Instant Word Lists Teaching Reading f foor Teaching and Writing EilEEn Thompson & gEnE panhorsT
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Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Scholastic Inc. grants teachers permission to photocopy the activity sheets from this book for classroom use. No other part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, system, or transmitted in any form or by any any means, electronic, electronic, mechanical, mechanical, photocopying, photocopying, recor r ecordi ding ng,, or otherwise, w ithout written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write write to Scholastic Inc., 557 Broadway, New York, NY 10012. Editor: Mela Ottaiano Cover design by Maria Lilja Interior design by Kelli Thompson ISBN-13: 978-0-439-59025-9 ISBN-10: 0-439-59025-6 Copyright © 2008 by e 2 Publishing Services, LLC All rights reserved. Published by Scholastic Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 40 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Contents Introduction 6
Chapter 1
Words That Cause Problems 9 Homophones 10 Homographs 21 Word Wo rdss Pronounc Pronounced ed Differ Differentl entlyy as Differe Different nt Parts Parts of Speech Speech 28 Commonly Confused Words 32 Irregular Verbs 37 Nouns With Irregular Plurals 40 Nouns That Are Always Plural 42 Collective Nouns 43 Words With Silent Letters 45 Silent e W Wo ords 51 Words Wor ds Not Spelled Spelled as They Sound 54
Chapter 2
Vocabulary Development 57 Pre exxes (F (Frrom Gree eek, k, La Lati tin, n, an and d Ol Old d En Engl glis ish) h) 58 Sufxes (F (From Gr Greek, Latin, an and Ol Old En English) 65 Roots (From Greek, Latin, and Old English) 70 Compound Words 80 Clipped Words 93 Common Abbreviations 95 Acronyms and Initialisms 103 Words From Mythology 106 Words Based on Names of People 113 Words Based on Places 119 Words From Wars 123 Portmanteau Words 125 Wor ord ds Sha Shak kes espe pear are e Add Added ed to th the e Lan Lang gua uag ge 127 127 Wor ord ds Co Coin ined ed From Li Litter era atu turre an and d Movie iess 13 135 5 Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Contents Chapter 3
Words From Other Languages 13 137 Words From African Languages 138 Words From Arabic 138 Words From Australian 13 139 Words From Chinese 14 140 Words From Dutch 14 1 41 Words From French 14 142 Words From German 14 144 Words From Greek 14 1 46 Words From Hindi 14 147 Words From Italian 148 Words From Japanese 149 Words From Latin 15 150 Words From Native American Languages 152 Words From Portuguese 15 153 Words From Russian 15 153 Words From Sanskrit 15 1 54 Words From Scandinavian Languages 155 Words From Spanish 15 156 Words From Turkish 15 158 Words From Yiddish 15 159 French Phrases 160 Latin Phrases 16 161 Spanish-English Cognates 16 163 British-American Words and Terms 167 167
Chapter 4
Word Differences and Wordplay 169 Shades-of-Difference Wo Words 170 Adjectives That Show Degree 176 Color Words 177 Euphemisms 179 Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Regionalisms 180 Onomatopoeia Words 182 Nouns and Adjectives for Animals 183 Palindromes 184 Idioms 185 Words That Come in Nonreversible Pairs 193 Two-Part Verbs 194
Chapter 5
Jargon and Technical Words 195 Business Words 196 Media Words 197 Computer Words and Technology Words 198 Geography Words 199 Music Words 200 Health Words 200 Art Words 201 Measurement Words 202 Sports Words 203 Writers on Words 205
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Introduction
ave you ever found yourself in a situation where you need extra words to enhance your day-to-day curriculum? With so many words to choose from, where do you start? Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing is the book for you This time-saving resource contains dozens and dozens of word lists to supplement the language concepts you teach as part of your language arts curriculum You can dip into the word lists to create instant word charts and enrich reading and writing lessons The lists can also help you prepare students for the vocabulary development standards assessed on standardized tests, such as understanding the origins of words, knowing the multiple meanings of words, and recognizing different shades of meaning Each of the word lists includes easy, target, and challenge versions that allow you to address the different ability levels within your classroom
H
Chapter 1 focuses on words that cause problems These words may look alike, sound alike, have irregular forms, or not sound as they are spelled Using context clues and choosing the meaning that ts the context are excellent skills to reinforce as students learn more about homophones, homographs, and commonly confused words You can discuss grammar, phonics, and letter-sound correspondence as students learn more about irregular words Chapter 2 focuses on developing vocabulary by buil ding new words, shortening words, and understanding the history of words The extensive lists of prexes, suffixes, and roots—from Greek, Latin, and Old English—will assist you as you teach students to use word parts to understand unfamiliar words
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
The lists of abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms show how language changes over time as longer words are shortened In addition, the lists showing how words are derived from literature and the names of people, places, wars, and so on, will help you address word-origin stan da rds and bring home to students the rich history of the English language Chapter 3 expands the understanding of the history of English by focusing on words and phrases derived from other languages Twenty other languages are represented, enriching students’ knowledge of the influence of other languages on English and further helping you to address word-origin standards You will also find an extensive collection of Spanish-English cognates Chapter 4 focuses on the differences between words Because English has its roots in so many sources, it contains many words for the same thing, such as “childish” with a Greek suffix and “immature” with a Latin prefix There are also dozens of idioms, or phrases not meant literally Overall, the lists in this chapter help you address the importance of avoiding tired words and choosing the best word or phrase to make meaning clear when speaking or writing Chapter 5 focuses on jargon and other technical language It provides lists of words used in different professions These lists help students understand that some words have special meanings that are different from their everyday meanings For example, the noun beat is usually understood as the regular rhythm of a piece of music or of one’s heart However, the area or subject that a newspaper reporter covers is also called a beat
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Introduction As you use this book, here are some activities you can do to reinforce the lists:
■
After using a list, have students hunt for interesting words (and phrases) that they see in newspapers, magazines, or online Add words students find to running lists you keep on the bulletin board Suggest t hat students categorize these words, using vocabulary terms such as “jargon,” “euphemism,” “acronym,” and so on
■
Create word puzzles for different types of lists For example, you might create crossword puzzles for words from mythology and word searches for words with silent letters Encourage your students to create their own puzzles to challenge their classmates Several puzzlegenerating programs are available on the Internet, such as http://puzzlemakercom
■
Start collecting idioms and other examples of wordplay, such as puns and clichés Students can illustrate these in literal and/or figurative ways Also challenge students to create illustrations using homophones, homographs, and commonly confused words
■
Bring in examples of graphic novels Have students discuss the effect of onomatopoeia Invite them to create graphics using onomatopoeia
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Chapter 1
Words That Cause Problems “ My students are often confused by homophones they read. I need more examples than the ones provided in
”
my textbook.
T
here are many types of words in English that can be difficult to learn and remember. These tricky words may sound alike (homophones), look alike (homographs, or even similar words such as conscience and conscious ), have irregular forms (such as certain verbs or plural nouns), or not sound as they are spelled (often due to silent letters). Having a dictionary or thesaurus on hand is always helpful when trying to determine the meaning of a word. However, using context clues to select the meaning that best fits that context is an excellent skill to reinforce as students learn more about homophones, homographs, commonly confused words, and so on. Remind students that the context of a word includes all the other words, phrases, clauses, and sentences around it. You may also want to suggest that students tackle commonly confused words by writing a single sentence that contains any word set presenting a problem. For example, for costume / custom: He wears a festive costume (clothing) during celebrations because it is the custom (tradition or usual practice) in his country. This can later act as a mnemonic device when students encounter the words again. Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
HomopHones
Homophones are words that sound alike but are spelled differently and have different meanings
Easy
bread
A
aid aide
help assistant
ail ale
be sick a drink
ate eight
past tense of eat one more than seven
aye eye
yes an organ for sight
B
bare bear
not covered a large animal
be bee
to exist an insect
beat beet
to hit or defeat a vegetable
been bin
past participle of be a container
blew blue
past tense of blow a color
brake
part of a machine that slows it down smash
break
10
bred
a food made with flour, water, and yeast past tense of breed
C
capital capitol
seat of government building where state legislature meets
D
dear deer
someone loved an animal
dew do
moisture perform
die dye
stop living coloring
cell sell
room in a prison offer for sale
cellar seller
basement a person selling something
cent scent sent
100th of a dollar odor past tense of send
cents scents
pennies odors
fair fare
just, not biased amount charged for a trip
cheap cheep
not expensive sound made by young bird
our
a powder made from grain blossom
chews choose
grinds up food pick
creak creek
squeak a stream
E
ewe you
a female sheep pronoun that refers to the person being addressed (I’m speaking to you)
F
ower for fore four
a preposition the front of something the number after three
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
G
K
gnu knew new groan grown
an African antelope past tense of know opposite of old moan pastparticiple of grow
knight night knot not
H
know
fine strands growing on head and skin an animal resembling a rabbit
hair hare
hay hey heal heel
lie lye
tomake healthy again back part of foot
M
to perceive sound this place
hi high
informal greeting far above the ground
hole whole
a hollow space complete
in medieval Europe, a soldier on horseback the opposite of day something you tie in a rope or string no way to be aware of; to have learned the opposite of yes
to recline a strong substance used for cleaning
made maid
thepast tense of make a housekeeper
mail
letters and other items sent by post not female
male main Maine mane
60 minutes belonging to us
chief; most important oneof the 50 states the hair on the head and neck of a lion or horse
O
I
in inn
the opposite of out atavern or small hotel
its it’s
belonging to it contraction of it is
oar or one won
pail pale
a bucket light; lacking color
pair pear
two of a kind a fruit
peace
calm; quiet; a period without war a part of something
piece pray prey
L
dried grass informal greeting
hear here
hour our
no
P
principal the head of a school principle a rule or standard R
rap wrap
to knock to cover with paper or cloth
read
the past tense of the verb read ; found meaning in written words a color
red right wright write
a paddle; something you row with a conjunction the number between zero and two past tense of win
to speak to God; to request or beg someoneor something that is hunted
road rode rowed
correct someone who makes or repairs something to compose or put words on paper a path past tense ofride past tense ofrow ; paddled
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11
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
roll
a part played by an actor to move on wheels
rose rows
a flower paddles a boat
role
S
some sum
not all the total
wait son sun
a male child the star around which Earth rotates
T
strong cloth on a boat that catches the wind and helps the boat move a bargain; selling goods for money
sail
sale
tail tale to
thesection at the rear end of an animal’s body a story a preposition showing direction also the number between one and three
sea see
the ocean to perceive through the use of the eyes
seam
the place where two pieces of cloth are joined to appear to be
toad
to use thread to join pieces of cloth; to mend therefore; as a result
toe tow
part of the foot to drag away
altar
a table or other raised structure used for religious ceremonies change
seem sew so
W
too two
towed
a tailless creature that resembles a frog past tense oftow ; dragged away
weight
to delay or slow down for someone how heavy something is
war wore
conflict past tense ofwear ; had on
ware wear where
something you sell to put or have on at what place
we wee
I and one or more people little
weak week
not strong seven days
wood would
timber is or was willing to
Target
A
air heir
a mixture of gases that we breath someone who inherits
alter B
aisle I’ll isle
a passageway I will a small island
bail bale
12
money paid to release someone from prison temporarily a bundle of hay
barque
the outer covering of a tree a small sailing ship
baron barren
a nobleman empty
base bass
bottom of something deep voice
bark
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
beach beech
sandy shore a type of tree
berth
a bed on a ship or train the beginning of life
birth
cereal serial
sent a statement of charges to construct
build boar bore
a male hog to make someone lose interest
board bored
a piece of wood not interested
born
brought into existence; given life past participle of bear
borne
crews cruise cue
chute billed
a breakfast food a story published in installments (one part at a time)
shoot
cite sight site
clause claws
a passage or shaft to fire or discharge to name or mention the ability to see a place or location a group of words with a subject and predicate the curved nails of an animal
queue
brews bruise
bridal bridle
but butt
part of a large city a small donkey a small hole in which an animal lives prepares a drink a damaged and discolored area on the skin relating to a wedding leather straps to control a horse except to hit or push
course
rough; not smooth a path or route
colonel kernel
a military officer a grain of cereal
complement compliment
to go well with or add to praise
coop coupe
a pen or cage a car
core corps
center; main a military unit or other group of people
coarse
C
cymbal symbol
a stockpile money
council counsel
an assembly or committee to advise
a musical instrument a sign
D
days
periods of time made up of 24 hours; plural of day a state of confusion
doe dough
a female deer mixture of flour, water, and other ingredients
dual
double; with two parts a fight with swords
duel E
earn urn
to make money a vase
eaves
part of a roof that sticks out over the wall that supports it plural of eve ; the day or night just before an important holiday or festival (New Year’s Eve)
eves
cache cash
a prompt or signal to do something a line of people
currant a type of fruit current up-to-date
daze borough burro burrow
groups of people working on a ship or who perform a similar task a journey by boat
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13
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
grate
F
faint feint
to pass out to pretend
faun
a mythological creature with the body of a man and the horns and legs of a goat a young deer
fawn
great grater greater
feet
a great and courageous deed the plural of foot
air are
style to burn brightly
ea ee
a bug to leave quickly the past tense of f l y short for inf l uenza, an infectious viral disease a chimney or other outlet to carry smoke
flew u ue
G
grease
a way of walking or running a type of door or other moveable barrier
gate
genes jeans
gilt guilt
14
units that carry a person’s hereditary characteristics dungarees; pants made of denim a thin coating of gold a feeling that you did something wrong
jam jamb
a fatty or oily substance a country in southeast Europe
a fruit spread part of a window or door frame
K
need
to press or work dough to make a smooth mass to require
L H
hail hale
frozen rain in good health
lain lane
past participle of lie a path or narrow road
leak
an opening from which water drips a vegetable similar to an onion
leek
haul
a corridor or passageway to carry
heard herd
past tense of hear a group of cattle
lessen lesson
to reduce or make less something you learn
higher
farther above the ground than something else to employ
liar lyre
someone who tells a lie a musical instrument you play by plucking the strings
links lynx
connections a wildcat
load
a burden; something carried from place to place a deposit of ore
hall
hire
gait
a device for grinding and shredding bigger or mightier
J
knead Greece
feat
to grind and shred, such as to grate cheese excellent; very large
hoarse horse
sounding rough and croaky an animal
I
idle idol idyll
not working; lazy something or someone worshipped and adored a peaceful, happy time or experience
lode loan lone
an amount of money you borrow with the promise to pay it back single; only
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
booty; plunder a musical instrument similar to a guitar
loot lute
moose mousse
M
morn
a shopping center to tear or attack
mall maul
martial
a law enforcement officer soldierly; military
mat matte
a pad or small carpet dull; not shiny
marshal
more than one month of May a labyrinth; a confusing network of passages
Mays maze
the flesh of an animal to encounter; to get together to give out or distribute
meat meet mete
medal meddle
might mite
mourn
minor moor more
a shortened form of morning; the time period before noon to grieve for and feel sad
before noon mourning grief; sorrow muscle
mussel
a bundle of fibers in the body that contributes to movement and strength a type of marine creature with a shell
peak peek pique
the highest point to take a brief look temper; wounded pride
peal
the ringing or clanging of bells to take away the skin or outer covering
pedal peddle peer pier
the part of a bike or car that you operate with your feet to sell to look at something closely and carefully a platform jutting out over the water
N
naval navel
referring to the navy a small hollow in the abdomen
O
ode owed
a type of poem required to pay someone else
power or strength a bug
overdo
to go beyond or do too much late; tardy
to tie up or fasten an object such as a boat additional
to stop briefly the feet of an animal
morning the time period
an award or badge of honor to intrude or get in the way
someone who works in a mine a juvenile
pause paws
peel
overdue miner
a large animal in the deer family a chilled dessert similar to pudding
simple a flat surface
pleas please
cries for aid to satisfy or make happy
poor pore
not wealthy a tiny opening or hole, particularly in the skin to rain heavily
pour pride pried
P
pain pane
plain plane
hurt; ache the glass part of a window or door
prot prophet
strong feeling of self-worth past tense of pry ; forced open money made; benefit someone who tells the future or speaks for a deity
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15
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
roomer
Q
quarts quartz
more than one quart a mineral
rumor
root
R
water falling from clouds; precipitation to rule over as a monarch a strap for controlling a horse
rain reign rein
to lift beams of light to destroy or tear down
raise rays raze
raiser razor
something or someone that raises something a sharp tool for shaving to interpret written words a slender stalk of grass
read reed
actual; genuine a spool
real reel recede reseed review revue
to pull back or move away to plant seeds again to examine a type of variety show
route
1
a circular band to twist or squeeze
the part of a plant that spreads underground a path or course
slay sleigh
to kill a vehicle pulled over snow or ice by a horse
stair
a step or flight of steps to look intensely at something
stare
stake rote wrote
memorized past tense of write ; composed
rung
past tense of ring ; made a bell sound past tense of wring ; squeezed
wrung
steak
soar sore
to glide or fly painful; tender
scene seen
sight; setting past participle of see ; perceived
shake
to mix by moving back and forth quickly; to tremble a leader of a group of Arabs
sheik
shear sheer
to cut hair or fleece very thin and fine
shone
past tense of shine ; glowed brightly past tense of show ; displayed
side sighed
surface or face past tense of sigh ; exhaled noisily
a post driven into the ground a thick slice of meat
stationary stationery
not moving paper used for correspondence
steal
to take something that doesn’t belong to you a metal; a strong alloy of iron and carbon
S
shown ring wring
a person who rents a room in a house gossip; a story passed from person to person
steel
straight strait
not crooked a channel or narrow body of water
suite sweet
a group of rooms sugary
sundae
an ice-cream dessert a day of the week
Sunday T
teas
tease tees
plural of tea; drinks made from leaves of a tea plant to kid or mock plural of tee ; pegs used to hold golf balls
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
their there they’re
belonging to them at that place or point they are
vale veil
threw
past tense of throw ; tossed from one side to the other
W
through
wade weighed
throne thrown
a chair for royalty past participle of throw ; was tossed wail
thyme time
a spice moment; instance
tide
the ebb and flow of the ocean past tense of tie ; fastened
tied
tighten titan
to make tighter a person of extraordinary achievement
whale
waist waste
way weigh whey
U
undo undue
take apart; cancel too much
vein
to moan or cry out in pain a large marine mammal the middle part of the body to not use properly; to squander a path to measure how heavy something is the watery liquid that separates from milk and is used to make cheese
whether weave we’ve
to make cloth we have
V
conceited a flat metal blade that turns in the wind a blood vessel
to walk through shallow water past tense of weigh ; measured how heavy something is
the temperature and other atmospheric conditions if
weather
vain vane
a valley sheer fabric covering the face
we’d weed
we had or we would a wild plant that people want to get rid of
which witch
what one a make-believe person with supernatural powers
whine wine
to complain or cry an alcoholic drink made from grapes
whoa woe
stop trouble and sorrow
whose who’s
belonging to whom who is
wind wined
to turn or twist gave wine to
Y
you’re your
you are belonging to you
yoke
a wooden frame or harness the yellow part of an egg
yolk
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1
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
Challenge broach
A
an eagle’s nest open and spacious
aerie airy
relating to the ear or hearing spoken
aural oral B
a lure; something to attract a fish or other animal lessen; lower
bate
a coarse woolen or cotton cloth areas by the sea
baize bays bask Basque
lie in the warmth of the sun an ethnic group living in the Pyrenees mountains in northcentral Spain and southwestern France
beer bier
an alcoholic drink a table holding a casket or dead body
bite byte
to tear with your teeth in computing, a set of bits, or units of memory a union of countries a large, solid piece
bootee or a baby’s knit boot bootie booty loot 1
burger burgher
a meat patty a comfortable, middle-class citizen; in medieval Europe, a merchant
censer censor
sensor
C
bait
bloc block
brooch
to mention or bring up a topic a pin used as jewelry
canon cannon canvas canvass
an approved set of writings a weapon or big gun a heavy fabric to campaign or drum up support
chord cord
click carat
caret carrot
a unit used to measure precious stones such as diamonds a mark showing where something belongs a root vegetable
carol carrel
a song a small partitioned work space
cast caste
to throw a social class determined by birth
cede seed
to yield or give up something you plant to grow plants
clique
complacent complaisant
cygnet signet
a container for burning incense a person who examines material to remove anything considered offensive a device that senses light, movement, or temperature change two or more musical notes played together string or thin rope to make a sharp, short sound a close group or circle of friend smug or selfsatisfied behaving in a way that will please others a baby swan a small seal (a signet ring)
D
ducked duct
got down quickly to avoid being hit or seen a pipe or tube through which something flows
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
F
L
faze phase
to bother or disturb a period of time; a stage
leach leech
P
to slowly take something away a blood-sucking creature
palate palette pallet
the top of the mouth an artist’s tray for mixing paints a narrow hard bed
to bend over or tilt the legal right to take or hold property as security against a debt
plait plate
a braid a dish
plum plumb
a fruit a lead weight at the end of a line
psalter
a book containing psalms a person who sells salt
foreword a preface or introforward
duction ahead; onward
lean lien
G
gamble gambol
gorilla guerilla
to bet money or property to frolic or move about playfully a large ape a fighter; a member of an irregular or paramilitary group that operates in small bands
levee levy
an embankment for preventing flooding to impose a tax
salter M
mantel mantle
a frame around or shelf above a fireplace the part of Earth between the crust and the core
H
hoard horde
holy wholly hostel hostile
to save up a large group of people sacred totally; completely an inexpensive inn not friendly; showing anger
mask masque
mean mien
not nice manner, appearance, and bearing
mews
an area with streets that once had stables but now has housing for people an inspiration
K
key quay
something for unlocking a door a dock or jetty
something covering the face to disguise a person a type of play with masked performers
muse
R
rancor ranker
bitterness; resentment someone who ranks things
tapped; knocked enthralled; completely caught up in wrapped covered with paper or cloth rapped rapt
reek wreak
rest wrest
rye wry
to stink or smell strongly to bring about; to cause to take it easy or relax to gain with difficulty; to seize a cereal grain or grass having a dry wit; ironic
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1
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homophones
S
sachet sashay
a small pouch of scented powder or potpourri to sway or glide a small racing boat the bony framework of the head
scull skull
sear seer
to burn or scorch a fortune teller
serf
a peasant who worked the land in feudal Europe waves
surf
staid stayed
step steppe
stolen stollen
surge
a type of cloth usually made from wool to rush forward
shier shire
more shy or bashful a district
sign sine
a poster or mark a geometric function
to go down sink shortened form of sync or synch synchronization; harmony; causing things to happen at the same time
20
one raised platform in a set of stairs a very large plain without trees past participle of steal ; taken without permission a sweet fruitbread that originated in Germany
T
tacked serge
settled; dull past tense of stay ; remained
tact
tick
a twitch or sudden contraction of the muscles a clicking sound
timber timbre
wood; lumber a quality of a sound
tort torte
a wrongful act a rich cake
tracked
past tense of track ; followed an expanse of land
tic
tract troop
past tense of tack ; fastened with a small nail skill and consideration in dealing with others
troupe V
vial taper tapir
a tall, slender candle a large hoofed animal
team
a group working together to pour or be full of
teem tear tier
a droplet of water from the eye a row or level
a group of people with a similar purpose a company of actors
vile
a small bottle used for medicine disgusting; evil
W
waive wave
to give up or put aside a ripple or upward thrust of water
wet whet
not dry to sharpen
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
HomograpHs
Homographs are words that are spelled alike, but have different word origins and different meanings You see them listed as separate entries in the dictionary (Starred words are also pronounced differently)
Easy A
arm arm
C
to give someone a weapon a body part
calf calf
a young cow the back of a person’s leg between the knee and ankle
can can
a container is able to
close* close*
nearby to shut
B
ball ball band band
bank bank
bark bark
bat bat
bill bill
box box
a round object a formal party a group of musicians a strip often used to hold things together a place to keep money a slope of land leading down to water a loud sound made by a dog the rough outer covering of a tree a wooden stick a flying mammal that comes out at night a bird’s beak a check or list showing how much money is owed a container to fight with the fists
F
date date
a fruit a day, month, and year
dear
someone loved or valued a salutation in a letter
does* does*
dove* dove*
performs; acts more than one doe, or female deer a type of bird past tense of dive ; went under water
lie lie
a swimming bird to get down quickly in order to avoid being hit or seen
to recline or stretch out to tell a falsehood not dead to pass through life; to be alive
M
mine mine
something belonging to me an excavation made in the earth for the purpose of extracting minerals
P
pen pen
duck duck
pleasing; just a market; a gathering to celebrate an event
L
live* live*
D
dear
fair fair
pit pit
an enclosed area where an animal is confined a writing instrument a hole in the ground the stone-like object in a fruit
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21
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
pound pound pound
a unit of weight a place where animals are kept to beat
row row
a series of objects placed next to each other to use paddles to move a boat
seal seal
a marine mammal to close
shed
a small building for storage to lose or get rid of
shed
R S
ring ring
a circular band to sound a bell
rose rose
the past tense of rise a flower
saw saw
a tool with a jagged edge past tense of see ; perceived
W
well well
healthy a hole from which water is drawn
bound
to spring upward or jump past tense of bind ; tied up limit or boundary (often plural) headed in a certain direction
Target bay
A
affect* affect*
to have an effect on to take on airs or pretend to be something
bay bay bay
money paid for the temporary release of a prisoner from jail to remove water from a boat
bail bail
bottom; stand vile; corrupt; contemptible
base base
bass* bass*
a fish a low-pitched sound
blow blow
batter
22
someone who hits a ball a partially liquid mixture used to bake cakes
bound
a large furry animal to endure to breathe hard on something sudden, unexpected bad luck
bluff bluff
to pretend a cliff
boil
to heat in order to change from liquid to gas a painful sore filled with pus
boil batter
bound
bound bear bear
B
an area of the sea partly enclosed by land a small evergreen tree to howl a reddish-brown horse
bore bore
to pierce to make someone uninterested; to tire mentally
brush brush
to clean or groom a thick growth of bushes
C
cape cape
an outer garment without sleeves a spit of land projecting into the water
case case
a box; a container aset of circumstances (the case against someone)
chaff
part of grains of wheat to poke fun at
chaff
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
a boy or man to redden, harden, split, and become sore
chap chap
might might
force maybe
past tense of feel ; touched a matted fabric
mint mint
a flavorful plant a place where coins are made
ne ne
in good condition money paid as a penalty
mold mold
to shape fungus
rm
solid; compact a group of people selling goods and services
F
felt felt
upper body; torso a container; a box for storage
chest chest
a place where people live supporting each other commune* to talk together commune*
content* content*
converse* converse*
happy; satisfied everything contained in something opposite; contrary to have a conversation with a vegetable with kernels on long ears a hardening of the skin on the toe
corn corn
court court
to date; to woo a yard
cue cue
a signal or prompt a long rod for playing pool
curry curry
a highly spiced dish to groom a horse
rm
G
game game
something you play wild animals
desert* desert* down down
a large expanse of arid land to abandon opposite of up the soft feathers of a young bird
pad pad
a small, thin cushion to move on foot
page
one side of a piece of paper to summon someone
page palm
grate grate
to shred a framework of metal bars covering an opening
J
jam jam
a fruit spread to push things together
junk junk
worthless things a flat-bottomed sailing boat
K D
P
kind kind
warm; generous type; category
palm
the inner side of the hand a tree, or a leaf from a palm tree
pants pants
breathes heavily trousers
peer peer
to look closely an equal
perch perch
a freshwater fish a rod or stick on which a bird sits
pitch pitch
a dark, sticky substance like tar to throw
plane plane
an aircraft a carpenter’s tool
pool pool
a place for swimming a form of billiards
M
match match
a contest a stick with a tip you can light
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23
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
a tiny opening to read carefully
pore pore press press
to bear down or squeeze to force into military service
spell spell spell
unusual cooked so that the inside is still red (a rare steak)
rash rash
hasty a red, itchy skin condition the part of a plant that grows underground to dig or rummage through something to cheer on
root root root
squash squash
a gourd a game similar to handball but played with a racket
stole stole
a shawl past tense of steal ; took something that didn’t belong to you
T
tarry* tarry*
tear* tear*
S
temple school school
a place for learning a group of fish
sound
noise; something you hear solid; well thought out; in good condition a wide ocean inlet to probe or measure the depth of water
sound sound sound
24
tire tire
toast
R
rare rare
to name the letters of a word a short period words spoken to make magic
temple
toast
toll toll
the rubber part of a car wheel to exhaust or wear out bread that has been heated and browned to say words to honor someone as you clink glasses and drink a charge for using a bridge or road to ring a bell
V
covered with tar to delay; to stay somewhere temporarily a drop of fluid from the eye to pull apart each side of the head along the forehead a place of worship
tense tense
worried; not relaxed how a verb expresses time
till till
a cashbox to prepare land for crops
vault vault
a place where valuables are kept to leap or jump
W
wind* wind*
moving air; a breeze to wrap around something
wound* wound*
an injury past tense of wind
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
Challenge buffet*
A
adder adder
a person who adds a water snake
made to happen; brought about affected pretentious affected
angle angle
the space formed at the point where two lines meet to scheme to get something a curved structure haughty
arch arch
buffet*
bumble bumble
burden burden
burn burn
B
bisque bisque
a creamy soup a pale, yellowish color
bit bit
a little piece a unit of information on a computer past tense of bite
bustle bustle
bit broach broach
buff buff buffer buffer
to make a buzzing noise like a bee to act clumsily or ineptly something carried or borne a recurring idea or theme to be on fire a small stream a pad used to expand the back of a skirt to move about busily
char char chop chop
a fish similar to a trout to burn or scorch to cut into small pieces to change directions suddenly
chord chord
a line segment a combination of three or more notes
chow chow
food a breed of dog
chum chum
a pal bait
cobbler
a person who makes shoes or boots a type of fruit pie
cobbler
compound a mixture of two or C
caper
to bring up a topic to move a boat broadside to the wind or waves
caper
a person with deep knowledge to shine or polish
capital
someone or something that polishes a barrier that lessens the shock or affect of something
a meal of many different dishes laid out on a large table from which people serve themselves to strike repeatedly; to batter
capital
the edible bud from a pungent plant to frolic or move playfully the upper part of a column money; funds
more things compound an enclosed area with a group of buildings in it console* console*
a cabinet to comfort
D
deal card card
a piece of stiff paper to comb with a wiretoothed brush
deal
carp carp
a fish to quibble or find fault
dice dice
a business transaction wood from a fir or pine tree game cubes to chop into small pieces
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
to stop living a game cube (pl. dice )
die die
food a person regularly eats a legislative body
diet diet
lay lay lay lay
E
something laid by a bird or fish to urge someone to do something
egg egg
mail
entrance* a door or way in entrance* to put in a trance or March march
F
uke uke
the past tense of lie ; reclined to put in a particular position not a member of the clergy a narrative poem
M
mail
under a spell
pawn
L
letters, cards, packages armor with interlocking rings the third month of the year to walk in line with regular movements
a fish something unexpected
maroon maroon
a purplish-red color to leave someone behind
mist; smoke to harass someone
mean mean mean
unkind; cruel average to signify
meet meet
suitable; fitting to encounter someone
H
haze haze I
invalid* invalid*
iris iris
not valid or legitimate a person made weak by illness a flower the colored part of the eye
K
kill kill
2
pawn
pink pink
a pastel shade of red and white to cut with shears; to stab
plump plump
chubby to drop down heavily
pod
a casing or housing; a shell a group of marine mammals
pod
primer* primer*
an undercoat of paint an elementary textbook teaching reading
Q
quarry quarry
quash quash
minute* minute*
a person being used for another’s purposes to hock or borrow money against
60 seconds very tiny
an animal that is hunted; prey a pit where stone is dug out of the ground to set aside a law or ruling to put down forcibly; to suppress
R
mule mule
a pack animal a slipper or backless shoe
recount* a second counting
or tallying recount* to tell or relate
P
to cause something or someone to die a stream
patter patter
rapid speech; chatter to make light tapping sounds
recover recover
to get back to cover again
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Homographs
refrain refrain refuse* refuse*
the part of a song or poem you repeat to hold back or not do don’t accept; to decline garbage
shock shock
see see
rent
money paid to owner for housing a tear
resort* resort* resort*
a vacation place an option or chance to sort again
rent
S
shoal shoal
shallow water a large school of fish
sheer sheer
a thick mass (a shock of hair) to surprise or disturb greatly
tart tart
sharp and sour a type of pie
to perceive through the eyes an area controlled by a bishop
tender tender
sensitive to touch to make an offer in writing a small boat
thin, fine, transparent to veer or swerve off course
troll
shy shy
bashful to throw or fling
spit
a narrow body of land projecting into a body of water to expel saliva
spit
T
tender
troll
a make-believe creature to drag a line through the water
W
wax wax
a slightly greasy substance used for polishing to increase in size
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2
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Pronounced Differently as Different Parts of Speech
W ords p ronounced differently as d ifferent p arts of s peecH
Sometimes one word is pronounced differently when it is used as different parts of speech This occurs most frequently with words that can be used as nouns or verbs Often, the stress changes from one syllable to another When this occurs, the vowel sound also changes Sometimes, though, only the consonant sound is different (See “Easy” words below)
Easy H
U
house (n.) (hous) house (v.) (houz)
a building you live in to provide a place for something to be stored or for a person to live
use (n.) (yoos) use (v.) (yooz)
purpose; function to employ something or put it in action
con´ duct (n.) con duct´ (v.)
behavior to lead; to behave
con´ ict (n.) con ict´ (v.)
a struggle or fight to be opposed to or contradict
con´ test (n.) con test´ (v.)
a competition to disapprove of or challenge something
con´ tract (n.) con tract´ (v.)
an agreement to form an agreement
Target
A
a buse´ (n.) a buse´ (v.)
mistreatment to treat badly
al´ ter nate (adj.) al´ ter nate (n.)
every other one a stand-in; someone who is available to take someone else’s place to happen in turns
al ter nate´ (v.) C
com´ bat (n.) com bat´ (v.)
a battle to fight
con´ trast (n.) con trast´ (v.)
difference to show the difference
com´ pound (adj.) com´ pound (n.)
made of two or more parts a mixture of two or more things to make something by combining two or more things
con´ vert (n.)
somebody who has changed from one form of belief or religion to another to transform or change something from one form to another
com pound´ (v.)
