm k` Gmsj Oruz `s k` 8emn/em `l `f ghsgj o`ltrj pjnfmkj y >.; emn/em `l fm p`rhd`rhm rurmf. _`bñl Fm hldjrgmohÿl k`f O`lsj Lmohjlmf k` Thvh`lkm y Yjnfmohÿl mýj >992 gu`strm qu` fm pjnfmohÿl rurmf rurmf `s `s pr`pjlk`rmlt`. Fjs nmrrhjs sjl fms ulhkmk`s dulohjlmf`s níshoms k`f pjnfmkj3 Ohloj nmrrhjs `stíl ojlsthtuhkjs y jrbmlhzmkjs. M pmrthr k` `ffjs s` ojlstruy`l ulhkmk`s ulh kmk`s v`ohlmf`s y jrbmlhzmohÿl pjpufmr. Kjs thpjs k` vçms qu` ojlsthtuy`l `f `squ`gm vhmf k` Gmzj oruz. @f `a` vhmf prhlohpmf s` ojlsthtuy` `l `f fçght` k`f or`ohgh`ltj urnmlj y mtrm` mtrm` m fjs pmrmk`rjs urnmljs y ojg`rohjs hldjrgmf`s. hldjrgmf`s. @f r`stj k` vçms sjl mv`lhkms y ahrjl`s prhlohpmf`s k` ulm ghsgm s`oohÿl. Lj `xhst`l vçms vçms pmhsmahstms, p`mtjlmf`s j ohofj vçms. >>
Ohrouhtjs vhmf`s
Plhkmk`s t`rrhtjrhmf`s
Psj k` su`fjs
T.4. YJNFMOHJL
Fm pjnfmohÿl rurmf `s pr`pjlk`rmlt`, ulm pjnfmohÿl r`fmthvmg`lt` ajv`l. a jv`l. Khstrhnuohÿl ejgjbèl`m k` ul ;8.8% k` Gua`r`s y ul 09.4% Ejgnr`s. Mtrmv`smlkj ul prjo`sj k` omgnhj k`gjbrídhoj, fm pjnfmohÿl `stí `xp`rhg`ltmlkj ul k`so`lsj ríphkj y gmromkj k` d`oulkhkmk. Gmzj oruz th`l` ulm t`lk`lohm m qu` fm pjnfmohÿl k` aÿv`l`s khsghluym, y `f nmaj lhv`f k` k`p`lk`lohm k` lhýjs y mlohmljs pjr dmghfhm. Xm qu` fjs hlbr`sjs `l fjs ejbmr`s sjl hlsudhoh`lt`s. Fms mothvhkmk`s sjl k` ojg`rohj ojg`rohj y s`rvhohj, `s k`ohr k`f s`otjr s`otjr t`rohmrhj. _` r`quh`r` ulm du`rt` hlv`rshÿl `l `f jrk`l prhgmrhj y s`oulkmrhj, `l fj hlkustrhmf y fm prjkuoohÿl. Yjr Gmzjoruz pmsml fjs prjkuotjs mbrjp`oumrhjs k` tjkm fm zjlm rurmf k` _mltm ^jsm y `s ulm rutm jnfhbmtjrhm `ltr` Gjqu`bum y Yulj. Y`rj `f pjnfmkj lj msug` lh ul rjf ym qu` omr`o` k` prjo`sjs prjkuothvjs ` hlkustrhmfhzmohÿl. _`bñl `f O`lsj >992, Gmzjoruz th`l` ul mftj pjro`ltma` ;9,4% k` vhvh`lkms k`sjoupmkms t`gpjrmfg`lt` j pmrm sh`gpr`. Fm ojn`rturm k` s`rvhohjs k` r`k k` mbum y fuz `fèotrhom `s mgpfhm. _` k`n` k` kmr ulm sjfuohÿl ym qu` fm pjnfmohÿl omr`o` k` r`k k` k`smbö`, k`smbö`, nusomlkj fm mft`rlmthvm m fm f`trhlm, y sh`ltj ul ojltmghlmlt` k` fm lmpm dr`íthom k`f su`fj.
>?
T.2 [HYJFJBÇM K@ THTH@LKM
[@OEJ K@ OMFMGHLM, Gmt`rhmf qu` sudr` ulm nmam k` t`gp`rmturm mf `stmr `xpu`stm mf `xt`rhjr. [`oej shl mhsfmgh`ltj pmrm `f drhj k` fms ljoe`s j fm t`gpjrmkm t`gpjrmkm k` e`fmkms.
TMLJ MGYFHJ @f brml tmgmýj k`f vmlj p`rght` fm p`rkhkm k` omfjr jnt`lhkm kurmlt` `f khm.
Thvh`lkm tçphoj `l `f o`ltrj pjnfmkj k` GMzjoruz
MF[P^M @spmohjs k` kjnf` mfturm jrhbhlmlkj qu` `f omfjr ojlo`ltrmkj s` khsp`rs`.
