ARÈL[ KEZTL[ ^LZL FE[ B[TRDCL@TB[ HLTBZCLFB[ DB KE@[TZRK KE@[TZRKKCÛ@ KCÛ@
C@TZEDRKKCÛ@ AB@BZLF L FE[ HLTBZCLFB[ DB KE@[TZRKKCÛ@
Dbgc`ckcû` Chpertl`kcl Kflscgcklkcû`
Bfljerlde per? C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
Kldl u`l db bstls auèls bstì dcrcacdl l bstudcl`tbs db C`ab`cbrèl Kcvcf, Lrquctbkturl e l tedl pbrse`l ke` `ekce`bs jìsckls db fls klrlktbrèstckls sejrb fes hltbrclfbs utcfczldes b` fl ke`strukkcû`. ke`strukkcû`. Fl cdbl db bskrcjcr bstls auèls `e bs sustctucr, sc`e kehpfbhb`tlr fls fbkkce`bs dbf slfû` db kflsbs y fes ke`kbptes qub ljerdl` fes fcjres db tbxte per fe qub `e sb lpbal` l `c`au`l `erhl db bskrcturl b` bspbkègcke. [b trltl db dbskrcjcr fes ke`kbptes y/e prekbdchcb`tes plse l plse y db hl`brl jrbvb, plrl qub pubdl pubdl kehprb`dbrsb kehprb`dbrsb db fl hboer hl`brl y fubae lpfcklrsb b` bobrkckces b c`gerhbs. Bspbre sbl db larlde y utcfcdld plrl tedls fls pbrse`ls qub lkkbdl` l bffls. Lxbf Grl`kcske Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz Hlrtè`bz @cbte
Ejsbrvlkce`bs?
B` bstls auèls sb ehctb bf use db bxprbsce`bs kehe? fes y fls, fxs, fNs, btk. Bste sb mlkb plrl fl prlktckcdld y jrbvbdld db fls hcshls sc` qub bste rbprbsb`tb prbouckces mlkcl fl bqucdld db aã`bre.
Bstls auèls `e tcb`b` `c`aÿ` klrìktbr egckclf `c rbprbsb`tl` fl epc`cû` db lfau`l c`stctukcû` b` plrtckuflr. @e sustctuyb` `erhls tãk`ckls e rbaflhb`tes `lkce`lfbs/rbace`lfbs.
Fls suabrb`kcls y/e kehb`tlrces se` jcb`vb`cdes. ^lrl rblfczlrfes, lsè kehe b`ke`trlr etrls auèls, pubdb` vcsctlr fls scaucb`tbs pfltlgerhls?
Auèls kertls plrl fes bstudcl`tbs ‛ Hltbrclfbs Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû`. C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
µ\uã se`5, µ^er quã se` chpertl`tbs5, µKûhe sb ml` vb`cde dbslrreffl`de5 dbslrreffl`de5 µ^edbhes kflscgcklrfes rblfhb`tb5.
^er fe tl`te, yl `e jlstljl ke` fe qub fl `lturlfbzl pedèl jrc`dlr. Ke` fls `ubvls tbk`efeaèls sb bhpbzû l hedcgcklr fls hltbrcls prchls db hl`brl qub pudcbrl` ldlptlrsb hboer l fes ejobtcves kldl vbz hìs kehpfboes y dcgèkcfbs db supfcr l `cvbf bstrukturlf y lrquctbktû`cke. Fubae sb dbskujrcû qub pedèl` kehjc`lrsb kcbrtes bfbhb`tes plrl krblr `ubves hltbrclfbs hìs gubrtbs y durldbres. B` fl lktulfcdld sb tcb`b fl klplkcdld db krblr hltbrclfbs (sc`tbtczlkcû`) tetlfhb`tb `ubves plrl sefukce`lr `ubstrls `bkbscdldbs ke`struktcvls.