2
con vert´ (v.)
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Pronounced Differently as Different Parts of Speech
con´ vict (n.) con vict´ (v.)
a person in prison for a crime to find guilty of a crime
M
mo´ bile (adj.) mo bile´ (n.)
D
de´ light (n.) de light´ (v.)
joy; pleasure to give pleasure to
able to move easily a sculpture with parts that move that hangs from the ceiling
O
de´ mand (n.) de mand´ (v.)
a strong request to request boldly and forcefully
di´ gest (n.)
a magazine made up mostly of shortened forms or summaries of articles to take in and process food or ideas
di gest´ (v.)
ob´ ject (n.) ob ject´ (v.) P
per´ mit (n.) per mit´ (v.)
E
ex´ cuse´ (n.) ex´ cuse´ (v.)
reason not to do something to give a reason not to do something
ex´ port (n.)
something sent outside of the country for sale to send something to another country for sale
ex port´ (v.)
grad´ u ate (n. ) grad u ate´ (v. )
someone who completes a course of study at a school to complete a course of study at a school
I
im´ port (n.) im port´ (v.) in´ sult (n.) in sult´ (v.)
something brought into the country to bring into the country a disrespectful remark to make a disrespectful remark
official permission or a license to do something to allow something or give permission for it
pres´ ent (n.) pre sent´ (v.)
a gift you give to someone to give something to someone
pro´ duce (n.) pro duce´ (v.)
fruits and vegetables to make or create something
pro´ ject (n.)
a task that takes time and effort to complete to send forward
pro ject´ (v.)
G
something that can be seen and touched to oppose something
R
rec´ ord (n.) re cord´ (v.)
an official document to write down for official use
re´ bel (n.) re bel´ (v.)
someone who defies authority to defy authority or act in protest
re´ ject (n.)
something found unsuitable or not up to the standard to turn down
re ject´ (v.)
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Pronounced Differently as Different Parts of Speech
re lay´ (v.)
the passing of one thing to another; a type of race to send something or pass it on
re´ cess (n.) re cess´ (v.)
a temporary break to halt for a short period
re´ lay (n.)
S
sur´ vey (n.) sur vey´ (v.)
sus´ pect (n.) sus pect´ (v.)
se´ pa rate (adj.) se pa rate´ (v.)
distinct to divide
sub´ ject (n.)
a person under someone’s rule or command to place under or below someone’s rule or command; to inflict
sub ject´ (v.)
something you use to collect people’s opinions to look at carefully or gather people’s opinions somebody who is thought to be guilty of doing something illegal to think that someone is guilty
T
trans´ port (n. ) trans port´ (v.)
a vehicle used for carrying people or things from place to place to move to another place
Challenge
at´ tri bute (n.) at tri´ bute (v.)
A
ab´ sent (adj.) ab sent´ (v.)
not present to keep away
a quality or characteristic to give credit to or assign a characteristic to
C
ab stract´ (v.)
not concrete a brief statement summarizing the main ideas to take away or remove
af´ fect (n.) af fect´ (v.)
a feeling, emotion, or tendency to have an effect on
ab stract´ (adj.) ab´ stract (n.)
30
ad´ vo cate (n.) ad vo cate´ (v.)
a supporter to speak out in support
al´ ly (n.) al ly´ (v.)
friend join with
ar tic´ u late (adj.) ar tic u late´ (v.)
well spoken to voice or express yourself clearly
com´ bine (n.) com bine´ (v.)
a machine for harvesting and threshing grain to join or mix
D
de´ fect (n.) de fect´ (v.)
a fault or flaw to leave your country because you find fault with its government
de´ lib e rate (adj.)
carefully thought through and considered to consider carefully; to weigh
de lib e rate´ (v.)
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Pronounced Differently as Different Parts of Speech
de´ so late (adj.) de so late´ (v.)
forlorn; extremely sad and hopeless to lay waste to; to bring disaster to
P
per´ fect (adj.) per fect´ (v.)
du´ pli cate (n.) du pli cate´ (v.)
a copy to make a copy
complete in every way; flawless to make something as good as possible
R E
re´ coil (n.)
es´ cort (n.) es cort´ (v.)
a person who accompanies or guides someone else to accompany or guide
re coil´ (v.)
the spring or kickback from a gun that is fired to draw back or retreat
T L
trans´ plant (n.)
lam´ i nate (n.) lam in nate´ (v.)
a product used as an outer covering to cover with a thin sheet of something
trans plant´ (v.)
an organ or other body part taken from one body and given to another to move from one place to another
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31
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Commonly Confused Words
commonly c onfused W ords
Some pairs of words are easy to confuse In many pairs, the words sound a lot alike, although not exactly alike In others, the meanings of the two words are close but not the same
Easy
A
D
angel angle
a heavenly being the space formed between sides of a triangle or other geometric shape
used to connect three or more things between used to connect two things among
B
dessert diner dinner
lend
to take or get something from someone on a temporary basis to give something to someone on a temporary basis
C
less
is able to has permission to
costume
a disguise or special clothes a tradition
custom
an informal restaurant or a person eating the main meal of the day
well
loose lose
a small number of things that can be counted (few apples) a smaller part of a whole or mass (less pie)
not tight to misplace or not be able to find
P
pedal petal
something on a car or bike you operate with your foot part of a flower
Q
quiet quite
without noise to a considerable extent
T
G
good
can may
an expanse of arid land a sweet treat
F
few
borrow
32
desert
L
adjective meaning satisfactory or fine adverb meaning satisfactorily, comfortably, or adjective meaning healthy
than
then trail trial
used after a comparative adjective or adverb (bigger than) at that time; therefore to track or follow a hearing in the court of law
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Commonly Confused Words
Target
anxious eager
A
accent ascent assent
the individual way you pronounce a word a climb or rise to agree to something to take or agree to not including
adapt
to modify or change for a particular circumstance to legally take into one’s family
adopt
award
advise
affect effect
counsel; suggestions for what to do to counsel someone or suggest what to do to make something happen the result
ally
a passage between buildings a friend
all ready already
everyone is ready by this time
alley
something given as a result of a decision by judges (an award for perfect attendance) something given in return for a service (a reward for finding a lost cat)
bath
the act of soaking in a bathtub to wash or cleanse yourself
a lot
to give or assign; to parcel out plenty
all together everyone is together altogether totally
fabric to dress or put garments on
command commend
to lead or direct to praise
complete compliment praise or flattery conscience conscious
an outdoor market strange
convince
beside besides
next to in addition
persuade
breadth breath
depth; expanse; span the air you inhale and exhale to inhale and exhale air
C
a chart that shows the month and days of the year colander a strainer calendar
allot
cloth clothe
bazaar bizarre
breathe
carton cartoon
a short, sharp sound a small group of close friends
complement to add to or
B
bathe advice
click clique
reward accept except
worried; uneasy excited; enthusiastic
a box a drawing or animated film
sense of what is right and wrong aware to lead someone to believe something to get someone to do something
D
decent descent dissent detract distract
device devise
showing acceptable behavior; moral and upright decline disagreement to make less by taking away from to draw someone’s attention from a tool, gadget, or machine to create or develop
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33
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Commonly Confused Words
E
lend
G
emigrant immigrant
emigrate immigrate
envelop envelope
every day everyday
a person who leaves his or her native country a person who settles in a new country to leave your native country (used with “from”) to settle in a new country (used with “to”) to surround a packet used to mail letters each day ordinary
gap gape glance glaze
farther
further
formally formerly
more distant in physical space than something else (farther down the road) more distant in degree or time (further along in her career) officially; properly in the past; before this; previously
a space between things to stare at
loan
to take a quick look to put a shiny finish on something
lightening making lighter lightning flashes of light
during a thunderstorm
H
hanged executed someone by hung
hanging that person by the neck put up; attached to a wall
human a person humane caring; kind
M
medal metal mettle
a badge a hard substance courage
moral
a lesson to be drawn, especially from a fable general way someone is feeling; confidence; spirits
morale I
imply infer
F
to suggest or mean to make a judgment or draw a conclusion
O
oral verbal
L
by mouth spoken; having to do with words
later latter
afterward; in a while concluding; second
lay lie
to place something or put something down to recline
pastor pasture
a minister a place where animals graze
leave let
to depart to allow or permit
precede
to come before in time to carry on or continue
P
proceed
34
to give something to someone on a temporary basis something you give to someone on a temporary basis
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Commonly Confused Words
Challenge alternately
A
access assess
entrance to evaluate or judge
alternatively
amoral adoptive
adopted
describing a parent who adopts a child (adoptive parent) legally taken into another family (adopted child)
immoral
affective effective
bad; unfavorable reluctant; against something emotional; moving causing the desired result
to ease, lessen, or make more bearable ameliorate to improve alleviate
allude elude
to refer to indirectly to escape or avoid
allusion
an indirect reference to something a persistent false belief; a mental disorder a dream or fantasy; a misleading image
delusion illusion
alternate alternative option
every other one in a series a choice between two or more options something that may be chosen
without morals; not knowing right from wrong wicked; corrupt
condant condent
connotation
denotation appraise apprise
adverse averse
one after the other on the other hand
assure ensure
insure
to assess or evaluate to inform or explain to promise or guarantee to see to it that something happens or doesn’t happen to guarantee protection or safety
connote denote
continual continuous currently presently
someone you confide in full of confidence; sure of your ability associations brought to mind; suggested meaning stated meaning to suggest a meaning to state a meaning occurring again and again nonstop at this time; now in a short while; soon
D
censor
censure
to remove offensive or problematic material an official reprimand or severe criticism
comprehensible understandable comprehensive complete; cover-
denite denitive
certain; exact authoritative; final
defuse
to remove a fuse from a bomb or make a situation less tense spread out
diffuse
ing everything a situation involving a choice between two equally unfavorable options predicament any difficult and unpleasant situation dilemma concurrent consecutive
happening at the same time one after the other
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35
Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Commonly Confused Words
disinterested impartial; fair uninterested not interested;
aunt out
bored
to show off to show contempt or disobey
persecution prosecution
cruel treatment bringing a case against a defendant in a trial
personal personnel
private the people who work for a company or organization
prescribe
to recommend a treatment or course of action to forbid or ban
E H
economic economical
financial thrifty; saving money
egoist
someone who is self-centered and thinks mainly of himself or herself someone who is arrogant, very conceited, and selfish
egotist
elicit illicit
eminent imminent
to draw or bring out unlawful; dishonest well-known; famous; important coming up; about to happen
historic
historical
J
jurist juror
epigraph
epitaph
a short, witty poem or saying a quotation used to set the theme for a literary work an inscription on a tombstone
luxuriant luxurious
able or likely to catch fire easily inammable not able or likely to catch fire easily nonammable not able to catch fire 3
a law expert or judge a person who serves on a jury
nauseated
abundant fond of or marked by luxury
sickening; causing nausea feeling sick and ready to vomit
P
perfect prefect
without flaws a student with authority over other students
persecute
harass; treat cruelly to bring a case against a defendant in a trial
prosecute
R
respectfully respectively
N
F
ammable
proscribe
L
nauseous epigram
significant; remarkable; having an effect on history relating to the past
in a way that shows respect in that order
S
statue stature statute
a sculpture height or standing a law or governing rule
T
tortuous torturous
winding; twisted causing great pain and anguish
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Irregular Verbs
irregular V erbs
Most English verbs form their past-tense and pastparticiple forms by adding - ed to the base form or innitive Some verbs, though, have irregular past-tense and/or past-participle forms
Easy Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
be beat become begin bend bite blow break bring build burn buy catch come cut dig do drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly get give
was/were beat became began bent bit blew broke brought built burned or burnt bought caught came cut dug did drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew got gave
been beaten or beat become begun bent bitten blown broken brought built burned or burnt bought caught come cut dug done drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown gotten given
go grow have/has hear hit hold hurt keep know leave let lose make meet put read ride ring run say see sell send show
went grew had heard hit held hurt kept knew left let lost made met put read rode rang ran said saw sold sent showed
shut sing sink
shut sang sank
gone grown had heard hit held hurt kept known left let lost made met put read ridden rung run said seen sold sent showed or shown shut sung sunk
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Irregular Verbs
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
sit stand take teach tell
sat stood took taught told
sat stood taken taught told
think throw wear win write
thought threw wore won wrote
thought thrown worn won written
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
arise awake awaken bear bet bid bind bleed burst cast choose cling cost creep deal dream
arose awoke awakened bore bet bid or bade bound bled burst cast chose clung cost crept dealt dreamed or dreamt fitted or fit fled flung forbade or forbad forecast forgot froze ground hanged hung
arisen awoken awakened born or borne bet bidden bound bled burst cast chosen clung cost crept dealt dreamed or dreamt fitted or fit fled flung forbidden
hide kneel knit lay lead lend lie (recline) mean mistake misunderstand overhear pay plead prove
hid knelt or kneeled knit or knitted laid led lent lay meant mistook misunderstood overheard paid pleaded or pled proved
quit redo rid rise seek shake shed shine
quit or quitted redid rid rose sought shook shed shone or shined showed shot shrank or shrunk
hidden knelt or kneeled knit or knitted laid led lent lain meant mistaken misunderstood overheard paid pleaded or pled proved or proven quit redone rid risen sought shaken shed shone or shined shown shot shrunk or shrunken
Target
fit flee fling forbid forecast forget freeze grind hang (person) hang (thing) 3
forecast forgotten frozen ground hanged hung
show shoot shrink
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Irregular Verbs
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
slay sleep slide slit speak speed
slew slept slid slit spoke sped or speeded spent split spread sprang or sprung stole stuck stank or stunk stung
slain slept slid slit spoken sped or speeded spent split spread sprang or sprung stolen stuck stank or stunk stung
strike
struck
string swear sweep swell
strung swore swept swelled
swim swing tear upset wake weave weep wind wring
swam swung tore upset woke or waked wove wept wound wrung
struck or stricken strung sworn swept swollen or swelled swum swung torn upset woken or waked woven wept wound wrung
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
backslide breed broadcast
backslid bred broadcast or broadcasted foresaw foretold forgave inputted or input miscast mislaid misread outbid outgrew overcame
backslid bred broadcast or broadcasted foreseen foretold forgiven inputted or input miscast mislaid misread outbid outgrown overcome
overdo oversee overtake partake proofread recast shear typecast undercut undergo uphold withdraw withhold
overdid oversaw overtook partook proofread recast sheared typecast undercut underwent upheld withdrew withheld
overdone overseen overtaken partaken proofread recast sheared or shorn typecast undercut undergone upheld withdrawn withheld
spend split spread spring steal stick stink sting
Challenge
foresee foretell forgive input miscast mislay misread outbid outgrow overcome
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Nouns With Irregular Plurals
nouns W itH i rregular p lurals
Most English nouns form their plural by adding - s or -es to the singular form Some nouns, though, have an irregular plural form This is especially true of nouns borrowed from other languages
Easy Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
child deer foot goose half man
children deer feet geese halves men
mouse sheep tooth wife wolf woman
mice sheep teeth wives wolves women
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
antenna
antennae (or antennas) axes bases bison bacteria cacti (or cactuses) corps crises curricula data diagnoses dice ellipses hippopotami (or hippopotamuses) hooves knives lives
loaf louse medium memorandum moose oasis octopus
loaves lice media memoranda moose oases octopi (or octopuses) offspring oxen people radii selves series shelves species swine thieves
Target
axis basis bison bacterium cactus corps crisis curriculum datum diagnosis die ellipsis hippopotamus hoofs knife life 40
offspring ox person radius self series shelf species swine thief
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Nouns With Irregular Plurals
Challenge Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
alga alumna (female) alumnus (male) amoeba analysis appendix
algae alumnae alumni (male) amoebae analyses appendices (or appendixes) chateaux criteria foci (or focuses) formulae (or formulas) fungi (or funguses)
hypothesis libretto index matrix nebula nucleus phenomenon schema stimulus synopsis synthesis thesis
hypotheses libretti indices (or indexes) matrices nebulae nuclei (or nucleuses) phenomena schemata stimuli synopses syntheses theses
chateau criterion focus formula fungus
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Nouns That Are Always Plural
nouns t Hat a re a lWays p lural
Some nouns are always plural These include words for things that always come in pairs, such as trousers and pliers , and aggregate nouns, such as communications , which usually end in -s These words take a plural verb and/ or pronoun
Easy clothes jeans
mittens pants
shorts shoes
headquarters living quarters leggings news overalls pajamas pliers police scissors
shears sleeping quarters sneakers spectacles sunglasses tights troops trousers tweezers
forceps goods nail clippers pinking shears media
remains (library) stacks tongs
Target accommodations barracks binoculars crossroads earmuffs eyeglasses gallows gloves goggles
Challenge archives arms communications contents dregs
42
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Collective Nouns
collectiVe n ouns
Collective nouns are words that name of group of people, animals, or things When the noun refers to the group as a unit, it takes a singular verb and pronoun When it refers to the individual members or parts of the group, it takes a plural verb and pronoun Collective nouns for groups of animals are also called “terms of venery” Most of them come from hunting Some use creative or imaginative terms to describe the animals Some can be used for people, too, such as a “congregation of birds” or a “congregation of people”
Easy band class family
flock group herd
pack school (of fish) team
army assembly audience baggage batch board brood (of young animals or children) bundle cabinet cache cast choir chorus clan cluster
colony committee company congress corporation corps council crew fleet gaggle (of geese) galaxy gang generation horde jury litter
luggage mob navy nest (of mice) party pride (of lions) pod (of marine animals) set society squadron stable (of horses) streak (of tigers) swarm (of insects) tribe troop troupe
Target
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Collective Nouns
Challenge array battery bevy (of larks or quail) brace (of wildfowl) cete (of badgers) clowder (of cats) congregation convocation (of eagles) covey (of game birds) drift (of hogs) drove (of cattle or geese)
44
exultation (of larks) faculty fraternity gam (of whales) host (of angels) kindle (of kittens) majority minority murder (of crows) muster (of peacocks) passel (of possums)
plague (of locusts) public sorority shoal (of fish) shrewdness (of apes) skein (of wildfowl) skult (of vermin) span (of oxen) sloth (of bears) warren (of rabbits) watch (of nightingales)
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
W ords W itH s ilent l etters
Many words in English have one or more silent letters T he words below are grouped by the silent letter or letters most likely to cause problems (This list does not include words that follow the pattern consonant-vowel-consonant-silent e See p 51)
Easy
Silent A
coat lead leaf leak lean leap leave meadow mean meat oak oar oath soak soap soar Silent B
comb crumb doubt dumb limb tomb
Silent C
duck fleck jack jacket kick lick lock locket pack package pocket rack rock rocket sack sick sock speck stack tack ticket thick track trick
Silent D
badge budge dodge handsome hedge lodge nudge Wednesday Silent E
clothe clothes doe eel eerie ore rinse waste Silent G
gnarled gnash gnat gnaw gnome gnu
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
Silent GH
fight high light might right sigh sight slight tight Silent H
cartwheel Christmas ghost ghostly pinwheel whale what wheat wheel when where which while whip whirl whisker whisper whistle white why
4
Silent I
niece Silent K
knack knave knead knee kneel knife knight knit knob knock knot know Silent L
half Silent O
people Silent R
purr Silent T
batch castle catch catcher
hatch hitch hitchhike hopscotch itch kitchen latch listen scratch snatch watch Silent U
aunt building guard guess guest guide laugh Silent W
sword two who whole wrap wrist write writing wrong
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
Target
Silent A
coarse coax cocoa diamond diaper leaflet league lease leash leather restaurant Silent B
debt Silent C
crescent descend descendant discipline jackal jackpot kickoff muscle neckerchief necklace padlock racket scene scent slapstick socket speckled
sprocket tackle thicket trickle Silent D
adjective adjust budget cartridge dislodge dredge edge edgewise fridge gadget grudge hedge porridge Silent E
beverage cleanse coleslaw collapse commence commerce counterfeit forfeit gorgeous horde lacrosse lance lapse
lathe legume neutral omelette pageant pasteurize pigeon questionnaire rhyme sergeant soothe submerge sunbathe surely surge suspense swerve tease teethe tense thyme value vengeance waste writhe Silent G
campaign design feign foreign lasagna
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
Silent GH
daughter height slaughter though through upright uptight Silent H
dinghy bushwhack chord choral chorus chronic elsewhere Fahrenheit ghastly ghetto harpsichord heir heiress heirloom overwhelm rhombus rhubarb rhyme rhythm shepherd silhouette spaghetti vehicle whack wharf wheelchair wheeze 4
whether whim whimper whine whirlpool whirlwind whisk whiz Silent I
brilliant business peculiar Silent K
doorknob knapsack knickers knickknack knocker knoll knotty know-how knowledge knowledgeable knuckle well-known Silent L
behalf chalk halve llama salmon
Silent N
column condemn hymn Silent O
flourish leopard pious Silent P
psalm raspberry Silent PS
corps Silent QU
lacquer Silent S
debris Silent T
beret bewitch blotch bouquet bristle butcher butterscotch dispatch etch glisten glitch hatchery
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
hatchet hatchling hustle hutch jostle ketchup latchkey mistletoe nestle notch often putt retch rustle sketch snatch stretch switch thatch trestle thistle twitch
wrestle wrestling wristwatch Silent U
biscuit guardian guild guilt guinea pig guitar laughable lifeguard mourn safeguard vacuum Silent UE
catalogue monologue prologue technique
Silent W
playwright shipwreck swordfish wholly whom whooping crane whose wrangle wreck wreckage wren wrench wrestle wrestling wretched wriggle wring wrinkle wristwatch Silent X
Sioux Challenge
Silent A
algae aardvark guinea pig meager pharaoh tarpaulin Silent B
dumbfounded
honeycomb indebted Silent C
abscess czar czarina incandescent obscene scenario
scepter sickle-cell Silent CH
yacht Silent D
drudgery fledgling
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words With Silent Letters
Silent E
ageism aloe appease coerce entrepreneur hieroglyphics maneuver neurotic neuter seismograph syringe terse venue verge
choral choreographer Christianity chromosome chronological chrysalis chrysanthemum jodhpurs khaki rheumatism rhinoceros rhododendron Sikh vehement whimsical Silent I
Silent G
align benign champagne consign consignment phlegm Silent GH
drought righteous Silent H
aghast annihilate Buddha Buddhism bushwhack chasm cholera cholesterol 50
parliament plagiarize Silent O
amoeba colonel jeopardy onomatopoeia Silent P
pneumatic pneumonia
mortgage ricochet tsar tsarina tsunami Silent GH
asthma isthmus Silent U
camouflage cantaloupe chauffeur gourmet guerrilla guile guillotine quetzal Silent UE
epilogue queue rogue synagogue Silent W
wrath wrest writhe
Silent T
apostle chalet debut depot fillet gourmet
Silent X
roux Silent Z
rendezvous
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Silent e in c-v-c-e Words
silent
e in c - V- c -e W o rds
Some words follow the pattern of consonant-vowelconsonant-silent e Usually, the silent e signals that the vowel sound is long or, in multisyllabic words, the vowel sound before the last syllable is long
Easy
1-syllable words
bake base bite blade bone bore cake cane cape case cave code crime date dime dine dive drive face fine frame gate gave grace grade hate hide hole kite lace
lake lame lane late life lime live lone lose love made mane make male mate more name nine note plane pale pole rate rise shine side stole sure tale tape time twice
twine vase wade wage wake wave 2-syllable words
arrive compete complete decide define describe divide escape explode explore include invade ore outside suppose surprise tadpole translate 3-syllable words
crocodile navigate telephone
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Silent e in c-v-c-e Words
Target
1-syllable words
bale brace bride chime choke cite clone close clove cone core daze dome dove fake fare fate flame fume fuse glaze glide grate hale hare hose mare mate pace scene swipe tone tote truce wage 52
2-syllable words
abode abuse alcove arcade astute azure cascade collide compose comprise concrete console consume corrode costume cyclone defuse delete deplete depose derive despise device devote discrete embrace engrave estate exhale exile expose extreme feline folktale frustrate
future grenade ignore immune impose iname irate leisure module outrage reside revise schedule subscribe supreme surname terrace termite tribute trombone turnpike unite vaccine volume voyage 3-syllable words
absolute aggravate appetite carnivore centipede circulate civilize concentrate congregate
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Silent e in c-v-c-e Words
contemplate dedicate delegate designate dominate emigrate exercise finalize formulate herbivore hesitate
hibernate homicide illustrate immigrate incubate operate overrate organize paraphrase parasite renovate
submarine sympathize tangerine undermine 4-syllable words
accommodate domesticate incorporate subordinate telecommute
Challenge
1-syllable words
bane bode chafe chide cite clone gale haze hone jute mete mode muse name raze tome
2-syllable words
abate abide atone estate fissure glucose graphite secrete syndrome turbine
composite composure germinate gyroscope regicide synchronize 4-syllable words
desegregate eradicate espionage gesticulate
3-syllable words
attribute cellophane cellulose chromosome
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Not Spelled as They Sound
W ords n ot s pelled as t Hey sound
There are many spelling demons in the English language, but the spelling of some words is particularly hard to fathom Here are words that are tricky because they sound so little like they are spelled
Easy ache acre aisle are choir eighth gypsy
hymn island laugh often one restaurant route
though through Tuesday Wednesday weird why women
amateur asthma campaign chauffeur colonel conscience conscious conscientious corps diaphragm etiquette fatigue faucet foreign feud
fuel genius gymnasium hygiene jewelry lacquer lieutenant mortgage naughty nuisance pageant pamphlet penicillin physician pneumonia
reservoir rhyme rhythm schedule sergeant subtle surveillance technique theater unanimous unique vague yacht
Target
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Chapter 1: Words That Cause Problems Words Not Spelled as They Sound
Challenge archaeologist archaeology archaic arctic champagne coercion drought gourmet liaison
hieroglyphics hemorrhage isthmus larynx lingerie maneuver pharaoh panache phlegm
psychiatric psychic psychology queue reminisce rendezvous sacrilegious tuition
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Chapter 2
Vocabulary Development “ I’m teaching my students how to use word parts to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. My textbook contains some prefixes, suffixes, and roots, and I need
”
additional ones.