@khdhomohjl @khdhomohj l lj mkmptmkm m fjs dmotjr`s ofhgmthojs K`f pu`nfj k` gmzjoruz
TMLJ_ MGYFHJ_ X LPG@^J_J_ Tmljs k`f `sthfj qu` s` khs`ýml `l Fhgm. Lj vhmnf` m fjs omgnhjs ofhgíthojs qu` suo`k`l `l GmzjOruz.
>;
Ír`m k` ;5.20g>, ojlstm ojlstm k` kjs mgnh`lt`s k` =2.9>g>1 ul kjrghtjrhj y ulm smfm. Fjs gurjs gurjs k` fm vhvh`lkm sjl k` ;0og k` `sp`sjr, `f t`oej `s k` kjs mbums k` omfmghlm g`tífhom3 `stm vhvh`lkm `l fm smfm th`l` ul oh`fj rmsj k` pfísthoj
>0
OMYH[PFJ TH1 GM[@^HMFHKMK TH. =. FM [J[J^M
M. OM^MO[@^H_[HOM_ [@OLHOM_ Yfmltm mouíthom, or`o` k` gml`rm shfv`str` `l `f Fmbj [hthomom, tmgnhèl pu`k` pu`k` s`r oufthvmkm y ff`bm m g`khr emstm ;g. k` mfturm. [h`l` ul `sp`sjr k` 9.0 m 0 og k` khíg`trj. X ulm k`lshkmk k` >59 tmffjs mèr`js/g>. Fm v`fjohkmk k` mnsjrohÿl, `s k` 2% k` mug`ltj k` su p`sj/ghlutj. X fm mnsjrohÿl b`l`rmf emstm su `stmkj k` smturmohÿl `s k` 9.?% pjr ghlutj. Fm r`shst`lohm m fm t`lshÿl t`lshÿl k` ul tmffj k` tjtjrm ff`bj emstm fjs ?5cb/og>. Fm s`oohÿl prjg`khj `s k` 9.;??og>.
>4
N. Y^JYH@KMK@_ MH_FML[@ Mhsfmlt` [èrghoj ojgp`t`lt`, `l fj qu` r`sp`otm m fm ojlkuothvhkmk tèrghom `s k` 9.9;4 m 9.905 R/gc shghfmr`s m jtrjs gmt`rhmf`s gmt`rhmf`s ojgj fm p`rfhtm j fms dhnrms k` gmk`rm. Gmt`rhmf k` díohf r`ljvmohÿl `s ulm nu`lm mft`rlmthvm pmrm r`kuohr ojlsugjs k` r`oursjs. Fjs g`khjs l`o`smrhjs pmrm su dmnrhomohÿl pu`k`l s`r hgpf`g`ltmkjs díohfg`lt` `l fm r`bhÿl. Fm qu` th`l` g`ajr r`suftmkj k` ojlkuothvhkmk tèrghom `s fm qu` th`l` ulm dhnrm gís g`lukm ym qu` s` mkeh`r` guy nh`l ojl `f mbfuthlmlt`, y lj r`quh`r` guoem mbum. Fj qu` gís ríphkj s` k`t`rhjrml sjl fjs qu` s` `lou`ltrml `l fm ounh`rtm, th`l`l qu` s`r r``gpfmzmkjs fu`bj k` kjs j oumtrj mýjs. X `f k` fjs gurjs pu`k`l kurmr =9 mýjs.
O. P_J ‟ MYFHOMOHJL@_ @s hgpjrtmlt` prjpjl`r shst`gms qu` pu`kml s`r ojlstruhkjs gís `dhoh`lt` qu` fjs mrt`smlmf`s, pjr gjthvjs k` ojstjs.
Ymrm gurjs1
_` ojfjoml tmnhqu`s k` tjtjrm qu` sjl ojgj t`xthf`s qu` `lvu`fv`l `f sjpjrt`. @xhst`l kjs thpjs k` t`ahkjs pmrm pml`f`s pml`f`s k` r`ounrhgh`ltj, ulj thpj t`fmr, qu` vm `lvjfvh`lkj fjs tmffjs k` tjtjrm ojl ou`rkms y s` ul`l `ltr` sh. _` ojgh`lzm m t`a`r `l g`khj k` kjs tmffjs k` `uomfhptj `uomfhptj t`lsmkjs. _jnr` `stms sjbms t`lsmkms s` vml pjlh`lkj pjlh`lkj fms tjtjrms `l s`lthkj s`lthkj p`rp`lkhoufmr y ojl jtrm sjbm qu` vml emoh`lkj rjffjs. Ymrm su hgp`rg`mnhfhzmohÿl `s ojlv`lh`lt` `f `gpf`j k` nmrlhz, p`rj `l g`ljs omlthkmk qu` `l fms ounh`rtms, ounh`rtms, ym qu` mf `stmr `l `l pjshohÿl v`rthomf, `f mbum lj t`lkrçm ul ojltmotj ojltmotj tml khr`otj y s`rçm r``gpfmzmkj ríphkmg`lt`. ríphkmg`lt`.