Fes Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû` pubdb` dbgc`crsb kehe fes bfbhb`tes dbstc`ldes l gerhlr plrtb db fl kehpesckcû` db u`l ejrl db c`grlbstrukturl. Bstes pubdb` prevb`cr db hltbrcls prchls (rekls, lrb`ls, lrkcffls e hldbrl), db prekbses c`dustrclfbs (kbhb`te, lkbre e vcdrce), prekbses db sc`tbtczlkcû` (pefcbstcrb`e, lkrèfckes e pfìstckes) e c`kfuse hbzkfls b`trb bffes (ke`krbtes, hertbres, btk.). Bf tcpe l utcfczlr bstlrì fcalde l fls klrlktbrèstckls db fl ke`strukkcû` l brcacr. Kljb dbstlklr qub kul`de sb mljfl db hltbrclfbs plrl fl ke`strukkcû`, bf chlac`lrce kefbktcve subfb kb`trlrsb b` kbhb`tes, ke`krbtes, lkbres, tujbrèls, btk. ^bre bs chpertl`tb b`tb`dbr qub etres lrtbglktes db hlyer schpfckcdld kehe kc`tls ldmbscvls, pbalhb`tes, pc`turls, gcjrls, tbxtcfbs, b`trb etres, tlhjcã` dbjb` sbr ke`scdbrldes hltbrclfbs db ke`strukkcû` yl qub lpertl` klrlktbrèstckls hukmls vbkbs bfbhb`tlfbs plrl kcbrtls ejrls.
Fl segcstcklkcû` db fl ke`strukkcû` . Czq? Tcpc trldckce`lf
Fl chpertl`kcl db fes hltbrclfbs ml vb`cde rbgerhufì`desb l fe flrae db fl mcstercl. Lf `lkbr fes prchbres lsb`tlhcb`tes muhl`es, sus mljctl`tbs tuvcbre` qub mlkbr use db fes bfbhb`tes `lturlfbs db su b`ter`e, plrl hedcgcklr bf hbdce b` bf qub prbtb`dèl` bstljfbkbrsb. Bf ejobtcve db bffe brl ldlptlr bsb hbdce db hl`brl qub pudcbrl glkcfctlr su hedus vcvb`dc
`ertblhbrckl`e | Dbr? Wcffl Efèhpckl db Zèe :><7 (Gub`tb Tehlz [cfvl/Laï`kcl Jrlscf)
Dbslgertu`ldlhb`tb db`tre db fl bvefukcû` db fes hltbrclfbs bs `bkbslrce hb`kce`lr tlhjcã` qub hukmls vbkbs sb ml` predukcde lvl`kbs sca`cgckltcves l plrtcr db mbkmes defereses. Fes dbslstrbs `lturlfbs y fes ke`gfcktes jãfckes ml` scde trlskb`db`tlfbs b` bf dbslrreffe db hltbrclfbs hìs rbscstb`tbs y bke`ûhckes dbjcde l fls sctulkce`bs l fls qub sehbtb` bstb tcpe db bvb`tes l fls pbrse`ls. Bstls fbkkce`bs, lf gc`lf, se` ldlptldls b` fl ke`strukkcû` kcvcf y sb vubfvb` plrtb db bffl.
