McNaughton & Ying - Reading & Writing Chinese

Revised Edition

11 The CHART OF TRADITIONAL RADICALS

II

gives the number of each traditional radical, its independent form. [ti English name, and the location in the text of its independent forni 1 the firs reference number) and any alternate or combining forms treated separatel> (the second and third reference numbers). Numbers in roman type refer tc radicals included in the first character group of 1062 basic characters. P3gi numbers in italic type refer to radicals in the second character proup (pp 245-301). A chart of "modem radicals," based on the %%%&, appears nr the backend papers. 35. 3- slow 337 36. 9 dusk 117 37. k big 50 38. -k woman 11 39. ;f child 18 40. roof 127 41. -.i thumb 186 42. #Is small 27 43. k,lame 59 44. P corpse 329 45. 4' sprout 465 46. mountain 95 47. 111 riverp.245,442,560 48. z i work443 49. +. self 273 50. 9 cloth 352 51. i shield 87 52. k coil 25 53. i lean-to 155 54. 1 march 847 55. jt clasp 141 56. % dart42 57. 5 bow218 58. 3 pig's head 80,997 59. 3 streaks 819 +

12. eight 98, 88.26 13. fl borders 20 14. crown 47 15. ; ice564 16. JL table 645 17. U bowl 464 18. n !inife 102,205

-

21. L ladle 137 22. E basket 143

3.1- divine 118 26. P seal 84,760 28. L. cocoon 24 29. X right hand 85 30. mouth 33 31. Cl surround 21

61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

-4heart 70, 67.p.248 3. lance 43 P door391 i hand41.14 j_ branch 271 knockp.276.384 jr pattern 360 4 peck 1009 fr axe 262

72. 8 sun 160 73. P say 82 74. f l moon 178 75. $L tree 64 76. k yawn 191 77. It toe 195 78. P chip 727.646 79. k club 183 80. +? don't 212 81. tk compare 567 82. d fur 293 83. PC clan 224 84. 5 breath 324 85. 7i: water 362. IS l 86. X fire 414. .;J 87. J&claws p.2-:. 3.2s 88. ji father 21 1 89. k crisscrosr 152 90. 4 bed 849 91. ); slice 927 92. % tooth 576 93. cow 260. I5 94. it; dog 541. p._'-LY

96. 3- jade 62 97. 6. melonp.2Yl 98. Z tilep.271 99. i :sweet 1% 100. & ! b i d 248 101. R use 403 102. P field 23 103. iE bolt 245 104. f sick531 105. fi back 632 106. $ white 231 107. & skin 662

113. TT: sign 807,480 114. h traclt 488

190. 5% hair 946

118. St bamboo 54.55 160. f bitter549

204. ?$ embroider p.271 130. 111. meat 928,326 131. % bureaucrat 491 132. b small nose 515

138.

205. 206. 207. 208.

9.k drum p.261 L mousep.270

209. +?- big nose p.295 210. % line-up 1045

b stubborn 31

146. i4 cover 122

1 toadp.270 & tripodp.274

.

181. R liead 333 182. 1 wind 725

212. 4% dragon p.275 213. 1 tortoise p.270

185. -if chief 266 186. -k scent 1044

The CHART O F MODERN RADICALS (Dock crlclpopers) gives the set of rnodenz rodicnls likely to be most useful to the foreign student of Chinese - the set used to

READING AND WRITING CHINESE

READING AND WRITING

A Guide to the Chinese Writing System: The Student's 1,020 List The Official 2,000 List Revised Edition

by WILLIAM MCNAUGHTON and LI YING

Tuttle Publishing Boston Rutland, Vermont Tokyo

Published by Tuttle Publishing of Boston, Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan

by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc. -Revised-edition-0 1999 All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-77699 International Standard Boolc No. 0-8048-3206-4 First printing, 1979 First softcover edition, 1989 Revised edition, 2000, third printing

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to the Revised Edition Preface 1. Student's Guide The Writing System Explanatory Notes How to Write the Characters The Pronunciation of Chinese 2. 1,062 Basic Characters and Elements of the Writing System 3. Remaining Characters of the "1,020 List" and the "2,000 List"

Alphabetical Index Stroke Count-Strolte Order Index

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1999

A great deal has happened in China since 1978, when the first edition Reading arzd 1Vritilzg Chilzese was prepared, and much has chang, regarding China's relationship to the world. A new edition seems in ord Such an edition, of course, should reflect those happenings and chang which have influenced the language and which have affected usage a idiom in the language.Anew edition should also incorporate the experien of nineteen years of use of the first edition by classroom students a teachers, and by independent students around the world. The mc important revisions to Reading and Writing Clziizese are as set out belo The Yale system of romanization has been replaced in this edition the Halzyu Piizyilz system of romanization, wlgch is official in the Peoplc Republic of China. As a result, the Haizyzi Piizyiiz system is also universa employed in foreign newspapers, magazines and boolts referring to Chi] 1

While the traditional system of 214 radicals is still presented in f~ -tl~is-presentation-is-supplemented-by-the-introd~1ction-of-tl1~set nzodeuz radicals which are most liltely to be useful to the contempor; foreign student of Chinese. The set of modern radicals chosen 1 presentation is that used in Haiz-Yi~zgCidian/Tlze Clzi~zese-Eizgl Dictiolzary, prepared by the English Department of the Beijing Forei Languages Institute (Commercial Press, va-ious editions since 1978). SI of "modern radicals" have become necessary with the language ref01 and the simplification of the writing system which has been carried out the government of the People's Republic. Familiarity with such a set modern radicals will be extremely useful to foreign students of Chine for it will give them quicker, easier, and better access to contempor; - - --

PREFACE

lictionaries, many of wluch are vely good-to both English-Chinese and Zhinese-Chinese dictionaries. Furthermore, the student using Rendirzg nizd Writiizg Clzilzese should have little trouble mastering the modern radicals. The logic of modern systems, used as the basis for the organization of modern dictionaries and of indexes to modern dictionaries pho~leticallyarranged, is the same as the logic of the traditional system of 214 radicals. The overlap in actual content between the traditional system and the modern system is about 80%, and modern systems differ in negligible ways from one another. The basic system of presentation of the contents in Reacli~zgnrzd Writiizg Clziizese has not been changed, for it has worked well over the last nineteen years. However, the contents have been thoroughly revised to bring the contents up-to-date in idiom and usage, and to more accurately reveal the present state of the language. Over 1,100 new combinations of characters have been introduced to give the user a better picture of the range of functions and meanings of the individual characters and to provide the user with a significantly larger vocabulary. A popular feature of the first edition has been retained, namely, the introduction of new characters only in combination with characters already learned, so as to lessen the burden of learning the new combination and to provide a review of the characters already learned. About 140 combinations have been deleted, as being outmoded or otheiwise less Hcely to help students in their progress towards mastery of contemporary written Chinese. Seventy new notes on usage have been added to enhance students' insight into the contemporary state of the written language, its relation to the spolcen language, and its place in the culture of the Chinese-spealcing world. With the 1,100 new combinations, the basic 2,000 characters, and the 1,400 combinations retained from the first edition, the student who worlcs his or her way through Rendilzg nizd Writiizg Clziizese will have a vocabulruy of about 4,500 items-an adequate foundation for dealing with most contemporary materials.

Learning to read and write modern Chinese with reasonable fluency hi

can now reach that goal with less strain on his or her time, attention, a] memory. Among American teachers of Chinese, a consensus has be, developed as to the 1,020 characters most useful for the student to lea first. In addition, an official list of 2000 characters has been published mainland China for the purpose of adult education.' I have preparc Rending ntzd Writing CIziizese to help students master both these lists rapidly and easily as possible.' In selecting and arranging the materials in this book, I have been guidi by the following principles:

1. To teach the student the most useful characters, as determined by tl "Yale 1,020 List" and the official "2,000 List". 2. To present the characters in the order in which they are lilcely to 1 most useful; that is, to begin with the most frequently seen c h a r x e and to proceed to the less-frequently seen onei. 3. To teach the elements of the writing system -the 214 radicals a1 the "phonetics" (sound components) students will find most valuab in their study of the lists mentioned above.

See George A. Kennedy, ed., Miizi17zzci~zVocnbz~knriesof Written Clziize (New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954). % Guide to Reading and Writing Jnpmzese, ed. Florence Salcade (Tolc! and Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., revised edition, 1961), has playc --a-similar-role in-thestudy-of Japanese-for-yearsl--

PREFACE

I.. To break down the subject matter (the characters that make up the two lists) into units of information based on the most recent developments in programmed instruction and to arrange these units in order of growing difficulty. 5. To help students master the problem of "look-alike" characters. Through juxtaposition and cross-reference, I have tried to clarify the three main causes of the problem: look-alilce radicals, look-alike characters, and different forms of the same radicaL3 The characters are presented in two groups. The first group presents the basic characters for adult students of Chinese and the elements of the writing system from which these basic characters are made. These are the characters which students, using almost any elementary textbook, will be expected to learn in the first year, or in some cases the first two years, of study. The Yale guidelines, which have become a standard in teaching Chinese in the United States, are followed here. The second group of characters contains the rest of the characters on the "Yde 1,020 list" and the rest of the 2,000 characters on the officially published China list. In aU, this gives the student the 1,500 characters that George A. Kennedy has described as "a good foundation for the Western student of modern Chinese", plus 500 characters officially designated in China as being of most frequent occurrence. It should be noted that another list of 421 characters has been promulgated in China to cover technical terms used by the workers; this list has not been included in the present volume, however, because it is of only slight value to the foreigner studying modern Chinese. I used earlier versions of this book side by side with the Yale Mirror Series textbooks to teach my Chinese language classes at Oberlin College. Teachers should find it quite easy to use this book with any of the other textbooks now popular in the United States, however, for the logic of the writing system is always the same and the vocabulary in the various series of elementary and intermediate textbooks is virtually identical.