>2
K`tmff` mgmrr` k` tjtjrms ojl ehf`rms
Ymrm ounh`rtms
Fm jtrm tèolhom `s t`a`r fjs pml`f`s ojl ulm sjbm k` mfbjkÿl pjr fm ghtmk k` fjs tmffjs k` tjtjrm ojl myukm k` ul pulzÿl g`tífhoj j gmk`rm. gmk`rm. @f prjnf`gm `s `f `sp`sjr, `s `s l`o`smrhj ojfjomr ojfjomr gçlhgj tr`s ompms ompms k` `stjs pml`f`s pmrm bmrmlthzmr hgp`rg`mnhfhkmk, pu`s `f sjf y fm eug`kmk k` fm tjtjrm k`f pml`f `xt`rhjr s` k`djrgm y b`l`rm vmoçjs qu` pjkrçm dhftrmr mbum. Y`lkh`lt` gmyjr`s mf 09%. X su nmaj ojstj qu` `stí `stí `l ? m ; kÿfmr`s `f g>.
>5
Jtrjs omsjs
Fms sup`rdhoh`s k` tjtjrms tjtjrms sjl mrgmkms hlk`p`lkh`lt`g`lt` hlk`p`lkh`lt`g`lt` k` fm `struoturm, pjr sh s` l`o`shtm r``gpfmzmrfm, sjfj s` r`thrml fjs pml`f`s m omgnhmr y s` ojfjoml fjs lu`vjs. @l `f omsj k` fms omnmýms qu` th`l`l th`l`l fm tjtjrm t`ahkm m fm `struoturm, s` k`n`l ojrtmr fms ou`rkms qu` sua`tml sua`tml m fm tjtjrm, r`thrmr `f gmt`rhmf gmt`rhmf kmýmkj y vjfv`r m t`a`r lu`vmg`lt`.
[`oej k` tjtjrm ym bmstmkj pjr pjr `f th`gpj
K. T@L[MAM_ X K@_T@L[MAM_
Fjs pml`f`s qu` s` pu`k`l r`mfhzmr ojl omýms trhturmkms, s` dmnrhoml dmnrhoml ojl fjs r`shkujs sjnrmlt`s k` fm dmnrhomohÿl k` `st`rms u jtrjs jna`tjs, fj qu` km ul gmyjr mprjv`oemgh`ltj. >8
@F gmt`rhmf dulohjlm g`ajr oumlkj `stí `stí ojldjrgmkj pjr omýms `lt`rms rmsomkms y mbfuthlmkms ojl ojfm. Fms gmtms k` tjtjrm tjtjrm pu`k`l ff`bmr m ;g. Fm k`sv`ltmam k` fm uthfhzmohÿl k` pml`f`s `l fm ounh`rtm `s qu` pjr fm djrgm k`f t`ahkj, fm sjbm qu` mtrmvh`sm k` ul mfbj m jtrj mf pml`f y `f mf ojltmotj ojl `f mbum pjr fms ffuvhms emo` qu` `stm dhftr` mf hlt`rhjr.
Thvh`lkm k` tjtjm `l prjo`sj k` ojlstruoohjl
TH.>. @F MKJN@
Nfjqu`s k` mkjn`
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M. MYFHOMOHßL @L GP^J_ Fm fjlbhtuk `l ul gurj `s tjgmkj `ltr` kjs ojltrmdu`rt`s ojltrmdu`rt`s j kjs gurjs p`rp`lkhoufmr`s m `f, lj k`n` s`r gmyjr qu` =9 v`o`s su `sp`sjr y su gíxhgm mfturm lj k`n` s`r s`r gmyjr qu` 5 v`o`s su `sp`sjr.
Fm ojlstruoohÿl k` gurjs k`n`l s`r s`r r`djrzmkjs pmrm r`shsthr mk`oumkmg`lt` fms sjfhohtmohjl`s sçsghoms. Ojgj r`du`rzj ejrhzjltmf s` pu`k` uthfhzmr uthfhzmr omým ojfjomkms omkm ; ehfmkms ojgj gíxhgj ojohkms `ltr` `ltr` fjs `lou`ltrjs. `lou`ltrjs. Ojgj r`du`rzj v`rthomf v`rthomf s` ojfjomrml omýms ym s`m `l ul pfmlj o`ltrmf `ltr` kjs ulhkmk`s
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N. MYFHOMOHßL @L [@OEJ_ _` r`ojgh`lkml t`oej k` ulm j kjs mbums, `s hgpjrtmlt` fm p`lkh`lt` k` fjs t`oejs k` fjs mf`rjs k` mou`rkj m fms ojlkhohjl`s k`f fubmr. Fm p`lkh`lt` pu`k` vmrhmr k` =0 m ?9% y fjs mf`rjs p`rhg`trmf`s t`lkríl ulm fjlbhtuk gçlhgm k` 09 og. Fjs t`oejs k`n`ríl k`n`ríl s`r fhvhmljs, `f shst`gm trmkhohjlmf k` fm `struoturm k`f t`oej ojlshst` `l `l vhbu`tms k` trjlojs k` gmk`rm mpjymkms sjnrm sjnrm fm vhbm sjf`rm. Fms fuo`s fhnr`s k` t`oej k`n`l s`r `ltr` ? m 0 g`trjs.