ldbhìs db jrc`dlr rbsaulrde l`tb fes lab`tbs bxtbr`es qub pedèl` lhb`lzlr sbrclhb`tb su sbaurcdld y bs lsè kehe sb dl fl krblkcû` db fes prchbres hltbrclfbs db ke`strukkcû`. Bsls `bkbscdldbs scaub` scb`de fls hcshls prbhcsls plrl fl krblkcû` db fes hltbrclfbs qub sb utcfczl` mey b` dèl. L hbdcdl qub bf sbr muhl`e dboû db flde su `lturlfbzl `ûhldl y gub dbslrreffì`desb, tlhjcã` fe mckcbre` fes c`suhes `bkbslrces plrl fl ke`strukkcû` db fes lsb`tlhcb`tes urjl`es y l fls vlrcljfbs db glkcfcdld y
^er ke`scaucb`tb, bf C`ab`cbre Kcvcf kehe tlf dcspe`b db u`l lhpfcl alhl db bfbhb`tes db fes kulfbs dcspe`br plrl utcfczlrfes b` su scstbhl ke`struktcve. Bs per bffe qub tcb`b bf dbjbr db ke`ekbr fls klrlktbrèstckls db kldl hltbrclf (rbscstb`kcl, durljcfcdld, rb`dchcb`te, bstãtckl, keste, btk.) y sljbr kûhe kehjc`lrfes, tede bste ke` fl
sbaurcdld sb ldmcrcbre` `ubvls kehe bf keste, arlde db ke`gert y fl prlktckcdld b` bf use. ;
Auèls kertls plrl fes bstudcl`tbs ‛ Hltbrclfbs Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû`. C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
gc`lfcdld db sbfbkkce`lr fes qub hboer sb loustb` l fes rbqubrchcb`tes qub su ejrl `bkbsctl. ^lrl lpeylr bstl fljer, bxcstb` b`slyes y bstì`dlrbs qub pbrhctb` l fes c`ab`cbres ke`ekbr fl klfcdld db fes hltbrclfbs qub prbtb`db` utcfczlr y sljbr sc se` lptes plrl fl gu`kcû` plrl fl qub bstì` scb`de ke`scdbrldes.
tãrhc`es db ke`strukkcû`, ldbhìs bs huy dcgèkcf qub u`e sb rbpctl b` etrl kflscgcklkcû`.
Mey b` dèl, u`e db fes rbtes hìs chpertl`tbs l fes qub sb b`grb`tl Lhãrckl Fltc`l y plrtckuflrhb`tb @cklrlaul, bs pedbr gerhlfczlr y pregbsce`lfczlr bf sbkter db predukkcû` db hltbrclfbs. [b ml` mbkme arl`dbs lvl`kbs l trlvãs db fbybs, `erhls tãk`ckls y rbaflhb`tes ke` bf ejobtcve db alrl`tczlr qub fes hltbrclfbs kuhpfl` ke` fes rbqubrchcb`tes `bkbslrces plrl u`l jub`l rbspubstl db fls bdcgcklkce`bs l`tb fes ke`stl`tbs rcbsaes `lturlfbs l fes qub sb vb sehbtcdl `ubstrl rbacû`.
Ke`krbte, lkbre y vcdrce. Hltbrclfbs huy dcgbrb`tbs b`trb sè pbre qub se` fl jlsb db fes rlsklkcbfes db mey. Gete? Terrbs ^btre`ls.
L ke`tc`ulkcû` sb prbsb`tl u` kuldre sc`ûptcke ke` fls kflscgcklkce`bs hìs pepuflrbs?
@e ejstl`tb, lÿ` bxcstb c`gerhlfcdld b` fl predukkcû`, ldbhìs db u` dbske`ekchcb`te sejrb fls tãk`ckls lprepcldls db use, per fe qub lplrtb db fls rbaflhb`tlkce`bs, tlhjcã` sb pujfckl` dekuhb`tes db klrìktbr tãk`cke kehe bf ‖Hl`ulf dbf Lfjlücf‘ e e bf ‖Hl`ulf Gbrrlffcstl‘ , lhjes dbf Tbk`efûacke @lkce`lf (C@LTBK) y dekuhb`tes db klrìktbr hìs pepuflr kehe fl ‖@ubvl Klrtcffl db fl Ke`strukkcû`‘ pujfckldl pujfckldl per bf Hc`cstbrce db Trl`spertb b C`grlbstrukturl (HTC).
B` rbsuhb`, sb pubdb ke`kfucr qub fl chpertl`kcl db fes hltbrclfbs db ke`strukkcû` bs pedbr rbsefvbr db u`l hl`brl prìktckl pbre hìs chpertl`tb lÿ`, db u`l hl`brl sbaurl `ubstrls `bkbscdldbs ke`struktcvls. ^lrl bffe, fes hltbrclfbs dbjb` db kuhpfcr lftes bstì`dlrbs db klfcdld, pesbbr u`l flral durljcfcdld, ejtb`br u` jub` rb`dchcb`te y sbr predukcdes y egbrtldes lf hb`er keste pescjfb.