See Henry C. Fenn, ed., Clzirzese Clznl-actem Easily Coizfiised (New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1953).

PREFACE

When I teach, I assign six or seven characters a night as homewor We spend almost all our class time with the spolten Chinese and gramrn text, since the format of this character book enables the students to lea on their own. I generally quiz students every day on new characters enforce regular study habits. These quizzes do not usually take up mo than five minutes of regular class time. Worlcing steadily at this rate, a class can cover all the material in tl first character group in two sixteen-week semesters. The class will the know all the characters through Rend Clzirzese II and Read AOoz~tClziri as well as the frequently seen component radicals and phonetics. Mo advanced students who have used this book in their first year of Chine, will have a tremendous advantage when they begin to study the characte in the second group. Quite clearly, their ltnowledge of basic charact' components will help speed their acquisition of this group, since tl presentation here uses these components in programmed sequences. It has been my experience that students can be safely given Rendi~ nrzd Wi-itirzg Clziizese on their first day of Chinese study. Far fro discouraging students, the characters and the writing system seem ; stimulate enthusiasm and to increase motivation. For valuable help I am indebted to various editors of the Charles I Tuttle Publishing Company. I have incussed innumerable debts to studen who used these texts in earlier forms for many years in my Chinese class( at Oberlin College, but Howard Spendelow and John Dove deserve speci mention for the amount and quality of their contributions. I am al: indebted to colleagues who have suggested changes and improvements -- -- aclu~owledge theimportance to this work ( the earlier versions. I should n/iiiz%nz Vocabt~lni-ies of Writterz Clzirzese, edited by George A. Kennec Zorzgbic (New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954), and of Jiarzlz~~azi Jinrlzi (Peking: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe, 1965).

STUDENT'S GUIDE

The Writing System The basis of the traditional Chinese writing sygem is 214 elements often referred to as "radicals". These radicals are used both independently, or as part of more complex characters. The Chinese also use radicals to organize traditional dictionaries, use them to organize some modern dictionaries. and use the radicals to supplement the phonetic organization of othel modern dictionaries. Traditional dictionaries begin with one-stroke radicals and characters classified under one-strolce radicals, and end with a seventeen-strolce radical and characters classified under it. The widely used modern Chinese-English dictionary, Haiz-Yzizg Cidiaiz (of which more will be said below) begins with one-stroke radicals and characters classified under them and ends, before a special category of eleven "left-over characters", with a fourteen-strolce radical and the characters classified under it. In using the writing system to organize dictionaries or to create supplementary radical indexes for dictionaries, the makers take every character which is not itself a radical, determine which of the radicals within it is logicallv the most important, and then-classify-the-character under that radical in the dictionary or index. Every time a new character was created to represent some word of the spolcen language, the character was formed according to one of six principles. Classifying Chinese writing according to these six principles, we can say that six-and only six-lcinds of characters exist: (1) pictures, (2) symbols, (3) sound-loans, (4) sound-meaning compounds, (5) meaningmeaning compounds, and (6) re-clarified compounds. If we understand these six principles, we will be able to see why every new character we study means what it does. Instead of seeming a capricious aggregation of strolces set down by an equally capricious pen, the character

STUDENT'S GUIDE

will reflect a logical system for representing words and concepts: each new character will be a combination of familiar elements. Let us look at each of the six kinds of Chinese characters. 1. Pictures. Some Chinese characters are mere pictures of things. The character for "man" is a simple sticlc drawing of a man h. The character for "child" or "baby7'is a drawing of an infant with an open fontanel %. Sometimes, though, the modern character is a very stylized picture of what it represents We then have to look into the history of the character before we can see the resemblance clearly. The character for "moon" used to look like this ); the character for "eye" B like this rm. 2. Syiizbols. Some Chinese characters are symbols-some more, some less arbitrary-for the concept to which they refer. Some examples of "one", 1"two", = "three". symbols are: k "above", f; "below", 3. Sourzd-lonrzs. Some Chinese characters stand for a word which is, or once was, pronounced the same as another but with a different meaning, like "feet" and "feat". This type of character, a picture or symbol for one of two homonyms, was borrowed to represent the companion homonym, too; the context was relied on to malce the meaning clear. For example, the words for "scorpion" and "10,000" were once homonyms. The character$$, now used to write "10,000," originally meant "scorpion" but was borrowed for "10,000" since there was little danger of confusing the two meanings in context. You can probably see that it would have been inconvenient to write "10,000" in the same symbolic notation used to write the numbers "one", "two", and "three". 4. Soziizd-inenrzirzg conzpourzds.Sometimes one part of a Chinese character gives a hint about the meaning, while another part gives a hint about "to wrap", is the pronunciation. For example, the character pronounced bdo. (The pronunciation of the romanization and tone markings used here are explained in the section beginning on page 27). If this character is combined with the character Sif! "fish", the result is a new character fib "salted fish", pronounced ba'o. The "fish" component suggests the meaning, and the "wrap" component (bdo) suggests the sound. 5. Menrzirzg-nzenrziizg conzpozirzds. Sometimes two characters are put together to forrn a new character whose meaning derives from some d

a,

13

STUDENT'S GUIDE

logic in the juxtaposition of the two component characters. The character k 'cwomany'beside the character j"" "child" forms 43,a character that means "to love" or "to be lovable, to be likable, to be good". Although the logic in such a juxtaposition is usually not obvious enough to allow you to figure out the meaning of a new character, it is usually a great help when trying to remember a character you have seen only once. 6. Reclnl-ified cor7zpourzds. At various times in the history of the written language, a scribe has wanted to better "control" the meaning of a character he was using, either because the character-by sound-loan perhaps-had come to stand for a number of different words or because the word the character represented had a number of different meanings. In doing this, the scribe could add to the existing character either to clarify the word to which it referred, or to pinpoint the meaning intended in the particular context. For example, the character for "sco~pion" %-, which we saw above, was later re-clarified when it was used to represent "scorpion" (rather than "10,000") by adding the "bug" radical & to produce the new character @ that always meant "sco~pion"and only "scorpion". The character @ ting stood for "court"-whether it was the Icing's court or the court in someone's front yard. Eventually someone added the "lean-to" radical , which is a picture of a roof and a wall, to distinguish the lung's court (@ tfng) from the ordinary citizen's front yard ( @ iEng). Some of these re-clarified compounds will, in their new guise, be simple sound-meaning compounds, and some of them-if the re-clarified character itself was already a soundmeaning compound-will be sound-meaning compounds with one - co~nponentto-suggest the-sound-and two-components-to suggest the mear~ing.~ Bernhard Karlgren identifies dozens of such characters in Arznlytic Dictiorznry of Clzirzese and Silzo-Jnparzese (Paris: Paul Geuthnel; 1923). Chao Yuen Ren treats reclarified compounds as a sub-class of soundmeaning compounds: see Marzdnrirz Prinzer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), pp. 61-63. Traditionally, the sixth of the six principles was something called zlzumzzlzu, and whether or not this had anything to do with reclarified compounds is uncertain, since there is a great deal of dispute about the correct interpretation and reference of z/zL,mzzlzu.. ----

STUDENT'S GUIDE

Explanatory Notes Below there appears an annotated character entry. It has been slightly modified from the actual entry in this book to show the full range of information for characters in the first character group.

KEY: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

the character character serial number strolce count if there is a difference between the actual number of strolces as written by hand and the official number of strolces used in traditional dictionaries, the official number will appear in parentheses here. See the discussion of strolce and form discrepancy on pages 16-17. stroke-order diagram pronunciation and tone character definition radical information radical number (an " H before the radical number means that the character is a "modem radical", used to organise the Han- Yhg Cidianl The Chinese-English Dictionary: see below) character explanation character combinations with pronunciation and meaning Since characters may have more than nine strokes, it has sometimes been necessary to add in toto to the strolce-order diagram of the main

STUDENT'S GUIDE

character an element that is itself a character. (The element and serial number shown in this sample are provided only to show how a reference to an element added in toto will appear.) If such a reference is missing, either that element's stroke order is obvious or it can be found in one of the preceding two character entries. 13. Simplified character

Understanding the Entries You should try to Iceep in mind that a Chinese character is not what we think of as a word in English, and that Chinese words for which the t kinds of syntacticrestriction. ctives, and adverbs in English are, in classical Chinese, all considered one part of speech-any noun can be a verb, adjective, or adverb. Owing to the unavoidable use in this book of English articles, infinitives, suffixes, and the like, you may be mislec tion5 into too narrow an inte are provided for clari eallj represent only the most basic outline of a character's "meaning". Most of the punctuation marks used in the characters' explanator; bloclcs are grammatically logical. However, I have also adopted a fev rules of my own to help the readerhtudent. Semicolons are used tc distinguish meaning "groups". Semicolons are also used after a character' romanized reading when a character's usage rather than the meaning i given. In addition to their occasional use with slang terms, or for clarit) quotation marks are used around character-compound definitions that a contextually proper in English but which cannot be derived from th characters themselves. For examplqtK~Chinese-use-a-character-forArec % and the character I for "tea" % to write what in English is called "blac tea". Since the more literal definition "red tea" would be meaningless. have used quotation marks in the definition of the character compound follows: ,% h6ngch&I "blaclc" % tea a

Stroke and Form Discrepancy Each character has a traditional strolce count based on the charactel placement in traditional dictionaries. Small discrepancies-almost alwa of-onestroke=.=sometimes~exist between this traditional strolce count a

STUDENT'S GUIDE

the actual count used when the character is handwritten. Such discrepancies are indicated in parentheses throughout the presentation of the first group of characters. The most devastating problem for beginner students, however, is a change in shape and stroke count that occurs when a radical or character is used as an element to form a more complex character. I have therefore treated as entirely separate elements, those characters whose shape changes may pose an identificationproblem. This treatment reflects more accurately the true nature of the writing system and has resulted in only about 40 characters being added to the text.5 For example, the radical Q , when used as an element of another character, becomes P , a combined form that appears separately in this text as character 76. Appearing in the small box below the character is "3 strokes (8 strolces)". This means that although this form of the radical is actually written with three strolces, its independent form takes eight strolces; thus, all characters with P as the radical component will appear among the eight-stroke radicals in a traditional Chinese dictionary. Such anomalies have been eliminated from most modern dictionaries, and what once were different forms of the same radical are now treated as different radicals. The radical system, that is, has been rationalized according to the principle of "what you see is what you get". Dictionaries, therefore, are now easier to use (see below for more on modern dictionaries). Problems of correct character identification also result from the fact that typeset forms often differ from the handwritten forms that are usually learned first. Always compare a character in a typeset compound with its handwritten counterpart as you work through this book. The typeset list below provides the most common of these variant forms. Numbers

Also, twenty-two characters are identified as "heavenly stems" or "earthly branches." These "stems" and "branches" are characters which are sometimes used in Chinese in various special ways of reckoning, calculation, and enumeration. The student who delves into Chinese history will need to know these twenty-two characters, because the traditional way of giving dates malces use of them. They are also used in fortunetelling books and works of astrology in Chinese communities outside of the People's Republic, e.g. Hong Kong.