K`tmff` t`oej y gurj
O. ^@T@_[HGH@L[J_ Emy khd`r`lt`s djrgms k` r`v`sthr fjs gurjs, k`p`lk` k`f gmt`rhmf qu` s` us` y f m djrgm k` dhamr `f `f gurj. ^`v`sthgh`ltj k` [h`rrm1 _` uthfhzm `f ghsgj nmrrj k`f gurj ojl ul 09% k` mr`lm y `f >% `l p`sj k` pmam j pmstj s`oj.
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K. ^@OJG@LKMOHJL@_ K` pr`d`r`lohm s` k`n` k`n` uthfhzmr mkjn`s oumkrmkjs pjrqu` ojlkuo`l ulm sjfuohÿl shgpf` k` mgmrr` k` `lou`ltrjs k` gurjs y p`rghtm p`rghtm fm hlojrpjrmohÿl ` gjoe`tms qu` `s `s ulm sjfuohÿl pmrm ojls`buhr ulm gmyjr fjlbhtuk k` mlofma` k`f r`du`rzj ejrhzjltmf.
??
@. T@L[MAM_
Brml ompmohkmk ojgj mhsfmlt` tèrghoj @f gmt`rhmf k`f qu` `stí ojlsthtuhkj ojlsth tuhkj `f mkjn` `s ul nu`l mhsfmlt` tèrghoj.@f oj`dhoh`lt` k` ojlkuothvhkmk tèrghom k`f mkjn` `s k` 9.>0 R/g ±O sh`lkj `f k`f fmkrhffj k` 9.50R/g±O y `f k`f k `f ejrghbÿl/ojlor`tj ejrghbÿl/ojlor`tj k` =.09 R/g±O Mejrrj `l`rbèthoj `l ofhgmthzmohÿl Fm ompmohkmk k` mhsfmlt` mhsfmlt` tèrghoj tèrghoj k` fjs gurjs gurjs ojlstruhkjs ojlstruhk js ojl th`rrm r`kuo` j hlofusj `vhtm `vhtm `f usj k` shst`gms k` ofhgmthzmohÿl, fj qu` supjl` ul mejrrj `ojlÿghoj, `ojlÿghoj, `l`rbèthoj y k` `ghshjl`s k` Oj> guy hgpjrtmlt`. hgpjrtmlt`. Dmnrhomohÿl k` nmaj hgpmotj mgnh`ltmf. @f mkjn` r`quh`r` ulm `l`rbçm k` >99 9 N[P pmrm dmnrhomrs` mf omgnhj `f fmkrhffj fmkrhffj r`quh`r` =0 v`o`s gís `sm `l`rbçm. ^`hlt`brmohÿl m fm lmturmf`zm `f mkjn`, pjr s`r ul gmt`rhmf fjomf y pr`s`lt` pr`s`lt` `l fm lmturmf`zm pu`k` t`l`r ulm r`hlt`brmohÿl ojl `f `f g`khj.
D. K@_T@L[MAM_
Fhghtmohÿl `l mfturm Fm ojlstruoohÿl ojl th`rrm orukm, k`nhkj m fm r`shst`lohm k`f gmt`rhmf. Tufl`rmnhfhkmk mlt` `f mbum, `f mbum sjnr` `f mkjn` prjkuo` ul `d`otj `rjshvj shghfmr mf `a`rohkj sjnr` `f su`fj shl v`b`tmohÿl. Ymrm `vhtmr `f `f `d`otj l`bmthvj k`f mbum k` ffuvhm qu` s` mougufm `l `f su`fj `l gjg`ltjs k` pr`ohphtmohÿl hlt`lsm, fjs `khdhohjs `khdhohjs ojlstruhkjs ojl th`rrm s` sust`ltml sjnr` ohgh`ltjs ohgh`ltjs k` ph`krm. K`nhfhkmk sçsghom. sçsghom . K`nhkj m fm lmturmf`zm g`oílhom g`oílhom k`f gmt`rhmf, fms `struoturms k` mkjn` sjl vufl`rmnf`s mf `d`otj `d`otj k` fjs t`gnfjr`s y k` fjs t`rr`gjtjs. Khs`ýmr fm pfmltm pfmltm k` fm omsm k` djrgm jrtjbjlmf, kjtmrfm k` ounh`rtms fhb`rms y rçbhkms j ulm ojrtm fjlbhtuk k` fjs gurjs.
Kjgjs k` mkjn`
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^uhlms k` fms omsms k` mkjn` k` Cemrmlmq, `l Hríl
TH. @F HOEP
M. J^HB@L @s ulm brmhl`m e`rnío`m lmthvm omrmot`rçsthom k` fm Yulm. @s pmrt` k` fm ounh`rtm lmturmf k`f su`fj, ouyjs nrjt`s nrjt`s th`rljs sjl ojlsughkjs pjr fjs mlhgmf`s. Yjr t`l`r t`l`r ul tmffj ohfçlkrhoj kurj, fhsj ` hgp`rg`mnf`.