TC^E[ DB HLTBZCLFB[ DB KE@[TZRKKCÛ@
Dldl fl vlrcbdld db hltbrclfbs dcspe`cjfbs mey b` dèl, bs u`l tlrbl tctì`ckl y prìktcklhb`tb chpescjfb pedbr b`afejlrfes l tedes jloe u`l sefl kflscgcklkcû`. Fl hìs pepuflr bs fl db larbaldes, lafehbrl`tbs e ke`afehbrl`tbs y lafehbrldes. L bstls sb suhl` fes hbtìfckes, eraì`ckes (rbgbrcdes kehpubstes prc`kcplfhb`tb l fl hldbrl), sc`tãtckes y etres. Bstb erdb`lhcb`te rbsuftl ke`vb`cb`tb dbjcde l qub b` kldl fcstl fes hltbrclfbs kehplrtb` erèab`bs huy schcflrbs y tlhjcã` hukmls db fls klrlktbrèstckls hìs chpertl`tbs b`
Larbaldes
◅ Gc`es ◅ Arubses
Lafehbrl`tbs
◅ Lãrbes ◅ Mcdrìufckes ◅ Mcdreklrje`ldes
Lafehbrldes
◅ Ke`krbtes ◅ Hertbres ◅ Lsgìftckes
Hbtìfcke
◅ Lkbre ◅ Lfuhc`ce ◅ Mcbrre ◅ Kejrb ◅ Etres
Eraì`ckes
◅ Hldbrl y dbrcvldes y dbrcvldes ◅ Jlhjÿ ◅ Gcjrls `lturlfbs
[c`tãtcke
◅ ^efèhbres ◅ Gcjrls ◅ Klukmes ◅ Ldmbscves
Etres
4
Auèls kertls plrl fes bstudcl`tbs ‛ Hltbrclfbs Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû`. C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
Larbaldes
ab`brl u`l rblkkcû` quèhckl qub ab`brl klfer y dlrì kehe rbsuftlde fl plstl qub pestbrcerhb`tb sb sefcdcgcklrì.
B` ke`strukkcû` sb subfb db`ehc`lr larbalde e ìrcde l bfbhb`tes db ercab` pãtrbe. Fl prc`kcplf kflscgcklkcû` db fes larbaldes rldckl b` su arl`ufehbtrèl pudcb`de dcvcdcrsb b` larbaldes arubses (arlvls) y gc`es (lrb`ls). Tlhjcã` bxcstb` larbaldes huy gc`es kehe fes fches y lrkcffls qub per sus klrlktbrèstckls `e rbsuftl` sbr ke`vb`cb`tbs b` fl hlyerèl db ejrls.
Fes lafehbrl`tbs sb subfb` kflscgcklr sbaÿ` fes hbdces b` fes qub rbqucbrb` b`ke`trlrsb plrl su kerrbktl rblkkcû`. [b dcvcdb` b` lãrbes (klf e ybse), mcdrìufckes (kbhb`te, klfbs mcdrìufckls) b mcdreklrje`ldes (jbtÿ` e lfquctrì`).
^ubdb` b`ke`trlrsb b` dbpûsctes `lturlfbs e bxtrlbrsb db jl`kes db hltbrclf y fubae prekbslrfes y kflscgcklrfes l trlvãs db prekbses c`dustrclfbs. B` fes ÿftches lües sb ml dbslrrefflde bf ‖larbalde rbkckflde‘ qub sb ejtcb`b l plrtcr db fl trcturlkcû` db ke`krbte kehÿ`hb`tb prevb`cb`tb db dbhefckce`bs.
B`trb fls klrlktbrèstckls qub sb tehl` b` kub`tl lf utcfczlr lafehbrl`tbs sb b`kub`trl` bf arlde db ke`scstb`kcl, fes tcbhpes db grlaulde e sbklde, bf klfer fcjbrlde durl`tb fl rblkkcû` b`trb etres.