17

STUDENT'S GUIDE

refer to the serial number of characters in the first group; page numbers are for characters in the second group.

Simplified Characters In attempting to deal with the need for adult education and the complexity of the Chinese writing system, the mainland government has simplified many of the characters used for centuries. Traditional principles used fol making characters have been retained in malcing up new short forms. FOI example, in the short form 4S5"sacrificen, the traditional form $$I has been shortened by simply replacing the complicated sound-compound & with the simple sound-component . The "cow" radical appears in both the short and traditional forms because the original meaning of the charactel was "saclificial animal." Likewise, the traditional character & tEng'Yoom hall", has been simplified to f-7 mainly by substituting for the complicatec sound-component the simpler sound-component 7 . Students whc understand the logic of the traditional writing system and who have mastered the components of its characters will find that they attain master} of the short forms much more easily. In the system of simplified characters, we can find new sound-loans g ~ ~ ; y ~ ~~ f ~- ~ ~ l i,~ i,~ i-z i~a e mian a" - ~ - -face -,,- for - Xi21 "flour;" and %. xikg "elephant" for xi&g "to look like."GWe can finc new sound-meaning compounds: Dl; for 1% xi2 "to scare." And we cal find new meaning-meaning compounds: % "jade" under "roof' for % 'tjade", "crock", and "cowrie" under "roof' -standing for the word biio "be precious, be valuable." Other techniques of simplification include thc --cC

The student may notice that the new sound-loan character is often formed as in the examples given here, simply by removing the meaning elemen froin-all--old-sound meaning compound^ -

STUDENT'S GUIDE

Many modern Chinese-Chinese dictionaries are organized alphabetically, according to the standard spelling (Hanyu Pinyin) of the Beijing pronunciation (Putonghua, "Mandarin") of the character. The order of entries follows the English alphabetical order, starting with "A" and ending with " Z . Such phonetic organization worlcs fine until you meet a character you don't know how to pronounce-a common experience for foreign students, of course (but it also happens with Chinese readers). So all dictionaries organized phonetically, as just described, also have an index-an index organized according to some modern adaptation of the traditional radical system. There is no universally accepted adaptation, however, so different dictionaries use slightly different radical systems. All such systems, however, are derived from the traditional system of 214 radicals, all of them overlap to a great degree, and all follow quite closely the logic of the traditional system. For collateral presentation in this book, the authors have chosen the system of 226 radicals plus a supplementary category, which the makers of the Han- Ying Cidian/The Chinese-English Dictionary have used to organize their dictionary (prepared by the English Department of the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute, published by Commercial Press in various editions since 1978). That dictionary is probably the most widelyused Chinese-English dictionary in the world and is deemed likely to be the dictionary most often consulted by users of Reading and Writing Chinese. The radicals of Han- Ying Cidian are identified in Reading and Writing Chinese by an " H plus the serial number in Ha-Ying Cidian's system of 226 radicals. And on the back endpapers there appears a chart of these 226 "modern radicals" phsa supplementary category, as used_F index Han- Ying Cidian. Character Combinations Individual characters themselves-each of which in general represents a single syllable of the spolcen language-may occur in combination with other characters to denote Chinese words and expressions of two or more syllables. For example, a common expression for "woman" in the modem spoken language is the two syllable n8rL12, written with the characters for "woman" -knu' and "person" h 1.612.Many of these common combinations are given in this book so that you will get used to seeing the

STUDENT'S GUIDE

characters within important expressions and words. Learning the combinations in which a character occurs can be a valuable aid to understanding that character. Moreover, since the characters used in these combinations are restricted to those that have already been presented in the text, these combinations provide review as well as usage examples. Some examples are also given of a favourite stylistic device in Chinese-four-character set expressions. Learning these four-character set expressions will be useful to the student in the same way as learning two-character combinations, and it will also prepare the student to deal with them when he or she encounters them or similar four-character expressions in discourse, written or spolcen. Finally, practice with twocharacter combinations and four-character set expressions will tend to break down the illusion, which the writing system so insistently encourages, that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. To some extent it may be so, but the disyllable is an extremely important unit in modern Chinese, and the four-character expression is also important in anything above the level of "survival Chinese". Phonetic Series When a certain character has been used to give the sound in a number of sound-meaning compounds, a group of characters emerges, each of which has a different meaning but contains the same sound-component. The different meanings are established, of course, by using a different meaningcomponent in each character. Such a group of characters is called a phonetic series, and students have often found that learning becomes more rapid when they study such character groups. In the second group of characters we have therefore introduced common characters as part of a phonetic series, if the characters belong to an important series. For example, the character "wrap" 63 biio, mentioned above, is the sound-component for a number of common characters that appear in this book: +& ,& ,463, ,

.

The Chinese Writing System as Cultural Artifact There are, more or less, thirteen dialects of the Chinese language-spolcen languages which differ from one another as much as English, German and Dutch differ from one another, or as French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese differ. The remarkable thing about the Chinese writing system, 21

STUDENT'S GUIDE

including the modem form of it which is studied in this book, is that a literate native-speaker of one dialect can write down anything he might reasonably want to communicate, and a literate native-speaker of any other dialect will immediately understand-although if the two tried to speak in their native dialects, neither would understand the other. That is, with the Chinese writing system, you can simultaneously write down a message in thirteen different languages!' There has never been anything else like it in human history. Some foreign students, initially vexed when they see that the Chinese writing system is somewhat more complicated than their own, think that

Furthermore, while it does take some months longer for a Chinese child to master the writing system than it does an American or French child, say, to master their own writing systems, in the long run there is little diierence. Japan, where the writing system is based on the Chinese system, has one of the highest literacy rates in the world (illiteracy in Japan is about one-fifth that of the United States). And Jarnes Traub notes that only slightly more than four percent of Taiwanese fifth graders and slightly more than ten percent of Japanese scored as low as the average American fifth grader on a battery of reading tests.8 The foreign student should also consider that the logic of the Chinese writing system, as sketched on pages 12-14 above, has stimulated a number of outstanding Western thinkers, from Leibniz in his work on the Calculus to Eisenstein on montage. A proposal was floated after World War II to -- "ideograms". -- - have traffic signs_aII over the world prepared in Chinese Although derided by Yale's widely respected sinologist, the late George A. Kennedy, who called the suggestion "deranged", something like that has actually happened, with modern pictures, symbols, and especially "~neaning-meaningcompounds" now to be seen on traffic signs and other public notices around the world: school crossing.. .men working.. .slippery

True regionalisms and some dialectal slang are not reached by the writing system, but the relative unimportance and the ephemeral nature of slang and regionalisms make this a trivial exception. James-Traub, "It's-Elementary;'-'Ne~v-Yorlierr17-July1995,-78-(-74-79).

STUDENT'S GUIDE

when wet.. .steep hill ahead.. .slow-moving vehicles, lceep right.. .no smolcing...no eating or drinlcing on the subway.. .do not play boom boxes on the beach.. .danger of falling roclcs.. .watch out for deer.. .low-flying aircraft ahead.. .emergency fire exit, this way.. . There is a complex ideogram on the bus boats in Venice which clearly says, in just four elements, "sit down or you will bloclc the captain's view and make it difficult for him to navigate the boat safely!" Many computer icons, too are a modern form of ideography, universally intelligible to computer users around the world, whatever their native language. So far, however, these international systems of modern ideograms have not developed sound-loans, sound-meaning compounds, or re-clarified compounds. Study Methods Each traditional radical introduced in this boolc is assigned a number in parentheses (radicals used to organize the modern HBn-Ying Cidim are identified, as noted, by the letter "H" preceding the number). This number is the radical number and indicates where the radical occurs within the sequence of 214 (or 226) radicals. Every effort you make to memorize the number, at least for radicals having two, three, four, five, or six strolces, will pay off in time saved after you start to use dictionaries. Just as it is a great time-saver with Western-language dictionaries t o know approximately where "F" occurs in the alphabet (and whether it occurs before or after " M , for example) these numbers serve the same purpose in Chinese. You or your teacher should malce a decision early on about the question of which set of radical numbers you should try and memorize. (All things being equal, the authors feel that the "H" set may be most useful to modern students.) This statement applies only to the radicals' serial numbers: the meaning of all radicals should be learned. The pronunciation should be learned, of course, for radicals which still function in written Chinese as independent characters. You are also advised, when first learning a character, to be conscious of all the radicals that appear within it. Say aloud the radicals while writing a new character. For example, say "knight-eye-cowrie" while writing ?& "sell" (character 135), or "grass-mouth-mouth-dove-yawn" while writing # "to be pleased" (character 194). Such incantations may be of considerable help in recalling characters to memory three or four days after first encountering them.