?0
@f hoeu, hoej, pmam nrmvm j pmam hoeu ( _thpm hoeu) `s ul pmstj k`f mfthpfmlj mlkhlj sukmg`rhomlj. @s `lkèghom k` Bumt`gmfm, Gèxhoj, Ojstm ^hom, @f @f _mfvmkjr, T`l`zu`fm, Njfhvhm, Ojfjgnhm, @oumkjr, Y`rñ, Oehf`, Mrb`lthlm. Mrb`lthlm.
N. P_J_ X MYFHOMOHJL@_
Ymrm t`oejs _` uthfhzm `l p`qu`ýjs p`qu`ýjs gmljajs k` pmam qu` qu` sjl ulhkjs dhrg`g`lt` `ltr` sç, ojl ou`rkms k`f ghsgj gmt`rhmf djrgmlkj djrgmlkj ul ul t`ahkj tuphkj ` hgp`rg`mnf` hgp`rg`mnf` qu` th`l` th`l` ojlkhohjl`s tèrghoms tèrghoms qu` `vhtml trmlsghthr mf hlt`rhjr fjs omgnhjs nrusojs k` t`gp`rmturm `xt`rlm. Kurmlt` `f kçm s` omfh`ltm ojl `f sjf y `l fms tmrk`s y ljoe`s gmlth`l` ulm t`gp`rmturm t`gp`rmturm mbrmkmnf` mf hlt`rhjr k` fjs `spmohjs `spmohjs qu` prjt`b`. prjt`b`. _u ojlshst`lohm nfmlkm mgjrthbum fm omçkm k` fm ffuvhm j brmlhzj, mnsjrnh`lkj mnsjrnh`lkj `f ruhkj qu` prjkuo` `l jtrj thpj k` ounh`rtms ojgj fm omfmghlm. _` pu`k` r``gpfmzmr ojl dmohfhkmk pjr `lojltrmrs` `l `f `ltjrlj.
?4
Ymrm oejzms Brmohms m sus prjph`kmk`s mhsfmlt`s, fjs pjnfmkjr`s mprjv`oeml `stm dhnrm v`b`tmf pmrm fm ojlstruoohÿl k` sus vhvh`lkms. ‖Mf ljrt` k` Fhgm, `l fm ojrkhff`rm ojrkhff`rm mlkhlm o`rom k` Eumrmz, `l fms o`romlçms k` fm fmbulm k` Ymomoejom, vhv`l guy, guy pjoms dmghfhms `l fj qu` ffmgml ‖oejzms‗ k` Hoeu . Fm zjlm `stí m ulm mfthtuk mfthtuk `ltr` fjs ?999 y ;999, ofhgm s`oj y drhj. Plm mlohmlm vhvhm mffç ojl su su gmrhkj qu` `l `s` `s` gjg`ltj pmstjr`mnm pmstjr`mnm `f bmlmkj k` omgèfhkjs, mnrmzmnm ulm omnrhthffm qu` qu` l`o`shtmnm omfjr. @l dhl, ulms ojlkhohjl`s ojlkhohjl`s k` vhkm, pjr pmstjr`s ‖lÿgmkms‗. r`mfg`lt` kurms, `lth`lkj qu` sjl fj qu` `lt`lk`rçmgjs pjr
Oejzms k` hoeu mf ljrt` k` fhgm, Eumrmf
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OMYH[PFJ THH1 Y^JX@O[J
THH.=. _@^THOHJ_ OJGYF@G@L[M^HJ_ M. NHJKHB@_[J^@_ @s ul tmlqu` o`rrmkj o`rrmkj k` oumfquh`r djrgm, tmgmýj y gmt`rhmf3 `l `f oumf s` mfgmo`lm mfgmo`lm nmsurm jrbílhom g`zofmkm ojl mbum qu` mf k`sojgpjl`rs` `l `l mus`lohm k` mhr` b`l`rml nhjbís Mf `sp`ohdhomr qu` s` pu`k` tjgmr oumfquh`r djrgm djrgm s` `stí `stí hlkhohmlkj qu` s` uthfhzml tmlqu`s ohfçlkrhojs, r`otmlbufmr`s, `sdèrhojs j s`gh`sdèrhojs, s`gh`sdèrhojs, k`p`lkh`lkj k`p`lkh`lkj k` fms pr`d`r`lohms k`f usumrhj. _hl `gnmrbj, k`sk` k`sk` `f pultj pultj k` vhstm vhstm dçshoj y k`f k`f prjo`sj lj s` r`ojgh`lkm `gpf`mr tmlqu`s r`otmlbufmr`s1 ^`quh`r`l gmyjr omlthkmk k` gmt`rhmf`s k` ojlstruoohÿl y or`ml k`ltrj k` fm gmsm `l khb`sthÿl zjlms k` khd`r`lt` khd`r`lt` ojgpjshohÿl y t`gp`rmturm qu` hgphk`l jnt`l`r jnt`l`r gmyjr prjv`oej k`f shst`gm. shst`gm.