Fls prc`kcplfbs klrlktbrèstckls l tehlr b` kub`tl per fes c`ab`cbres se` su ke`tb`cde db muhbdld, perkb`tlob db ljserkcû`, rbscstb`kcl l fl ljrlscû`, pbse u`ctlrce, tbxturl, arlde db purbzl (ke`tb`cde db hltbrcl eraì`ckl), b`trb etres bfbhb`tes.
Kfè`ibr. Hltbrcl prchl plrl fl gljrcklkcû` dbf Kbhb`te ^ertfl`d.
Lafehbrldes Fes lafehbrldes `e se` hìs qub bf predukte rbsuftl`tb b`trb u` larbalde y u` lafehbrl`tb. Zbsuftl`de per fe ab`brlf u` hltbrclf db klrlktbrèstckls schcflrbs lf larbalde pbre hìs gubrtbs y lf hcshe tcbhpe bs hìs trljloljfb durl`tb su gerhlkcû`. B`trb fes lafehbrldes hìs kehu`bs sb b`kub`trl` bf ke`krbte (merhcaû`), bf ke`krbte lsgìftcke, hertbres, btk.
Arl`ufehbtrèl db fes Larbaldes . Czq? Larbalde Gc`e (Lrb`l) | Dbr? Larbalde Arubse (Arlvl).
Lafehbrl`tbs Fes lafehbrl`tbs e ke`afehbrl`tbs (tlhjcã` fflhldes fcal`tbs e lafutc`l`tbs) se` lqubffes qub sb utcfczl` plrl u`cr fes bfbhb`tes qub kehpe`b` u`l hbzkfl scb`de bf kbhb`te pertfl`d bf ke`afehbrl`tb hìs pepuflr. Bs chpertl`tb lkflrlr fl dcgbrb`kcl qub bxcstb b`trb u` lafehbrl`tb y u` ke`afehbrl`tb. Bf prchbre rblfczl fl kembscû` utcfczl`de rblkkce`bs hbrlhb`tb gèsckls, b` klhjce bf ke`afehbrl`tb fe rblfczl l trlvãs db rblkkce`bs quèhckls ab`brlfhb`tb utcfczl`de laul e klfer. Etres lafehbrl`tbs se` fl klf, bf ybse, fes bpûxckes, b`trb etres.
Hbtìfckes [u luab c`ckcû ke` fl rbvefukcû` c`dustrclf. L plrtcr db bsb hehb`te `e sb dbtuve y se` lhpfclhb`tb utcfczldes b` fl ke`strukkcû` hedbr`l dbjcde l su lhpfcl vbrsltcfcdld. [us uses vl` dbsdb bfbhb`tes bstrukturlfbs, rbgubrzes mlstl tujbrèls, rbvbstchcb`tes, tbkmes y lkkbserces pbqubües. Bf hbtlf db ke`strukkcû` per bxkbfb`kcl bs bf lkbre (u`l lfblkcû` db mcbrre y klrje`e) qub bs bhpfblde prc`kcplfhb`tb b` bfbhb`tes bstrukturlfbs. Etres hbtlfbs qub tlhjcã` se` usldes se` bf lfuhc`ce, bf mcbrre y bf kejrb.
R` jub` bobhpfe db ke`strukkcû` ke` lafehbrl`tb sb pubdb ejsbrvlr b` fes cafee, yl qub plrl u`cr fes jfequbs db mcbfe e `cbvb kehplktldl, fes bsquchlfbs utcfczl` laul e fl `cbvb hcshl. B` klhjce kehe sb hb`kce`û ke` l`tbrcercdld, u` bxkbfb`tb bobhpfe db ke`afehbrl`tb bs bf kbhb`te pertfl`d yl qub lf utcfczlr laul kehe rblktcve 2
Auèls kertls plrl fes bstudcl`tbs ‛ Hltbrclfbs Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû`. C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
B`trb sus klrlktbrèstckls hìs chpertl`tbs bstì su lftl rbscstb`kcl l fl tb`scû`, fe qub fe ke`vcrtcû b` bf bfbhb`te pbrgbkte plrl kehpfbhb`tlr lf ke`krbte. Ldbhìs db fl gfbxcjcfcdld ke` fl qub pubdb sbr gerolde y fl fcabrbzl qub fb lpertl l fls bstrukturls, b`trb hukmes etres jb`bgckces.