O
ne way to create new words is to add together word parts. A combining form is a word part that is combined with one or more other combining forms or a free-standing word to form a new word. Some combining forms always take the initial position. These are commonly called prefixes. Some always take the final position. These are commonly called suffixes. Some can take either position or appear in the middle of a word. These are often referred to as roots. Another way to build new words is to add together two or more whole words. These compound words may be hyphenated (icecold), written with a space between the two words but treated as one entity (ice cream), or closed up with no space between the original words (airplane). Sometimes words are shortened. A clipped word is a shortened form of a word in which the end syllables are dropped ( pop ). An abbreviation is a shortened form music for popular music of a word or phrase used when writing to represent the whole word ( Mr . for Mister ). An acronym is a word formed from the initials or other parts of several words. With an acronym, you say the word formed by the letters ( radar , for radio detecting and ranging ). An initialism uses only letters from the word. With an initialism, you say the letters ( CD for compact disc ).
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
prefixes
A prex is a letter or group of letters added to a word or root to change its meaning
Easy Latin
Meaning
How It Works
Example
non-
not; lacking; without
non + fat = nonfat; without fat
nondairy, nonfiction, nonsense, nonstick
pre-
before; in front of; superior to
pre + view = preview; look at before or ahead of time
precook, predict, preface, pretest
re-
again; back; reverse the action of
re + make = remake; make again
redo, rerun, return, review
Meaning
How It Works
Example
mis-
bad; badly; wrongly
mis + fortune = misfortune; bad fortune
misbehave, misguided, misspelled, mistake
un-
not; the opposite of
un + fair = unfair; not fair
unable, uncover, unknown, untrue
Meaning
How It Works
Example
anti-
against; opposed to; preventing or counteracting
anti + labor = antilabor; against labor unions
antibacterial, antidote; antifreeze, antisocial
auto-
self
auto + biography = autobiography; biography; story of one’s own life
autocracy, autograph, automatic, automobile, autonomous
deca-
ten
deca + gon = decagon; a tensided figure
decade, decameter, decathlon
Prex
Old English
Prex
Target
Greek
Prex
5
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Prex
mono-
Meaning
How It Works
Example
one; alone; single
mono + tone = monotone; a single, unchanging tone
monogram, monolith, monologue, monopoly
octa + gon = octagon; an eight-sided figure
octave, octet, octogenarian, octopus
How It Works
Example
oct-, octa-, eight octo-
Latin
Prex
bi-
Meaning
two; twice; on two sides; bi + monthly = bimonthly; occurring bicycle, bilingual, bisect, occurring every two; every two months biweekly occurring twice during a period
co-, col-, together with; joint; to com-, con-, the same degree cor-
con + vene = convene; to come together
copilot, collate, communication, correlate
de-
from; down; reverse the action of
de + code = decode; to reverse the action of coding; to translate a coded message
debrief, demerit, decrease, derail
deci-
one-tenth
deci + mate = decimate; to destroy every tenth part
decibel, decimal, deciliter, decimeter
dis-
not; opposite of; lack of; away from
dis + band = disband; to do the opposite of forming a band; to break up a band or move apart
disbelieve, discharge, disconnect, dislike
equa-, equi-
equal; equally
equi + distant = equidistant; equally distant
equation, equator, equinox, equitable
em-, en-
put into or on; cover; make; subject to; intensifier
en + throne = enthrone; put on the throne; crown
embark, empower, enable, endanger
ex- (with hyphen)
former
ex- + convict = ex-convict; former convict
ex-mayor, ex-senator, ex-president, ex-wife
e-, ex-
out; beyond; away from; without
ex + pel = expel; to push out, banish, eject, emit, excavate, or eject exceed, exclude, exhale
il-, im-, in-, ir-
not; lack of
il + legal = illegal; not legal
impartial, immature, insecure, irregular
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Meaning
How It Works
Example
im-, in-
in; into; within
in + duct = induct; lead or bring into
immerse, immigrate, inborn, income
inter-
between
inter + national = international; between nations
interact, intercoastal, intermingle, interstate
intra-
within; inside
intra + city = intracity; within a large city
intramural, intradermal, intrastate, intravenous
mal-
bad; badly; wrong; ill
mal + adjusted = maladjusted; poorly adjusted
malcontent, malady, malaise, malaria
multi
many
multi + cultural = multicultural; relating to many cultures
multilingual, multimillionaire, multiform, multiple
ob-, oc-, of-, op-
before; against; over; totally
ob + scure = obscure; cover; over
object, occur, offer, oppose
per-
through; throughout; completely; very thoroughly
per + ceive = perceive; understand or grasp thoroughly
perfect, perform, permeate, permit
post-
after; later
post + script = postscript; written afterward or at the end of a letter
posterior, posthumous, postpone, postwar
pro-
for; forward
pro + ceed = proceed; go ahead
progress, promote, pronounce, propose
sub
under; beneath; to a lesser degree, bordering
sub + ject = subject; place under someone else’s authority
sublet, submerge, substandard, subway
super-, supr-
above; beyond; over
super + natural = supernatural; beyond the normal
superhighway, superscript, supersonic, supreme
trans-
across; over; beyond
trans + continental = transcontinental; crossing the continent
transact, transfer, translate, transportation
tri-
three
tri + angle = triangle, a figure with three angles
triceps, tricycle, trillion, tristate
uni-
one; only
uni + cycle = unicycle; one cycle; one wheel
uniform, unity, unique
Prex
0
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Old English
Meaning
How It Works
by-
near; side; secondary or incidental to the main product
by + stander = bystander; person standing at the sidelines or looking on
bylaw, bypass, byproduct, byway
fore-
before; ahead of; front
fore + ground = foreground; the front or nearest part of a scene
forearm, forecast, foretell, forewarn
mid-
middle
mid + stream = midstream; the middle of the stream
midnight, midpoint, midterm, midway
over-
above; over; upper; outer; over + weight = overweight; above superior; passing above, normal weight beyond, or across; too much
overcharge, overdue, overflow, oversee
self-
by oneself; within; automatic
self-confidence, selfish, self-made, self-winding
under-
beneath; too little; below under + ground = underground; normal beneath the surface of the ground
Prex
self + centered = self-centered; centered on
Example
underage, underneath, underwater, underweight
Challenge Greek
Meaning
How It Works
Example
acro-
high; topmost; at the extremity
acro + phobia = acrophobia; a fear of heights
acrobat, acronym, acropolis, acrostic
ambi-, amphi-
both; around; about
ambi + biguous = ambiguous; having ambidextrous, ambivalent, two or more possible meanings; amphibious, amphitheater unclear
di-
two; double; twice
di + chromatic = dichromatic; having two colors
dichotomy, diffract, dilemma, dissect
dia-
through; throughout; apart; between
dia + lect = dialect; local language used throughout a region
diagram, diagonal, diameter, dialogue
endo-
within
endo + biotic = endobiotic; living within the body
endocardial, endocentric, endocrinology, endodermis
Prex
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Meaning
How It Works
Example
epi-
upon; over; on the outside
epi + dermis = epidermis; the outside of the skin
epicenter, epidemic, epidural, epilogue
hemi-
half
hemi + cycle = hemicycle; a half cycle
hemihedral, hemisphere, hemispheroid, hemitrope
hetero-
different
hetero + nym = heteronym; a word spelled the same as another but with a different meaning
heterochromatic, heterogeneous
hex-, hexa-
six
hexa + gon = hexagon; a figure with hexagram, hexahedral, six sides hexameter, hexapod
homo-
same, equal to, like
homo + genize = homogenize; to make the same throughout
homochromatic, homogeneous, homograph, homonym
macro-, macr-
large; long
macro + economics = macroeconomics; the field of economics dealing with all the forces at work in an economy, or the large picture
macrobiotics, macroclimate, macrocosm, macroscopic
mega-
especially large; great; powerful; mighty; one million
mega + dose = megadose; an especially large dose
megahertz, megalith, megaphone, megavitamin
meta-
change in; after; going beyond or higher; behind; between
meta + galaxy = metagalaxy; beyond or transcending a galaxy; all galaxies and all intergalactic matter
metabolize, metafiction, metamorphic, metaphor
micro-
very small; minute;
micro + biology = microbiology; the study of very small forms of life
microbe, microcomputer, microorganism, microprocessor
mono-
one; single
mono + lingual = monolingual; speaking one language
monogamy, monograph, monotone, monotonous
neo-
new; young; recent, latest
neo + logism = neologism; a new word or new meaning for a word
neoclassic, neoconservative, Neolithic, neonatal
paleo-
ancient; early
paleo + lithic = Paleolithic; relating to an early cultural period from about 2 million to 10 million B.C.
paleoanthropology, paleography, paleontology, Paleozoic
pan-
all; every; universal
pan + theon = pantheon; a temple where all gods are worshipped
pan-American, pan-Asian, pandemonium, pantheism
Prex
2
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Meaning
How It Works
Example
para-
at the side of; in a secondary position; beyond; characterized by
para + legal = paralegal; a person who works in a secondary position to a lawyer; an aide to a lawyer
parallel, paramedic, paranormal, parasite
penta-
five
penta + gon = pentagon; a fivesided figure
pentacle, pentagram, pentameter, pentarchy
peri-
around; about; enclosing; near
peri + scope = periscope; a tube for peridontics, perimeter, viewing the surrounding areas peripatetic, periphery
poly-
many; much, excessive; more than
poly + chromatic = polychromatic; having more than one color
polydactyl, polygamy, polyglot, polygon
proto-
first
proto + type = prototype; the first of its kind that serves as a model
protocol, protohuman, protolithic, proton
pseudo-
false; deceptive; sham
pseudo + science = pseudoscience; pseudomorph, pseudonym, a sham or false science pseudointellectual, pseudonymous
sest-, sex-
six
sest + et = sestet; poem of six lines
sestina, sexagenarian, sextet, sextuple
syl-, sym-, with; together syn-, sys-
syn + chronize = synchronize; to happen at the same time
syllable, sympathy, synonym, system
tele-
far away; at, over, or from a distance
tele + scope = telescope; a device for seeing things far away
telegenic, telephone, teleport, televise
Meaning
How It Works
Example
ab-, abs-
from; away
ab + duct = abduct; lead or take away; kidnap
abdicate, abject, absolve, absorb
ante-
before; in front of; prior to
ante + bellum = antebellum; before the war, particularly the Civil War
anteroom, antecedent, antedate, antemeridian
bene-
good; well
bene + factor = benefactor; a person who does good for another; patron
benediction, beneficiary, benefit, benevolent
circum-
around; about; on all sides
circum + scribe = circumscribe; to draw to line around; to limit
circumference, circumnavigate, circumstance, circumvent
Prex
Latin
Prex
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Prefixes
Meaning
How It Works
Example
contra-, contro-
against; opposed to; opposite of
contra + dict = contradict; say the opposite of
contraband, contradiction, contrary, controversy
counter-
against; opposite of
counter + attack = counterattack; attack a force that has attacked you
counteract, counterfit, counterclockwise, counterproductive
demi-, semi-
half; less than usual
semi + circle = semicircle; half circle
demigod, demitasse, semiannual, semiformal
extra-, extr-, extro-
outside; beyond
extra + curricular = extracurricular; extraordinary, extravagant, beyond or outside normal extremity, extrovert curriculum
infra-
beneath; below
infra + sonic = infrasonic; below the infrared, infrahuman, audible range of sound infrastructure
medi-, medio-
middle; half; between
medi + eval = medieval; referring to median, mediate, medium, the Middle Ages mediocre
omni-
all; everywhere
omni + potent = omnipotent; all powerful
retro-
backward; back; contrary retro + active = retroactive; to make to; behind active or apply to an earlier or back period
ultra-
beyond; more than; excessive
Prex
omnidirectional, omnipresent, omniscient, omnivore retrofit, retrograde, retrospective, retroversion
ultra + sonic = ultrasonic; above the ultraconservative, ultrarange of sound that can be heard modern, ultranationalism, by the human ear ultraviolet
Old English
Prex
a-, an-
4
Meaning
How It Works
Example
not; without
a + moral = amoral; without morals
anarchy, apathy, atypical, atonal
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Suffixes
suffixes
A sufx is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root to form a new word and usually to change the part of speech Adding a sufx often involves some spelling change to the base word
Easy Old English
Sufx Forms
-ar, -er, a noun -or
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
someone who; something that; native of
act + or = actor; someone who acts
baker, New Yorker, sailor, scholar
-er
a comparative more than (comparing two adjective or things) adverb
kind + er = more kind than colder, quicker, taller, wiser
-est
a superlative adjective or adverb
most (compares three or more things)
kind + est = kindest, the most kind
-ful
an adjective
full of; having the quality of; able to cause
harm + ful = harmful; able beautiful, careful, to cause harm doubtful, pitiful
-less
an adjective
without; not able to be
color + less = colorless; without color
countless, soundless, spotless, weightless
-ly
an adverb or adjective
in the manner of; in the order of; every; like; having the characteristics of
year + ly = yearly; happening every year
daily, neatly, quickly, slowly
-ness
a noun
state of; quality of
good + ness = goodness; quality of being good
happiness, kindness, newness, soundness
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
fastest, loudest, shortest, smartest
Target Greek
Sufx Forms
-ic
an adjective
having the characteristics hero + ic = heroic; having of; causing the qualities of a hero
alphabetic, horrific, numeric, scientific
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Suffixes
Sufx Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ish
an adjective or noun
having characteristics of; somewhat native of
gray + ish = grayish; somewhat gray
childish, reddish, selfish, Swedish
-ist
a noun
a person who; that which
piano + ist = pianist; artist, dentist, person who plays the piano extremist, specialist
-meter
a noun
device for measuring; measure
thermo + meter = thermometer; device for measuring temperature
barometer, diameter, pentameter, perimeter
-scope
a noun
an instrument for seeing
tele + scope = telescope; instrument for seeing distances
microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
capable of; likely to; worthy of; that can or will
do + able = able; that can be done
enjoyable, laughable, likeable, sensible manual, nocturnal, reversal, seasonal
Latin
Sufx Forms
-able -ible
an adjective
-al, -ial
an adjective or of; related to; having the a noun characteristics of; the process of
person + al = personal; related to a person; private
-ant, -ent
a noun or adjective
someone who; agent of; performing the tasks of; having the qualities of
depend + ent = dependent; attendant, defiant, someone who depends on resistant, superintendent other
-ation, -ion, -sion, -tion
a noun
act of; state of; process of
communicate + ion = communication; act of communicating
action, appreciation, division, revision
-cian, -ian
a noun
a person who practices or performs a skill or art
magic + ian = magician; person who performs magic
dietician, mathematician, musician, physician
-ese
a noun or adjective
native of; language of
China + ese = Chinese; language of China
Burmese, Cantonese, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese
a verb
make
beauty + fy = beautify; make beautiful
clarify, justify, magnify, simplify
-fy
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Suffixes
Sufx Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ile
related to; capable of; suitable for
mob + ile = mobile; capable of moving
docile, juvenile, puerile, senile
-ity, -ty a noun
state of; quality of being; instance of
creative + ity = creativity; state of being creative
ability, loyalty, nationality, possibility
-ive, -ative, -itive
an adjective
causing; tending to do something; having the quality of
sense + itive = sensitive; tending to sense or feel things strongly
conservative, creative, destructive, instructive
-ment
a noun
action of; process of; result of; degree of being
enchant + ment = enchantment; enchant ment; action or or state of feeling enchanted
achievement, enjoyment,, governmen enjoyment government, t, retirement
-ous, -eous, -ious
an adjective
full of; having the qual itiess of qualitie
joy + ous = joyous; full of joy
generous, glorious, mysterious, nervous
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
an adjective
Old English
Sufx Forms
-en
an adjective
made of; added to
wax + en = made of wax
flaxen, silken, wooden, woolen
-hood
a noun
place; time; period; state of; quality of; group of
boy + hood = boyhood; period when one is a young boy
adulthood, childhood, neighborhood, priesthood
-like
an adjective
similar to; resembling
home + like = homelike; resembling home
childlike, deathlike, dreamlike, lifelike
-ship
a noun
condition of; state of; quality of being; art or skill of
hard + ship = hardship; condition of being hard; difficulty
authorship, dictatorship, friendship, leadership
-ward
an adjecti adjective ve or in the direction of adverb
down + ward = downward; backward, homeward, in the direction of down onward, upward
-y
an adjective
stick + y = sticky; tending to stick
characterized by; inclined to; tending to; somewhat
curly, dirty, happy, itchy
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Challenge Greek
Sufx Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
stasis, hypothesis, synthesis, thesis
-asis, -esis, -osis
a noun
action; condition; process
hypno + osis = hypnosis; condition of being hypnotized
-cy
a noun
action; functi function; on; rank; condition or fact of being
bankrupt + cy = bankrupt bankruptcy; cy; delicacy, delicac y, democra democracy, cy, condition of being papacy, supremacy bankrupt
-ism
a noun
act of; state of; system; manner; school of
terror + ism = terrorism; act of creating terror
-itis
a noun
disease; inflammation of; excessive preoccupation with
tonsil + itis = tonsillitis; arthritis, bronchitis, inflammation of the tonsils lary laryngitis, ngitis, neuritis neurit is
-ize
a verb
make; cause to become; subjec t to; engage in subject
theory + ize = theorize; generalize, sanitize, engage in forming theories penali penalize, ze, verba verbalize lize
-mania
a noun
exagger ated enthusi exaggerated enthusiasm; asm; madness; uncontrollable desire
pyro + mania = pyroma pyromania; nia; balletoma balletomania, nia, egomania uncontrollable desire to, kleptomania, set fire to things megalomania
-ology; -logy
a noun
study of; science of; branch of learning
bio + logy = biology; study archeology, archeology, astronomy, of all forms of life physiology,, psychology physiology
fear; hatred
arachno + phobia = arachnophobia; fear of spiders
acrophobia, claustrophobia, hydro phobia, necrophobia
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-phobia a noun
communism, cubism, heroism, pluralism
Latin
Sufx Forms
-ance, -ancy
a noun
state of; quality of; act of; process of
rely + ance = reliance; state of relying
appearance, defiance, hesitancy, truancy hesitancy,
-ary, -ory
a noun or adjective
relating to; having the qualities of; place where or for
sense + ory = sensory; relating to the senses
dictionary, dormitory, sanctuary, secondary
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Sufx Forms
Meaning
How It Works
-ate
a verb
cause; make; provide or treat with
vaccine + ate = vaccinate; calculate, evaluate, provided with or treated notate, validate with a vaccine
-cide
a noun
kill; killing; killer
fratri + cide = fratricide; killing one’s brother
herbicide, homicide, pesticide, suicide
-ence, -ency
a noun
state of; quality
depend + ence = dependence; state of depending on others
absence, evidence, independence transparency
-ery
a noun
place to or for; practice of; product of; collection of; condition of
green + ery = greenery; collection of plants
brewery, eatery, robbery, scenery
-ice
a noun
condition of; state of
coward + ice = cowardice; avarice, jaundice, state of being cowardly justice, malice
-tude
a noun
state of; condition of; instance of being instance
magni + tude = magnitude; altitude, gratitude, condition of being impor- multitude, platitude tant or of great size
-ure
a noun
state of being; process of; seize + ure = seizure; state censure, censure, culture, condition of; result of; of being seized legislature, literature office of; collected body of
Examples
Old English
Sufx Forms
-dom
a noun
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
quality of; state of; realm of; power of
king + dom = kingdom; realm of the king
boredom, freedom, serfdom, wisdom
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
one who is receiving the action or performing the action
employ + ee = employee; person who is employed
evacuee, referee, refugee, trainee
Old French
Sufx Forms
-ee
a noun
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
roots
A word root is the basic meaningful part of a word from from which other words are built A root cannot stand alone as a word but needs a prex and/or sufx added to it
Easy Greek
Root
graph
Meaning
How It Works
Example
written; drawn; recorded graph + ic + s = graphics; drawings
autograph, biography, geography, graphically, photography
Meaning
How It Works
Example
dic, dict
speak; say; tell
pre + dict + ion = prediction; the act dictator, dictator, dictionary, of foretelling; forecast indicate, verdict
ject
throw; cast
re + ject ject + ion = rejection; rejection; being being cast cast dejected, injection, project, out or thrown out reject
port
carry
trans + port + ation = transportation the carrying of goods and people across distances
deport, portab portable, le, repor reporter, ter, teleport
Meaning
How It Works
Example
bio
life; of living things
micro + bio + logy = microbiology; study of very tiny living things
autobiography, biography autobiography, biography,, biology,, bioengineering, biology biofeedback
chron, chrono
time
syn + chron + ize = synchronize; make the same time
chronic, chronology chronology,, chronological, chronometer
gen
birth; race; product of
gen + erate = generate; give birth to generation, generic, or create homogeneous, progeny
geo
earth
geo + logy = geology; study of the earth
Latin
Root
Target Greek
Root
0
geochemistry, geography geography,, geologist geode, geologist geode,
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
Meaning
How It Works
Example
gram
written; letter; recorded
mono + gram = monogram; one or more letters standing for a name
electrocardiogram, grammar, grammatical, telegram
path, pass
disease; suffering; feeling
sym + path + etic = identifying with with someone else’s suffering
compassion, empathy, passionate, pathology
phil
love
phil + osophy = philosophy; love of learning
bibliophile, Francophile, philanthropist, philosopher
phon, phono
sound
tele + phone = telephone; a device for carrying the sound of the human voice over distances
microphone, phoneme, phonetic, symphony
photo
of or produced by light
photo + graph = photograph; a picture taken with light
photocopy, photoengraving, photokinesis, telephoto
sci
know
omni + sci + ent = omniscient; all knowing
conscientious, conscious, pseudoscience, scientific
therm
heat
hypo + therm + ia = hypothermia; very low body temperature
thermal, thermodynamics, thermometer, thermos
Meaning
How It Works
Example
alter
other
alter + ate = alternate; every other one
alter ego, alternative, alternator, unalterable
anni, annu, enni
year
semi + annu + al = semiannual; happening every
anniversary, annuity, biannual, centennial half year
aqua, aque
water
aqua + rium = aquarium; tank filled with water for fish
aquaplane, aquamarine, aqueduct, subaquatic
aud, audi
hear, hearing
aud + ible = audible; able to be heard
audience, auditor, auditorium, inaudible
cap, capt, ceive, cept
take; seize
capt + ure = capture; seize
captivate, deceive, intercept, receive
capit, capt
head; principal, most important
capit + al = capital; the head or seat of government
captain, capitalize, decapitation
Root
Latin
Root
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
Meaning
How It Works
Example
cede, ceed, ced, cess
move; yield; give up
re + cede = recede; move away; withdraw
cessation, depression, recess, succession
civ
public; citizen
civ + ic = civic; relating to citizens
civil, civilian, civilization, uncivil
clam, claim
shout; cry out
ex + clam + ation = exclamation; something shouted out
clamor, proclaim, reclaim
clud, cluse
shut
re + clus + ive = reclusive; shutting yourself off from others
conclusion, exclusive, include, seclude
cred
believe; belief
cred + ible = credible; believable
credit, credulous, incredible, incredulous
cur, curs
run
re + cur + sive = recursive; running again and again; repeating itself
concurrent, cursive, cursory, precursor
derm
skin
epi + derm + is = epidermis; the outer part of the skin
dermatology, hypodermic, pachyderm, taxidermist
doc
lead
doc + ile = docile; easily taught or lead
doctor, doctrine, documentary, indoctrinate
dorm
sleep
dorm + itory = dormitory; place where a group of people sleep
dormant, dormancy, dormouse, nondormant
duc, duct
lead
aque + duct = aqueduct; a pathway educate, induct, reduce, for leading water viaduct
fac, fact, fec, fic
make; do
fact + ory = factory; a place where things are made
fer
carry; bear
trans + fer = transfer; carry across; ferry, inference, refer, move, or relocate referee
flect, flex
bend
re + flect = reflect; bend back or reproduce an image
deflect, flexibility, inflexible, reflection
form
shape
re + form = reform; form again or change for the better
deform, information, reformatory, uniform
fract, frag
break
fract + ure = fracture; a break, split, fragile, fragment, or crack infraction, refract
hab, habit
live; have, hold
in + hab + it = inhabit; live in
Root
2
facsimile, fictional, infect, manufacture
habitant, habitat, habitation, inhabitable
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Meaning
How It Works
Example
junct
join
junct + ion = junction; the point where two things meet or join
adjunct, conjunction, disjunctive, injunction
jud, judi, judic, jur, juris
aw
judic + ial = judicial; relating to the law
judiciary, jurist, juror, prejudicial
lab
work
col + lab +orate = collaborate; work together
collaboration, elaboration, laboratory, laborious
leg, legis
law
legis + lature = legislature; place where laws are made
illegal, legal, legitimate, illegitimate
liber
free
liber + ate = liberate; make free
liberal, liberation, liberalize, liberty
loc, loco
place
loc + ation = location; place
dislocate, localize, locate, relocation
magn, magni
large; great
magni + fy = magnify; make larger
magnanimous, magnification, magnificent, magnitude
man, manu
hand
manu + al = manual; done by hand
emancipate, manicure, manufacture, manuscript
mand
order
counter + mand = countermand; give an order that makes invalid a previous order
commander, demand, mandate, reprimand
mar, mari, mer
sea
sub + mar + ine = submarine; a ship that goes under the sea
aquamarine, marina, mariner, mermaid
mem
mind
re + mem + brance = remembrance; commemorate, memobringing to mind; honoring memory randum, memorialize,
migr, migra
wander; move; change
im + migr + ate = immigrate; move to emigrant; immigration, another country migration, migratory
miss, mit
send
trans + miss + ion = transmission; send across space; broadcast
admission, emit, missile, omission
mob, mot, mov
move
im + mob + ile = immobile; not movable; motionless
automobile, emotion, mobility, removable
nat
to be born; birth
un + nat + ural = unnatural; not arising from nature or birth
native; nativity, preternatural, supernatural
nomen, nomin
name
nomin + ate = nominate; name someone for order
cognomen, nomenclature, nominee, nominal
Root
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
Meaning
How It Works
nov
new
novel + ty = novelty; something new innovate, nova, novel, and different renovation
numer
number
numer + ical = numerical; using numbers
enumerate, enumerable, numerator, numerous
pac
peace
pac + ify = pacify; make peaceful
pacific, pacifier, pacifist, pacifism
ped, pod
foot
ped + estrian = pedestrian; someone centipede, pedestal, who gets from place to place on foot octopod, podiatrist
pel, puls
drive; urge
re + pel = repel; drive back
compulsion, expel, impulse, propulsion
pend, pens
hang, weigh
sus + pens + ion = suspension; supporting framework for something that hangs, such as a bridge
dispense, expend, pendulum, impending
pon, pos
put, place
post + pone + ment = postponement; placed at a later date; delayed
component, deposit, opposition, posture
pop
people
un + pop + ulated = unpopulated; not filled with people
depopulate, populace, popularity, unpopular
port
carry
trans + port = transport; carry across a distance
deportation, export, import, portage
put
think; suppose; estimate; com + put + ation = computation; reckon; consider calculation or final reckoning
Root
4
Example
computer, dispute, reputation, repute
quer, ask ques, quir, quis
in + quir + y = inquiry; questions about; formal investigation
inquisitive, query, quest, question
rupt
break, tear
inter + rupt = interrupt; break into a conversation
corrupt, disruption, erupt, rupture
scrib, script
write
pre + script + ion = prescription; written request or order for medication
conscript, describe, inscription, scribble
sign, signi
mark; indication
sign + al = signal; a mark or indication to do something