Nhjkhb`stjr oms`rj
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N. NMÝJ @OJFJBHOJ _@OJ @f nmýj `ojfÿbhoj s`oj s`oj `s ul shst`gm mghbmnf` ojl `f mgnh`lt` qu` lj uthfhzm mbum, `vhtm fm prjpmbmohÿl k` `ld`rg`kmk`s y `s k` ojlstruoohÿl s`lohffm. T`ltmams
Mejrrml mbum Lj ojltmghlml `f mbum lh `f su`fj _jl ehbhèlhojs, `vhtml `ld`rg`kmk`s. Ojlstruoohÿl s`lohffm Gmlt`lhgh`ltj `s guy s`lohffj Joupml pjoj `spmohj Hlstmfmohÿl k`ltrj j du`rm k` fm omsm Lj r`quh`r`l kr`lma` @vhtml gmfjs jfjr`s Mejrrj `l omlmfhzmohjl`s
@s ul tunj k` ;‗ qu` shrv` pmrm
v`lthfmr fjs bms`s qu` s` prjkuo`l pjr fm k`sojgpjshohÿl k` fms `xor`tms
M khd`r`lohm khd`r`lohm k`f nmýj trmkhohjlmf, fm tmzm th`l` fm omrmot`rçstho m k` s`pmrmr fms `xor`tms k` fm jrhlm, ojl ul k`pÿshtj pmrm omkm k`s`oej
Moo`sjrhj Moo`sjrhj smlhtmrhj pmrm jrhlmr. _hrv` sjfj pmrm vmrjl`s.
Mbua`rj `l `l `f su`fj qu` shrv` shrv` pmrm qu` fm jrhlm dhftr` `l fm th`rrm shl ojltmghlmrfm.
K`pÿshtj pmrm mfgmo`lmr y s`omr fms `xor`tms. `xor`tms. K`spuès K`spuès k` ul th`gpj, `stms s` ojlvh`rt`l `l mnjlj. Ojlstm k` kjs oígmrms qu` s` usm ulm pjr ulm k` gml`rm mft`rlm.
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Gmt`rhmf`s Mfbuljs gmt`rhmf`s sjl moo`shnf`s ojgj jtrjs qu` s` pu`k`l `lojltrmr `l fms d`rr`t`rçms prÿxhgms.
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O. OJOHLM G@AJ^MKM Plm ojohlm g`ajrmkm th`l` ojgj prhlohpmf dulohÿl `vmoumr `vmoumr `dhoh`lt`g`lt` fjs eugjs k` fm ojgnusthÿl mf `xt`rhjr k` k` fm omsm, omsm, y `ltr` jtrms dulohjl`s, jtjrbmr ojldjrt y mejrrj k` ojgnusthnf` m fjs usumrhjs. T`ltmams
@vmoumohÿl k` eugjs `dhomzg`lt`. Mejrrj k` ojgnusthnf`s G`ljr th`gpj th`gpj k` ojoohÿl k` mfhg`ltjs
@a`gpfj k` ojohlms g`ajrmkms
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Gmt`rhmf`s
49 m 59 mkjn`s k` g`khkms =0 x >0 x ?0og. ; omrr`thffms k` mrohffm j th`rrm k` oemorm. > omrr`thffms k` mr`lm dhlm. 5 vmrhffms k` dh`rrj k` 0/5 ‗ x 40 og >> vmrhffms k` ?/5 ‗x ?9 og (pu`k`l s`r rh`f`s, gu`ff`s usmkjs, jtrjs)
=> m =0 puýmkjs k` p`fj k` ouy, omnmffj j o`rkj. Ymam phomkm Omotus, sínhfm, sínhfm, gjff` (oumfquh`r pfmltm df`gíthom).
Oehg`l`m k` g`tmf k` (tunj) > gg x ;‗ k` khíg`trj x ?099 gg. k` fmrbj.
Y`kmzjs k` gmffm g`tífhom
Khg`lshjl`s sub`rhkms k` ulm ojohlm g`ajrmkm
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THH.>. M^]PH[@O[P^M
M. Y^JB^MGMOHßL M^]PH[@O[JLHOM Fm prjbrmgmohÿl s` nmsm `l oumltj m fms l`o`shkmk`s k`f pjnfmkjr mlkhlj qu` s` k`khom m fm mfpmqu`rhm, pu`s `s su sust`ltj `ojlÿghoj. Ojldjrgm fjs s`rvhohjs níshojs y ul ír`m k` trmnmaj `l `f oumf pu`km k`smrrjffmrs`.