STUDENT'S GUIDE

You should read the explanation of the sources of new characters, but you need not formally study these explanations unless (as sometimes happens) you become fascinated by the written Chinese character itself. In that case you may want to learn all the explanations given and even to carry your own studies further afield into the various books which present such explanations in greater (and on occasion even fanciful) detail. You can easily use Reading and Writing Chinese as a programmed textbook. Cover the character with a blank piece of paper placed along the vertical line that separates the character from the box containing its pronunciation and meaning. Then try to write down the character, and

written the character incorrectly, take note of the error or errors and write the character correctly several times before proceeding to the next one. After working to the bottom of a page in this way, reverse the procedure and try to write down the pronunciation and meaning while looking only at the character. Immediately check your work against the correct pronunciation and meaning that appear in the text.

How to Write the Characters The Chinese learn to write characters by using an easy and effective method. The essential ingredient of this method is the fixed order in which the strokes of a character are written. Although Chinese people occasionally disagree among themselves about minor details, the method has been developed and perfected through centuries of experience. Follow the stroke-order diagrams in this book in order - presented - ---- to acquire proper hab'lts early, and remember to keep your characters uniform in size. The rules below explain the method in general.

STUDENT'S GUIDE

1. Top to bottom:

2. Left to right:

m i I

I1

3. Upper left corner to lower right corner:

Ill

STUDENT'S GUIDE

4. Outside to inside:

perpendicular strokes:

6. Slanting strolce to the left before slanting strolce to the right:

STUDENT'S GUIDE

7. Center strolce before symmetrical wings:

The Pronunciation of Chinese The system used in this revised edition of Reading and Writing Chinese to write Chinese with Roman letters is the Hanyu Pinyin system which is standard in mainland China and is now used almost everywhere else in the world, too, in newspapers, magazines, books, textbooks, and so on. The Hanyu Pinyin system is as follows: 1. The following letters are pronounced lilce their English equivalents: f; k, I, m, n, p, s, (except in "sh") t, w, and y. 2. The following letters are pronounced like the English sounds indicated: a (except as described in 8, below), as in fnthel-; i, as in machine (except when appearing immediately after u-see end of this paragraph-or when appearing immediately after c, r, s, sh, z, or zh: see 9. below); o as in worn; ai as in aisle; and ui, lilce wei in weight. 3. The following combinations are pronounced like the English sounds indicated: ao, lilce ow in how; ou, like o in so; and e (except e after i or y: see 8, below), like o in done. 4. The following letters are pronounced as explained: b, like p in spy; d, like tin sty; and g,like k sky; that is, like English p, t, and k but with less aspiration (cp. 1, above). 5. The following letters are pronounced as described: h, with more friction than the English h; u (but not ii, and also not when followed by another vowel or pair of vowels, or when preceded by j, q, or by i or y), like oo in moon but with the lips rounded and the tongue back; u preceded by i or y, like o in so; u preceded by j, q, or x, round the

STUDENT'S GUIDE

lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instead i as in machirj (cp. ii in 8, below); z, like ds in cads; and c, like ts in it's hot. 6. The following letters and combinations are pronounced as describe( sh as in shred, tongue very far back; ch, tongue flat against roof c mouth, very far back; zh, like ch just described but with less breatl and r, tongue flat against roof of mouth, far back-like a j and pronounced together. 7. The following letters are pronounced as described: j, like English but with tongue tip forward where teeth meet; q, like jjust describe but with more breath; and x, tongue tip against back of lower teet

nounced as described: e after i or y, as i yet; ii, round the lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instea i as in machine;ii, plus e, lilce ii just described plus English e in yet; after i or y and before n (but not before ng),like e in yet; and a after and before n, like e in ye 9. When i comes immediately after c, r, s, or z, it indicates that the mout and tongue are held in place while the consonant is pronounced with01 a vowel (but with a tone: see next section: we could say that 'th consonant becomes its own vowel'); that is, si is just a hiss, zi is jur a buzz, and n' is a kind of pun; when i comes immediately after ch c zh, the resulting syllables chi and zhi are pronounced as explained i 6, above, but they slide towards the r sound and get a tone-rathe like the first syllable of gerbil and Churchill,respectively; and whe i comes immediately after sh, the resulting syllable shi sounds lik English but-with thesh described above, and with a tone. .-- shirr - -10. The letter u when followed by another vowel or pair of vowels I pronounced like English w; the combination iu at the end of syllable is pronounced about lilce the American greeting Yo!; and yi i pronounced like the first syllable of easy. To use this system of writing Chinese (Putonghua)with Roman letter the student needs to know about three further features: word-division, th occasional use of apostrophes, and the placement of tone-marks (see belov over vowels when the syllable has more than one vowel-letter (a, e, i, o, and ii) in it. Chinese is written in 'the real world' with Chinese character not-with Roman-letters,-so-the-system-of-romanizaton hasnot-been-two1

STUDENT'S GUIDE

smooth' by those great creators and molders of language, the folk. Many details, therefore, have not been worked out; the division into words is one of them. For example, should the expression for "overseas Chinese", composed of HUB(Chinese) + qi5o (person or people living abroad), be written HUBqiBo or HuBqiBo? I recommend that the student follow the advice I give to my students of translation at City University of Hong Kong: look it up in a good dictionary, like Hm-Ying Cidim! (It's HuBqiBo, one word.) Apostrophes are used, when necessary, to avoid ambiguity. The term jianai, for example, could be read as jia nai or jian ai, so an apostrophe is added to clanfy: jim'ai. As to the correct placement of tonemarks when a syllable has two or more vowel-letters in it, the situation is fairly simple, and practice and observation will help a great deal. The letters a and e always get the tone-mark in combinations, and o always gets the tone-mark except when the combination is ao or iao, in which case the a gets it. When i and u appear together-as iu or as ui-whichever one comes second gets the tone-mark. Tone In addition to its vowels and consonants, a word in modern Chinese has a characteristic "tone". The tone of a word is very important because it allows our ears to discriminate among words that have the same vowels and consonants. Tones result from changes in pitch which the speaker produces with the vocal cords while pronouncing the vowels and consonants. The difficulty of learning these tones has been much exaggerated. In fact, the system of tones in Putonghua ("Mandarin", the standard, or most commonly studied, spoken language of China, based on the dialect of the capital, Beijing) is actually one of the simplest of all Chinese dialects. In Putonghua there are four tones (or five, if we count the 'zero' tone: see below). These tones are indicated in Hnlzyzi Pinyin by the tone marks ii, fi, 6, and 6, written over the syllable like the accent in French (see above). Thus, mH is n z + n (as described above) pronounced in the first tone, ma'is m + a pronounced in the second tone, and so on. The way in which the speaker uses the vocal chords to change the pitch can be written on a musical staff, as below. Note that it is only the contour of the pitch which determines the tone; thus a man's normal first tone will be a bit lower than a woman's. Pitch will normally be somewhere near the centre 29

STUDENT'S GUIDE

of the speaking voice and will vary according to the individual and his c her mood.'

The description of tones given here is the simplest and is the one mo: often presented in texts. It is intended to enable the student to pronounc words-in isolation. In nosmal speech the tone may disappear from a syllablc

third tones in succession in a single expression, native spealcer automatically change the first of them to a second tone: h6n hilo become hEn hilo. We have indicated such changes in this book if the expression : a very common one. Some very common words change their tone regularly, depending on the tone of the following word, and in these case we have indicated the tone appropriate to each expression. Problems ( words in discourse are, however, more properly a subject for a textboo of modern spoken Chinese, which you are urged to consult for mol specific information.

The musical diagram is from Chao Yuen Ren, A Granznzar of Spolce ~lzinese-~Berlceley~Wniversity-of-~alifo1~ia-Press~l

1,062 BASIC CHARACTERS

character and means "man" or "person". Learn to distinguish the "man" rad. from the "enter" rad. A (152, below).

5-9 * BASIC CHARACTERS

see p. 281a, below -and also the form 2,

Note that C has "down" and "twist" in it. The other stroke is not a rad. in traditional dictionaries. In the form A , however, it is used in modem dictionaries as a rad. (e.g., a H5). The history of 4~ is very complicated; it involves the confusion of at least three different characters.

"man" rad. (here, "sideman") suggests the meaning, the right half, yE (6, above) at one time suggested the sound, but now it is not

BASIC CHARACTERS 10-14 4

4

C

Z

S A . N , ~ .

10 3 stroltes

d, woman. WOMANrad. (38)(H73) -k is a picture -a rough stick drawing of a woman. It occurs independently as a character and means "woman." -kA niirEn, woman

compound. The "woman" rad. suggests the meaning, and yE, as in 4th t2, "he," (7, above) once suggested the sound. Note the logic in the writing system; the "man" rad. occurs in the character for "he;" the "woman" rad. occurs in the character for

Tile "hook" rad. has a little hook on the bottom of it. It differs from the "down" rad. (3, above): the "down" rad has no little hook. Note that j u i i s not a rad. in modem

15-19 BASIC CHARACTERS

s a picture. In older forms, it is easy to cow with horns drawn from the front. form of the "cow" rad. occurs only as a of characters; another form, 4 (260, w) occurs as an independent character.