consignment, insignia, resignation, significant
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Meaning
How It Works
Example
spec, spect
look
in + spect + ion = inspection; a formal look or investigation of something
introspective, perspective, spectacles, spectator
sphere
ball; sphere
hemi + sphere = hemisphere; half sphere
atmosphere, spherical, spheroid, stratosphere
spir
breath; courage
re + spir + ation = respiration; breathing in and out
aspire, inspiration, perspiration, spiritual
spond, spons
answer
re + spons+ ible = responsible; being answerable for something
correspond, despondent, irresponsible, sponsor
stru, struct
build; arrange
de + struct + ion = destruction; act of tearing down what was built or arranged
construction, instruct, instructure, structure
tact, tang
touch
tang + ible = tangible; able to be touched
contact, intact, tactile, intangible
terr, terra
earth; land
extra + terr + estrial = extraterrestrial; beyond the earth
terra cotta, territorial, terrace, terrarium
tract
pull; drag
re + tract + ion = retraction; something pulled or taken back
attractive, contract, detract, subtract
vac
empty
e + vac + uate = evacuate; empty of people; leave
vacancy, vacate, vacuous, vacuum
vid, vis
see
e + vid + ence = evidence; proof that that allows a person’s guilt to be seen
envision, revise, television, videocassette
Meaning
How It Works
Example
anthr, anthro, anthrop
man
phil + anthrop + ist = philanthropist; person who gives money away to help humankind
anthropology, anthropomorphic misanthropic, philanthropy
arch
chief, first, ruler
mon + arch + y = monarchy; government with one ruler, usually a king or queen
archbishop, archeology, matriarch, patriarch
Root
Challenge
Greek
Root
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
Meaning
How It Works
Example
aster, astr
star
astro + nomy = astronomy; study of stars and star systems
asteroid, astrologist, astronaut, disaster
bibl, bibli, biblio
book
biblio + graphy = bibliography; list of books and other works consulted
biblical, bibliographer, bibliomania, bibliophile
chrom, chromo
color
mono + chrom + atic = monochromatic; chromosphere, chromosome, having one color monochrome, polychromatic
cosm
universe; world
micro + cosm = microcosm; a miniature
cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, macrocosm
cycl, cyclo ring; circle; wheel
bi + cycle = bicycle; a machine with two wheels
cyclical, cyclone, recycle, tricycle
dem, demo
people
demo + cracy = democracy; government by the people
demography, epidemic, pandemic
dox
belief, opinion; praise para + dox = paradox; two seemingly doxology, heterodoxy, contradictory opinions or beliefs orthodox, orthodoxy
dyna, dynam, dynamo
strength; power
dynam + ic = dynamic; showing force aerodynamic, dynamite, and power; full of energy dynamo, hydrodynamics
gam
marriage
mono + gam + y; one marriage
bigamist, bigamy, polygamist, polygamy
gnos
know
dia + gnos + is = diagnosis; knowing the cause of a disease
agnostic, diagnostician, Gnostic, prognosis
helio
sun
helio + trope = heliotrope; a plant that turns to the sun
heliocentric, heliograph, heliostat, heliotherapy
hemo
blood
hemo + stat = hemostat; something used to stop bleeding
hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemotoxin
hydr, hydra, hydro
water
hydro + phobia = hydrophobia; fear of water
dehydrated, hydrodynamics, hydroelectricity, hydrothermal
lex
word; speech
lexi + con = lexicon; special words used in a field of study
alexia, dyslexic, lexical, lexicographer
lith
stone
mono + lith = monolith; one large stone standing by itself
lithography, lithosphere, megalith, neolithic
Root
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Meaning
How It Works
Example
log, logue
word; speaking
mono + logue= monologue; speech by one person
catalog, dialogue, epilogue, logical
morph
shape
a + morph + ous = amorphous; having no set shape
anthropomorphic, metamorphosis, morphology, polymorph
onym
name
an + onym + ous = anonymous; without a name; unsigned or unidentified
acronym, antonym, pseudonym, synonymous
ortho
straight; upright; correct
un + ortho + dox = not conforming to correct or proper beliefs
orthodontics, orthography, orthopedics, orthotics
poli
city; state
metro + poli + tan = metropolitan; referring to a large urban area, usually including a city and its suburbs
cosmopolitan, police, policy, politician
psych, psycho
mind; spirit
psycho + logy = psychology; the science of the human mind and mental states
psychic, psychoanalysis, psychopath, psychotherapy
soph
wise
soph + omore = sophomore; “wise fool”; a second-year student
philosophy, philosopher, sophisticated, sophomoric
tox
poison
tox + ic = toxic; poisonous
antitoxin, intoxication, toxicology, toxin
Meaning
How It Works
agr, agri, agro
field
agri + culture = agriculture; science or field of farming
agrarian, agribusiness, agrochemical, agronomy
anim
life, spirit
anim + ate = animate; make lively; give life to
animal, inanimate, magnanimous, reanimate
belli
war
belli + cose = bellicose; given to warlike or aggressive behavior
antebellum, belligerent, rebel, rebellion
brei, brev, brevi
short
ab + brevi + ate = abbreviate; shorten
abbreviation, brief, breviary, brevity
Root
Latin
Root
Example
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Meaning
How It Works
Example
card, cardio, cord, cor
heart
cardio + logy = cardiology; field of medicine specializing in the heart
cardiac, cordial, electrocardiogram, encourage
carn, carni
flesh
carni + vore = carnivore; flesheating mammal
carnage, carnival, carnivorous, reincarnation
centr, centri, contro
central; center
con + centr + ic = concentric; with the same center or midpoint
centrifugal, centrist, eccentric, egocentric
cogn
know
re + cogn + ize = recognize; know again; identify
cognition, cognomen, incognito, recognition
corp
body
in + corp + orate = incorporate; legally form an organization
corpulent, corporeal, corpse, corpus
cura, cure
care
mani + cure = manicure; treatment to care for hands and nails
curative, curator, pedicure, incurable
den, dent, dont
tooth
dent + al = dental; relating to the teeth
dentist, dentures, orthodontist, periodontal
domin
master
domin + ate = dominate; master or subdue someone or something; control
domineer, dominion, indomitable, predominate
don, donat give
donat + ion = donation; a gift
donor, condone, donate, pardon
fid, feder
faith; trust
con + fid + ence = confidence; faith in yourself
bona fide, federation, fidelity, infidel
fin
end; final; limit
fin + ish = finish; end
define, final, finite, infinite
frater, fratri
brother
frater + nity = fraternity; a society of men who act like brothers
confraternity, fraternal, fratricide, fraternize
grat
pleasing; favor; oblige grat + itude = gratitude; the state of feeling pleased; appreciation
gratis, gratuitous, gratuity, ingratitude
luc, lum, lumin
light
il + lumin + ate = illuminate; shed light on
lucid, luminescence, luminous, translucent
mater, matri
mother
mater + nal = maternal; showing the characteristics of a mother
maternity, matrimony, matriarch, matriarchy
mon
advise; warn
pre + mon + ition = premonition; warning about a future event
admonish, admonishment, monitor, monument
Root
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Roots
Meaning
How It Works
Example
mor, mori, mort
death
im + mort + al = immortal; not able to die; lasting forever
immortality, morbid, moribund, mortality
mut
change
im + mut + able = immutable; not able commute, mutant, mutate, to be changed mutation
pater, patri-
father
patri + ot = patriot; a person loyal to the fatherland or homeland
paternal, patricide, repatriate, unpatriotic
reg, regi
rule, guide, straight
regi + cide = regicide; killing of the ruler
regal, regent, regime, regiment
sacr, secr
holy; secret
sacri + lege = sacrilege; violating something considered holy
consecrate, desecrate, sacrifice, sacred
sens, sent
feel
con + sens + us = consensus; joint feeling or opinion
consent, resentment, sensory, sentiment
somn
sleep
in + somn + ia = insomnia; inability to insomniac, somnambulate, sleep somnambulist, somnolent
soror
sister
soror + ity = sorority; a group of women who act like sisters
sororal, sororate, sororicide,
tempo
ime
con + tempo + rary = contemporary; living at the same time
extemporary, tempo, temporize, temporary
ten, tens
pull; stretch
ex + tens + ion = extension; expansion or addition
extend, pretend, tension, tenuous
tort, tors
twist
con + tort + ion = contortion; twisting distort, retort, torsion, torture of the body
ven, vent
meet
con + vent + ion = convention; meeting of a large group of people
advent, event, invention, venture
vert, vers
turn
re + vers + al = reversal; turning around or back
advertise, convert, extrovert, version
vict, vinc
conquer
con + vict + ion = conviction; finding someone guilty; conquering doubts about a person’s innocence
convince, evict, invincible, victory
vig, vit, viv
life
viv + id = vivid; lively
vigorous, vitamin, vivacious, vivisection
Root
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
compound W ords
A compound word consists of two or more words joined together to form a new word Compound words can be closed up with no space between the two original words, hyphenated, or written with a space between the original words
Easy Amount
every
everybody everyday everyone everything everywhere no
nobody
no one nothing nowhere some
somebody someday somehow someone
someplace something sometime sometimes somewhat somewhere
Animals
bird
birdbath birdcage birdcall birddog bird feed birdhouse birdseed birdshot bird’s nest bird watcher bluebird redbird snowbird cat
catbird 0
catbird seat cat burglar catcall catfight catfish catgut catnap cat’s cradle cat’s-eye cat’s paw cattail
dog ear dogfight dogfish doggie bag doghouse dog paddle dogsled dog tag hangdog seeing-eye dog watchdog
dog
dog biscuit dogcart dog collar dog days
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Home and Furniture
bath
clock
bathmat bathrobe bathroom bathtub bathwater
alarm clock clock radio clock-watching clockwork digital clock grandfather clock
bed
bedbug bedchamber bedclothes bedcover bedpost bedroll bedroom bedside bedsitter bedsore bedspread bedspring bedtime
door
backdoor doorbell doorknob doorstep doorstop doorway front door oor
floorboard floor cloth floor lamp floor plan
dining room living room table
coffee table end table side table tablecloth table linen tablespoon table lamp tabletop tableware wall
wall hanging wallpaper wall plug wall-to-wall window
bathroom bedroom
window box windowpane window seat window shade windowsill
baby
brother
father
baby boom baby boomer baby carriage baby grand babysit babysitter baby tooth
brother-in-law stepbrother
father-in-law fatherland grandfather grandfather clock great-grandfather stepfather
chair
armchair side chair
room
People and Family Relationships
child
childbirth child care child labor childproof child’s play
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
folk
mother
sister
folk dance folklore folk music folksinger folk song folktale
grandmother great-grandmother motherboard mother hen mother-in-law motherland motherlode stepmother
sister-in-law stepsister
man
manhandle manhole manhunt manpower menfolk men’s wear men’s room
parent
grandparent great-grandparent stepparent
teen
teenage teenager woman
womanpower women’s movement women’s rights women’s room women’s wear
Time
2
day
night
spring
day bed daybreak daycare daydream day job day labor daylight daylily daylong daypack dayroom day school day shift daytime day-tripper daywear
night blindness nightclothes nightgown nightlight nightlong night owl night school night shift night shirt nightstand night table nighttime night watch nightwear
spring break spring-cleaning spring fever springtime summer
summerhouse summer school summertime winter
winter break wintergreen winterkill wintertime
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Transportation
boat
car
plane
boathouse boat people boat train motorboat rowboat sailboat
carfare carjack car phone carpool carport car seat car sick car wash railcar sidecar sports car
airplane biplane monoplane seaplane
stardust starfish starfish flower star fruit stargazer starlight starry-eyed
solar wind solar year
bus
bus driver busload bus stop
truck
truck driver truck farm truckload truck stop
Target
Celestial Words
moon
moonbeam moon blindness moon-faced moonlight moonquake moonrise moonscape moonstone moonstruck moonwalk lunar
lunar month lunarscape lunar year star
starburst star-crossed
solar
solar battery solar cell solar day solar flare solar heating solar house solar month solar panel solar system solar power
sun
sunbeam sunblock sunburn sunburst sundial sundown sun porch sunrise sunscreen sunset sunshade sunshine sunspot
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Colors
black
blackball black bear blackberry blackbird blackboard black cherry black eye black-eyed pea black-eyed Susan blackfish black hole blacklist blackmail black market blackout blacksmith blacktop black widow blue
bluebell blueberry bluebird bluebonnet blue cheese blue chip blue-collar bluefish bluegrass blue jeans
4
blue moon blueprint blue ribbon bluestone green
greenbelt green card greengrocer greenhouse green light greens keeper green tea orange
orangeade orange juice orange stick orangewood red
redbird red blood cell red-blooded redbreast red carpet redfish red ag red-handed redhead red herring red-hot
red-letter red maple white
white birch white blood cell white bread whitecap white chocolate white-collar whitefish white flag white heat white-hot white knight whiteout white noise white pages white paper white space white tie whitewash white water yellow
yellowbird yellow fever yellowfin tuna yellow jacket yellow journalism yellow pages
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Food
bread
chicken
food
breadbasket breadboard breadbox breadline bread pudding breadstuff breadwinner rye bread white bread
chicken breast chicken feed chicken-fried chicken run chicken wire
food poisoning food processor food pyramid food service food stamps foodstuff food web
cheese
cheeseburger cheesecake cheesecloth grilled cheese
sh
fishcake fish farm fish fry fish head fishhook fishing rod fishnet fishpond fish stick fishtail
meat
meatball meatloaf meat market milk
ice milk milk shake milk toast malted milk
Human Body
arm
armband armchair armhole armrest blood
blood bank blood donor bloodhound bloodshed bloodshot bloodstream bloodthirsty blood vessel cold-blooded
hot-blooded warm-blooded
earmuffs earring
brain
eye
brainchild brainstorm brainwash
eyeball eye bank eyebrow eye-catching eye chart eyedropper eyeglasses eyehole eyelash eyelid eye opener eyeshade
brow
browbeat eyebrow highbrow lowbrow ear
earache eardrum
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
eyesight eyestrain eyewitness starry-eyed face
barefaced face cloth face-off faceplate face-saver face-to-face nger
finger hole fingernail finger-paint fingerpick fingerprint fingertip foot
barefoot football footbath foot bridge foot fault foot gear foothill foothold footlights footlocker footloose footpad footpath footprint footrace foot soldier footsore footstep footstool
footwear footwork hand
backhand handbag handball handbill handbrake handcar handcart handclasp handcuff hand-me-down handpick handsaw handshake handspring handstand hand-woven handwriting head
headache headband headboard head cold headcount headdress headfirst headgear headlamp headlight headline headmaster headphone headpiece headrest headroom headscarf headshake
headshot headstand head-to-head heart
downhearted heartache heart attack heartbeat heartbreak heartburn heart disease heart failure heartfelt heart rate heartsick heartstring heartwarming nose
noseband nosebleed nosedive nosepiece nose-ring toe
toecap toe dance toehold toenail toe shoe waist
waistband waistcoat waistline waist pack wrist
wristband wristwatch
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Position
down
down-and-out downbeat downcast downdraft downfallen downfield downgrade downhearted down-home downlink download down payment downplay downright downriver downscale downshift downside downsize downspin downstage downstairs downstream downswing down-to-earth downtown downturn downwind up
up-and-coming upbeat up-close update updraft upend
upfront upgrade uphill upland uplift uplink upload upraise uprising upriver upside upstage upstairs up-tempo upturn upwind center
center back center field center fielder centerfold centerline center of gravity centerpiece center spread center stage side
countryside flipside sideband sidebar sideboard sidecar side chair side dish side effect
sidekick sideline sideslip sidestep sidestroke sideswipe sidetrack sideways high
high beam highbrow highchair high country high-end high-flying high frequency high-grade high ground high-handed high horse highlander highlands highlight high profile high-rise high-risk high road high school high seas high-strung highway high wire low
low beam lowbrow low country
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
low-end low-frequency low-grade low ground lowland low profile low-rise low-risk low road in
indoors inland inroad inside out
outbuilding outdoors outhouse outland outpost outside front
front-end frontline front list frontmatter front office frontrunner front yard waterfront back
backache backbone back country backdate backdoor
backdrop back-end backfield backfire backflip background backhand backlash backlist backlog backmatter back office backpack backrest backroom back-seat driver backslide backspace backstab backstage backstairs back story backstroke backswing backtalk backwater backwoods backyard rst
first aid first base first class first edition firsthand first night first-rate
second
second base second best second class second-guess secondhand secondhand smoke second-rate second wind end
back-end bitter end endgame end line end matter endnote endpaper end plate endplay end product end run end table end use end user end zone front-end last
last-born last-ditch last-gasp last hurrah last laugh last minute last names last rites last straw last word
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Temperature
cold
cold-blooded cold call cold cream cold feet cold front cold pack cold-shoulder cold sore cold war cool
cooldown
coolheaded cooling tower hot
hot spot hot tub hot-water bottle
hotbed hot-blooded hotcake hothead hothouse hot line hotlink hot plate hot seat
warm
rain forest rain gauge rainmaking rainsquall rainstorm rainwater rainwear
snowmaker snowmelt snowplow snowshoe snowslide snowstorm snowsuit snow tire
warm-blooded warmed-over warm front warm-hearted warming pan warm-up
Weather
ice
ice age iceberg iceboat icebound icebreaker icecap icefall ice field ice floe ice fog ice-free icehouse ice pack ice storm rain
rainbow rain check raincoat rain date rainfall
snow
snowball snowbank snow blindness snow blower snowbound snowcap snow cover snowdrift snowfall snowfield snowflake snow goose snow line
wind
wind farm windmill windscreen wind shear windshield windsock windstorm windsurf windswept wind tunnel wind turbine
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Target
Four Elements
air
airbag airborne airbrake airbrush air chamber air conditioning air-cool air cover aircraft airfield airflow airfoil air force airlift airline airlock airplane air pocket airpower air pressure air raid airsick airspace airstrip air taxi airtight airwave earth
earthborn earthbound earthenware
0
earthquake earth-shaking earth tone earthworm re
fire alarm fire ant firearm fireball firebird fireboard fireboat firebomb firebox firebrand firecracker fire department fire door fire drill fire engine fire escape fire extinguisher firefighter firefly fireguard firehouse fire hydrant firelight fireplace fireplug fireproof fire sale
fire station fire storm fire tower firetrap firewall fireworks water
water ballet waterbed water bird water biscuit waterborne water buffalo water bug watercolor watercourse water cycle waterfowl waterfront water gate water level waterline waterlogged watermark water polo water-repellent watershed water supply watertight waterwheel waterworks
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Connection
free
free agent free-associate free association freeborn freedom fighter freedom rider free enterprise free-fall free flight free-floating free-for-all freeform
freehand freeload free market free-range free skating free speech free-spoken freestanding freestyle freethinker free trade free verse freeway
free will free world
death benefit death mask death rate death squad deathtrap death warrant
life jacket lifeline life mask life preserver life-size lifespan lifestyle life support lifetime
tied
tieback tie beam tiebreaker tie clasp tie-in tie line tie rod tie tack tie-up
Life and Death
dead
dead air deadbeat deadbolt dead end dead heat dead language deadline deadlock dead reckoning dead spot dead weight death
deathbed
life
lifeblood lifeboat life cycle life expectancy life form lifeguard life insurance
live
livelong livestock
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Compound Words
Media
computer
computer age computer crime computer graphics computer language computer literacy computer science computer virus news
news agency newsbreak
newscast news conference news flash news group newsletter newsmagazine newsmaker newspaper newsprint news radio news release
newsroom newsstand newsweekly newswire newsworthy
civil law civil rights civil servant civil service civil war
stateroom state’s evidence stateside statesperson states’ rights statewide
radio
radiophone radiophoto radiotelegraph radiotelephone radio wave
Places
city
city council city desk city editor city hall city room cityscape cityslicker city-state citywide civil
civil defense civil disobedience civil engineer
2
county
county agent county fair county seat countywide state
statecraft statehouse
country
back country country club country cousin country music countryside countrywide
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Clipped Words
clipped W ords
A clipped word is a short word formed from a longer word by dropping one or more syllables
Easy Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
bike hippo phone
bicycle hippopotamus telephone
photo plane rhino
photograph airplane rhinoceros
Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
ad auto bra burger bus champ con dorm e-mail exam ex
advertisement automobile brassiere hamburger omnibus champion convict dormitory electronic mail examination ex-husband or ex-wife
lab
ex-con exec
ex-convict executive
an flu fridge gas grad gym
fanatic influenza refrigerator gasoline graduate gymnasium
laboratory limousine luncheon mathematics memorandum moving picture pantaloons penitentiary turnpike popular promenade referee situation comedy submarine taxicab teenager necktie tuxedo caravan veterinarian; veteran
Target
limo lunch math memo movie pants pen pike pop prom ref sitcom sub taxi teen tie tux van vet
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Clipped Words
Challenge
Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
amp cab cam cap carb cat chemist coed condo co-op
amplifier cabriolet camera capital letter carbohydrate catamaran alchemist coeducational condominium cooperative apartment building or business decaffeinated demonstration double facsimile medications
mum perk prenup psych quad recap rehab scrip specs stats stereo synch typo varsity vent webcam zoo
chrysanthemum perquisite prenuptial agreement psychology quadrangle recapitulate rehabilitation prescription specifications statistics stereophonic synchronize typographical error university ventilator Web camera zoological gardens
decaf demo dub fax meds
4
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
common a bbreViations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word used primarily in writing to represent the whole word
Easy
Streets and Roads
Days of the Week
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Mon. Tues. Weds. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Sun.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Ave. Blvd. Dr. Pl. Rd. St.
Avenue Boulevard Drive Place Road Street
Titles of Address Months*
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
January February March April June July August September October November December
* There is no abbreviation for May.
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Capt. Col. Dr. Gen. Hon. Jr. Lt. Mr. Mrs.
Captain Colonel Doctor General Honorable Junior Lieutenant Mister Mistress (for a married woman) Ms. (pronounced “miz,” for women who prefer not to be called Mrs. or Miss) Professor Reverend Senior Sergeant
Ms.
Prof. Rev. Sr. Sgt.
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
Target
U.S./United States
Time
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
A.M.
ante meridiem, “before midday” post meridiem, “after midday” anno Domini, “in the year of our Lord” before Christ before the common era common era
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York
P.M. A.D. B.C. B.C.C. C.E.
Time Zones in U.S.
Abbreviation
Whole Word
EDT EST CDT CST MDT MST PDT PST AKDT AKST HADT
Eastern Daylight Time Eastern Standard Time Central Daylight Time Central Standard Time Mountain Daylight Time Mountain Standard Time Pacific Daylight Time Pacific Standard Time Alaskan Daylight Time Alaskan Standard Time Hawaiian-Aleutian Daylight Time Hawaiian-Aleutian Standard Time Daylight Saving Time
HAST DST
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
U.S./United States
Measurements U.S. System
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Length
NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY DC
North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia federal district (Washington D.C.)
Abbreviation
Whole Word
in. ft. yd. rd. fur. mi.
inch foot yard rod furlong mile
AS FM GU MH MP PW PR VI
American Samoa Federated States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands Northern Mariana Islands Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Area
Abbreviation
Whole Word
sq. ft. sq. yd. sq. rd. sq. mi.
square foot square yard square rod square mile
Volume
Abbreviation
Whole Word
cu. ft. cu. yd.
cubic foot cubic yard
Capacity
Abbreviation
Whole Word
tsp. tbsp. oz. c. pt. qt. gal.
teaspoon tablespoon ounce cup pint quart gallon
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
Weight
Volume
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
dr. oz. lb. cwt T
dram ounce pound hundredweight ton
m3 dm3 cc or cu cm or cm3
cubic meter cubic decimeter cubic centimeter
Measurements Metric System Length
Abbreviation
Whole Word
m dm cm mm dam hm km
meter decimeter centimeter millimeter dekameter hectometer kilometer
Area
Abbreviation
Whole Word
sq cm or cm2 sq km or km2 ha
square centimeter square kilometer hectare
Capacity
Abbreviation
Whole Word
l dl cl ml dal hl kl dm3
liter deciliter centiliter milliliter dekaliter hectoliter kiloliter cubic decimeter
Weight
Abbreviation
Whole Word
g dg cg mg kg hg dag t
gram decigram centigram milligram kilogram hectogram dekagram metric ton
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
Challenge Countries of the World
The following two-letter and three-letter codes were established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Country codes are often used at the end of international URLs Africa
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
DZ AD BJ BW BF BI CM CV CF
DZA AND BEN BWA BFA BDI CMR CPV CAF
TD KM CD
TCD COM COD
CG
COG
LS LR LY MG MW ML MR MU MA MZ NA NE NG RW ST
LSO LBR LBY MDG MWI MLI MRT MUS MAR MOZ NAM NER NGA RWA STR
CI DJ EG GQ ER ET GA GM GH GN GW KE
CIV DJI EGY GNQ ERT ETH GAB GMB GHA GIN GNB KEN
SN SC SL SO ZA SD SZ TZ TG TN UG ZM ZW
SEN SYC SLE SOM ZAF SDN SQZ TZA TGO TUN UGA ZMB ZWE
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros The Democratic Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya
Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
Asia
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
AF AR AZ BH BD BT KH CN CY TP GE IN ID IR IQ IL JR JO KZ KP
LB MY MV MN MM NP OM PK PH QA RU
LBN MYS MDV MNG MMR NPL OMN PAK PHL QAT RUS
SA SG LK SY TW TJ TH TR
SAU SGP LKA SYR TWN TJK THA TUR
TM AE
TKM ARE
UZ VN YE
UZB VNM YEM
KR KW KG LA
100
AFG ARM AZE BHR BGD BTN KHM CHN CYB TMP GEO IND IDN IRN IRQ ISR JRN JOR KAZ PRK
KOR KWT KGZ LAO
Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea) Republic of Korea (South Korea) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos
Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia (also Europe) Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey (also Europe) Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
Australia and Pacific Islands
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
AU BN FJ KI MH FM NR NZ
PW PG
PLW PNG
WS SB TO TV VU
WSM SLB TON TUV VUT
AUS BRN FJL KIR MHI FSM NRU NZL
Australia Brunei Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand
Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
Europe
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
AL AD AT BY BE BO
ALB AND AUT BLR BEL BIH
BG HR CZ DK EE FI FR DE GR HU IS IE IT LV LI LT
BGR HRV CZE DNK EST FIN FRA DEV GRC HUN ISL IRL ITA LVA LIE LTU
LU MK MT MD MC NL NO PL PT RO RU
LUX MKD MLT MDA MCO NLD NOR POL PRT ROM RUS
SM SK SI ES SE CH TR UA GB
SMR SVK SVN ESP SWE CHE TUR UKR GBR
VA
VAT
Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania
Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia (also Asia) San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey (also Asia) Ukraine United Kingdom (Great Britain) Vatican City
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Common Abbreviations
North America, Central America, and the Caribbean
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
AI AG
AIA ATG
AW BS BB BZ BM CA CR CU DM DO
ABW BHS BRB BLZ BMU CAN CRI CUB DMA DOM
HN JM MX NI PA KN
HND JAM MEX NIC PAN KNA
LC VC
LCA VCT
TT
TTO
TC
TCA
SV GL GD GT HT
SLV GRL GRD GTM HTI
US BG
USA VGB
VI
VIR
Anguilla Antigua and Babuda Aruba the Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Greenland Grenada Guatemala Haiti
Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands (British) Virgin Islands (U.S.)