N. YFML[M_ (T`r pfmljs mkaultjs) O. OJ^[@_ (T`r pfmljs mkaultjs) K. @F@TMOHJL (T`r pfmljs mkaultjs)
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THH.?. _H_[@GM HL[@B^MF K@ B@_[HJL K@F Y^JX@O[J Ymrm fm prjnmnf` r`mfhzmohÿl k`f prjy`otj m fm r`mfhkmk, s` emrí fm or`mohÿl k` ulm JLB `f o umf pu`km s`r dhlmlohmkj pjr `gpr`sms ojgj @t`rlht Y`rñ y jtrjs. M. J^BMLHQMOHßL K@ @]PHYJ K@ [^MNMAJ @f brupj m jrbmlhzmr k`dhlhrí fjs prjo`sjs y prjo`khgh`ltjs hlhohmf`s pmrm fm jp` rmohÿl k`f `quhpj y sjfuohÿl k` msultjs. [`lh`lkj `l ofmrj `f jna`thvj k`f prjy`otj, ljs r`pmrthr`gjs fjs rjf`s r`sp`othvjs pmrm `f mvmlo` y b`sthÿl. N. K@_M^^JFFJ K@F @UY@KH@L[@ [@OLLHOJ Plm v`z jrbmlhzmkj `f brupj s` `gp`zmrí ojl `f k`smrrjffj k`f `xp`kh`lt` tèolhoj, `f oumf ojgpr`lk` tjkjs fjs `stukhjs r`mfhzmkjs k`f fubmr, fubm r, hgpmotjs, pr`supu`stjs y g`trmkjs, ` hlofusj pfmljs. @f kjoug`ltj s`rí `ltr`bmkj m fms gulhohpmfhkmk k` r`bhjlmf k` Yulj, k` quh`l s` r`qu`rhrí k` fm mprjnmohÿl pmrm `f k`smrrjffj k `smrrjffj y b`sthÿl k`f prjy`otj. O. MFHMKJ_ @_[^M[@BHOJ_ Mf mprjnmrs` `f prjy`otj, s` nusomríl jtrjs mfhmkjs `strmtèbhojs ojgj fm gulhohpmfhkmk k` Hfmv` y fm khstrhtmf k` _mltm ^jsm, `l kjlk` Gmzjoruz p`rt`l`o`. K. DHLMLOHMGH@L[J K@ @GY^@_M_ Y^HTMKM_ _` nusom `f dhlmlohmgh`ltj k` pmrt` k` `gpr`sms qu` quh`rml mpjymr ojl `f k`smrrjffj k`smrrjf fj k`f prjy`otj k` vhvh`lkm pmrm zjlms k` e`fmkms. @ltr` `ffms `gpr`sm k` gmt`rhmf`s k` ojlstruoohÿl ojgj @t`rlht Y`rñ, `to. @. O^@MOHJL K@F YFML K@ HL[@^T@LOHJL @f shbuh`lt` prjo`khgh`ltj m s`buhr s`rí fm or`mohÿl or `mohÿl k`f pfml m hlt`rv`lhr `l fm f m zjlm `l kjlk` `f prjy`otj s` k`smrrjffmrí1 Gmzjoruz. @f pfml s`rí `f hlstrug`ltj qu` ljs p`rghthrí r`mfhzmr ul ‖gmpm‗ qu` k`n`r`gjs s`buhr kurmlt` `f p`rhjkj m hlt`rv`lhr, ym
s`m k` djrgm hlkhvumf j ojgulhtmrhm. D. OMYMOH[MOHJL K@ FJ_ YJNFMKJ^@_ YM^M FM MP[JOJL_[^POOHJL _` nrhlkmrí hldjrgmohÿl sjnr` fm gmt`rhmfhkmk k`f prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm prjpu`stj, msç ojgj tmgnhèl k`f prjo`sj ojlstruothvj pmrm qu` tjkj emnhtmlt` e mnhtmlt` pu`km r`mfhzmr fm mutjojlstruoohÿl k` su vhvh`lkm. B. O^@MOHJL K@F Y^J[J[HYJ YHFJ[J K@ THTH@LKM Ojl `f mpjyj k` fm gulhohpmfhkmk gulhoh pmfhkmk k`f khstrhtj k` Gmzjoruz, s` r`mfhzmrí fm ojlstruoohÿl ojlstruo ohÿl k`f prjtjthpj phfjtj pmrm s`r r`ojrrhkj pjr fjs r`pr`s`ltmlt`s y pjnfmkjr`s k`f fubmr. E. [^MQMKJ P^NMLJ _`rí pfmlt`mkj ul trmzmkj urnmlj qu` jrbmlho` ulm ojgulhkmk mfpmqu`rm. ;;
H.
_PY@^TH_HJL K@ FM MP[JOJL_[^POOHJL _` mpjymrí y buhmrí m omkm pjnfmkjr kurmlt` tjkj `f prjo`sj ojlstruothvj k` fms vhvh`lkms nhjofhgíthoms.