?- is a picture. In older forms, it quite clearly resembles a child. -71 occurs often as -71-k zinii, sons and daughters; children

BASIC CHARACTERS 20-24

s sometimes gloss this character form of fB " ("to go around; nce," 876, below).

ply an arbitrary symbol October 1, National Day 's Republic of China

The "field" rad. is a picture of the typical Chinese (and East Asian) field - a large

wound silk cocoon. Note that it appears also in several characters related to sillc (25 and 28, below). Dictionaries often note that this


The "coil" rad. originally was a picture of a coil of silk thread. Learn to distinguish "coil" from the "cocoon" rad. A (24, above), from the "silk" rad. % (28, below), and from the "dark" rad. t (p. 24%).

suggest "small." Two of the dots remain, bu the center dot has been replaced by a "hook' aic) a person of little

The "silk" rad. was a drawing of silk thread. Note that the modem form includes the

-"W-faa;-SeeZI74,%37-~--

in the fields; the women's main work was sericulture (silk farming). % may be a meaning-meaning compound to suggest everybody's work, whence "be tied." -W % hJolSi, be very tired


'

)

/J

CId, step. STEP rad. (60)(H62)

Note that the "step" rad. includes the "sideman" (4, above), to which a stroke has been added -supposedly to suggest movement, a step taken. The "step" rad. occurs often in characters for action or movement.

30 3 strokes

G&, be stubborn; be blunt; be tough, leathery (of food orpeople). STUBBORN rad. (138)(H184) In early texts, k i s clearly a picture of a man with a big, staring eye -an obstinate type, an isolent fellow. In modem times, the spoken word gin is dialect -used in certain localities, but not part of modem standard Chinese.

17

31 6 strokes

4 '4 4" 4" /

&, very This character is a sound-ioan for h6n "very." Originally, it stood for a word that meant "to act stubborn, to resist" -a word that probably was cognate with gin (31, above). The "stubbom" rad. was reclarified with the "step" rad., and sometime later the character was borrowed for h6n. "very." K ~ Umouth; , a measure for human beings. M O W & . (30)(H58) The "mouth" radical also occurs as an independent character and means "mouth." It is a picture. A n rink64 population 5 a A s;Tn k6u r6n, three people a -3- kGuzi, hole, opening, cut, rip

)

33 3 strokes 1

b h b b I\\\

34 4 strokes

''

' ''

H U ~&. , FIRErad. (86)(H80) This is supposed to be a picture of the fire burning on the ground. This form of the "fire" rad. occurs only as a part of characters. It is called "fire-dots" or "four-dots fire." Compare the independent form k (414, below).


is a picture. The resemblance clearer in older forms of the

topic to emphasize it. 75 is a sound-meaning compound - .% (35

part of characters,IS H rad. 10)

tailed bird." In some ancient texts it specifically means "dove." The older forms of the character were clearly pictures of a

BASIC CHARACTERS * 40-44

This character is probably a sound-meaning compound. Zhui(39, above) is supposed to

The "hand" rad. looks like this when it is an independent character meaning "hand." This fonn can also sometimes occur as a part of

The "dart" rad. is a picture. (H defines yias "a retrievable arrow with string attached" and calls it "bookish.") Compare the "lance" rad. (43, below) and learn to distinguish "lance" from "dart."

The "lance" rad. is a picture. Note that "lance" has one more stroke than "dart," at the bottom. In museums you can see that the old weapon called g5 had a blade like this at the lower end. The weapon is also

from zhso "look for" % (508, below). W6 is "hand" + "lance;" zhso is "side-hand" +


an independent character and means "gate,

doorway, area by an

This character came to mean "you" by sound-loan. The history of the character is too complicated to go into here. Nowadays

4k 4Pl

nimen,you (plural) nihrio, hello! hi! how are you!


D& big. BIG rad. (37)(H52) k is a man with arms extended: "big." klJ.

50 3 strokes

k

djyigo, size (abstract nouns are often formed of antonyms combined, as if to say "the big and little of it, the size:" cp. & 8~ giio2i' (tall/ short: height), 75, below; 9 3. duiishio (manylfew: how many?), 287; 1& qingzb6ng (lightheavy: weight), 1051; ku;Tnzh&(broadlnarrow: width), p. 254a, etc.)

-

Fii, husband, "bigman" k d&fi, medical doctor (note that k "big" is pronounced d;ij in this expression) k A firen, Mrs.; Madam .% f , AMil fiiren, Mrs. Ma; Madam Ma

51 4 strokes

AiAi' --C

52 4 strokes

'I'I&V, heaven; day Heaven was anciently recognized as a diety in China. This character is supposed to be a picture of "an anthropomorphic diety." kk ti&ti&, every day k-7ti;Tnzi, the "Son of Heaven," the emperor

YAO, tender, gentle (withA,yZo comprisesH.rad. 90) Learn to distinguish k from k (52, above). The clue is: is there a "one" rad. or a "left" rad. across the top?

53 4 strokes

4 54 6 strokes

m,bamboo. BAMBOO rad. (118)(H178) This character is a good picture of the slender, drooping leaves of the bamboo. St? zhirzi, bamboo 4-t ,6 zbiirni, a stick used by children as a toy horse

55-59

BASIC CHAIZACTERS This form of the "bamboo" rad. only occurs

One scholar says, 'When bamboo takes the wind, it leans back gently like a man who

BASIC CHARACTERS 6 0 6 4

character: just memorize it. Distinguish it

The character is a picture. The point of the arrow is at the top, and the feathers and notch are at the bottom.

"grain" (65 below), & "rice" (101, below),


stroke across the top to represent the head of ripened grain. Distinguish "grain" from

f$. is composed of

"arrow"

k+ "grain"

iF. "woman" & -all things which,

within their classes, are generally shorter: arrows than spears, grain than trees, women

,tiA rnjngSn, a busy fellow


?& is deferential, used to address elders and superiors. Note that the top half of this character is f* "you" (49, above).

5% brihio, It's not good; No good!

75-79

BASIC CHARACTERS

I% was a picture of stairs leading down from the mound. In form, "mound" and the "city" rad. (136, below) are the same, but "city" always appears at the far right in characters. Not an independent form. Dictionaries call zu6 drdu6, "left ear." (h "mound" =572, below; 4 , 2 0 1 ; &. seep. 282b).

T V brikB, should not

kzxin, be satisfying, pleasing

-pref% it-is used by sound-loan--

direct address, and impatient statements. Sound-loan, reclarified with "mouth."

--

BASIC CHARACTERS = 80-84

Yir is a picture of a hand holding a brush. The top part, If,is a rad. in many modem dictionaries (i.e., H124). Such dictionaries

Yud has a stroke inside the mouth, perhaps to suggest the tongue moving. Learn to tell

"Brush" + "say" = "book." (Not accurate historically, this explanation can help you remember the character.)

above) and from "city"

p (136, below).


The "shield" cad. is a picture. In modem texts,

-8

BASIC CHARACTERS 90-94 announce, report; newspaper; to

i2Ekes

$r $p 1

P

$E R

The old form of this character meant "to requite" because it was a picture of a kneeling man with manacles and a hand to mete out the punishment. It stands for "announce" by sound-loan. It will have to be memorized as "lucky" + "seal" + "right hand." ~ I . $ l i xi;iobtio, tabloid

BB~brush,writinginstrument Biis a meaning-meaning compound: "bamboo" + "brush" =the traditional Chinese writing instrument, a brush made of bamboo. -%,.,g bixin, pencil-lead; ball-point pen refill

Re 91 12 strokes

92 4 strokes Z

4

.c

W ~ Gking; , family name (H88)

'

3 3' F

W h g i s classified in traditional dictionaries under the "jade" rad. 5 (62, above) although wjng has one less stroke. In such dictionaries, characters in which the rad. seems to be w h g will be found under "jade" but in modem dictionaries will be found, more logically, under L whg, king.

WAN, to play, to amuse oneself A sound-meaning compound. Y u h (72, above) suggests the sound. The "jade" rad. is supposed to help with the meaning, perhaps because toys were often made of jade; "toys" suggests "to play."

8 strokes

m,gold, metals; a family name. GOLD

isd (16'7)(HZ09; short form = H rad. 147)

A 8 k:ses

&

'&

The "gold" rad. occurs as an independent character and means "gold" or "metals." Often seen in characters for various metals or metallic objects. &5 jin yii, (bookish) gold and jade; "treasures" (short form in combinations only: 4 )


ShZn is a picture. In the old form it is clearly three peaks sticking up. The "mountain" rad. often occurs independently as a character and means "mountain" and "hill." I.40 shMc6u, mountain pass

Notice the "mountain" rad. in the center of gZng it suggests the meaning. The rest of g a g is from an old character which gave 1.40 shZn gfing, low hill, hilloclc

"eight" rad. to the other forms he has learned (26 and 88, above). This is the form which-is-usually-seems-anindependent tortoise; (vulgar, abusive)


Q m ,lead (the metal) ia.9 qiZnb&pencil

100 13 strokes

i@, rice; a family name. RICE md. , I(119)(H159)

,, ,

101 6 strokes

The "rice" rad. was originally a picture of rice growing in a paddy. The horizontal stroke represented the water that stands in paddies. Distinguish "rice" from "sift" $-(516, below) from "grain" iF. (65, above), and from "tree" &- (64, above). 5 % yiimi, maize, Indian corn

D&, knife. KNIFE md. (18)(H27;in H,the form 3 ,seen in combinations,is classified 7J is a picture. Distinguish it from the "strength" rad. a (206, below). n 4 diiozi, knife

f i n , rice flour; rice-flour noodles Enb&chalk (for writing with)


P B liya, (old expression) write up your

"earth" ="village." A commentator says, "Where there's land by fields, you build a village." This character is also used by

BASIC CHARACTERS 110-1 14

0,wristwatch, watch

rad. This character may, however, be a simple sound-meaning compound. -?-at shdubiZo, wristwatch

The downstroke through the center of the rectangle suggests "middle." rfi *G zhdngxTn, center, core rfi 3 zhijnglf, "standing in the middle," i.e.,

This character is a sound-loan. Originally, it meant "nation" (see 114, below). As "nation," it was a combination of meanings: "lance" (for the army) + "mouth" (for a language) + "earth." "Earth" has been corrupted into "one" in the modem form.