South America and Antarctica
102
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
2-Letter Code 3-Letter Code Whole Word
AR BO BR CL CO EC FK GF
GY PY PE SR UY VE
GUY PRY PER SUR URY VEN
Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
AQ
ATA
Antarctica
ARG BOL BRA CHL COL ECU FLK GUF
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Ecuador Falkland Islands French Guiana
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Acronyms and Initialisms
acronyms and i nitialisms
Acronyms and initialisms are special types of abbreviated words An acronym is a new word formed from the initial letters of the original words The word that is formed is pronounced (for example, radar ) An initialism is formed from the letters of one or more words For initialisms, the letters are pronounced (for example, CD)
Easy Acronyms (pronounce word)
Initialisms (pronounce letters)
New Word
Initial letters/Original words
Letters
radar
RAdio Detecting And Ranging
scuba
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
sonar
SOund NAvigation and Ranging
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
CD C.O.D. FAQ IOU P.S. TV TGIF
UNICEF
United Nations (International) Children’s (Emergency) Fund
Compact Disc Cash On Delivery Frequently Asked Questions I Owe You Post Script TeleVision Thank God (or Goodness) It’s Friday
ZIP (code)
Zone Improvement Plan
Word(s)
Target Acronyms (pronounce word)
New Word
Initial letters/Original words
New Word
Initial letters/Original words
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
PIN
Personal Identification Number
NATO
AWOL
Absence WithOut Leave
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
FEMA
Federal Emergency MAnagement Organization
snafu
Situation Normal All Fouled Up
laser
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Teflon
Tetrafloroetylene resin
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Acronyms and Initialisms
Initialisms (pronounce letters)
Letters
Words
Letters
Words
AAA
American Automobile Association
IRS
Internal Revenue Service
ABC
American Broadcasting Company
MIA
Missing In Action
MO
ASAP
As Soon As Possible
Modus Operandi (method of operating)
ATM
Automatic Teller Machine
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
BLT
Bacon Lettuce and Tomato sandwich
NBC
National Broadcasting Company
PBS
Public Broadcasting System
RIP
Rest In Peace
RSVP
Repondez S’il Vous Plait (please respond)
CBS
Columbia Broadcasting System
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency
DA
District Attorney
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
POW
Prisoner Of War
DJ
Disc Jockey
SAT
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Scholastic Achievement (or Aptitude) Test
DVD
Digital Video Disc
SUV
Sports Utility Vehicle
FBI
Federal Bureau of Investigation
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
VCR
Video Cassette Recorder
VIP
Very Important Person
VJ
Video Jockey
Q-and-A
Question-and-Answer
FTC
Federal Trade Commission
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
Combination Acronym and Initialism
CD-ROM
104
Compact Disc Read Only Memory
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Acronyms and Initialisms
Challenge Acronyms (pronounce word)
New word
Initial letters/Original words
New word
Initial letters/Original words
BASIC
Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Ginny Mae
Government National Mortgage Association
CAD
Computer-Aided Design
HUD
CAT
Computerized Axial Tomography
Department of Housing and Urban Development
DOS
Disc Operating System
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
Initialisms (pronounce letters)
Letters
Words
Letters
Words
AI
Artificial intelligence
GNP
Gross National Product
AKA
Also Known As
GPA
Grade Point Average
BBC
British Broadcasting System
GPS
Global Positioning System
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
CFO
Chief Financial Officer
LED
Light Emitting Diode
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
NEA
National Endowment for the Arts
EU
European Union
Combination Acronym and Initialism
JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
W ords f rom m ytH olog y
Greek , Roman, and Norse myths have provided a rich source of words in English, including the days of the week, character traits, and scientic concepts
Easy
Days
Word
Origin
Meaning
Sunday
from Sunne, Norse goddess of the sun
the Sun’s day; first day of the week
Monday
from Mani, the Norse god of the moon
the Moon’s day; second day of the week
Tuesday
from Tyr or Tiu, the Norse god of war
third day of the week
Wednesday
from Woden, king of the Norse gods and god of the hunt
fourth day of the week
Thursday
from Thor, the Norse god of thunder
fifth day of the week
Friday
from Freyja, the Norse goddess of love
sixth day of the week
Saturday
from Saturn, the Roman god of agriculture who reigned during the Golden Age
seventh day of the week
Word
Origin
Meaning
January
from Janus, the Roman god of doorways, who had two faces—one looking backward and one forward
first month of the year
March
from Mars, the Roman god of war
third month of the year
May
from Maia, in Greek mythology, one of the seven daughters of Atlas, and the mother of Mercury
fifth month of the year
June
from Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage, who was queen and wife of Jupiter;
sixth month of the year
Months
10
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Flora and Fauna
Word
Origin
Meaning
floral
from Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers
of, relating to, or showing flowers
hyacinth
from Hyacinthus, a Spartan youth beloved by the Greek gods,
a plant that has a thick stem with small flowers that grow in long clusters
iris
from the Greek, goddess of the rainbow
a plant with long, thin leaves and large purple, white, or yellow flowers
mint
from Minthe, a Greek nymph transformed into an herb by the goddess Persephone
an herb whose leaves have a strong scent and are used for flavoring
narcissus
from Narcissus, the Greek youth who fell in love with his own image in a pool of water, fell in and drowned, and was turned into a flower
a plant that has yellow or white flowers and long, thin leaves (a daffodil is a kind of narcissus)
peony
from Paeon, the physician to the gods in Greek mythology
a garden plant with large flowers that may be red, pink, or white
Word
Origin
Meaning
Asia
from the Greek goddess Asia, the mother of Atlas
the world’s largest continent
atlas
from the Greek Titan condemned to stand at the end of the world and hold up the sky
a book of maps
Europe
from the princess Europa, in Greek mythology, who was abducted by Zeus and carried from Phoenicia to Crete
the world’s second-smallest continent, after Australia
ocean
from Oceanus, Greek god of the great waters
the entire body of salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface
volcano
from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and blacksmiths
a mountain with vents through which molten lava, ash, cinders, and gas erupt
Word
Origin
Meaning
Mercury
from the Roman god Mercury, the fleetfooted messenger of the gods and of business
planet closest to the Sun
Geography
Planets
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Word
Origin
Meaning
Venus
from Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty
second planet from the Sun
Mars
from Mars, the Roman god of war
fourth planet from the Sun
Jupiter
from Jupiter, the Roman god who was ruler of the other Roman gods
fifth planet from the Sun
Saturn
from the Roman god Saturn, the father of Jupiter
sixth planet from the Sun
Uranus
from the Greek god Uranus, who was the earliest and supreme god
seventh planet from the Sun
Neptune
from the Roman god of the sea, Neptune
eighth planet from the Sun
Pluto
from the Roman god of the underworld, Pluto
a dwarf planet, formerly classified as the ninth planet from the Sun
Target Appearance, Character Traits, and Behavior
10
Word
Origin
Meaning
Achilles’ heel
from the Greek hero Achilles, whose when he was a baby, dipped him in magical water to protect him, but did not remove her hand from his heel
weak spot
berserk
from legendary Norse warrior, Old Berserkr, known for his ferociousness and frenzy in battle
violent, upset, and destructive
hector
from Hector, the Trojan prince killed by Achilles
bully; threaten
jovial
from Jove, another name for Jupiter, the chief Roman god
cheerful; jolly
Junoesque
from Juno, the Roman queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter
stately and imposing
juvenile
from Juventus, Roman god of youth
young; immature
lunatic
from Luna, Roman goddess of the moon
someone who is crazy
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Word
Origin
Meaning
martial
from Mars, the Roman god of war
warlike
mercurial
from the Roman god Mercury, the fleet-footed messenger of the gods and of business
quick and changeable in mood
panic
from the Greek god Pan, the god of sheep and of dark woods and fields
sudden, intense fear
promethean
from the Greek Titan Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods
wildly creative; defiant and bold
tantalize
from the Greek king Tantalus, who was condemned to stand in water that he couldn’t drink, with fruit above him that he couldn’t reach
to tempt someone without letting that person have what he or she desires
Objects, Occupations, and Other Things
Word
Origin
Meaning
ambrosia
from ambrosia, the food of the gods, thought to give immortality to those who eat it
a sweet treat with oranges and flaked coconut
calliope
from Kalliope, the Greek muse with a beautiful voice, who watched over epic poetry
a keyboard instrument like an organ but fitted with steam whistles
cereal
from Ceres, Roman goddess of grain
a breakfast food
chronology
from Chronos, Roman god of time
order of events
kraken
from the Norse sea monster, the Kraken
a sea monster
mentor
from Mentor, a trusted advisor to Odysseus
an advisor; someone who takes you under his/her wing
merchandise
from the Roman god Mercury, the fleet-footed messenger of the gods and of business
things that are bought and sold
merchant
from the Roman god Mercury, the fleet-footed messenger of the gods and of business
someone in the business of selling things
museum
from the nine Muses in Greek mythology, who presided over the arts and sciences
a place for viewing and studying objects of artistic, historic, and scientific interest
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Word
Origin
Meaning
music
from the nine Muses in Greek mythology, who presided over the arts and sciences
the arrangement of sounds to create an artistic piece
pontoon
from Pontus, the Greek god of the sea
a type of floating structure or bridge
siren
from the Sirens, Greek sea nymphs who lured sailors to their doom
an alarm or distress signal
terminal
from Terminus, the Roman guardian of boundaries
an end point or station
typhoon
from Typhon, a rebellious Greek god who ruled destructive volcanoes and storms
a hurricane or violent tropical storm in the western Pacific or Indian Ocean
zephyr
from Zephyrus, the Greek god of the west wind
a gentle breeze
Qualities, Magnitude, and Ideas
110
Word
Origin
Meaning
colossal
from the Colossus of Rhodes, a huge statue of the Greek god Apollo
extremely large and awe inspiring
cupidity
from Cupid, the god of love and son of the Roman goddess Venus
greed; intense desire
discord
from Discordia, the Roman goddess of disagreement
disagreement; strife
fortune
from Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck
luck; fate; destiny
fury
from the Furies, three Greek goddesses who sought out and punished wrongdoers
anger and rage
herculean
from Hercules, the Greek hero of exceptional strength who accomplished twelve seemingly impossible tasks
demanding great strength and effort
iridescent
from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow
brilliant; sparkling; showing the colors of the rainbow
Midas touch
from Midas, who, in Greek myths, turned everything he touched into gold
the ability to make huge amounts of money
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Word
Origin
Meaning
narcissism
from Narcissus, the Greek youth who fell in love with his own image in a pool of water
intense self-love and admiration
odyssey
from Odysseus, the Greek hero who, after the Trojan War, traveled for many years to get back to his home
a long voyage filled with adventures
Olympian
from Mt. Olympus, the home of the Greek gods
exalted; majestic
panacea
from Panacea, a daughter of Aesculpius, the Greek god of medicine
a cure-all or universal remedy
saturnine
from the Roman god Saturn, the father of Jupiter
dark and threatening
Stygian
from the River Styx in the underworld of Greek mythology
dark, gloomy, and forebidding
titanic
from the Titans, the family of giants who, in Greek mythology, originally ruled the heavens
colossal; extraordinarily large and strong
Challenge Character Types
Word
Origin
Meaning
Adonis
from the beautiful youth loved by the Greek goddess Aphrodite
a strikingly beautiful man
amazon
from the women warriors of Greek mythology
a particularly strong, tall, and aggressive woman
Cassandra
from the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy
a person who predicts misfortunes but is not believed
nemesis
from Nemesis, the Greek goddess of justice or vengeance
someone who keeps pursuing another to get justice; a force that cannot be beaten
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Mythology
Science and Health
112
Word
Origin
Meaning
arachnid
from Arachne, a Greek girl changed into a spider by Athena
a spider
chimera
from a fire-breathing monster in Greek mythology made up of a goat, a lion, and a serpent
a highly fanciful illusion; or an organism made up of different genetic tissues
echoic
from Echo, the Greek nymph who pined away for her lover until only her voice remained
relating to the repetition of sound by reflection of sound waves off a surface
electricity
from Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon, who, in Greek mythology, avenged her father’s death
a phenomenon arising from the behavior of electrons and protons
fauna
from Fauna, the Roman goddess of birth and fertility
the animal life in a particular region
flora
from Flora, the Roman goddess of spring and flowers
the plant life in a particular region
helium
from Helios, the Greek titan who was the sun god
the lightest element
hygiene
from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health and cleanliness
the science dealing with health and cleanliness
hypnosis
from Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep
the technique of putting someone in an induced, trancelike condition
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
W ords b ase d
on n ame s of p eople
Many words have been coined from the names of people Often, these people invented, discovered, or did something special that brought about the word Words coined from people’s names are called eponyms
Easy Word
Person
Meaning
America
from Amerigo Vespucci, one of the European explorers of the New World
the great landmasses that make up what is now North America, Central America, and South America
braille
from Louis Braille, a French teacher of the blind who was himself blind
a system of writing consisting of raised dot-formed letters that can be read by touch
cardigan
from James Thomas Brudenell, seventh Earl of Cardigan, an English soldier who led the Charge of the Light Brigade and whose soldiers wore this type of garment
a longed-sleeved buttoned sweater without a collar
Morse code
from the American inventor of the telegraph, Samuel Finley Breese Morse
a dot-dash code system used by telegraphers to send messages
sandwich
from John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who reputedly put slices of meat between bread so that he could keep gambling without being interrupted by eating
two or more slices of bread with a filling in-between
teddy bear
from Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of United States and noted outdoorsman, who reputedly refused to shoot a bear cub
a stuffed toy bear
valentine
from St. Valentine, an early Christian martyr whose feast day falls on Feb. 14, the day, according to some old legends, when birds begin to mate
a holiday during which sweethearts express affection
Word
Person
Meaning
argyle
from the Duke of Argyle
Target
a brightly colored diamond-shaped cloth pattern resembling the Argyle Clan tartan
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
114
Word
Person
Meaning
bloomers
from Amelia Jenks Bloomer, an American feminist and social reformer who wore these pantaloons
full, loose trousers that are gathered at the ankle or knee
bobby
from Sir Robert Peel, the British Home Secretary who reorganized the London police force
a police officer; a member of the London police force
bowie knife
from Col. James Bowie, a Texas patriot and soldier, who popularized the knife and marketed it under his name
a knife with a double-edged blade that curved to a point
boycott
from Charles Cunningham Boycott, an Irish landlord whose tenants refused to pay rents and who was refused services in local stores in protest against harsh conditions
to avoid trade or refuse to deal with, as a protest
Bunsen burner
from Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, who invented it
used in most chemistry labs, a burner that mixes gas with air to produce a hot flame
colt
from Samuel Colt, who invented this gun
a six-shooter or revolver
derby
from Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, who had a strong interest in horse racing
a dome-shaped felt hat also called a bowler that was created to look like the bowler hats the English wore at the Derby (a horse race, also named for him)
derrick
from Godfrey Derrick, a 16th-century English executioner known for his strength
a crane for lifting heavy objects
derringer
from Henry Derringer, the Philadelphia gunsmith who invented it
a small, stubby, easily hidden pistol
diesel
from Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer who built the engine that bears his name
a type of internal combustion engine
Ferris wheel
from George Washington Gail Ferris whose invention debuted at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893
a giant wheel with passenger-carrying cars that revolves on a stationary axis or stand
gibberish
from Geber, or Jabir ibn Hayyan, an Arabian alchemist who, as a precaution against being charged with sorcery, wrote in seemingly unintelligible code
nonsense language
guillotine
from Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French a machine with a sharp sliding blade used physician who proposed its use during the for beheading people French Revolution
hooligan
from Patrick Hooligan, a rowdy 19thcentury criminal and thug
a ruffian or other violent thug
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
Word
Person
Meaning
leotard
from Jules Leotard, a 19th-century French aerial gymnast
a close-fitting one-piece garment worn by dancers and gymnasts
Levi’s
from Levi Strauss, a San Francisco manufacturer who made these sturdy pants during the Gold Rush
jeans; dungarees
lynch
from Charles Lynch, a Virginia planter who formed a secret band to punish people accused of crimes
to hang someone for a crime without benefit of a trial
macintosh
from Charles Macintosh, a Scottish chemist who patented a method for making waterproof garments
a kind of raincoat
magnolia
from Pierre Magnol, a French physician and botanist who classified plants
an evergreen tree with showy flowers
mason jar
from John L. Mason, an American manufacturer who invented and patented them
a heavy glass jar used for home canning and preserving
maverick
from Samuel Augustus Maverick, a Texas lawyer and rancher who claimed ownership of any unbranded cattle
unbranded cattle; a nonconformist
pasteurize
from Louis Pasteur, a French scientist who invented the process of pasteurization
a process to purify and preserve milk by heating and rapid cooling
ritzy
from César Ritz, Swiss restaurateur and hotel manager who built a lavish hotel
classy, lavish, expensive
shrapnel
from Henry Shrapnel, an English military officer who invented a specific type of exploding projectile
fragments of an exploding artillery shell or bomb
sideburns
from General Ambrose Burnside, who wore the hair on the side of his face in a distinctive way (originally called burnsides)
long hair growing on the side of a man’s face
silhouette
from Etienne de Silhouette, a French finance minister, who placed severe restrictions on spending and whose name became associated with being cheap
an outline image filled in with black
spaldeen
from Alfred Goodwell Spalding, who established manufacturing standards for baseballs and baseball equipment
a rubber ball
Stetson
from John Batterson Stetson, a hatmaker who specialized in cowboy hats
a hat with a tall crown and wide brim, often called a 10-gallon hat
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
Challenge
11
Word
Person
Meaning
bowdlerize
from Thomas Bowdler Bowdler,, editor of an expurgated edition of Shakespeare
to censor or delete written material considered improper or bawdy
camellia
from George Joseph Kamel, a botanist who described the plant he found in the Philippines
a beautiful flowering plant
chauvinism
from Nicolas Chauvin of Rochefort, a French soldier who was extremely patriotic and nationalistic
excessively patriotic or loyal to a group
curie
from Marie and Pierre Curie, French chemists and codiscoverers of radium
a unit of measure for radioactivity
doily
from a London linen merchant named Doily, Doiley, Doiley, Doylet, or Doyly
a mat made of lace
draconian
from Draco, Athenia Atheniann ruler and lawgiv lawgiver er who established extremely harsh penalties for crime
harsh application of law or rules
dunce
from John Duns Scotus, a 13th and 14th centuries philosopher whose work was later mocked
a fool or blockhead
forsythia
from William Forsyth, a Scottish gardener who brought the plant to England from China
a shrub with bright yellow flowers
gerrymander
from Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Massachusetts, who approved a politic Massachusetts, politically ally inspired plan to reshape voting districts
to manipulate or change electoral districts to benefi benefitt the party in power
kaiser
from Julius Caesar Caesar,, Roman general and dictator
emperor; ruler (also czar; tsar)
kelvin scale
from William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, a Scottish scientist who invented this scale
a scale for measuring temperature
klieg lights
from John H. and Anton T. Kliegl, who invented the high-intensity lights used in the early days of filmmaking
high-intensity lights
macadam
from John Loudon McAdam, a road engineer who built these small crushed-stone or gravel roads
a smooth road surface made from stones mixed with asphalt or tar
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
Word
Person
Meaning
macadamia
from Dr. John Macadam, Secretary of the Victoria Philosophical Institute
a type of tree with nuts
mach number from Ernst Mach, a German scientist who investigated supersonic speed
the ratio of the speed of an object and the speed of sound in air
machiavellian from Niccolò Machiavelli, who, in his book The Prince , asserted that a ruler may use any means available to maintain power
scheming; using unscrupulous methods to maintain power
madeleine
from Madeleine Paulmier Paulmier,, a French pastry chef who created these cakes
a small shell-shaped cake
mansard
from Nicolas François Mansart, aka Mansard, a French architect and designer
a type of roof that accommodates highceiling attics
martinet
from Colonel Jean Martinet, a French officer and strict disciplinarian
a strict, overbearing disciplinarian
marzipan
from Franz Marzip, a German confectioner
a sweet treat made of almond paste and sugar
mausoleum
from King Maussollus of ancient Persia, whose wife ordered a huge monument erected to him after his death
a large tomb
mercerize mercer ize
from John Mercer Mercer,, an American industr industrialist ialist who invented this method for treating cotton cloth
to treat cotton fabric in a way that strengthens it and gives it a silky luster
mesmerize
from Franz Anton Mesmer, an early Austrian hypnotist
to put in a trace-like state; to hypnotize or hold spellbound
minié ball
from Captain Claude Étienne Minié, a French soldier who invented a new kind of lead bullet
a cone-shaped lead bullet
Molotov cocktail
from Vyacheslav Molotov Molotov,, a Russian statesman who claimed that the bombs the Russians were dropping on the Finns were only food and drink
a crude bomb; a gasoline-filled bottle with a rag fuse
Neanderthal
from Joachim Neander, a poet who wrote in praise of the glory of creation and for whom the Neanderthal (valley) was named
an early form of Homo sapiens
nicotine
from Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal when tobacco was first brought to Europe from the New World
a byproduct of the combustion of tobacco
obsidian
from Obsius, an ancient Greek explorer who first described it
a kind of volcanic glass
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Names of People
11
Word
Person
Meaning
ohm
from Georg Ohm, a German scientist who studied electric currents
a unit of electrical resistance
pompadour
from Madame de Pompadour Pompadour,, a French noblewoman who was a Parisian fashion leader and who wore her hair this way
a hairstyle in which hair is swept up from the forehead
petri dish
from Julius Richard Petri, a German scientist who invented this laboratory dish
a flat glass or plastic dish with a loose cover
quisling
from Vidkun Quisling, a fascist who became ruler of Norway after the Nazis invaded the country during World War II
a traitor who is a puppet of the enemy
raglan sleeve from Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, a courageous 18th-century British soldier who wore a loose-fitting coat with sleeves extending to the neck
a style of sleeve that is cut so that it extends to the neck
saxophone
from Antoine Joseph Sax, a Belgian musical instrument maker
a valved brass instrument
spinet
from Giovanni Spinetti, a Venetian musical instrument maker
a small, upright piano
spoonerism
from the Reverend William Archibald Spooner, who was famous for his slips of Spooner, the tongue
a one-line phrase in which the initial letters of words are switched
tawdry
from St. Audrey (also known as St. Etheldreda) who was honored by holding fairs on her saint’s day during which lace scarves and necklaces were sold as souvenirs
cheaply made; gaudy
thespian
from Thespis, a sixth-century Greek poet
an actor
Vandyke Vand yke
from Sir Anthony Van Dyck, a Flemish painter who depicted noblemen sporting this distinctive style of beard
v-shaped beard
volt
from Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, an Italian scientist who invented the first electric battery
a unit of measure of electric force
zeppelin
from Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a German designer and Civil War veteran of the Union Army who developed this airship
a rigid, lighter-than-air aircraft
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Places
o rds b ase d W ords
on p laces
Many words have been coined based on the names of places Often these words refer refer back to where the item was invented, made, or rst found Words based on places are called toponyms
Easy Word
Place
Meaning
Bermuda shorts
from Bermuda
knee-length pants
bologna
from Bologna, Italy
a type of lunch meat
cheddar cheese
from Cheddar Cheddar,, England
a type of hard cheese
china
from China
porcelain dishes
frankfurter
from Frankfurt, Germany
a hot dog
hamburger
from Hamburg, Germany or New York
a meat patty
lumber
from Lombardy, Italy
wood from trees that have been cut down
magnet
from Magnesia, Asia Minor
a piece of metal that has the power to draw iron or steel
palace
from the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy
a grand residence for monarchs
pistol
from Pistoia, Italy
a gun
Word
Place
Meaning
academy
from the Academia, Athens, Greece
a school
angora
from Ankara, Turkey
wool from a goat or rabbit
arsenal
from the Arsenale, Venice, Italy
a place where weapons are stored
baked Alaska
from Alaska, U.S.A.
a dessert of cake and ice cream with a meringue topping
bikini
from the Bikini Atoll in the South Pacific
a scanty two-piece bathing suit
Target
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Places
120
Word
Place
Meaning
blarney
from a stone in the Blarney Castle, Cork, Ireland
flattery and smooth, but insincere, talk
Brazil nut
from Brazil, South America
a type of tree with edible nuts
Brussels sprouts
from Brussels, Belgium
a type of vegetable
Cajun
from Acadia, Canada
a Louisiana native who is a descendent of French Canadians
calico
from Calicut, India
a type of coarse cloth
cantaloupe
from Cantalupo, Italy
a type of melon
cashmere
from Kashmir, India
wool from a goat
champagne
from the province of Champagne, France
a sparkling wine
Charleston
from Charleston, South Carolina
a type of dance
dalmatian
from Dalmatia, Croatia
a type of dog
denim
from Nîmes, France (de Nîmes)
a coarse cloth used for jeans
duffel bag
from Duffel, Belgium
a large canvas bag
fez
from Fes, Morocco
a flat-topped hat with a tassel
forum
from the Forum in Rome, Italy
a meeting place or public square
gauze
from Gaza in the Middle East
a thin, filmy cloth
ghetto
from the island of Ghetto, Venice, Italy
a racially segregated area or area where specific groups are forced to live
italics
from Italy
a slanted typeface
jersey
from the Isle of Jersey, England
a knitted sweater
java
from Java, Indonesia
coffee
lima bean
from Lima, Peru
a type of edible flat pod; butter bean
limburger cheese
from the Limburg province, Holland
a type of pungent cheese
limerick
from Limerick, Ireland
a humorous five-lined poem
limousine
from Limousin, France
a luxurious vehicle usually driven by a chauffeur
lobby
from the lobby to the British House of Commons, London, England
to influence political representatives to vote a certain way or support a specific cause
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Places
Word
Place
Meaning
Louisville slugger
from Louisville, Kentucky
a baseball bat
mackinaw
Macinac City, Michigan
a thick woolen blanket or a coat made from this cloth
manila paper
from Manila, the Philippines
a thick paper or cardboard
mayonnaise
from Port Mahon, Minorca, Spain
a dressing made from egg yolks
milliner
from Milan, Italy
a hat maker
muslin
from Mosul, Iraq
a sturdy cotton fabric
rhinestone
from the Rhine River in Europe
artificial gems
romaine
from Rome, Italy
a type of lettuce
Roman numeral
from Rome, Italy
any of the symbols used by the ancient Romans to represent numbers
spa
from Spa, Belgium
a resort or other place offering health-related activities and treatments
Swiss cheese
from Switzerland
a type of cheese characterized by holes
suede
from Sweden
a type of velvety-surfaced leather
wiener
from Vienna, Austria
a frankfurter
Word
Place
Meaning
argosy
from Rugusa, Dalmatia ( rugusa corrupted to argosy )
a large merchant ship or fleet of ships
bohemian
from the Kingdom of Bohemia in Northern Europe
a person with an unconventional lifestyle
coliseum
from the Colosseum in Rome, Italy
a large arena or theater for a sporting event
damascene
from Damascus, Syria
to create a design with wavy patterns on metal
damask
from Damascus, Syria
a cotton or linen patterned fabric
dumdum bullet
from the Dum-Dum Arsenal in Bengal, India
a bullet that expands on impact
homburg
from Homburg, Germany
a soft, felt hat
Challenge
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Based on Places
122
Word
Place
Meaning
india ink
from India
a type of black ink
japan
from Japan
to decorate with a black enamel
jimsonweed
derived from Jamestown-weed, Jamestown, Virginia
a tall poisonous weed
laconic
from Laconia, Sparta, Greece
terse; not verbose; using few words
Leyden jar
from Leyden, Holland
an early form of a capacitor
Linzer torte
from Linz, Austria
a pastry with a raspberry filling
madras
from Madras, India
a fabric with a striped or checked pattern
maelstrom
from the Maelstrom, a whirlpool off the west coast of Norway
a large whirlpool
magenta
from Magenta, Italy
a reddish-purple color
mecca
from Mecca, Saudi Arabia
a center of activity that draws many people
meringue
from Mirengen, Switzerland
a confection made of egg whites whipped with sugar
organdy
from Urgendi, Turkestan
a cotton or silk lightweight fabric used for dresses
panama hat
from Panama
a brimmed hat made from plaited leaves
parmesan
from Parma, Italy
a type of cheese
rialto
from the Rialto in Venice, Italy
a marketplace or theater district
romanesque
from Rome, Italy
relating to a style of architecture that combines Roman and Byzantine elements
roquefort
from Roquefort, France
a type of blue-veined cheese
sienna
from Siena, Italy
a reddish color
venetian blinds
from Venice, Italy
a window covering with slats that can be adjusted to let light in or keep it out
verdigris
from Greece (literally “green of Greece”)
a greenish color found on copper and brass that has oxidized
worsted
from Worsted, England
a type of close-woven woolen cloth
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Wars
ars W ords f rom W
Words entered English from different wars Sometimes a new word was coined Sometimes the meaning of the word was extended to cover a new object or situation
Easy Word
War
Meaning
ace dogfight dog tag GI jeep tank
from World War I from World War I from World War I from World War II from World War II from World War I
an expert fighter pilot an aerial battle between fighter pilots a metal identification tag worn by a soldier a soldier who has enlisted an open four-wheel-drive vehicle an armored vehicle
Word
War
Meaning
A-bomb airlift
from WWII from the Spanish Civil War from the Civil War from World War I
an atomic bomb to transport soldiers or other people by air
Target
AWOL beachhead blitz (blitzkrieg) brainwash brass hat concentration camp
from World War II from the Korean War
doughboy draftee gestapo gung ho joystick
from World War I from the Civil War
from World War I from World War II
from World War II from World War II from World War I
absent without leave territory held on the enemy shoreline and used as a launching point for an attack an intense, heavy air raid to impose beliefs through torture or intensive indoctrination high-ranking military officer a prison where people are kept under extremely harsh conditions a soldier someone conscripted or drafted into military service Nazi secret police extremely brave, loyal, and eager an airplane’s control stick
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words From Wars
Word
War
Meaning
kamikaze mushroom cloud nosedive R and R radar shell shock storm trooper trench coat U-boat walkie-talkie warhorse watch cap war correspondent
from World War II from World War II from World War I from World War II from World War II from World War I from World War II from World War I from World War I from World War II from the Civil War from World War I from the Civil War
Japanese suicide bombers the cloud caused by an atomic explosion a steep dive or swooping downward of an aircraft leave granted for rest and recuperation an acronym for radio detecting and ranging combat fatigue caused by exposure to shell fire a member of the Nazi militia a belted, military-style raincoat a German submarine a portable radio set used for communication an experienced veteran a knitted cap someone who reports on a war
Word
War
Meaning
balaclava bazooka cravat
a woolen garment covering the head and neck a gun that fires rockets a neckerchief or scarf
flattop genocide
from the Crimean War from World War II from the Thirty Years War from the Spanish Civil War from World War II from World War II
medivac
from the Korean War
pillbox pipsqueak sabotage stalag strafe
from World War I from World War I from World War II from World War II from World War I
Challenge
fifth columnist
124
a secret agent or saboteur an aircraft carrier the planned extermination of an entire race or group of people an acronym for a vehicle used for medical evacuation a shelter for a machine gun a small, fast artillery shell to deliberately destroy weapons and equipment a prisoner-of-war camp to attack with heavy machine-gun fire from a low-flying airplane
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Portmanteau Words
portmanteau W ords
In his nonsense poem “Jabberwocky” from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There , Lewis Carroll coined new words by blending sounds from two familiar words The new word carries the meaning of both the original words and is called a portmanteau word The process continues to this day
Easy Word
Combined Words
Meaning
brunch carjack motel scrunch slosh smog splatter squiggle
breakfast + lunch car + hijack motor + hotel squeeze + crunch slop + slush smoke + fog splash + spatter squirm + wiggle
a late-morning meal to hijack or forcibly take a car from someone a casual hotel for motorists to crush tightly together to spill or splash in a clumsy manner pollution caused by a mixture of fog and smoke to spatter and splash something a wavy line
Word
Combined Words
Meaning
aerobatics biopic chocoholic chortle chunnel emoticon guesstimate heliport moped motorcade paratrooper prissy prequel shopaholic slithy workaholic
aeroplane + acrobatics biography + picture chocolate + alcoholic chuckle + snort Channel + tunnel emotion + icon guess + estimate helicopter + airport motor + pedal motor + cavalcade parachute + trooper prim + sissy precede + sequel shop + alcoholic slimy + lithe work + alcoholic
spectacular stunts performed by airplanes a movie about a real-life person someone who likes chocolate too much noisy, hearty laughter the tunnel through the English Channel a picture used to express emotion an estimate based on guessing an airport for helicopters bicycle with a motor a parade or procession of cars and other vehicles a soldier who parachutes into battle excessively prim and proper a sequel that tells what happened before someone who likes to shop too much slippery and thin someone who works too hard and too much
Target
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Portmanteau Words
Challenge
12
Word
Combined Words
Meaning
advertorial
advertisement + editorial
animatronics aquacise biotech
animation + electronics aqua + exercise biology + technology
camcorder contrail cyborg edutainment
camera + recorder condensation + trail cybernetic + organism education + entertainment
infomercial
information + commercial
netizen pixel
Internet + citizen picture + element
an editorial written for the purpose of advertising a product or service cartoons and other animated computer graphics exercise routines performed in water the use of biology and biological processes for production a portable video camera and recorder the visible trail of vapor left by an aircraft a creature that is part human and part machine entertainment created for educational purposes a commercial designed to give a lot of information citizen of the Internet; Internet user a computer picture element or image
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
W ords sHakespeare added
to tHe l anguage
Through his plays and poems, Shakespeare is credited with adding many words to the English language In some cases, he coined new words In other cases, he used an existing word as a different part of speech or joined two existing words In still others, he gave an existing word a new meaning Shakespeare also gave words from other languages new English forms, and he added prexes and/or sufxes to existing words to form new words Some scholars, though, are dubious about the number of words attributed to Shakespeare, claiming that he can be credited only with the earliest written examples of the use of these words that we have In other words, the words may have been in use before, but no written examples of them exist
Easy Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
alligator
a noun meaning an aquatic reptile
said by Balthasar in Romeo and Juliet
bandit
a noun meaning thief, robber
said by the Duke of Suffolk in Henry VI , Part II
bedroom
a noun meaning space with a bed for sleeping
Night’s Dream
bet
a verb meaning to wager
said by Shallow in Henry IV , Part II
blanket
a verb meaning to cover
said by Edgar in King Lear