Lkljldes b` hldbrl. R` kflre bobhpfe db ke`strukkcû` utcfczl`de fl hldbrl kehe bf kehpe`b`tb prc`kcplf.
[c`tãtckes Bf lvl`kb db fl tbk`efeaèl trloe ke`scae fes hltbrclfbs sc`tãtckes. [us uses se` suhlhb`tb vlrcldes y fes hboerbs bobhpfes db bstb tcpe db hltbrclf se` fes pefèhbres (pfìstckes).
Lfhubrze b` bf tbolde (<3;:). Fubae db fl rbvefukcû` c`dustrclf, bf lkbre y fes bfbhb`tes hbtìfckes klhjclre` fl ke`strukkcû` vbrtcklf per kehpfbte.
[u vb`tlol rldckl b` su c`lftbrljcfcdld y b` lfau`es klses su rìpcdl y bke`ûhckl ejtb`kcû` b` rbflkcû` l su ke`trlplrtb `lturlf. Fl dcvbrscdld bs tlf qub sb pubdb` b`ke`trlr gcjrls, klukmes, ldmbscves, tbxtcfbs b`trb hukmes etres per b`db su utcfczlkcû` bs suhlhb`tb vlrcldl tlhjcã` y sb gljrckl` tujbrèls, lcsfl`tbs, tbkmes, pc`turls, btk.
Eraì`ckes Kehe sb hb`kce`û b` fl chpertl`kcl db fes hltbrclfbs, bstes gubre` fes prchbres qub utcfczû bf mehjrb. Fl hldbrl e bf jlhjÿ scrvcbre` kehe fls prchbrls bstrukturls, u`cdls ke` gcjrls db meols qub tlhjcã` sbrvèl` kehe tbkme b c`kfuse pcbfbs db l`chlfbs kehe plrbdbs lcsfl`tbs. R` bobhpfe db bstls ke`strukkce`bs se` fes glheses Tcpcs, bstls bstrukturls kû`ckls brl` utcfczldls per fls trcjus c`dèab`ls bstldeu`cdb`sbs db fls arl`dbs prldbrls durl`tb sus klhplhb`tes.
R`e db fes c`ke`vb`cb`tbs db bstb tcpe db hltbrclf bs qub subfb sbr `e jcedbarldljfb fe qub lpertl l u`l lftl ke`tlhc`lkcû` sc `e sb usl, dbsbkml e rbutcfczl db hl`brl ldbkuldl.
Etres
Fl arl` hlyerèl db bstes gubre` dbspflzldes per `ubves hltbrclfbs qub prbsb`tl` hìs y hboerbs klrlktbrèstckls ke`struktcvls, ldbhìs db sbr hìs bke`ûhckes. [c` bhjlrae, fl hldbrl y sus dbrcvldes lÿ` sb utcfczl` ke`scdbrljfbhb`tb b` tede bf hu`de, sejrb tede b` ke`strukkcû` rbscdb`kclf scb`de utcfczldl b` bstrukturls db tbkme, pcses, dcvbrses lkkbserces y b` lkljldes db fuoe.
Bxcstb` hltbrclfbs qub pedrèl` gerhlr plrtb db fls kflscgcklkce`bs l`tbrcerbs yl sbl per su ercab` e klrlktbrèstckls pbre qub b` su utcfczlkcû` pubdb` `e sbr tl` bxtb`dcdes. B`trb bffes sb mlffl` fes hltbrclfbs kbrìhckes, bf vcdrce, kcbrtes tcpes db jlrre, b`trb etres kuye use subfb sbr hbrlhb`tb db lkljlde. Tlhjcã` bxcstb` hltbrclfbs qub scrvb` bxkfuscvlhb`tb plrl lftbrlr fls klrlktbrèstckls db etre. Bste bs fe qub sb ke`ekb kehe ldctcve y su use sb ml bxtb`dcde l tedl fl c`dustrcl db fl ke`strukkcû`. ^ubdb` gu`kce`lr kehe lkbfbrl`tbs e rbtlrdl`tbs db lfau`l rblkkcû`, pubdb` jrc`dlr hlyer e hb`er trljloljcfcdld, lftbrlr fl rbscstb`kcl e fl keferchbtrèl db lfaÿ` bfbhb`te b`trb hukmls kesls hìs.