"surround" rad. to suggest the national

rfi

Zhdnggu6, China

?!' 3a zh6nglfgu6, a neutral nation

115-119 a BASIC CHARACTERS

Supposed to be a meaning-meaning compound; one dictionary says, "If the

applied-heat-to-theshell-until it-cracked, then


should lean to distinguish the "eye" rad. from the "small nose" rad. h (515, below).

g-meaning compound: "hand"

xT, "west" (130, below) as rad. 166. As a modem rad., it will be seen in the form a6 at the top of characters.

122 6 strokes

~aa cowrie; a family name. C

FI 123 7 strokes

9

O W

A cowrie is a small, yellowish-white shell "with a fine gloss, used by various peoples cow, as money*7(century,tionql. were money in China. We find the "cowrie" rad. in characters for value, money, business transactions, etc.

a

g compound. The top

commendation -&A gukEn, government VIP

125-129 * BASIC CI-IARACTERS

to make the explanation helpful. i W gibg hcio, be better; even more

kb dn'bin'n,to shit, defecation C$-bihyi, street clothes, "civvies;" plainclothes man

father. Now it is used by

- - a,

west (H166, in the forms of I and a ) The character is a picture of a bird in a nest and originally meant "to nest." It is used for xi"west" by sound-loan. Characters in which xliseems to be the radical will be found in traditional dictionaries under the "cover" rad. 73 (122, above). Distinguish the "wine" rad. H (363, below).

* )

130 6 strokes

-

-"


Y&, to want; to ask for; "wanted?' 73 important, essential -

&A ya'orEn, important person (usually a

government official) -%% ya'obli, otherwise, or else, or

4% yGoha'o, be on good terms, be good friends; be eager to improve yourself

traditional dictionaries, this form is almost always "net" -and in H, always so.

his lord. Cp. "earth" k (86).


'mound" rad. (78, above). When the form ccurs far right in a character, it is always Dictionaries call "city" hq* yciu drdu6, "right ear" (2% = 210, below; = 201; =%,

is the form P -92) Lrio, say the dictionaries, is a picture of an old man with long hair and a cane. The modem formis very stylized (you can-analyze it into "earth-left-ladle").

It may be hard to see in zhd the "old" rad., but we lcnow it is there because zhdis classified under d2 "old" in traditional

58


In the sense of "metropolis," this character is a sound-meaning compound; "city" gives

This character is formed of two "ten" rads. written together. Note that niiin is sometimes written -If. This character is normally read aloud simply as Z-t-~?rsh-- "twenty."

The character is a picture. The student should learn to distinguish the "basket" rad. from the "box" rad. r (145, below). The two are almost identical and, indeed, have become the same rad (15) in H.


we assume the box is tipped on its side, the right-hand side of the box is not drawn in.

classics" of Confucianism.

copper, iron, and tin); metals


Ql, seven The student will want to distinguish -k from the "ladle" rad. L (137, above). Printed form: -\r -k 9 qikii the seventh night of the seventh lunar month -the one night of the year, according to myth, that the legendary lovers "the Cowboy" and "the Weaver Girl" get to spend together

150 2 strokes

ttk

~ f nine i, hjF, jiiititin,"Ninth

Heaven," the highest of heavens (the Westem world has "seventh heaven")

151 2 strokes

152 2 strokes

& "3 9 shokes

RO,to enter. EBTER rad. (11) (Tn H, with

1

A

-

y jj- ~ m ;

* X &

A (2, above), = rad. 23) Distinguish "enter" from A ( ~ 2 ) . A nikdu, entrance A Pq riim6n, to start well; primer A 3 nishdu, put your hand in; get started, make a beginning A$-1$- ni m0 s;in En, be written in a forceful hand; be profound the first sylla~leof &&me (sh&mme),what? SHE!N, very Originally this character stood for a word meaning "peace and happiness." It was a meaning-meaning compound: "sweet" + "mate." Now the character is used by soundloan.

-& $ -&

HbJ, slope, cliff. SLOPErad. (27)(H13)

154 2 strokes

H;in is a picture of a slope. The student will want to note that this character is usually seen, in modem texts, as the short form for & ch;ing, "factory" (p. 264h below). In H, besides HI3 there is a look-alike form J , identified as rad. 22, but H22 is the rad. only in K (308, below) and Iff (p. 277h) and in the short forms for 1(452) and (p. 256b).


r

(154, above) and from the "sick" rad. f (531, below). Yrin,"lean-to," will most

Lin is a meaning-meaning compound: "tree' beside "tree" = "forest, woods." Cp. sgn (p. 266a, below), which also means "forest."

Emme), what? ( S h E m e i: commonly written now a! L, [for I f , see p. 281b,


"say" rad. R (82, above): 1) "sun" will be taller and thinner, or 2) the inner line in "say" will be incomplete, or 3) the two will

This character is a meaning-meaning

gives you a hint that it refers to some object made of wood.

Qiis said to be a meaning-meaning compound, but it is not clear why "big" + "be able" should suggest "be weird." @% iiiioqf, be curious, be interested in odd tliings or just in many things hiioqixin, curiosity

d to be a sound-meaning


meaning-meaning compound; "the sun tangled in the branches of a tree" is supposed to suggest "sunrise" and,

7'~eijid ,bfin . qirin, nine cents &i,k jingirin, money

(people); therefore, ancient.


"number+ ge + noun;" individual (adjective) Z I l s;ingC?,three ...

Zl~dinormally appears in the construction "zl16i+ 'measure"' or "zl~C?i + 'measure' + noun" (cp. 170, above). & i l zl]C?isC?,this, this one & zllC?me,so, thus, in this case; in this way, to this extent or degree

NC?inormally appears in the construction "ngi + 'measure"' or "nC?j+'measure' + noun" (cp. 170 and 172, above). fJF$4 nC?igC?,that, that one fJir lE nC?me,that being so, in that case; in that way, to that extent or degree

ther way to write % (28, above). t should learn to recognize both


gathered around a single space." Not in current use as an independent cllaracter.

The root meaning of h i is "to join or close,' as one would two panels of a double door. Early dictionaries call this character a meaning-meaning compound and say, "to close, like the mouth."

dictionary, you cannot be sure whether this form is the "moon" rad. or the "meat" rad. (326);youmayhave-to~nderboth-rads. befo~eyou find a character. H puts all such

but not in traditional dictionaries.

BASIC CHARACTERS 180-184 st forms show a hand taking hold of meat. Later lexicographers lost so yciu came to be classified unde (in H, under f "left hand,"

from the other form form is called f,F" dots water" (for A, three-dots form ofte

HZn is a sound-meaning compound. The "tluee-dots water" rad. suggests the meaning; gEn (87, above) suggests the

Sl~fiis a picture: a right hand holds the club. Distinguish "club" from these characters: "branch" & (271, below), "knoclc" k (384). "pattern" (360), "follow" A (319), and "slow" A (337). Shii,"club," is not now in common use.

*

have; has not (done something)


ST 9 MshFn, to fit well (clothes) hzsht'n, Lo fit well (clothes) 9 shFnRn, position, rank

The "thumb" rad. is a picture of a hand, w the dot added to indicate the thumb. Leam distinguish "thumb," "side-hand" 3 (14, above), and "then" $ (596, below).

'an m o w on a bow, and the "thumb" was z hand drawing on a bow, whence "to shoot

Xis is a sound-meaning compound; the & x'Exi.5, Thank you. &t b0aX1d, You're welcome.

& El jiri,a ''lucky day" on tile traditional


te that the lower part of this character is "man" rad. If it helps you to remember character, think of the upper part as his

This character is not at present used as an independent character.

.&ik

xihuZn, to like

195-199 * BASIC CHARACTERS re of a foot. From

above) gives the sound. S R l . gsnshang, to keep up with, keep pac

Note that Uie bottom half of "green" resembles "moon." Qing by itself, howeve is-~eonizedsaradThechatta-alsooccurs independently and means "green"

qing(l98, above) gives the sound. $TI? sh6 qing, Who's paying?


Bi] , the moon shining through a craclc in a gate, originally meant "crack, break." "Leisure" may be an extension of meaning, as in English a rest is "a break." Now usually = I??, which loolcs lilce a meaningmeaning compound: "put a tree across


e student should distinguish "strength" m the "knife" rad. 7J (102, above) E rh sipinijli, four horsepower rh m d i , "put your baclc" into a job; do something "with all your might"

differentiate; difference Xd A bjErEn, other people

-Xll-E-bi6tn;ii;Don'rbuyit!---113XI1 $big, specific; very few; be

taracter is classified in traditional ictionaries under the "moon" rad. A (178 bove). In H, it is classified under rad. 118


X#

fui80, elders (as in a district)

The character is supposed to be a picture of a woman in irons. The relation of that to its present meaning is unclear. Learn to distinguish tlte "don't" rad. from -4-mi,

This character is not in modem use except as a short form for L gin (215, below), in which usage it is, of course, pronounced


Zhen (213, above) for sound, eye for

&liiis a pictuie o f a woman with two dots tc emphasize the breasts. Learn to distinguish "mother" from the "don't" rad. -# (212,

4 4 % mmu'qin,mother X . 4 fimmu',parents, your father and mothe

k 4 dl?@, oldest brother; also used to address politely a lnan about your bbiogZ, older male cousin such that

The "bow" rad. is a picture of a bow. 5 3- gdngzi, bow (e.g., a violin bow)

an arrow stayed on the bow, hence "to pity In modem use, this character has been replaced by $, which Bemhard Karlgen calls "a vulgar corruption" (Analytic


z& Srdi, second younger cousin

ka-ka jiEjie, older sister k-ka diijii, oldest sister; also used to address politely a woman about your

below) and from % (p.301b). 'T wdikE, cannot, be unable to

&!LC biZornSi, younger female cousin such that tl~etwo of you are children or grandcl~ildrenof a brother and a sister, or of two sisters

225-229

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

Ek shduzhi, toilet paper $IL"it.

bjozhi, newspaper, newsprint

The cliaracter is a drawing of a man with a


This character is said to be a picture of a child with open fontanel.