bump
a noun meaning a lump or raised bruise
said by Nurse in Romeo and Juliet
dawn
a noun meaning sunrise
said by King Henry in Henry V
eyeball
a noun meaning the round mass of the eye
said by Oberon in A Midsummer
farmhouse
a noun meaning a dwelling on a farm
said by Lysander in A Midsummer
Night’s Dream
said by the Host in The Merry Wives of Windsor
hint
a noun meaning a clue
said by Othello in Othello
hush
an adjective meaning quiet or still
said by the First Player in Hamlet
leapfrog
a noun meaning a game
said by King Henry in Henry V
moonbeam
a noun meaning light from the moon
said by Titania in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
puppy dog
a noun meaning a young canine
said by Philip in King John
roadway
a noun meaning a street or path
said by Prince Hal in Henry IV , Part II
unreal
an adjective meaning imaginary
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
watchdog
a noun meaning a dog that guards
said by Ariel in The Tempest
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
accused
a noun meaning a person suspected of a crime
said by the King in Richard II
aerial
an adjective meaning in or of the air
said by Montano in Othello
amazement
a noun meaning surprise
said by Philip in King John
arouse
a verb meaning to awaken
said by the Captain in Henry VI , Part II
backing
a noun meaning support
said by Falstaff in Henry IV , Part I
barefaced
an adjective meaning obvious
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
beached
an adjective meaning having a shore
said by Titania in A Midsummer
Target
Night’s Dream
birthplace
a noun meaning a place where a person is born
said by Coriolanus in Coriolanus
bloodstained
an adjective meaning colored by blood
said by Martius in Titus Andronicus
blushing
an adjective meaning flushing of the face
said by York in Henry VI, Part III
buzzer
a noun meaning a noisemaker
said by Claudius in Hamlet
caked
a verb meaning to encrust or harden
said by Timon in Timon of Athens
champion
a verb meaning to defy
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
cloud-capped
an adjective meaning topped with clouds
said by Prospero in The Tempest
coldblooded
an adjective meaning unfeeling
said by Constance in King John
compromise
a verb meaning betray
said by Shylock in The Merchant of Venice
countless
12
an adjective meaning too numerous to count
said by Marcus Andronicus in Titus Andronicus
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
courtship
a noun meaning the activity of courting or wooing
Labour’s Lost
critic
a noun meaning one who analyzes or evaluates
design
a noun meaning a plan or target
said by the Princess in Love’s said by Berowne in Love’s Labour’s Lost
said by Don Adriano de Armado in Love’s Labour’s Lost
dialogue
a verb meaning to talk together or hold a conversation
said by the Maid in A Lover’s Complaint
downstairs
an adverb meaning toward the lower floors
said by Prince Hal in Henry IV , Part I
drug
a verb meaning to add a toxic substance or narcotic to a food or drink
said by Lady Macbeth in Macbeth
elbow
a verb meaning to nudge or prod
said by Kent in King Lear
employer
a noun meaning a person who uses someone or something
said by Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing
exposure
a noun meaning the act of uncovering or leaving unprotected
said by Nestor in Troilus and Cressida
fancy-free
an adjective meaning free from the power of love
said by Oberon in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
film
a verb meaning to coat or cover thinly
said by Hamlet in Hamlet
flawed
an adjective meaning weakened or damaged
said by Edgar in King Lear
fortune-teller
a noun meaning one who professes to predict the future
said by Antipholus of Ephesus in The Comedy of Errors
full-grown
an adjective meaning mature, fully developed
said by John Gower in Pericles
gloomy
an adjective meaning dark or shadowy
said by Joan la Pucell in Henry VI , Part I
gossip green-eyed
a noun meaning someone given to loose talk about friends
said by the Abbess in The Comedy of Errors
an adjective meaning envious
said by Portia in The Merchant of Venice
homicide
a noun meaning killer
said by Reignier in Henry VI , Part I
hurry
a verb meaning move quickly
said by Adriana in The Comedy of Errors
ill-starred
an adjective meaning unfortunate
said by Othello in Othello
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
ill-tempered
an adjective meaning having a bad temper, unwholesome
said by Brutus in Julius Caesar
label
a verb meaning to brand
said by Olivia in Twelfth Night
laughable
an adjective meaning humorous
said by Salarino in The Merchant of Venice
lonely
an adjective meaning isolated
said by Coriolanus in Coriolanus
lower
a verb meaning to reduce in height or standing
said by Mark Antony in Antony and Cleopatra
luggage
a noun meaning possessions, baggage
said by Prince Hal in Henry IV , Part I
madcap
an adjective meaning zany, foolish
said by Maria in Love’s Labour’s Lost
majestic
an adjective meaning having dignity or grandeur
said by Cassius in Julius Caesar
manager
a noun meaning someone or something that controls
said by Don Armado in Love’s Labour’s Lost
marketable
an adjective meaning saleable, attractive
said by Celia in As You Like It
mimic
a noun meaning a double, lookalike
said by Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
mountaineer
a noun meaning people who live in mountains, hillbillies
noiseless
an adjective meaning silent
said by Cloten in Cymbeline said by the King in All’s Well That Ends Well
obscene ode
an adjective meaning repulsive, gross, indecent
said by Ferdinand in Love’s Labour’s Lost
a noun meaning a type of poem
said by Dumaine in Love’s Labour’s Lost
outbreak
a noun meaning a sudden eruption
said by Polonius in Hamlet
partner
a verb meaning to link or join with another
said by Jachimo in Cymbeline
puke
a verb meaning to vomit
said by Jaques in As You Like It
quarrelsome
an adjective meaning contentious, likely to bicker
said by Grumio in The Taming of
radiance
a noun meaning brilliance
the Shrew
said by Helena in All’s Well That Ends Well
130
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
rant
a verb meaning to speak out loudly
said by Hamlet in Hamlet
retirement
a noun meaning the giving up of a position
said by the The Earl of Douglas in Henry IV , Part I
rival
an adjective meaning completing
said by Theseus in A Midsummer
Night’s Dream
scuffle
a noun meaning aggressive actions, fights
said by Philo in Antony and Cleopatra
secure
a verb meaning to make safe, to guarantee
said by Queen Margaret in Henry VI , Part II
shooting star
a noun meaning a meteor glowing from atmospheric friction
Richard II
skim milk
a noun meaning milk with cream removed
said by Hotspur in Henry IV , Part I
soft-hearted
an adjective meaning sympathetic to a fault
said by Queen Margaret in Henry VI , Part II
a verb meaning put underwater
said by Cleopatra in Antony and
submerge
said by the Earl of Salisbury in
Cleopatra
superscript
a noun meaning address
said by Holofernes in Love’s Labour’s Lost
swagger
a verb meaning to assume an attitude above one’s station
said by Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
tardiness
a noun meaning lateness, slowness
said by the King of France in King Lear
torture
a verb meaning to hurt for a cause
said by Simpcox in Henry VI , Part II
tranquil
an adjective meaning quiet, temperate, still
said by Othello in Othello
unaware
an adverb meaning unknowingly, inadvertently
said by Venus in Venus and Adonis
unchanging
an adverb meaning not varying, always the same
said by York in Henry VI , Part III
undervalue
a verb meaning to give a lower rating or worth than justified
said by Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice
varied
an adjective meaning different, changing, showing different examples of something
said by Marcus in Titus Andronicus
well-behaved
an adjective meaning courteous, polite conduct
said by Mistress Ford in The Merry Wives of Windsor
a noun meaning the burrow of a worm
said by Lucrece in The Rape of Lucrece
wormhole
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
worthless
an adjective meaning without value
Shakespeare Connection
said by the Earl of Warwick in Henry VI , Part III
zany
a noun meaning a wild uncontrolled person, mimic, clown
said by Berowne in Love’s Labour’s Lost
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
academe
a noun meaning a school or place of learning
said by Ferdinand in Love’s Labour’s
Challenge
Lost
addiction
a noun meaning habit
said by the Archbishop of Canterbury in Henry V
anchovy
a noun meaning small fish of the herring family
said by Peto in Henry IV , Part I
assassination
a noun meaning a planned murder
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
bedazzle
a verb meaning confuse with brilliance
said by Kate in The Taming of the Shrew
besmirch
a verb meaning to smear or stain
said by Laertes in Hamlet
castigate
a verb meaning to punish or rebuke severely
said by Apemantus in Timon of Athens
cater
a verb meaning to act as provider of food
said by Adam in As You Like It
cow
a verb meaning to intimidate, to frighten
said by Macduff in Macbeth
dauntless
an adjective meaning fearless
said by King Lewis XI in Henry VI , Part III
dickens
a noun meaning heck, devil
said by Mistress Page in The Merry Wives of Windsor
132
discontent
a noun meaning unhappiness, dissatisfaction
said by Saturninus in Titus Andronicus
engagement
a noun meaning commitment or pledge
said by Brutus in Julius Caesar
epileptic
an adjective meaning the condition of having epilepsy; to be jerky, uncontrolled
said by Kent in King Lear
fitful
an adjective meaning relating to a disease; troubled; disturbed
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
foppish
an adjective meaning foolish, silly
said by the Fool in King Lear
frugal
an adjective meaning not wasteful
said by Mistress Page in The Merry Wives of Windsor
gallantry
a noun meaning politeness, bravery
said by Paris in Troilus and Cressida
go-between
a noun meaning a messenger
said by Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor
grovel
a verb meaning to kowtow, to humble oneself
said by Eleanor in Henry VI , Part II
hobnob
a verb (hob, nob) meaning to socialize with
said by Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night
humor
a verb meaning to satisfy, to indulge
said by Moth in Love’s Labour’s Lost
inauspicious
an adjective meaning ill-omened, unlucky
said by Romeo in Romeo and Juliet
invulnerable
an adjective meaning indestructible, not able to be hurt
said by King Philip in King John
jaded
an adjective meaning bored, disinterested
said by Suffolk in Henry VI , Part II
jet
a verb meaning to intrude
said by Aaron the Moor in Titus Andronicus
lackluster
an adjective meaning dull, mediocre
said by Jaques in As You Like It
lustrous
an adjective meaning shining, glossy
said by the Clown in Twelfth Night
metamorphose
a verb meaning to change
said by Proteus in The Two Gentlemen of Verona
negotiate
a verb meaning to bargain
said by Claudio in Much Ado About Nothing
obsequiously
an adverb meaning with deep respect and deference
said by Lady Anne in Richard III
pedant
a noun meaning teacher
said by Hortensio in The Taming of the Shrew
petition
a verb meaning to request
said by Mark Antony in Antony and Cleopatra
premeditated
an adjective meaning considered, planned
remorseless
an adjective meaning without guilt or sympathy
said by the Bishop of Winchester in Henry VI , Part I said by King Henry VI in Henry VI , Part II
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Shakespeare Added to the Language
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
sacrificial
an adjective meaning worshipful, relating to a sacrifice or offering
said by the Poet in Timon of Athens
savagery
a noun meaning wild, violent behavior
said by Salisbury in King John
stealthy
an adjective meaning secretive, hidden
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
unearthly
an adjective meaning not of this planet
said by Dion in The Winter’s Tale
unpublished
an adjective meaning secret, not issued
said by Cordelia in King Lear
unwillingness
a noun meaning the quality of being unwilling; disinclination
said by Richard in Richard II
vaulting
an adjective meaning soaring overarching
said by Queen Margaret in Henry VI , Part II
vulnerable
134
an adjective meaning open to harm
said by Macbeth in Macbeth
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Coined From Literature and Movies
W ords c oined f rom literature and m oVies
Just as many words from Shakespeare’s works have become part of the English language, new words from literature and movies have also become part of the lexicon
Easy Word
Origin
Meaning
robot
coined by Karel Capek in R.U.R.
a machine programmed to carry out human-like tasks and activities
scrooge
Ebenezer Scrooge, a character in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens
an extremely stingy and miserly person
sherlock
Sherlock Holmes, the detective in Arthur Conan Doyle’s mysteries
a detective
Word
Origin
Meaning
Big Brother
George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four
a dictator or a dictatorship that watches everything one does
Target
broken-hearted coined by William Tyndale, English translator of the Bible, in Luke 4:18
inconsolable; grief-stricken
Camelot
the site of King Arthur’s legendary court
any ideal place
cantankerous
coined by Oliver Goldsmith in She Stoops
cranky; bad-tempered
to Conquer
Catch-22
coined by Joseph Heller in the novel Catch-22
a situation or problem that can’t be solved
doublethink
coined by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four
believing two contradictory things at the same time
the Bible, Matthew 20:1-16
the latest possible time
coined by Edmund Spenser in The
like an elf
eleventh hour elfin
Fairie Queene
fedora
Fedora Romanoff, a leading character in Victorien Sardou’s play Fedora
a soft felt hat
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Chapter 2: Vocabulary Development Words Coined From Literature and Movies
Word
Origin
Meaning
freelance
coined by Sir Walter Scott in Ivanhoe
knights who sold their services to any master
good Samaritan the Bible, Luke 10:30-85
a stranger who stops to help another
newspeak
language used to mislead the public
coined by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four
pollyanna
the main character in M. Porter’s novel Pollyanna
someone who is foolishly optimistic
Shangri-la
coined by James Hilton in Lost Horizon
a paradise on Earth
underdog
a popular 19th-century song by David Barker called “The Under-Dog in the Fight”
a person expected to lose
Word
Origin
Meaning
braggadocio
coined by Edmund Spenser in The
a braggart; excessive boasting
Challenge
Fairie Queene
dust devil
coined by F.M. Parker in Skinner
a small dust storm or whirlwind
gargantuan
originally a character from French folktales but made popular by François Rabelais in Gargantua and Pantagruel
enormous; gigantic
jeremiad
Jeremiah, a Hebrew prophet from the Old Testament
a long mournful tale of trouble and woe
the Lilliputians in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s
tiny; little; of no importance
lilliputian
Travels
malapropism
13
Mrs. Malaprop in Richard Sheridan’s The Rivals
a mistake in which one importantsounding word is confused with another
pandemonium
coined by John Milton in Paradise Lost
chaos
paparazzi
Signore Paparazzo, a photographer in Federico Fellini’s film La Dolce Vita
a freelance photographer of celebrities
quixotic
coined by Miguel de Cervantes in Don Quixote de la Mancha
having an over romantic view of life; lofty-minded and impractical
replicant
Ridley Scott’s movie Blade Runner
an android; a bioengineered being
thought police
George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four
people who control or try to control what others think
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Chapter 3
Words From Other Languages “ We’re studying the influence of other languages on English. I need some examples of English words that come from many different languages, not just from Spanish
”
and French.
T
his chapter explores the history of English by focusing on words and phrases derived from other languages. More than twenty languages are represented in the lists that follow, enriching students’ knowledge of their inf luence on English. While some of the words have changed in spelling and/or pronunciation as they have been adopted into English, students may notice that others have remained in their original form. Because we use Latin and Greek roots to build words, the English language owes a great debt to these two languages. In addition, many Latin words in particular have passed into English through several other languages. Share with students the following example from Building Your Vocabulary (Scholastic, 2002): The English word delicatessen came from a German word, delikatessen , which came from a French word, délicatesse , which came from a Latin word, delicatus , which means “pleasing.” The Greek and Latin words included in the lists in this chapter are either ones that appear pretty much as they do in their original language or ones that can be traced more directly back to the original language. You may wish to show students the word origin information that is typically included in a dictionary entry so that they can continue to study word origins on their own.
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13
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages African Languages/Arabic
W ords f rom a frican l ang uages
Easy Word
banana cola
Meaning
Word
a fruit a drink
yam
Meaning
Word
a mammal with a long snout a brightly colored, loosefitting garment a thick, spicy stew a dance
safari
Meaning
a vegetable
Target Word
aardvark dashiki gumbo marimba
Meaning
a hunting trip or trip to see animals a dance the living dead
samba zombie
Challenge Word
apartheid dengue kraal
Meaning
Word
a system of racial segregation an infectious disease a rural village
raffia
Meaning
a type of fiber made from leaves grassland
veld
W ords f rom a rabic
Easy Word
ghoul magazine mummy
13
Meaning
Word
a ghost or phantom a weekly or monthly publication an embalmed body wrapped in cloth
sofa zero
Meaning
a couch nothing
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Arabic/Australian
Target Word
admiral algebra alcohol assassin falafel hummus jinni kebab
Meaning
Word
a commander a field in mathematics a fermented beverage killer, especially of an important person fried balls of ground, spiced chickpeas a dip of mashed chickpeas a spirit grilled meat and vegetables on a stick
kohl
loofah mecca monsoon sheik sultan tariff
Meaning
a dark powder often used as eyeliner a type of sponge a place thought to be a center of activity a torrential rainstorm the leader of an Arab tribe a ruler a tax on imported and sometimes exported goods
Challenge Word
caliph casbah dhow elixir emir fakir
Meaning
Word
a Muslim ruler the older section of a North African town a one- or two-masted sailing ship a sweetened drink or potion a ruler a holy man who lives by begging
fatwa hegira kismet intifada jihad mufti
Meaning
a religious decree a flight or escape fate an uprising a military campaign or holy war civilian clothes worn by a military person
W ords f rom a ustralian
Easy Word
kangaroo
Meaning
Word
a mammal with a pouch
koala
Meaning
Word
a weapon made from a curved piece of wood
dingo
Meaning
an animal resembling a small bear
Target Word
boomerang
Meaning
a wild dog
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13
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Australian/Chinese
Challenge Word
Meaning
Word
billabong
a water hole
didgeridoo
a musical instrument
Meaning
Word
Meaning
tableware made of porcelain vegetable dish with fish or meat fried noodle dish with shredded meat a spicy, tomato-based sauce
tea wok wonton
Meaning
Word
small portions of various dishes a root often used in Chinese medicine very eager and excited kneel and touch head to floor; to fawn over a small citrus fruit a martial art used for selfdefense
mahjong mandarin soy tofu typhoon yang yin
a type of board game the highest-ranked public official sauce made from beans bean curd a violent windstorm sun; masculine principle moon; feminine principle
Meaning
Word
Meaning
system of beliefs about people’s relationship with the environment a flat-bottomed boat
tai chi
Meaning
W ords f rom cHinese
Easy Word
china chop suey chow mein ketsup
a drink made from dried leaves a metal pan for stir-frying a dumpling
Target Word
dim sum ginseng gung ho kowtow kumquat kung fu
Meaning
Challenge Word
feng shui sampan
140
tao
a form of physical exercise and meditation the way or guiding principle
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Dutch
W ords f rom dutcH
Easy Word
cookie skate sled sleigh snack
Meaning
Word
a little, flat cake to glide across ice a small vehicle with runners for moving over ice and snow an open vehicle with runners pulled by a horse over ice or snow a between-meals treat
snoop stove tulip waffle walrus wiggle
Meaning
Word
to pretend or fake a salad of sliced cabbage a voyage by water a small cake of fried dough a lure or snare a type of woolen material; a bag a device for holding a painter’s canvas
knack
Meaning
to pry or spy an appliance on which one cooks a flower a type of pancake a sea mammal twist and jiggle
Target Word
bluff coleslaw cruise cruller decoy duffel easel
Meaning
a special talent or clever way of doing something a cucumber that has been soaked in brine a small, thin piece of wood a small porch or staircase a type of boat
pickle splinter stoop yacht
Challenge Word
maelstrom mannequin mart roster
Meaning
Word
a violent whirlpool a life-size dummy a store a list
schooner scone sloop smelt
Meaning
a fast sailing ship a small cake of baked bread a single-masted ship to melt or fuse in order to produce metal
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141
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages French
W ords f rom f rencH
Easy Word
ballet beret cafe chauffeur corduroy coupon crayon margarine mayonnaise
Meaning
Word
a type of dance a soft, flat hat a place that serves coffee someone who drives someone else’s car a type of ribbed fabric a piece of paper giving the bearer certain benefits, such as a discount a colored stick, often of wax, used for drawing food product usually made from vegetable oils a beaten mixture of oil and egg white
menu omelette picnic
Meaning
Word
atmosphere or mood of a place a type of dance position a military or governmental agent; a civil servant a steel blade attached at the muzzle of a gun marshland; swampland a small, informal restaurant a nightclub or restaurant where people can enjoy a floor-show a hidden store of things to disguise or conceal a type of stew a plastic cartridge containing magnetic tape a small, two-doored car a messenger
crochet
Meaning
a list of food items being served an egg dish a casual meal eaten outside, often sitting on the grass portrait a picture of a person restaurant a place that serves food masquerade a party at which masks and costumes are worn touché word used to show a person has scored or made a point unique one of a kind
Target Word
ambiance arabesque attaché bayonet bayou bistro cabaret cache camouflage casserole cassette coupé courier 142
croquet croquette crouton cuisine debris debut detour diplomat encore etiquette fiancé fiancée
Meaning
a type of needlework done with a hooked needle a game played on grass a small meat or potato ball coated with bread crumbs a small piece of dried bread style of cooking remains; rubbish first appearance a bypass or route taken around something an ambassador a repeated performance or part of it that is repeated a system of appropriate behavior a man engaged to be married a woman engaged to be married
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages French
Word
gaffe gourmet marinade mauve memoir mortgage mutiny na ï ve née passé plaque potpourri promenade protégé
Meaning
Word
a noticeable mistake; blunder a person with knowledge and love of good food a sauce for soaking meat before cooking a light purple color a personal account of one’s life a type of written agreement for borrowing money for property rebellion against legal authority inexperienced and too trusting born out of date a sign or tablet a mixture of flowers and herbs walk a young person who receives guidance from an older person
publicity queue quiche
Meaning
Word
Meaning
advertising line a pie made with a filling of eggs and cream a tool a body of work that can be performed an artificial lake summary of education, experience, and qualifications income from business cooked quickly in butter or oil a light baked dish made with egg whites a memento or reminder of a particular place or event fashion; trend flavor; enthusiasm; enjoyment for life
ratchet repertoire reservoir résumé revenue sauté soufflé souvenir vogue zest
Challenge Word
abattoir
a place where animals are slaughtered accoutrements accessories; clothing or equipment adroit skillful apropos appropriate for a particular situation avant-garde ultra-modern blasé unimpressed bourgeois middle-class; conventional, materialistic, and boring cul-de-sac a dead end dossier bundle of papers relating to a particular topic echelon rank or level
entourage entrepreneur envoy espionage finesse gauche impromptu insouciance intrigue liaison macabre
Meaning
followers or associates someone who sets up his/her own business to make money someone acting as a messenger for another country spying skill; flair awkward; vulgar without preparation lack of concern; calm and untroubled manner plot or scheme a person who links or coordinates others suggesting death; gruesome; chilling
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143
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages French/German
Word
maladroit nuance nonchalant panache piquant raconteur repartee
Meaning
Word
clumsy; awkward a very slight difference casual; calm and unconcerned style and self-confidence spicy a storyteller witty banter
rapport regime renaissance rendezvous ricochet sabotage sachet
bond of understanding government in power rebirth of culture meeting to rebound or bounce back subversive, destructive act a little package of scent
Meaning
Word
Meaning
a type of dog with a long body a shop selling prepared cooked meats, relishes, cheeses, etc. 100 cents; a unit of money a hotdog a small domesticated rodent a patty of chopped meat a school for young children or grade before first grade
knapsack noodle polka
Meaning
Word
heavy and swift air bombardment a sausage made of spiced pork or veal a European alpine plant a table game a musical instrument a married woman a young or unmarried woman secret police
gesundheit
Meaning
W ords f rom g erman
Easy Word
dachshund delicatessen dollar frankfurter hamster hamburger kindergarten
a backpack a strip of pasta a type of fast dance
pretzel
a crisp bakery product usually shaped like a knot pumpernickel a coarse, dark bread wiener a hot dog yodel a type of singing
Target Word
blitz bratwurst edelweiss foosball flugelhorn frau fräulein gestapo 144
glitz glockenspiel kaiser kaput kitsch knockwurst liverwurst
Meaning
a kind of blessing or wish when someone sneezes glamour; glitter a percussion instrument emperor or ruler broken; ruined tacky or lowbrow short, thick sausage a liver sausage
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages German
Word
linzer torte loden Luftwaffe plunder poltergeist rottweiler rucksack sauerkraut schnauzer schwa shyster
Meaning
Word
a type of cake with fruit a thick, dark-green woolen cloth German air force to take property by force a noisy and mischievous ghost a breed of dog a backpack a dish of shredded, sour cabbage a type of rough-haired terrier an unstressed vowel sound an unscrupulous or contemptible person, coward
schmooze snorkel spritz stein streusel
Meaning
Word
anxiety and worry a metallic element a double fake or imitation a metamorphic rock a get-together or celebration bursting or shells from artillery big or total picture; the whole form a rock resembling granite backcountry, remote region cannon with medium-length barrel territory needed for a country to expand
lederhosen leitmotif meerschaum muesli
torte waltz wurst zwieback
Meaning
to meet and talk informally a breathing tube used for diving squirt or spray a large beer mug a pastry with a sweet crumbly topping a rich cake made with eggs and ground nuts a type of dance or dance music a sausage a type of bread that is baked and then toasted
Challenge Word
angst cobalt doppelgänger ersatz feldspar fest flak gestalt gneiss hinterland howitzer lebensraum
panzer Reich spiel umlaut verboten wanderlust wunderkind zeitgeist
Meaning
knee-length leather trousers a recurring theme a tobacco pipe a cereal of untoasted, rolled oats, nuts and dried fruit an armored vehicle such as a tank German empire extravagant talk; a sales pitch a diacritical mark forbidden a longing to travel an extremely talented child spirit of the time
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145
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Greek
W ords f rom g reek
Easy Word
alphabet buffalo chorus church crocodile
Meaning
Word
the letters in a language a type of cattle with horns a group of singers a place of worship a large reptile
hippopotamus
Meaning
Word
a school relating to sound struggle and pain the inability to remember one’s past a one-celled organism someone who plays sports and other physical activities a disaster a mixture of clay and chemicals complete disorder a person in a story government by the people a prehistoric and extinct reptile a serious play management of resources an inscription, particularly one on a tombstone a place equipped for sports the story of the past
horizon
rhinoceros rhythm
Meaning
a large mammal that lives in rivers a large mammal with one or two horns on its nose beat
Target Word
academy acoustic agony amnesia amoeba athlete catastrophe ceramic chaos character democracy dinosaur drama economy epitaph gymnasium history
14
marathon mathematics meander mechanic melody metropolis mime mystery prophet psalm sympathy tragedy
Meaning
point where the sky seems to touch the earth a foot race of about 26 miles the study of numbers and how they work to wander a person who repairs machines rhythmically organized tones that create a musical quality a city a type of performance in which characters are portrayed through physical movements something difficult to understand a seer a hymn or song of praise understanding and compassion a drama that ends unhappily or in which the main character is brought to ruin
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Greek/ Hindi
Challenge Word
abyss acme agora allegory alpha anathema anarchy aristocracy asbestos cosmos dogma epiphany
Meaning
Word
an extremely deep chasm; a void the peak or perfection marketplace the use of characters to represent ideas the beginning something that is reviled chaos and disorder members of the noble class a type of heat-resistance mineral the ordered universe doctrine a revelation
holocaust martyr
melancholy myriad obelisk omega ostracize sarcasm stigma syntax thesis
Meaning
massive slaughter of people a person who suffers willingly for a cause sadness a multitude a large stone that serves as a monument the end to exclude mockery a mark of shame or disgrace the pattern or rules of a language a proposition
W ords f rom H indi
Easy Word
bangle bandanna cot
Meaning
a bracelet a scarf a folding bed
Word
pajamas shampoo
Meaning
sleeping attire a cleanser for hair
Target Word
bungalow calico chintz dinghy
Meaning
a simple one-storied house or cottage a patterned, coarse cotton cloth a brightly colored, printed, glazed fabric a small boat
Word
dungarees khaki loot swami thug veranda
Meaning
jeans a dull brownish-yellow color plunder a religious leader a brutal person a porch
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14
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Hindi/Italian
Challenge Word
chutney cummerbund jodhpurs juggernaut maharaja
Meaning
a relish a pleated sash worn for formal dress riding breeches a relentlessly destructive force a Hindu prince
Word
maharani pundit swami tandoori
Meaning
a Hindu princess a critic a religious teacher a dish cooked in a clay oven over charcoal
W ords f rom i talian
Easy Word
bandit broccoli macaroni motto pasta
Meaning
an outlaw; a thief a green vegetable a type of pasta a statement expressing goals noodles made from flour, eggs, and water a large musical instrument with a keyboard
piano
Word
pizza solo spaghetti violin volcano
Meaning
flat bread with cheese and sauce alone a type of pasta a stringed instrument an opening from which molten rock erupts from the earth
Target Word
balcony ballot bravo casino confetti fiasco finale ghetto gondola 14
Meaning
a terrace a system of voting excellent; well-done a public place for gambling streamers of colored paper total failure the end a segregated area of a city a long, narrow boat
Word
graffiti grotto influenza lava maestro malaria mandolin
Meaning
writings and drawings made on walls a cave a respiratory disease molten rock from a volcano a master a disease transmitted by mosquitoes a stringed instrument
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Italian/Japanese
Word
marina mezzanine opera
Meaning
a harbor; a place where boats are docked a floor midway between the first and second floors a dramatic work that is sung
Word
soprano studio torso zany
Meaning
a singer with a high voice a workroom for an artist the trunk of the body comical
Challenge Word
a cappella alfresco allegro antipasto aria cappuccino concerto crescendo diva fascism incognito
Meaning
singing without musical accompaniment in the open air quick and lively appetizer a melody that is sung by one person alone or two people together coffee with hot milk a musical composition a gradual increase in the volume of music an important woman singer, especially one who is arrogant a system of government headed by a dictator disguised
Word
libretto madrigal paparazzi
Meaning
the text for an opera a song photographers who pursue celebrities a flat case for holding papers a boat race a type of classical music short, rapid notes a dagger a plaster coating used for outer walls slender a small, simple restaurant or tavern a feud an expert or particularly skillful person
portfolio regatta sonata staccato stiletto stucco svelte trattoria vendetta virtuoso
W ords f rom J apane se
Easy Word
haiku judo
Meaning
a poem of three lines with a total of 17 syllables a martial art similar to wrestling
Word
karate
Meaning
a martial art that uses kicks and punches
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14
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Japanese/Latin
Target Word
banzai bonsai futon hibachi honcho jujitsu
Meaning
a Japanese battle cry a miniaturized tree or shrub a sleeping mat a grill the person in charge a martial art that relies on wrestling techniques a style of comic or graphic book a fighter trained as an assassin the art of paper folding
manga ninja origami
Word
sake
Meaning
an alcoholic beverage made from rice a warrior thin slices of raw fish raw fish and rice a food made from bean curd a giant wave caused by an underground earthquake a powerful business magnate
samurai sashimi sushi tofu tsunami tycoon
Challenge Word
aikido kabuki karaoke
Meaning
a martial art a form of drama entertainment where a person sings along with a prerecorded song an American whose parents came from Japan
nisei
Word
shogun shiatsu sumo tatami
Meaning
a ruler a type of massage a type of wrestler a straw mat
W ords f rom l atin
Easy Word
alibi arena exit index minus 150
Meaning
excuse or explanation enclosed area for a sporting event way out a listing showing topics reduced by
Word
pro quota recipe rex versus
Meaning
for allowed amount instructions for preparing food king against; opposed to
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Latin
Target Word
alias ante apex cursor data focus forum fungus habitat media memento memorabilia memorandum
Meaning
assumed name bet; to put up in advance highest point pointer information concentrate attention on a place or opportunity for meeting and discussing a type of organism environment mass communication souvenir things that help you remember a person or event a brief communication
Word
minutia nil opus par pleb re sic sinister stet subpoena
Meaning
little details nothing work standard or average common person regarding thus; so evil; wicked keep or restore an order for someone to appear in court a collection of synonyms and sometimes antonyms vote against by way of
thesaurus veto via
Challenge Word
acumen addendum affidavit anima atrium auspices cadaver caveat credo crux decorum dementia ergo
Meaning
keenness of judgment something added sworn statement spirit; inner self entrance hall guidance; protection dead body warning; caution belief heart of the matter good manners a disease that causes mental deterioration therefore
Word
erratum exemplar fiat genus gratis gravitas honorarium hiatus impetus inertia juvenalia limbo
Meaning
error example formal authorization the ranking between species and family free seriousness money paid to someone who gives a speech pause; break drive; momentum inactivity work done when a writer or artist was young dividing line
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151
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Latin/Native American Languages
Word
lacuna matrix
Meaning
a gap; something missing the situation from which something originates small amount customs and habits connection or link
modicum mores nexus
Word
persona placebo
Meaning
character or assumed role drug without any active ingredients, used in a test situation level principle exactly as said
stratum tenet verbatim
W ords f rom n atiVe a merican l ang uages
Easy Word
chipmunk igloo moccasin
Meaning
a small striped rodent a dwelling made of packed snow a type of soft shoe made of leather a hooded jacket
parka
Word
papoose tomahawk wampum wigwam
Meaning
a young child or baby a small weapon with a sharp blade polished beads used for money a type of hut
Target Word
hickory husky kayak pecan squash
Meaning
a type of tree a breed of dog used to pull sleds a lightweight canoe a type of edible nut a vegetable
Word
succotash
Meaning
a dish made of corn and lima beans a narrow sled without runners a carving representing an animal or object important to a tribe
toboggan totem
Challenge Word
anorak
152
Meaning
a long jacket with a hood
Word
wickiup
Meaning
a type of hut
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Portuguese/Russian
W ords f rom p ortuguese
Easy Word
samba
Meaning
Word
a dance
zebra
Meaning
Word
a military unit that conducts dangerous raids
pagoda
Meaning
Word
military rule a type of tree or shrub
peon tapioca
Meaning
a wild animal similar to a horse that has black and white stripes on its body
Target Word
commando
Meaning
a Buddhist temple
Challenge Word
junta mangrove
Meaning
a farmworker or menial worker a starch from the root of the cassava plant
W ords f rom r ussian
Easy Word
czar sable
Meaning
a Russian ruler an animal prized for its fur
Word
sputnik
Meaning
an artificial satellite
Target Word
babushka blintz borscht
Meaning
a head scarf a thin pancake a soup made from beets
Word
cosmonaut cossack kremlin
Meaning
a Russian astronaut a peasant a Russian citadel or fortress
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Russian/Sanskrit
Word
mammoth shaman steppe
Meaning
a hairy, extinct elephant a sage or spiritualist prairieland
Word
tundra yurt
Meaning
permanently frozen, treeless land a tent
Challenge Word
glasnost gulag perestroika pogrom
Meaning
a policy of openness and cooperation a labor camp a restructuring of government an officially sanctioned system of persecution
Word
politburo
Meaning
the executive branch of the Communist government a tea urn a carriage drawn by three horses
samovar troika
W ords f rom s ans kri t
Easy Word
om
Meaning
a sacred syllable used in prayers and chants
Word
yoga
Meaning
a discipline or system that includes breathing exercises and postures
Target
154
Word
Meaning
karma mandala
fate a circular design representing the universe mantra