Bs ouste hb`kce`lr tlhjcã` qub l pbslr db `e gerhlr plrtb db fl bdcgcklkcû` gc`lf, fl hldbrl scaub kuhpfcb`de u` ref huy chpertl`tb b` fe qub sb db`ehc`l ‖ejrl ‖ ejrl glfsl‘ glfsl‘ scrvcb`de db hefdb e gerhlfbtl plrl fes kefldes db ke`krbte.
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Auèls kertls plrl fes bstudcl`tbs ‛ Hltbrclfbs Hltbrclfbs db Ke`strukkcû`. C`a. Lxbf Grl`kcske Hlrtè`bz @cbte
Kehe sb hb`kce`û l`tbrcerhb`tb, fl dcvbrscdld db klrlktbrèstckls qub tcb`b` fes hltbrclfbs dce pcb l u`l arl` kl`tcdld db kflscgcklkce`bs. [c jcb` sb dbtlffû fl hìs utcfczldl b` gu`kcû` dbf ercab` y schcfctud db klrlktbrèstckls, bs chpertl`tb ljerdlr etrls kflscgcklkce`bs db chpertl`kcl b` fl c`ab`cbrèl kcvcf. B`trb bffls sb pubdb b`ke`trlr?
[baÿ` su gu`kcû` b` fl bstrukturl B` bstl kflscgcklkcû` sb dcvcdb` b` ; lplrtldes qub se` fes scaucb`tbs?
^rc`kcplfbs? ^rc`kcplfbs? Tlhjcã` fflhldes rbscstb`tbs sb rbgcbrb` l fes qub sepertl` y ke`gcbrb` rcacdbz l fl ejrl scb`de fls rekls y hbtlfbs fes qub c`tbarl` bstb lplrtlde. Lafehbrl`tbs? Lafehbrl`tbs? Fes bfbhb`tes qub prevbb` kembscû` db fes bfbhb`tes. B`trb bffes sb b`kub`trl bf kbhb`te, bf jctuhb`, b`trb etres. Luxcfclrbs? Luxcfclrbs? Rtcfczldes prc`kcplfhb`tb b` lkljldes y lkkbserces kehe bf vcdrce, pc`turls, tbxtcfbs, btk.
[baÿ` su erdb` db c`tbrvb`kcû` b` fl ejrl B` bstl kflscgcklkcû` tlhjcã` sb dcvcdb` b` ; lplrtldes qub se`?
Kchb`tlkcû`? Tede Kchb`tlkcû`? Tede fe rbgbrb`tb l fls gu`dlkce`bs y jlsbs db fls bstrukturls l rblfczlr. ^rc`kcplfhb`tb ke`krbte rbgerzlde b chpbrhbljcfczl`tbs. Bstrukturl? Gerhl Bstrukturl? Gerhl plrtb tede hltbrclf dbstc`lde l bstrukturl prc`kcplf (vcals, fesls, kefuh`ls, hures db klral e pertl`tbs, btk.). [ubfb rbgbrcrsb l fes utcfczldes b` ejrl arcs y lrhlze`bs hbtìfckes. Kbrrlhcb`te? Kbrrlhcb`te? [b b`afejl l fes hltbrclfbs utcfczldes b` hures, kujcbrtls, lkljldes, c`stlflkce`bs y lkkbserces.
Hb`es kehu`bs Tb`cb`de b` kub`tl bf tcpe db ejrl l ke`strucr pubdb qub sbl `bkbslrce ke`ekbr etrls kflscgcklkce`bs kehe su
rbspubstl l`tb bf gubae, `cvbf db jcedbarldlkcû`, kehpesckcû` ab`ãtckl, b`trb etrls. 1