The student should distinguish "white" from the "sun" rad. El (160, above) and from tile "nose" rad. 8 (515, below). -k 3. bjitiZn, in the daytime

The character is a picture of a wrapper. As part of a cilaracter, the "wrap" rad. usually appears wrapped around other rads. or parts of the character. Some modem dictionaries call the "wrap" rad. " 63 $32 %," bjbzi t6ur -top of the character 'bao' (63 = 509, below; $ = 257; 6 =454).

& '7 niirsli;io, wooden ladle


')f 7

duile, That's right!

"N3.duishdu, adversafy, opponent #3& duiz!?6ng, to set a clock

mother's side

--

$L+k ba'oshui, to make a custolns


talk and laugh together,

The "ten" rad. gives a clue that the character stands for a number. 'F- 4! qiZn lz many miles; long journey ?la% qiZnlim& a superb horse, a horse that can run many miles 'F- i; gi;Tngfi, eternal, of the ages

extra one (one too many)

%Z guizhcing, be valuable 3 7 ch6ng le, be done twice, get repeated

f ?& gtlddng, an antique; an old fart

as 243, above: "be correct (in the mind) about, to understand." Note that in form it is identical to 243, with the addition of the

245-249

BASIC CHARACTERS

2 burshi, "No!"; a fault

A xi&fiT, my late husband F, xiZnti?in, innate, inborn

shSng n&r, to bear a daughter

3- shSngshbu, green hand, green horn


ives the sound in a aracters (usually as

The "child" rad. gives tile meaning; h Z (250, above) gives the sound.

T23 hZtdng, children TS 3% xiiiohZr, child (colloquial) 11%

g t i ~h in the fields W ."

255-259

BASIC CHARACTERS

kk-4 xikgming, full name $2 yGuming, be famous

as a part of other characters. ...

BASIC CHARACTERS * 260-264 This character is a picture (cp. 15, above). This form occurs as a part of characters and also as an independent character. L e a n to distinguish "cow" from w0 "noon" 4 (594,

The original meaning of this character was "muzzle for cows." The character was a meaning-meaning compound: "cow" + "mouth" suggested the device. By soundloan it means "inform." 4L-& ba'oga'o, to report; a report, a lecture

The "axe" rad, is a picture. The character now stands also for a measure of weight, a jin or "catty," wlich equals about 1.5

-&X ga'osii, to inform %%L siishu6, to tell, to relate

LM

sll;ingsii, (legal term) to appeal to a

265-269

BASIC CHARACTERS

The student should distinguish the "chief' rad. from the "head" rad Sj; (333, below) and from the "face" rad. dil (610, below) "Chief' was originally a picture of a head with horns or some big headdress. $ 2 ~shGudii, capital city

h8 zhidfio, to know %# da'oxiZ, to thank 8.4% dfioxi, - to congratulate

-f 8 z11EjyLuidsh&this lot of hooks f da' xit7.a bit larger


"branch" rad. from "club" "knock" k (384, below), ' (360), "follow" A (319), "

In this character, 271, above, has been reclarified wit11 the "tree" rad. &? zlu'zi,(hee) branch -&* yizlu'bi,a pen

As a cyclical character ("heavenly stem"), this was probably a symbol. The meaning "self" is probably by sound-loan. Learn to tell "self" from "already" 5 (274, below), from si FJ (275), and from "seal" & (760). Z zllqi,"bosom" or "intimate"

*

characters with which tf, is likely to be


originally supposed to have been a ing of a fetus, with a large head and d up lower part. The student should to distinguish sifrom 273 and 274,

*G

is a sound-meaning compound.

.icl-t2Ehi0 ba, Okay! Bravo! Fine! fsk&itiltC niz11idSo ba, You know, I

suppose.

y51g(278, above) suggested the sound.


,%.at'

% ,.

hEixii, a "black heart," an evil mind hsi b;ii bfi En, cannot

t9 %

& is a meaning-meaning compound: the "divine" rad. (118, above) + "mouth" = "to explain (orally) the divination cracks." Other meanings by sound-loan.

wU dijn zl16ng, 5:00

rw * sh &;inliii, 3.6

Tile "rain" rad. is a picture of raindrops falling from clouds.

+JL o'ng xi6ng, (respectful) your older


43.97 hcio dud le, Much better! 9 duaxis, Many thanlcs!

9"k

nn

06

shiioni, young +,l


9) once suggested the

g6u pEngy6u, to be a friend indeed

%,%1;Sf-

guidiiinzi, (dialect) d ' i trick, evil

The "earth" rad. gives the meaning; guf (291, above) suggests the sound. -k%+t qikuZ q i k , seven dollars -% W yikuZ t i k , a piece of land, a field

M5o is a picture of an animal's pelt. Distinguish from 3 "hand" (41, above). %% mgobi, writing brush %% niiioyi, (wool) sweater .if% hiinm50, fine body-hair (on people)

295-299

BASIC CHARACTERS

aracter may stand for a word cognate 4, above. The "heart" rad. means (as it often does), and @. can be ed as "to examine in the mind, to

Older forms have "clasp" (141, above)

-# yigdng, all together ? # Zhcing Gdng, Chinese Communists (from ? El # b 2 Zhdngguci)

meaning. It soon came to mean "tall buildings: capital."

$$ Ddnuing, Tokyo


check out something put in plain view, on a

3Rsk xiinqijo, ready money

83k.5 zrii wd kib,as I see it % 8 7 bfi zii le, to no longer exist; to be


The student should distinguish liiing from (31, above). Litkg the "stubborn" rad. i% has the extra dot at the top. 1i5ngxinn,conscience kW liSngh80, be good, be well f

L

8

~

htA%kliiing kuii qi'in, two dollars --I;% &? yi liiingjinzi, a tael of gold h iL li8ng k6uzi. husband and wire

part of a cltaracter; 306 is the independent


Fin is a sound-meaning compound. The "food" rad. gives the meaning; (308, above) suggests the sound. &{ti. mIfin, cooked rice &$ti. y i i ~to~beg , for food or money

. Ting (3 11, above) is, of

Shdis a picture of a tongue sticking out of a

@ % xudshd, to learn "by tongue," i.e., so that you can parrot the teacher's words without really understanding them; (colloquial) gossipy


This character sltows a hand holding a

to intercede

le yawn" rad. (to suggest the opening mouth) combines with gE(217, above) in


.%Ill

g E , every one; one by one

%El gEgu6, various nations -%I* gSbvSi, everybody (used in addressin an audience, to get people's attention); each person

%% qingkS, to give a party

?jig sliu6k5, an (informal) emissary, an eloquent fellow sent to win others to your point of view

his character once was identical, to the "breath" rad. (324, below) and meant "breath, vapours, exhalations." It was probably by sound-loan that it came to mean "to beg." %+> qisl~i,beg for food

322 3 strokes

/k

P~

1

' '

CEJji, to eat *~tti c / i i h , to eat ptbtl$.G cliide d6ngxi, food, things to eat L h strengll and exertion;

pc

pl

li,trequire

323 6 strokes

----I

324 4 strokes

p

)=,

~tbreath, vapours, exhalations, BRE4TH rad. (84)(H109) The cliaracter is a picture of breath passing off in waves.


$L sl~Fngqi,to get an,v

a%,yuiinqi, vitality, personal energy,

ROU, meat. h4EAT rad. (130)(H118) Note that when the "meat" rad. occurs as a part of characters, it is identical in form to the "moon" rad. (178, above). The "meat" rad. as ai independent character, however, has a different form (928, below). As part c a character, this f o m is H. rad. 118 whethe it originally meant "meat" or "moon."

4 strokes (6 strokes) I

under the "meat" rad. (326, above); that is the only way we know that this form is "meat." fiE h ningl?, ability fik $4 nnngg:ciu, to be able to

3" 10 strokes

Ifl* t lflL *t/ *t flk

C%NG, already; -G, relationship between great-grandparents and greatgrandchildren through the male line; a family name

328 12 strokes


.$g h u M , to receive a guest

The character originally was "slope" + "white" + "water" and meant "spring" (i.e., a water-source). "Water" was corrupted into

The character was a picture of a man's head.

traditional form, willingness often being a matter of the heart, not of the head. +G'Efi xiiyu$n,heart's desire i18Eii qingyuiin,voluntarily

335-339 * BASIC CHARACTERS The old form of the "tone" rad. was a mouth blowing on a flute -a pretty good way to suggest "tone." The modem fonn has been corrupted into "stand" over "say."

titought"); accident

identical in form to the "follow" rad. (319, above) and may want to review the entry under 319 for clarification of their relation. In modern dictionaries like H, these two forms are put together as one rad. (=H65).

This is the form of tlte "claws" rad. that is used as a part of characters. (For the

said to be an object


It is supposed that this word ren and the word rsn A ''man; be human" are cognates. The "two" rad., then, is a reclarification. The "two" is often explained philosophically: "two" = "another, other," and kindness is the most important virtue toward others.

"F % zh2 kkjn, at first sight "F 4 "F % : zl1Z yciu zl~Zint?;, now it's here, now it's not (idiomatically: "now you see it, now you don't")

8 t chkjngyjn, (bookish) frank and open speech or remarks 344 8 strokes

E?