Word
nirvana yogi
Meaning
a state of enlightenment; paradise a person who practices yoga
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Sanskrit/Scandinavian Languages
Challenge Word
ashram avatar
Meaning
a retreat someone who embodies certain principles or a figure that represents a person duty or truth
dharma
Word
raga swastika
Meaning
a form of music a religious symbol that later became a fascist symbol sacred books
tantra
W ords f rom s candinaVian l ang uages
Easy Word
Meaning
flounder mink
a type of flatfish an animal prized for its fur
Word
ski
Meaning
a sport in which people glide down mountains on narrow strips of wood, metal, or plastic
Target Word
Meaning
slalom smorgasbord
a downhill ski race a buffet
Word
wicker
Meaning
material woven from twigs or weeds
Challenge Word
fjord gauntlet krill
Meaning
a long, narrow body of water surrounded by steep cliffs a protective glove tiny creatures that are eaten by baleen whales and other marine animals
Word
ombudsman tungsten gravlax lingonberry
Meaning
a government official responsible for investigating complaints a metallic element thin slices of cured salmon a type of red berry
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155
Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish
W ords f rom s panisH
Easy Word
adios alligator amigo barrio bronco burrito burro breeze chili chocolate cigar cockroach coyote fajita fiesta
Meaning
good-bye a large reptile with sharp teeth a friend a section of a city where Spanishspeaking people live a wild horse a tortilla wrapped around a filling a small donkey a gentle wind a pod of the pepper plant a sweet treat made from cocoa butter and milk a roll of tobacco leaves an insect that is a household pest an animal that is somewhat similar to a wolf strips of meat served on a soft tortilla a celebration
Word
flamingo guitar hombre hurricane mosquito patio potato
Meaning
a long-legged pink bird a stringed instrument man a violent wind storm an insect an outdoor living area a white tuber cooked as a vegetable a farm where livestock are raised a spicy sauce an afternoon nap a hat a tortilla with filling fried meats and vegetables in a corn husk dried leaves that are smoked a type of fruit often used in salads thin, flat bread
ranch salsa siesta sombrero taco tamale tobacco tomato tortilla
Target Word
adobe armadillo armada arroyo avocado barracuda bodega bravado buckaroo 15
Meaning
a brick made from straw and earth an animal with hard plates covering its body a large fleet of ships a gulch or gorge a type of fruit a predatory fish a grocery store boldness; display of courage a cowboy
Word
cafeteria cantina cannibal canyon cargo corral crimson
Meaning
a coffee shop or informal restaurant an eating place that also sells liquor a person who eats other humans a valley with a river running through it bordered by steep cliffs freight a fenced area for livestock deep red
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish
Word
desperado flotilla galleon gaucho guacamole hacienda hammock iguana jaguar jalapeño jerky lariat lasso matador mesa mustang nada oregano
Meaning
a desperate outlaw a fleet of ships a large sailing ship with three masts a cowboy a dish made from mashed avocados a large farm or ranch a hanging bed made of ropes a tropical lizard a large cat similar to a leopard a type of spicy chili dried meat a rope used to catch and tie up livestock a rope used to catch livestock a bullfighter flat, tableland a wild horse nothing a spice
Word
pampas papaya plaza poncho
Meaning
grass-covered plains a tropical fruit a public square an outer garment or blanket with a slit for the head that is worn over the shoulders a mountain lion a fried tortilla stuffed with cheese a competition with bronco riding and cattle roping a type of dance plains a barn or cylinder used to store grain or animal feed headlong rush of animals a type of dance
puma quesadilla rodeo rumba savanna silo stampede tango toreador
a bullfighter who fights on horseback a destructive wind storm a flavoring to leave in a hurry
tornado vanilla vamoose
Challenge Word
Meaning
abalone
a marine creature with a pearly shell a fan someone whose skin and hair lack pigmentation a changing room or bath house a large vulture a Spanish conqueror a pier or a boat dock a type of dance dung; bird or bat droppings a pear-shaped fruit
aficionado albino cabana condor conquistador embarcadero fandango guano guava
Word
guerrilla machete machismo mariachi palmetto peccadillo pimiento platinum renegade
Meaning
a soldier who takes part in irregular warfare a knife with a broad blade exaggerated masculinity a type of street band a type of palm a small mistake or offense a type of sweet red pepper a precious metal that is silver-white an outlaw
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Turkish
W ords f rom t urkisH
Easy Word
coffee fez
Meaning
a hot beverage a brimless hat
Word
sherbet yogurt
Meaning
a frozen dessert made from fruit a type of fermented milk product
Target Word
bulgur caftan divan harem khan
Meaning
grain; dried cracked wheat a loose-fitting robe a sofa private quarters for women a ruler
Word
kiosk kismet minaret mullah shish kebab
Meaning
a stall or booth fate a slender tower a scholar or teacher meat and vegetables on a skewer
Challenge Word
baklava dervish
15
Meaning
a dessert a member of a religious order noted for its devotional dancing
Word
janissary
Meaning
a soldier or member of an elite group of supporters
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Yiddish
W ords f rom y iddisH
Easy Word
bagel
Meaning
a bread roll shaped in a ring
Word
matzo
Meaning
unleavened bread
Target Word
klutz knish kosher
Meaning
a clumsy person a seasoned potato cake following specific religious rules for preparing and selling food complain
kvetch
Word
maven nosh pastrami schnozzle yarmulke
Meaning
an expert snack smoked, seasoned beef nose a skull cap
Challenge Word
chutzpah golem kaddish mensch
Meaning
self-confidence; bravado a clay creature brought to life a prayer for the dead a decent and honorable person
Word
nebbish schlepp shtick tchotchke
Meaning
a weak and timid person to drag or carry act or routine knick-knack, trinket
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages French Phrases
frencH p Hrases
Easy Phrase
à la carte
Meaning
from a menu that prices each item separately topped with ice cream with melted cheese
à la mode au gratin
Phrase
déjà vu nom de plume
Meaning
the feeling of having seen or done something before pen name
Target Phrase
bon appétit bon vivant carte blanche double entendre en route esprit de corps
Meaning
good appetite; enjoy the meal a person who enjoys life and lives with style license to do whatever one wants without consequences a remark with a double meaning on the road team spirit
Phrase
femme fatale hors d’oeuvre in lieu of nouveau riche tour de force
Meaning
a very attractive woman who breaks many men’s hearts an appetizer served before the main meal instead of people who have become rich recently masterful work or skill
Challenge Word
au pair bon mot cause célèbre coup de grâce coup d’état de rigueur enfant terrible en masse fait accompli
10
Meaning
live-in domestic helper a witty remark a famous or notorious case or cause stroke of kindness the taking of power by force, as in military coup required or necessary a prodigy or remarkable person as a whole; all together something already done or accomplished
Word
Meaning
faux pas
false step; embarrassing social mistake or blunder fin de siècle end of the century joie de vivre joy of life; enthusiasm laissez-faire little control on free enterprise noblesse oblige rights and responsibilities coming from being high born nouveau riche people who have become rich recently par excellence the very best pièce de the best part of something résistance
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages French Phrases/Latin Phrases
Word
Meaning
raison d’être savoir faire
reason for being; justification confidence; flair in social situations
Word
Meaning
tête-à-tête
face-to-face or private conversation
l atin p Hrases
Easy Phrase
et cetera (etc.) ex libris in toto
Meaning
and other things
Phrase
per diem vice versa
Meaning
by the day the opposite; the other way around
from the library completely
Target Phrase
ad hoc
Meaning
formed for a specific occasion or situation to the point of nausea; sickening in good faith seize the day with honors from many, one
ad nauseum bona fide carpe diem cum laude e pluribus unum ex post facto done after the fact habeas corpus you must have the body in media res in the middle of things magna cum with high honors laude
Phrase
mea culpa nota bene per capita persona non grata postmortem pro bono summa cum laude tempus fugit terra firma
Meaning
the blame is mine note well per each head; per person a person who isn’t welcome; someone unacceptable after death for the public good with highest honors time flies firm land; solid ground
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Latin Phrases
Challenge Phrase
ad hominem ad infinitum alma mater a priori alter ego caveat emptor de facto deus ex machina et alia (et al.) in absentia
12
Meaning
appealing to personal considerations with no limit school you formerly attended conceived beforehand; self-evident other self; close friend let the buyer beware in fact a contrived solution or ending and other things in the absence of
Phrase
in vitro ipso facto lingua franca modus operandi quid pro quo non sequitur rara avis tabula rasa terra incognita
Meaning
in glass; in an artificial environment by that very fact language used by most people; commonly used language way of working this for that it does not follow rare bird; something rarely encountered a blank slate unknown or unexplored land
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish-English Cognates
spanisH -e nglisH c ognates
Spanish-English cognates share the same Latin root They similar In fact, in some cases, they look and sound very v ery similar are identical Knowing cognates is a useful strategy for learning a new language
Easy Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
acto actor actriz aire altar banco banda bandido barra blusa bota bote capa capital capitán copia correcto danza eco error falso fama familia flor
act actor actress air altar bank band bandit bar blouse boot boat cape capital captain copy correct dancing echo error false fame family flower
forma gas gigante globo honor hospital horrible idea letra lí nea nea lista mapa marcha natural número océano palma pasta
form; shape gas giant globe honor hospital horrible idea letter line list map mark natural number ocean palm paste; pasta; dough patio pearl ranch tea train
patio perla rancho té tren
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish-English Cognates
Target
14
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
abnormal abrupto absorber academia accidente acento aceptar activo acusar adaptar adjustar admitir adoptar atleta atención atractivo audiencia autobús autor avenida balcón balón banquero bicicleta biografía border calendario candidato clínica combinar convicto crear cuarto curioso
abnormal abrupt; steep absorb academy accident accent accept active accuse adapt adjust admit adopt athlete attention attractive audience bus author avenue balcony ball banker bicycle biography border calendar candidate clinic combine convicted create quarter curious
cuestión cupón debatir decidir decisión decorar diferencia dirección efecto elegante elevar emigrante emoción energía ensalada eterno fabuloso famoso favorable festivo generoso glorioso gratitud hábito historia honoria humano identidad ilusión imperfecto importante imposible industria información
question coupon debate decide decision decorate difference direction effect elegant elevate; raise emigrant emotion energy salad enternal fabulous famous favorable festive; merry generous glorious gratitude habit; custom history honorary human being identity illusion imperfect important impossible industry information
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish-English Cognates
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
lapso lección libertad lustre magnifico magnitud manual manuscrito máximo medicina memoria mérito mínimo nacional necesario negativo nervioso novela objecto ocasión ocupado
lapse; mistake lesson liberty luster; shine magnificent magnitude manual; by hand manuscript maximum medicine memory merit; worth minimum national necessary negative nervous novel object occasion occupied
opinión palacio pasado permiso plantar policia religión satisfactorio secreto selección teatro telescopio televisión temperatura último unidad urbano vacante vena victoria visión
opinion palace past permission plant police religion satisfactory secret selection theater telescope television temperature ultimate unity urban vacant vein victory vision
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
absoluto abismo absurdo acelerar aceptación admiración adolesencia ambulancia asociación astrónomo atracción
absolute abyss absurd accelerate acceptance admiration adolescence ambulance association astronomer attraction
auténtico automático bárbaro beneficio biología bulevar calcular celebración competencia contribución cooperación
authentic automatic barbarian benefit biology boulevard calculate celebration competition contribution cooperate
Challenge
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages Spanish-English Cognates
1
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
cuota curiosidad decimo defecto departamento descender destino elástico electricidad facilidad facultad fatiga festividad fractura generosidad grotesco habitante hemisferio historiador hospitalidad humanidad imaginativo imitación imperativo imperio inmediatamente justicia
quota curiosity tenth defect; fault department lower destiny elastic electricity facility; ease faculty fatigue festivity fracture; break generosity grotesque inhabitant hemisphere historian hospitality humanity imaginary imitation imperative empire immediately justice
juventud lenguaje majestad maravilloso metropolitano nacionalidad naturalmente obediente objetivo oportunidad pacifico pavimento percepción realidad recientemente recreación referencia satélite sobrenatural solidario turista tradicional tragedia universidad vacaciones vehiculo
youth language majesty marvelous metropolitan nationality naturally obedient objective opportunity pacific; peaceful pavement perception reality recently recreation reference satellite supernatural solidarity; unity tourist traditional tragedy university vacation vehicle
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages British-American Words and Terms
britisH -american W ords and t erms
Even though the British and Americans share the same language, some words and phrases are different
Easy British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
biscuit chips dustbin flat football hire holiday jug lift
cookie fries trash can apartment soccer rent vacation pitcher elevator
mate mum post pram sweets tap telly tin trousers
friend mom mail baby carriage candy faucet TV can pants
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
banger banknote bank cashier bonnet boot carrier bag car park caravan constable
sausage bill teller car hood car trunk shopping bag parking lot motor home; trailer police officer (especially one on foot patrol) stove potato chips detour period
ice lolly jello jelly jumper loo lorry motorway nappy pavement petrol plaster postal code push chair queue rasher
popsicle jelly jam sweater bathroom truck highway diaper sidewalk gas band-aid zip code stroller line slice of bacon
Target
cooker crisps diversion full stop
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Chapter 3: Words From Other Languages British-American Words and Terms
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
row rucksack scone take-away
argument backpack biscuit takeout
torch trolley wardrobe windscreen
flashlight cart closet windshield
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
aubergine bed sit braces chemist cinema commercial traveler draughts drawing pin dressing gown flyover fortnight ground floor kerosene knickers macintosh nought pinafore plimsolls public school return ticket
eggplant studio apartment suspenders pharmacy movie theater traveling salesperson checkers thumbtack robe overpass two weeks first floor paraffin underpants raincoat nothing jumper gym shoes private school round-trip ticket
roundabout rubber runner beans serviette silencer sitting room solicitor surgery swimming costume tea towel toll motorway trainers turnups tube vacuum flask verge (of road) waistcoat wellies zebra crossing
traffic circle eraser stringbeans napkin muffler living room lawyer doctor’s office bathing suit dish towel turnpike; toll road sneakers cuffs subway thermos bottle shoulder vest galoshes; boots crosswalk
Challenge
1
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Chapter 4
Word Differences and Wordplay “ I’m showing my students the importance of choosing the best word when writing. I need some more examples of shades of difference among
”
synonyms.
E
nglish is a very versatile language and, with the help of the lists in this chapter, it is possible for students to avoid tired words and choose the best word or phrase to make meaning clear when speaking or writing. When it’s really frosty outside, why say it’s cold ? Why say blue when a more precise description may warrant sapphire or indigo ? Continue to challenge students to refine their word choices and elaborate in their writing by using words that show shades of meaning. Exploring some of the more playful aspects of language, such as regionalisms, onomatopoeia, and idioms, can foster a cu riosity about language and encourage students to take more ri sks with their writing . You may want to invite students to illustrate or act out a favorite idiom and ask the rest of the class to identify it. Because these expressions often pose difficulties for the students who take them literally, be sure to discuss the actual meaning of an idiom and give concrete examples of when they might use it.
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
sHades -of -d ifference W ords
English is rich in synonyms However, synonyms are often not exactly alike Most carry meaning under the main meaning Finding the right word makes good writing better It’s important to understand the shades of difference in words in order to choose the best synonym to t a context and match a purpose In the lists below, the rst word in each group has the most general meaning
Easy cold chilly freezing frosty
below average temperature cold enough to make you uncomfortable or shiver extremely cold cold enough to cause frost to form
run dash jog race sprint
comfortable cozy snug
feeling at ease and relaxed feeling pleasantly warm and homey feeling warm and protected
cry bawl sob
to shed tears to cry noisily to make gasping sounds while crying to cry, often quietly to cry weakly, make whining sounds
weep whimper
10
mean cruel nasty vicious old ancient antique
not nice; unkind deliberately unkind very unpleasant; spiteful extremely cruel the opposite of young very old; from the distant past valuable because of its age, rarity, and beauty
pretty beautiful cute lovely
pleasing to look at very good-looking sweet and pleasing; delightful gracefully delicate and pleasing
shout bellow holler roar
to move at a fast pace to move quickly and suddenly to run at a slow, steady pace to move very quickly as if in a competition to move quickly for a short distance to cry out or say something loudly to shout in a deep, loud voice to call out or shout in order to tell someone something to cry out, especially in anger or excitement
talk babble chat discuss
to speak to talk without making sense to talk in a friendly and casual way to talk in a purposeful way, particularly in order to make a decision
walk amble stride trudge
to move by using your legs and feet walk slowly and leisurely to walk by taking long steps to walk slowly and wearily
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
Target bad naughty wicked evil blame accuse criticize denounce condemn
brave courageous fearless heroic
busy bustling hectic lively
badly behaved badly behaved and causing mischief, but without meaning serious harm badly behaved and morally wrong foul; purposefully causing trouble find fault with or think someone responsible for a wrongdoing charge someone with a wrongdoing or crime point out someone’s faults speak out publicly against someone judge that someone is guilty and deserves punishment not afraid consciously facing danger boldly by drawing on inner strength having no fear in the face of danger showing the bravery and daring typical of a hero full of activity full of energy and noise too busy; frantic full of energy and life
childlike childish immature
juvenile
common average mundane ordinary
not special typical of a group common and often boring usual and customary; not distinguishable from others
condent
behaving in a way that shows faith in yourself behaving in a forceful and sometimes belligerent manner behaving in a strong, firm, and self-confident manner behaving in an overly selfconfident and arrogant manner
aggressive assertive cocky
confuse puzzle bafe
cheap economical miserly stingy thrifty
not willing to give or spend money freely careful to spend money in the most advantageous way greedy and unwilling to give or spend money not generous; giving or spending as little money as possible spending money cautiously and sensibly
like a child behaving in a way more appropriate to a child than an adult not yet fully developed; not developed to a level appropriate for one’s age appropriate for young people or children
mystify
depressing dreary gloomy dismal
to mix someone or something up to confuse someone and make that person feel unsure to make someone feel very confused and helpless to make something seem too mysterious to understand causing feelings of sadness dull and depressing dark and cheerless depressing and hopeless
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
disagree argue bicker debate
error blunder gaffe mistake slip friend ally
colleague confederate
funny amusing droll hilarious witty happy blissful content gleeful joyous
12
to have different opinions to express different opinions, often angrily to argue about something unimportant in a bad-tempered way to talk formally and at length about different positions
intelligent
something that is not correct or is misunderstood a serious or embarrassing error or mistake a clumsy mistake made in a social situation an error that results from carelessness a slight mistake
smart
someone you are close to and get along with well someone you bond with for mutual aid and support to reach a shared goal someone you work with someone you join with to carry out a plot or conspiracy causing laughter pleasant and entertaining funny because it is odd or strange very funny; causing outbursts of laughter clever, stylish, and amusing the opposite of sad serenely happy pleased and satisfied very happy and pleased because of something that has happened full of great joy and happiness
bright clever shrewd
wise
laugh chortle chuckle giggle snicker love adore idolize worship
pile clutter jumble hodgepodge mess
polite civil courteous well-mannered
quick in thinking; able to reason effectively able to learn quickly and easily mentally quick, ingenious, and original showing keen judgment, particularly in business dealings and politics quick in thinking and able to take care of yourself able to make good decisions on the basis of what you know to make sounds expressing amusement to laugh in a noisy and gleeful way to laugh quietly or to yourself to laugh quietly in a silly or childish way to laugh in a disrespectful way to care deeply about someone to love and honor someone intensely to deeply admire and respect someone to treat someone as though that person were a god a number of things heaped together an untidy pile of things an untidy and disorganized pile of things a pile of unrelated things an untidy and usually dirty pile of things showing good manners polite in a cold and formal manner polite, gracious, and considerate showing proper behavior and good manners
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
deceive feign
to make believe something is true or real that isn’t to pretend something in order to trick or frighten someone to mislead someone deliberately to fake, imitate, or copy something
rain drizzle pour sleet
drops of water from the sky light but steady rain heavy rain frozen rain
rude coarse
not polite; disagreeable displaying a lack of taste and refinement bad-mannered, clumsy, and graceless not acting in a socially acceptable way crude and obscene
pretend bluff
uncouth unrened vulgar scared aghast horried terried
frightened; afraid feeling shock, dismay, and alarm feeling revulsion, disgust, and shock feeling overpowering and often paralyzing fear
shiny brilliant dazzling luminous lustrous
bright, glossy, and reflecting light extremely bright spectacularly bright; stunning glowing; startlingly bright with a soft shine
shy bashful
not comfortable around people self-conscious and awkward around people pretending self-consciousness around people reserved and restrained because of a lack of confidence nervous around people
coy difdent timid
strange alien exotic foreign surprise amaze astonish astound
thin skinny slender svelte trim truthful blunt
candid
frank
worried agitated anxious distraught hysterical
not common or usual outside normal experience strikingly unusual and suggestive of foreign countries from another place or country to fill someone with sudden wonder to make someone feel very surprised to make someone feel overwhelmingly surprised to make someone feel extreme surprise and shock without extra fat on your body thin in an unhealthy and unpleasant way thin in a graceful and attractive way particularly slim and attractive slim and fit expressing feeling and opinions in an honest way expressing feelings and opinions freely and openly without regard for their effect on others expressing feelings and opinions in an open, sincere, and straightforward manner expressing feelings and opinions in an open, honest, and forceful way feeling concerned and troubled worried, nervous, and upset; unable to rest worried and afraid that something bad will happen overly worried and distressed panic-stricken
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
Challenge able capable competent skilled
equipped to do something able to do a particular task having the skills necessary to do a particular task having a special ability to do a particular task
continuous persistent
agreement accord consensus pact
an understanding or arrangement a treaty or settlement general, widespread agreement an agreement to do something
dishonest calculating
annoyed bothered irked vexed
mildly disturbed or displeased annoyed and feeling put-upon annoyed and wearied annoyed and angered
mendacious
easy to see and understand exceedingly obvious; impossible to hide conspicuous easy to see because it attracts attention obvious easy to see and understand because nothing is hidden apparent blatant
average mediocre middling standard
careful accurate meticulous painstaking
14
constant continual
typical run-of-the-mill; okay but not very good neither good nor bad up to the norm for acceptability and quality showing care; thorough without error extremely careful and precise showing great care and attention to detail
conniving deceitful
destroy annihilate decimate devastate slaughter early premature untimely
eerie gruesome macabre morbid
steady; always present happening again and again at regular intervals happening without interruption for a long period of time continuing relentlessly for a long period of time not honest; lying and cheating scheming and acting in order to get the advantage devious and scheming purposefully misleading or untruthful chronically lying to ruin completely to wipe out so completely it no longer exists; to vanquish to kill every tenth person; to kill a large part of a group/population to cause widespread damage to kill brutally and mercilessly ahead of time before the expected or advisable time at a bad or inconvenient time; happening too soon strange and frightening focusing on cruelty and injury in order to cause horror and shock focusing on the horror of death and decay dark and gloomy in an unhealthy and unwholesome way
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Shades-of-Difference Words
judge arbitrate mediate referee
pity compassion sympathy empathy
praise commend eulogize extol
to form an opinion of someone or something to act as judge in a dispute to help both sides of a dispute reach an agreement to decide a contest, particularly in sports sorrow caused by someone else’s misfortune or pain concern for the suffering of others and a desire to help a feeling of sharing the suffering and pain of others strong identification with the pain and suffering of others express approval and admiration praise in a formal way praise highly praise enthusiastically and with great admiration
real authentic genuine unadulterated
not artificial reliable; trustworthy being what it claims to be not changed in any way
shorten abbreviate abridge
to reduce the length or duration of to shorten by removing parts of to shorten by cutting parts or summarizing to shorten by cutting off the final part
truncate
showy gaudy garish ostentatious tawdry
making an impressive display loud, flashy, and extravagant crudely ornate and showy pretentiously showy cheap and showy
usual customary
normal; common; ordinary conforming to established customs and procedures done on a regular and frequent basis
habitual
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Adjectives That Show Degree
adJectiVes t Hat s HoW d egree
Some synonyms for adjectives compare the degree or extent of a quality, such as how much of something there is or how bad or good something is In the lists below, the last word in each group shows the superlative
Easy adjective
comparative
superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
bad cool good little
worse cold better less
worst frigid best least
lukewarm many
warm more
much
more
hot most (countable things) most (an amount you cannot count)
comparative superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
huge packed magnificent terrific maximum ear-splitting
immense stuffed majestic superb ultimate deafening
necessary risky tired top weak wild
essential serious weary apex feeble fierce
indispensable critical exhausted zenith decrepit ferocious
adjective
comparative
superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
difficult disastrous disliked eager interesting
challenging calamitous hated enthusiastic absorbing
grueling catastrophic detested avid fascinating
plentiful terrible unappealing unhappy urgent
abundant appalling repellent dejected vital
profuse abysmal hideous disconsolate imperative
Target adjective
big full grand great greatest loud
Challenge
1
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Color Words
color W ords
English is rich in words that name different shades or variations of primary and secondary colors As a result, we can choose the exact word we need to describe a color Some color words are derived from objects that are that precise color, such as ruby and periwinkle Others come from words in other languages, such as cerise and puce (French)
Easy black blue
brown gold
gray green
orange pink
purple red
rose silver
tan white
yellow
khaki lavender lilac magenta mahogany maroon mauve navy olive peach pearl periwinkle plum ruby
light brown pale purple pinkish purple brilliant reddish purple deep reddish brown brownish red or purple light pinkish purple dark blue deep yellowish green creamy yellowish orange yellowish white pale purplish blue dark reddish purple deep, intense red tinged with purple brownish red reddish brown black or grayish, yellowish brown deep yellowish orange grayish green pinkish orange
Target apricot aquamarine auburn azure beige bronze buff canary champagne cherry chestnut copper coral cream crimson ebony emerald fawn fuchsia indigo ivory
pale yellowish orange greenish blue deep coppery red or reddish brown sky blue creamy brown deep yellowish brown pale yellowish pink bright intense yellow pale brownish gold strong bright red to purplish red deep reddish brown reddish brown deep orangey pink or reddish orange pale yellow to yellowish white deep, rich purplish red deep brownish black intense yellowish green pale, soft yellowish brown brilliant deep purplish pink blue violet pale yellowish white
russet rust sable saffron sage salmon
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1
Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Color Words
sapphire scarlet slate tangerine taupe
brilliant intense blue deep red black tinged with purple or gray bright orange or reddish orange deep brownish gray
tawny teal topaz turquoise violet
light brown or brownish orange greenish blue dark brownish yellow bright greenish blue or bluish green deep purplish blue
heliotrope henna hoary madder ocher perse puce reseda sienna sorrel terra cotta titian ultramarine umber vermilion
violet or purplish red rich reddish brown silvery gray or snow white reddish orange yellowish orange or brown dark grayish blue or purple purplish red or pink dull grayish green earthy reddish brown brownish orange or light brown reddish brown bright reddish gold deep brilliant blue earthy brown bright red or reddish orange
Challenge alabaster amethyst aubergine burgundy carmine celadon cerise cerulean chartreuse cinnabar citrine citron claret cyan ecru
1
translucent white bluish purple dark purple deep red deep purplish red pale grayish green deep purplish red sky blue intense yellowish green deep red tinged with orange dark greenish yellow grayish green dark purplish red deep greenish blue pale grayish, yellowish brown
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Euphemisms
eupHemisms
A euphemism is a softer, blander word used in place of a harsher, blunter word A euphemism often covers up an offensive or distasteful quality clearly conveyed by the original word
Easy Original Word
dead die garbage
Euphemism
Original Word
deceased pass away waste
problem old age old person
Euphemism
Original Word
cemetery; memorial park challenged sanitation worker waste management refuse collection area terminate
insane asylum
Euphemism
Original Word
incursion facility interment collateral damage antisocial behavior pacify pacification friendly fire faux fabrication
old-fashioned picky poorly behaved retreat rude slum
Euphemism
challenge golden years senior citizen
Target Original Word
burial ground disabled garbage collector garbage collection garbage dump kill
Euphemism
sanatorium; psychiatric hospital underprivileged correctional institution encore performance custodial engineer preowned vehicle
poor prison rerun superintendent used car
Challenge Original Word
attack, raid bathroom burial civilian causalities crime conquer conquest killed by own troops imitation lie
theft war
Euphemism
retro discriminating maladjusted strategic withdrawal socially maladjusted economically disadvantaged area misappropriation of funds military action
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Regionalisms
regionalisms
Many common objects are called different things in different locations or parts of the country Words like this are called regionalisms Sometimes the exact places where a regionalism is used may be difcult to pinpoint Some can be isolated to one area, such as the Southeast or Midwest Others pop up around the country in places that are far apart, such as in Boston, the Midwest, and California In the lists below, the most commonly or widely used term is listed rst
Easy bag poke sack
coke pop soda tonic
Target drinking fountain bubbler frying pan fry pan skillet spider garage carport grocery cart buggy shopping wagon grocery store bodega corner market mini-mart
10
highway freeway expressway the I thruway
porch gallery stoop veranda
margarine oleo
rubberband gumband elastic
milk shake frappe
remarkable bodacious
pancakes battercakes flapjacks griddlecakes hotcakes johnnycakes
sofa couch davenport
submarine (sandwich) Cuban sandwich grinder hero hoagie Italian sandwich poor boy (or po’ boy)
sprinkles jimmies
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Regionalisms
Challenge andiron dog iron
orphaned calf dogie
detergent washing powder
squad car cruiser patrol car prowl car
gazebo belvedere pagoda summerhouse garden folly
traffic circle rotary roundabout turn signal blinker directional signal
valley hollow
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia W ords
Some words imitate sounds They can be the sounds made by animals, people, or things You would think these words would be standard from language to language, but they are not For example, in English a cat says, “meow,” in Danish, “mjav,” in Japanese, “nyaa,” and in Bengali, “meu”
Easy baa beep boo-hoo bow-wow buzz choo choo
clop cock-a-doodle-doo ding-dong gobble hee-haw meow
moo neigh oink ouch peep quack
tick-tock tweet whoo woof
coo crackle croak crunch duh eek fizz growl grr hiss jingle mew
plop pow ribbit screech smack snarl snort splash splat squawk squeal swoosh
thud thump twitter wham whinny whoosh whizz yelp zap
caw cha-ching gurgle hmmm humph ka-boom mumble
pitter-patter poof rustle sizzle slurp thunk tsk-tsk
twang vroom whiffle yadda yadda yadda yahoo
Target achoo arf bong bonk brr burp chirp clang clickety clack clink clip clop clunk Challenge ahem argh baroom blah blah blah bleet boing bray 12
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Nouns and Adjectives for Animals
nouns and a dJectiVes
for a nimals
Many of the names of animals are based on Old English words Often we form an adjective by adding a sufx to the noun Sometimes, though, an adjective is formed from the Latin word for the animal For example, a dog displays canine behavior Usually, the Latin form of the adjective carries the meaning “relating to or characteristic of” and has a more scientic application
Easy
noun
cat dog
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
catty doggish
feline canine
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
noun
ape-like bee-like bird-like bullish cow-like donkey-like fishy
simian apian avian taurine bovine asinine piscine
lion monkey rabbit snake spider pig wolf
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
noun
badger-like bearish calf-like deer-like eagle-like foxy goaty
musteline ursine vituline cervine aquiline vulpine caprine
hare hog lizard rodent sheep squirrel worm
noun
horse
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
horsy
equine
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
lion-like monkey-like rabbity snakelike spidery piggish wolfish
leonine simian lapine serpentine arachnoid porcine lupine
adjective
adjective (Latin form)
hare-like hoggish lizard-like rodent-like sheep-like squirrelly wormy
leporine suilline saurian murine ovine sciurine vermian
Target
noun
ape bee bird bull cow donkey fish
Challenge
noun
badger bear calf deer eagle fox goat
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Palindromes
p ali ndr omes
Palindromes are words that read the same backward and forward
Easy bib dad deed did eye
hah mom noon pap peep
pep pip pop pup sees
sis tat tot toot wow
eve gag gig kook level
ma’am madam pull up put up redder
shahs solos
repaper reviver rotator rotor
sagas stats tenet
Target aha civic denned dewed eke Challenge deified kayak race car radar
14
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
idioms
An idiom is a group of words that takes on a special meaning that is different from the meaning of each individual word These expressions are easy for native speakers to understand but pose difculties for nonnative speakers, who tend to take them literally Idioms are often fresh and colorful, but when they become overused, they become cliches
Easy
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
an arm and a leg
a great deal; a lot of money
The present cost an arm and a leg.