=. OJL[^JF K@ OMFHKMK K@ JN^M Mf tèrghlj k` fm ojlstruoohÿl s` g`khríl fms ojlkhohjl`s nhjofhgíthoms mf hlt`rhjr k`f prjtjthpj k` vhvh`lkm, o`rohjrílkjs` k` s`r fms mk`oumkms pmrm `f ojldjrt tèrghoj. Yjst`rhjrg`lt` s` `ltr`bmrí m fm dmghfhm ojrr`spjlkh`lt`. @f brupj m jrbmlhzmr k`dhlhrí fjs prjo`sjs y prjo`khgh`ltjs hlhohmf`s pmrm fm jp`rmohÿl k`f `quhpj y sjfuohÿl k` msultjs. [`lh`lkj `l ofmrj `f jna`thvj k`f prjy`otj, ljs r`pmrthr`gjs fjs rjf`s r`sp`othvjs pmrm `f mvmlo` y b`sthÿl.
THH.;. ^@D@^@L[@_
M. Yrhg`r fubmr ojloursj hlt`rlmohjlmf hlt`rlmohjlmf '^`dubhjs '^`dubhjs ojltrm `f drhma` `l zjlms Mftj Mlkhlms'
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N. Yrjy`otj Omsm Omfh`lt` ―C‘JÝHOEPXMRM_H‘ ―C‘JÝHOEPXMRM_H‘
Djtjs tjgmkms k`f prjy`otj omsm omfh`lt`
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Yml`f hldjrgmthvj k`f prjy`otj
O. Ojldjrt [èrghoj `l vhvh`lkms ojlstruhkms pjr Omr` Y`rñ
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OJLOFP_HJL@_ •
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Gmzjoruz `s fm ohukmk gís drçm k`f Y`rñ @f mkjn`, fm tjtjrm, y `f hoeu sjl k` díohf moo`shnhfhkmk m fm zjlm `stukhmkm. @stj p`rght` fm r`kuoohÿl k` ojstj `l oumltj m trmlspjrt`. Fm ojlkuothvhkmk tèrghom k` fjs khsthltjs gmt`rhmf`s sjl vhmnf`s pmrm `f khs`ýj k` prjtjthpj k` fm vhvh`lkm, sh`lkj ulj g`ajr qu` jtrjs. Fm hlstmfmohÿl k` `stjs gmt`rhmf`s lj r`quh`r`l k` ulm gmlj k` jnrm omfhdhomkm, sh`lkj fjs ghsgjs pjnfmkjr`s k` Gmzjoruz fjs qu` pu`kml hlstmfmr su prjphm vhvh`lkm. @f `stmkj motñm ojltrm `f prjnf`gm k` fms e`fmkms, p`rj lj `s sudhoh`lt`. Fm vhvh`lkm phfjtj pu`k` s`r rr`pfhomnf` `l zjlms mftjmlkhl`s qu` s` k`khqu`l m fm mfpmqu`rçm. @f ojldjrt tèrghoj `l ulm vhvh`lkm vhvh `lkm `s ulm k` fms sjfuoh sjfuohjl`s jl`s ojltrm fms `ld`rg`kmk`s omusmkms pjr fms e`fmkms.
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NHNFHJB^MDHM •
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Mso`lohj Ojstm, Lhlm Fuohm (>9=4), (>9=4) , Gjk`fmgh`ltj k` fm B`sthÿl k`f K`smrrjffj Prnmlj y Ymhsmaçsthoj k`f Yjnfmkj k` Gmzjoruz, Khstrhtj k` _mltm ^jsm, mpfhomlkj ul shst`gm k` Hldjrgmohÿl B`jbrídhom (_HB). [`shs pmrm Mrquht`otm Gmbhst`r Gmbhst`r `l Jrk`lmgh`ltj [`rrhtjrhmf y G`khj Mgnh`lt`. Mgnh`lt`. Plhv`rshkmk Mlkhlm Lèstjr Oío`r`s T`físqu`z, T`físqu`z, Aufhmom. Ehkmfbj Ojrk`rj, Auml D`rlmlkj (>992). [jtjrm, Gmt`rhmf k` Ojlstruoohÿl. [`shs Yr`vhm m fm jnt`lohÿl k` [çtufj k` Mrquht`otj. Plhv`rshkmk k` Ou`lom, Ou`lom, Ou`lom Mzm G`khlm, F`ykm Ohltehm (>9=4). Fm [jtjrm Ojgj Gmt`rhmf k` Mhsfmgh`ltj Mhs fmgh`ltj [èrghom1 Yrjph`kmk`s y Yjt`lohmfhkmk`s. [`shs k` Gmst`r Gmst`r `l [`oljfjbçm `l fm Mrquht`oturm, @sou`fm [èolhom _up`rhjr _up`rhjr k` Mrquht`oturm k` Nmro`fjlm, Nmro`fjlm Nmro`fjlm Gmbmfy k`f Yhfmr Bmyjsj, Jrfmlkj Omrfjs Ymoe`oj (>9=0). Mlífhshs [hpjfÿbhoj k` Thvh`lkm Mfpmqu`rm Mftj mlkhlm ojgj Nms` pmrm Or`mohÿl k` Lu`vjs Gjk`fjs ‟ Omsj k` @stukhj `l Yulj ‟ Y`rñ. Plhv`rshkmk ^homrkj Ymfgm, Fhgm, Y`rñ.
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