The present cost a lot of money.
apple of one’s eye
someone or something one adores or likes a lot
Janina was the apple of her father’s eye.
Janina was adored by her father.
a bee in one’s bonnet
something you can’t help thinking about
She had a bee in her bonnet about getting a kitten.
She couldn’t help thinking about getting a kitten.
catch cold
contract or develop a cold
Dress warmly so that you don’t catch cold.
Dress warmly so that you don’t develop a cold.
catch one’s breath
to rest
The acrobats didn’t have time to catch their breath between acts.
The acrobats didn’t have time to rest between acts.
cry wolf
give a false alarm
If you cry wolf too often, people won’t pay attention when you are really in trouble.
If you give a false alarm too often, people won’t pay attention when you are really in trouble.
drop the ball
fail to do something
I was depending on her to order the supplies, but at the last minute she dropped the ball.
I was depending on her to order the supplies, but at the last minute she failed to do it.
have one’s cake and eat it too
use something but still have it
She couldn’t decide whether to spend money on the sweater or not, since she wanted to have her cake and eat it too.
She couldn’t decide whether to spend money on the sweater or not, since she wanted to buy the sweater but also keep the money.
Idiom
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
feather in one’s cap
reward; honor; prize
For Anita, winning the soccer game was a feather in her cap.
For Anita, winning the soccer game was an honor.
get cold feet
lose one’s nerve
Jack got cold feet and didn’t ask Eliza to the concert.
Jack lost his nerve and didn’t ask Eliza to the concert.
get up on the wrong side of bed
be in a bad mood
“Stay out of his way,” said Chris, “since it looks like he got up on the wrong side of bed.”
“Stay out of his way,” said Chris, “since he’s in a bad mood.”
hands down
easily; without effort
The team won the soccer game hands down.
The team won the soccer game easily.
head over heels
completely; overwhelmingly
In the movie, the two stars were head over heels in love.
In the movie, the two stars were overwhelmingly in love.
keep one’s fingers crossed
hope
Keep your fingers crossed that I pass the tryouts.
Hope that I pass the tryouts.
last straw
final annoyance
Your eating my piece of pie is the last straw. I won’t put up with your behavior anymore.
Your eating my piece of pie is the final annoyance. I won’t put up with your behavior anymore.
lend a hand
help
Please lend me a hand with my chores.
Please help me with my chores.
let the cat out of the bag
let a secret be known
Be careful you don’t let the cat out of the bag and tell her about the surprise party.
Be careful you don’t let her know the secret and tell her about the surprise party.
make up something
create; fib or lie
The little boy made up a story to explain the missing cookies.
The little boy fibbed to explain the missing cookies.
on the ball
alert; competent
The new coach was certainly on the ball; he didn’t miss anything.
The new coach was certainly alert; he didn’t miss anything.
picture of (something)
perfect example of
When she won the blue ribbon, she was the picture of happiness.
When she won the blue ribbon, she was a perfect example of happiness.
Idiom
1
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
piece of cake
very easy
After studying so hard, getting an A on the test was a piece of cake.
After studying so hard, getting an A on the test was very easy.
pull one’s leg
tease; fool or trick
Uncle James didn’t mean it; he was just pulling your leg.
Uncle James didn’t mean it; he was just teasing you.
put the cart before the horse
do something in the wrong order
Getting paid before you do the chore is putting the cart before the horse
Getting paid before you do the chore is the wrong order.
ring a bell
remind of something
That name doesn’t ring a bell.
That name doesn’t remind me of anything.
take a catnap
sleep for a short period of time
Lisa took a catnap before going to the movies.
Lisa slept for a short period of time before going to the movies.
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
ball is in your court
is your turn to do something
“I’ve made my final offer,” “I’ve made my final offer,” the CEO said, “and now the CEO said, “and now the ball is in your court.” it’s your turn to do something.”
bark up the wrong tree
follow the wrong course of action
The reporter who followed a false lead was barking up the wrong tree.
The reporter who followed a false lead was following the wrong course of action.
beat around the bush
avoid talking about a topic
Leslie was embarrassed so she tried to beat around the bush.
Leslie was embarrassed so she tried to avoid talking about the problem.
breathe a word of
tell anyone
Don’t breathe a word of this to the newspapers.
Don’t tell the newspapers.
bite the hand that feeds you
harm someone who helps you
Be careful what you say about your advisor. Remember that you shouldn’t bite the hand that feeds you.
Be careful what you say about your advisor. Remember that you shouldn’t harm someone who helps you.
Idiom
Target Idiom
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Idiom
1
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
catch red-handed
catch someone in The police caught the the midst of commit- thief red-handed. ting a crime or another wrongdoing
The police caught the thief in the midst of committing the crime.
come out in the wash
work out all right
Stick with it and your problems will all come out in the wash.
Stick with it and your problems will all work out all right.
cover a lot of ground
discuss a lot of topics
Let’s get started right away since we have to cover a lot of ground in this meeting.
Let’s get started right away since we have to discuss a lot of topics in this meeting.
face the music
accept punishment or unpleasant consequences
The defendant confessed and was resolved to face the music.
The defendant confessed and was resolved to accept punishment.
fighting chance
good chance or possibility
She had a fighting chance of winning the election.
She had a good chance of winning the election.
from the bottom of one’s heart
sincerely
I thank you from the bottom of my heart.
I thank you sincerely.
get off on the wrong foot
begin badly
Don’t get off on the wrong Don’t begin badly by doing foot by doing something something foolish on the foolish on the first day first day of school. of school.
get off to a fying start
begin well
The guests were all excited The guests were all excited to be there, and the party to be there, and the party got off to a fying start. began well.
go overboard
do too much; be excessive
Don’t go overboard when Don’t be excessive when buying treats for the party. buying treats for the party.
go to the dogs
ruin; deteriorate badly
The aging actor was The aging actor was fearful of letting his fearful of letting his appearance go to the dogs. appearance deteriorate badly.
have egg on one’s face
be embarrassed because of an error
Layla had egg on her face Layla was embarrassed after she realized her after she realized her mistake. mistake.
have second thoughts
have doubts about
Jaime had second thoughts about buying that computer game.
Jaime had doubts about buying that computer game.
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
hit the nail on the head
be exactly right
You hit the nail on the head with that answer.
You were exactly right with that answer.
knocked off one’s feet
overwhelmingly surprised
Since my sister is away at college, I was knocked off my feet when she showed up at my birthday party.
Since my sister is away at college, I was overwhelmingly surprised when she showed up at my birthday party.
off the hook
freed from obligations Since Yolanda agreed to or responsibility take over the job, you are off the hook.
Since Yolanda agreed to take over the job, you are freed from responsibility.
once in a blue moon
rarely
A streak of luck like that happens only once in a blue moon.
A streak of luck like that happens only rarely.
par for the course
usual; typical
During the winter months, it was par for the course for three or four students to be out sick.
During the winter months, it was usual for three or four students to be out sick.
raise eyebrows
make others surprised The way the star was or feel disapproval dressed was bound to raise some eyebrows.
snake in the grass
a treacherous person
Idiom
don’t waste your breath don’t bother to say something because it won’t make a difference.
The way the star was dressed was bound to make some people disapprove.
He posed as his friend, but He posed as his friend, but he was really a snake in he was really a treacherthe grass waiting for the ous person waiting for opportunity to betray him. the opportunity to betray him. Don’t waste your breath trying to convince him to change his vote.
Don’t bother to try to convince him to change his vote because it won’t make a difference.
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Challenge
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
bend one’s ear
talk too much to someone; be overly chatty and annoying
At the dinner party, the person on my left bent my ear all night, telling me about his problems.
At the dinner party, the person on my left talked too much and annoyed me, telling me about his problems.
eye of the storm
center of a problem or controversy
The candidate found herself in the eye of the storm.
The candidate found herself in the center of the controversy.
feet of clay
have hidden faults
The reporter set out to prove that the esteemed politician really had feet of clay.
The reporter set out to prove that the esteemed politician really had hidden faults.
green-light a project
give approval for a The board of directors project to move ahead decided to green-light the project.
The board of directors decided to give approval for the project to move ahead.
give someone a blank check
let someone spend as The business tycoon gave much as necessary; the relief organization a unlimited funds blank check to provide housing for the f lood victims.
The business tycoon gave the relief organization unlimited funds to provide housing for the flood victims.
have a bone to pick
have a matter to discuss or argue about
After reading her comment in the newspaper, he stormed into her office and said, “I have a bone to pick with you.”
After reading her comment in the newspaper, he stormed into her office and said, “I have a matter to discuss with you.”
have a vested interest in be personally interested in
As your mentor, I have a vested interest in your success.
As your mentor, I am personally interested in your success.
heartbeat away from
extremely close to; next in line for
He was a heartbeat away from winning the presidency.
He was extremely close to winning the presidency.
horse of a different color
completely new and different
The solution you just proposed is a horse of a different color.
The solution you just proposed is completely new and different.
Idiom
10
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
in a dead heat
tied
At the end of the show, the two contestants were in a dead heat.
At the end of the show, the two contestants were tied.
in one fell swoop
in one swift action
in the black
making money
In one fell swoop, the company closed down 20 plants across the country. The new company president is credited with strategies that made the company operate in the black.
In one swift action, the company closed down 20 plants across the county. The new company president is credited with strategies that made the company operate successfully and make money.
in the red
losing money
The books show that the company is in the red.
The books show that the company is losing money.
jog one’s memory
help one remember
Does this note jog your memory?
Does this note help you remember?
lesser of two evils
the better of two poor Neither option was what choices she wanted, but she picked the lesser of two evils.
Neither option was what she wanted, but she picked the better of two poor choices.
make allowances for
consider something when making a decision or doing something; take into consideration
The judges made allowances for the age differences of the contestants.
The judges considered the age differences of the contestants.
meeting of minds
reach agreement
After arguing for several After arguing for several hours, they had a meeting hours, they reached of minds. agreement.
on a shoestring
with very little money They started their business on a shoestring.
They started their business with very little money.
opening gambit
something said or done to secure a position or advantage
To secure her position, she said at the beginning that she would increase health-care benefits for all employees.
Idiom
As an opening gambit, she said she would increase health-care benefits for all employees.
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Idioms
Idiom
12
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
out of one’s depth
involved in something The newly promoted that is too difficult executive felt out of his depth when the employees went on strike.
The newly promoted executive was involved in something that was too difficult for him to handle when the employees went on strike.
put a spin on
twist something to one’s advantage
His supporters put a spin on the results from the poll.
His supporters twisted the results from the poll to his advantage.
put to bed
complete work on and send off
They put the newspaper to bed and sent it off to the presses.
They completed work on the newspaper and sent it off to the presses.
read loud and clear
understand something that was said completely
You don’t have to keep hinting about what present you want, since I read you loud and clear.
You don’t have to keep hinting about what present you want, since I understand what you said completely.
shed light on
help someone under- The students asked the stand something teacher to shed light on the problem.
The students asked the teacher to help them understand the problem.
shot in the dark
wild guess
We didn’t really know the answer, but we took a shot in the dark.
We didn’t really know the answer, but we took a wild guess.
stand on ceremony
wait for a formal invitation
Rosalie didn’t stand on Rosalie didn’t wait for a ceremony but went up formal invitation but went and introduced herself up and introduced herself to the government official. to the government official.
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Words That Come in Nonreversible Pairs
W ords t Hat c ome
in n onreVersible p air s
Some idiomatic expressions are made up of word pairs that always occur in a certain order Sometimes the two words in the pair are separated by the word and or or
Easy back and forth black and blue cat and mouse
huff and puff knick-knack in and out
over and under up and down upside down
high and low hot and cold in and out life and death last in, first out loud and clear make or break odds and ends over and out over and under pins and needles pros and cons
question and answer rain or shine sink or swim sooner or later straight and narrow to and fro tooth and nail topsy-turvy touch and go wear and tear willy-nilly
fast and furious first and foremost flotsam and jetsam hale and hearty hard-and-fast hem and haw high and dry house and home hurly-burly hoity-toity kith and kin law and order
life and death nuts and bolts onward and upward rant and rave sick and tired take it or leave it straight and narrow trials and tribulations up-and-coming wax and wane
Target an arm and a leg around and about bells and whistles better or worse bow and arrow do or die down and dirty down and out far and away far and wide give and take head over heels Challenge aches and pains all or nothing armed and dangerous be all and end all blood and guts bread and circuses by and large cap and gown cease and desist crash and burn crimson and clover dog and pony show
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Chapter 4: Word Differences and Wordplay Two-Part Verbs
tWo -p art V erbs
Some verbs form an idiom when followed by an adverb or preposition This type of two-part verb is called a phrasal
Easy add up back down back up go over hear from
hear of hold on lie down put on run away
show up slow down slow up
catch up dress down dress up give back give up look after point out pull out pull through rinse off save up send over
take after take back take down take in talk back talk over throw away throw out turn into try on try out wash up
drop off drop out fall through hand down hand over hold off make over play down push across rule out
see through stand by think over think through turn into wear down wear off wear out work out
Target break down bring on bring out burn down burn up get around call off call up calm down carry on carry out catch on Challenge bear up brush off burn out buy out buy up clean out close down die down die off drop by 14
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Chapter 5
Jargon and Technical Words “ My students know all the basic geography terms. But they’re about to do a research project and I’d like to first give them an idea about the more challenging words they’re sure
”
to encounter.
E
very field has its own jargon or special language. It is made up of the technical terms used in that field and the special meanings given to everyday terms. This chapter provides lists of words used in different professions. One of the goals of these lists is to help students understand that some words have special meanings that are different from their everyday meanings. For example, the noun beat is usually understood as the regular rhythm of a piece of music or of one’s heart. However, the area or subject that a newspaper reporter covers is also called a beat . You may wish to use some of these words to illustrate other concepts. Include crescendo , soprano , or a cappella in a discussion about the in fluences other languages have had on English. Try antibiotics , micro- organism , abnormal , or malnutrition when discussing Greek and Latin prefixes. Or, even use fastball , ballpark , or home plate in a lesson about compound words.
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Business
business W ords
Easy budget company cost customer debt employee
employer expense instruction manual loan loss manager
manufacture plant product profit salary service
staff supervisor tax value wage workforce
competition corporation counterfeit credit deduction earnings finance flyer forecast interest
interview investment marketing nonprofit organization overhead patent payroll press release principal procedure
promotion proposal résumé retail revenue service industry stock stockholder
bottom line buy-out cash flow CEO (chief executive officer) CFO (chief financial officer commission commodity
CPA (certified public accountant) depreciation equity gross insurance inventory leverage liability
liquidity net operating income portfolio proprietor stock option subsidiary turnover
Target accounting advertising agenda assembly line balance sheet benefits bond brochure capital checking account
Challenge accounts payable accounts receivable accrual allocation annual report asset audit bankruptcy billing board of directors
1
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Media
media W ords
Easy actor artist artwork audience camera character costume
cut design DVD (digital video disc) director focus movie
newspaper performer photography plot prime time prop recording
schedule script set setting special effects studio theater
documentary editing fade format frame genre image long shot long take mainstream mix
multimedia multiplex narration network option pan perspective photo-realism point of view production projection
propaganda ratings real time realistic sound effects treatment voice-over wipe wrap zoom
cinematography continuity demographics deregulation digital docudrama focal length
HDTV (high-definition television) melodrama morphing niche objectivity persona
public domain repertoire synergy verisimilitude vertical integration
Target acoustics archive brand cable cinema broadcast clip art commercial cropping disc dissolve
Challenge aesthetics analog articulation avant-garde biopic broadband censorship
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Computer and Technology
computer W ords and t ecHnology W ords
Easy back up bookmark boot byte clip art command control key cursor
data directory document drag e-mail font format keyboard
input Internet offline online menu monitor output password
paste search server software store tab Web site window
emoticon header host hypertext keyword interface link modem
network pixel platform program programmer search engine spam threaded discussion
URL (universal resource locator) virus Web log wikibook worm
file extension FTP (file transfer protocol) HTML (hypertext markup language) ISP (Internet service provider) list server
metasearch engine netiquette netware newsgroup packet jam PDF (portable document format) phish
plug-in spider Web crawler XML (extensible markup language)
Target blog browser bulletin board cache database digital domain download Challenge bandwidth Boolean operators CGI (common gateway interface) CSE (custom search engine) cookie cyberspace
1
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Geography
eograpHy Words gGeography W ords
Easy agriculture axis canyon climate compass coast continent desert equator
forest fossil gas geographer globe grasslands habitat hemisphere island
lake latitude lava longitude ocean peninsula pond prairie region
resource sphere temperature tundra valley wetlands
erosion eruption extinction fault fissure geological era geologist geyser glacier global warming gorge greenhouse gases groundwater iceberg igneous
landform landslide layer magma mantle mesa metamorphic meteor meteorite mineral mudslide permafrost plate plateau precipitation
projection rift valley savanna sedimentary seismograph smog steppe strait tectonic plates temperate terrain volcano watershed weathering
bituminous cartographer climatic zone crevasse deposition escarpment estuary
geopolitical lithosphere loam loess megapolis moraine nebula
paleontologist plate tectonics strata topography tributary trilobite
Target acid rain arid arroyo atmosphere bedrock bog butte canyon core crater crust delta dormant earthquake epicenter Challenge accretion aquifer archipelago atoll bayou biodegradable biome
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Music/Health
music W ords
Easy alto bass bar chorus duet
flat instrument key lyrics note
quartet quintet rest rhythm scale
sharp solo soprano staff trio
harmony interlude interval keyboard measure medium melody meter
mode octave orchestra percussion instruments pitch range refrain register
rondo score sequence string instruments tempo tenor treble woodwinds
crescendo diminuendo forte fugue moderato modulation
mezzo forte mezzo piano mezzo soprano piano pianissimo presto
signature syncopation tonic
cold cough cure cut diet disease
flu heart injury limb lung medicine
muscle pain patient skeleton tooth wound
Target baritone brass instruments chord clef composer conductor dynamics ensemble Challenge a cappella adagio allegro andante chromatic scale coda
HealtH W ords
Easy ache bandage blood bone checkup chest 200
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Health/Art
Target abnormal addiction allergy artery asthma bacteria bladder blood cell blood pressure blood vessel calcium capillary circulatory system cancer
carbohydrate cartilage contagious chronic digestive system disorder endocrine system fatigue fungus general practitioner gland hormone immune system immunity
infectious injection joint ligament lymphatic system malnutrition medication microbe muscular system nervous system nutrition operation prescription protein
respiratory system reproduction system skeletal system specialist spinal cord stress surgery temperature tendon tissue trauma vaccination vein virus
bulimia cardiovascular cholesterol communicable disease congestion dehydration DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) esophagus
HIV (human immune deficiency virus intravenous irritant malignant metabolism microorganism mucus noninvasive
obesity pathogen protozoa psychiatry psychology psychotherapy syndrome
light line horizontal painting statue
sculpture shadow space spiral vertical
wavy zigzag
architecture acrylic
background collage
column complementary color
Challenge AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) anorexia antibody antibiotic antigen autoimmune disease bronchia art W ords
Easy color curve diagonal drawing figure Target abstract arch
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Art/Measurement
composition design dimension dome exterior foreground harmony
hue interior landscape minaret mobile motif mosaic
mural oil paint palette panorama pastel photography primary color
secondary color texture three-dimensional two-dimensional watercolor
diptych egg tempura engraving etching expressionism fauvism flying buttress fresco gothic
grotesque impressionism installation kinetic luminosity minimalism negative space nonrepresentational opacity
perspective performance art positive space realism relief symmetry
length mile minute month ounce pint pound
quart ruler tape measure tablespoon teaspoon time ton
volume weight width yard year
degree estimation Fahrenheit fraction gram kilogram kilometer
line segment linear liter meter metric system milliliter millimeter
percentage ratio temperature U.S. customary system vertex
Challenge aesthetics allegory assemblage batik Byzantine ceramics chiaroscuro conceptual art cubism
measurement W ords
Easy cup day depth foot gallon hour inch Target acre angle balance capacity Celsius centimeter decimal 202
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Measurement/Sports
Challenge acceleration ampere angstrom apothecary weight candela conversion coulomb cubic density
dram equivalence farad furlong gill hectare henry hertz joule
kelvin lumen luminance lux ton metric ton metric mole newton ohm pascal
peck rod scale square tesla velocity volt watt weber
coach glove kick mask mitt
pass shin guards spikes team trainer
pitcher umpire
fastball fly ball foul forward frontcourt fumble goalie goal line goaltender halfback halftime home plate home run
kickoff infield inning league leftfield lineup match offense outfield punt quarterback referee right field
signal stadium strike tackle timeout touchdown tournament traveling underdog winger
o rds sports W ords
Easy ballpark base batter bleachers block Target arena backcourt baseline block bullpen bunt centerfield court curveball defense down dribble dugout
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Sports
Challenge battery blitz defensive designated hitter double-team
204
gridiron interception offensive on deck penalty box
pigskin pinch hitter point spread possession reception
relief pitcher rosin rotation slider zone defense
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Writers on Words
r iters W riters
on W ords o rds
Easy “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.” “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master—that’s all.” —Lewis CarroLL
Sticks and stones may break our bones, but words will break our hearts. —robert FuLghum
Target All words are pegs to hang ideas on. —henry ward beeCher
Often when I write, I am trying to make words do the work of line and colour. I have the painter’s sensitivity to light. Much (perhaps the best) of my writing is verbal painting. —eLizabeth bowen
Writing cannot express all words, words cannot encompass all ideas. —ConFuCius
Words are the thread on which we string our experiences. —aLdous huxLey
Gradually from naming an object we advance step by step until we have traversed the vast distance between our first stammered syllable and the sweep of thought in a line of Shakespeare. —heLen KeLLer
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Chapter 5: Jargon and Technical Words Writers on Words
The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter—’tis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning. —marK twain
The English language is nobody’s special property. It is the property of the imagination; it is the property of the language itself. —Derek Walcott Challenge Words are things, and a small drop of ink, ink , falling like dew upon a thought, produces that which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think. —Lord b yron
A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought, and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used. —JustiCe oLiver wendeLL hoLmes
Words are . . . the most powerful powerf ul drug used by mankind. —rudyard KipLing
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to. —w. somerset maugham
Wit has truth in it; wisecracking is simply calisthenics with words words.. —dorothy parKer
. . . I . . . believe that words can help us move or keep us paralyzed, and that our choices of language and verbal tone have something—a great deal—to do with how we live our lives and whom we end up speaking with and hearing; and that we can deflect words, by trivialization, of course, but also by ritualized respect, or we can let them enter our souls and mix with the juices of our minds.” —adrienne riCh 20
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Notes
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing © e2 Publishing Services, LLC. P ublished by Scholastic Teaching Resources