345-349

BASIC CHARACTERS The "mouth" gives the meaning; chin:: (344, above) suggests the sound. "811: cl~,inggB,to sing gvlhBcl~;in,,a chorus (group of singerr =fi118 nljichjng, to sing for a living

LIU fi sh'ingge yu4 last month

LC A sl~ingqiin r&n,to be nearly a thousand people

1% sl~ingxu& to go to school L

shingm8, to get on a horse; to start

% Q xiEsl~Bng,(artist's expression) to dr

"heart"; "head" was corrupted to "field." ,& ' k3 sixiing, thought

modem Chinese, but it is seen as a sound


The character is a picture of a small piece of

$

?lt

shdujin, small towel, face towel zl$in, paper towel

The top part of this character is the cover,

% % rna'on6ng. to use someone else's name

(353, above) gives the sound. ~FI;i-7. rna'ozi, hat, cap s'iI.tER bima'or, cap of a pen % +% rna'osh6, peak of a cap; visor

$j $fi $g r9

il:zkes

r9

355-359

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

%d/r ch6ngxin, again, anew; fresh

Tile original meaning of this character was "owl." The "grass" rad. represented the bird's "horns," the dove rad. helped furthe fix the meaning, and jiir (229, above) gave

Z$ t yiji, person belonging to a different

El ?l(r F1 Z$ rixin yud yi, to change or develop every day

--

Not in use as an independent character in


6%> cliiclii, to drink tea %% cliidiiin, refreshments

%I??

clidiui, tea party, reception

running water. This is Ute independent form

The "wine" rad. is a picture of a wine-jug; the horizontal stroke inside represents the liquid in it. Tlte student should distinguish

I % jiigui, an alcoholic, wino, lush $3I?? jiiliui, cocktail party @: $ jiiyi, mild high from drink; tipsy

365-369

-

BASIC CHARACTERS

the hand is supposed to be grabbing the ea hence the meaning "to grab." 4%4? gild& to get, to obtain

&?if zuih;io, the greatest; the best thing tc

1-0;


picture of a man with his hands tied behind his back, hence "to be in difficulty." Not in modern use as an independent character.

This is tile same word as 370, above; the character is reclarified with the "stubborn" rad. The student should distinguish jijn from n j , (372, below). In $k jjjn, the right-hand element is "stubborn;" in BP-njn, the riglithand element is "dove."

Xi& njnda'o, It couldn't be that.. .? You don't mean... ?

$k$@jijnnjn, difficult, in difficulty $h%$ niind6, rare; d i i c u l t to get; rarely

The character is a picture. J-r & shjngii, ravine

374 10 stroltes

* &*+ *

A-

375-379 * BASIC CHARACTERS This is said to be a picture of an old wamir flag -"Stop!" - from which the meanin "must not" derives.

Eorigin;llly meant "chameleon" and was picture of the chameleon. The meaning "to change" is an easy extension of "chameleon." The measng "easy" is probably by sound-loan. $ b r6ngyi, be easy

CBng (377, above) gives the sound; the "heart" rad. gives the meaning. A popular variant is h. 378 11 strokes

understand, to be intelligent." The charactc is a sound-meaning compound. C6ng (378 above) gives the sound; the "ear" rad. gives the meaning.


3 k jinsl~@ng, this life


rad. (138, above) + the "child" rad. = "filial

and drink extravagantly


fiZcombiies meanings: "pig" under "roof'

This character is a picture. The student should distinguish it froin "corpse" P (329, above). Usually printed 9 . P hiik6u. population; household 1P A $ s5n 116rEnjiZ, three housellolds

Door" gives the meaning; fig (392, above) gives the sound. h%$ ffjnddng, landlord h%5ii? fkgzi, house, building; room h%qfkgshi, sexual intercourse (between husband and wife)

395-399

BASIC CHARACTERS

35+ zhvjn, up to the present time

4 P z11ish;io. at least

d? wiizi, room B d fhgwii, l~ouses,buildings

XI1

$ k l h bj6 you LiZn-di, a place of great

& && duicl~dngMgijin, to change into American money

& A cl~dngrdn,'an adult


chgng (399, above) gives the sound in tliis j&% ftj&

cheng xii7ng8town and country Cl~Zngchcng,the Great Wall

The original meaning of this character was "to cross;" it was a picture of a man with crossed legs. The student should distinguish it from "pattern" 2 (360, above).

f i IC big y6u ycingxin, to have hidden motives or an axe to grind 4+ f i zuciycing, to have an effect on; Rll$

-


compound. The "gold" rad. gives the meaning, and fU (404, above) suggests the

,"Mandarin" language

now like "corpse" P (329, above) ' b (137, above), this character was an" beside "man" and meant , near." The meaning "nun" appears


here warns that the character may be a

wd ne, What about me?

d kd nf djyi; wool overcoat

"Door" and "axe" here are supposed to combine to give the meaning "to build a living place," whence "place." The meanings "which? what" are by sound-loan. $4Y% sudyi, therefore R 814 jiZoyisu6, stock exchange

!&$ kZcht5, passenger train; bus 7 strokes

.

:% 413 7 strokes

1

1' p

:&

4 Ql,gas, steam The character combines meanings: "water" +"breath" (vapor) = "steam." i%7k qishui, ;%$ qichs, automobile carbonated drink, soda water

-&

ax HUG, fire. PIRErad (86)(H83)

414 4 strokes

The character is a picture of flames rising. This is the independent form of "fire dots" (34, above) A$ hudchE, (railroad) train kJ-l hudshZn, volcano %k guihud, will-o'-the-wisp (literally, "ghost-fire")


$I-$ zl~duchF,(bookish) boat and car;

Zhdu (415, above) gives the meaning; 8 y5n (99, above) once gave the sound. T#i xi,ichuiII, to disembark i$& qfchujn, steamship #a& churinzl15ng,captain, master of a ship n b L 5 chuiIIshdu, the bows of a boat, prow

IR& Eizhdu, a very fast boat


The left half of "go" is "step" (30, above). Originally the right half was identical (the similarity is still clear), and the character

one time gave the sound.

4 2 5 4 2 9 * BASIC CHARACTERS

meaning compound: "suddenly" (342, above) +"heart" (mind) = "bewilderment" = the questions "how? why?' &A zgnme, how? why? 5 $I% bfizgnrne,not very

The character is a picture of one man following another. Compare 427, below.

K1%@ ccing s5n diEn zhcing, since 3:00 4:t:i.l. c6ng xigo,from childhood

The character is supposed to symbolize going around something until you return to -the-starting-point--.-rn % hufjiii, to go home T EJ xiiihuf, next time

1-16


& 7: zu6xia'. to sit down zu8cl1u8n, to travel by boat &b#&zu6EijX to travel by plane

This character originally meant "wheat" and was a picture of growing wheat. The meaning "to come" is by sound-loan. T $- xxijlili, to come down .I:&$- c6ngl;Ti, customarily (in the past) ii- & wBiIili, the fuhlre

s a cup (now "cocoon"

a , 24, above)

The "stand" rad. gives the meaning; zh8n (281, above) gives the sound. A$+& hu6cl1c?zl1&I,train station 1% qichc?zl~&I, bus station +& I% zi&~zh;Ing,stationmaster

1,

7 strokes

Z ~ Uto, walk WALK rad. (156)(H189) The character originally was a meaningmeaning compound: "man" + "foot." The modem character is somewhat corrupted. P k T dz6uie, He's left. klle z6u ba, I suggest we leave. Let's go! Let's get outta here!

435439 * BASIC CHARACTERS

character; the "walk" rad. is supposed to help with the meaning.

The "sun" rad. suggests the meaning; zhii

0' 8 dinxE (bookish) in the morning or the cvening -prctty soon -0' yidiin, in one day, pronto, right away

ziofm,breakfast

1-18

BASIC CHARACTERS 440-44.4

&& giigD, to pass away, to die

&k giit0, "the old country," one's native

This character is a

G6ng is a picture of a carpenter's square. r($ g6ngzu6, work, job &L miigrTng, carpenter 2 k g6nO&, free time Engdng, to divide the labor

This character is a picture of threads mn across a loom. Not in modem use as an independent character.

445-449 * BASIC CKARACTERS

"silk." The other meanings

The character is a picture of a net.

appears in this character without its top dot. The explanation of hu2n is very complicated and unsatisfactory. It occurs as part of characters to give the sound. Not now used as an independent character.


TlGs was one or the punishments prescribed

$&fi l~dutiiin,(on) the day after tomorrow

The character is a picture of a flask. The meaning "bean, pea" is by sound-loan.

56 454

-

-

-

3

$6 ,"fi

TOU,the head, a sufCix used to form nouns and noun-phrases; a bulb (of garlic); a measure-wordfor certain animals Ddu (453, above) suggests the sound; the 4.1 lead" rad. gives the meaning --lili 4 yi t6u nji,a cow &gf! miit6u, wood %&53 11dut6u,in back

A


&'I 4G wgnhdu, to ask after someone k4G huih8u, time required to cook

BG (231, above) gives the sound; the "one" rad. suggests that the meaning is numerical. %.~&!5ob-Z~ing,.~~e~~mmon people

"monkey," "elephant,"etc. The present


3% zhOzhjjl,, to advocate, to propose A& zlliyj, idea, plan

IY

wenzhir, to stump with a question

k 6 4 % zl~%uzl~~i, cannot stop

3t - djyi, first, the first $ Q A disi tifin,the fourth day $ 5%disfinzh8,the tllird one

.of 4 in traditional dictionaries is ' ;f (87, above); in H, the rad. is *

" * M 464 2 strokes

ncngnifin,next year b;iinifin,a hundred years; a lifetime K h , bowl. BOWL rad. (17)(H38) Ifin is a picture of a bowl.


& @ chii,ou6, to go abroad k!i

$5 chfil~llin,to sweat

$46 dEngI~du,to wait for .$ +$-% m i njfi y k g dEng, horses, cow

+& dengda'o, by the time that.. . 391- dEngwiii, be sub-standard

drawing his bow or fitting tile thimble before he draws. It occurs as a part of characters to give sometimes tile sound jut sometimes tile sound guai (or kuai).

BASIC CHARACTERS 47011.74

(lk%Jkuifidfio, sharp knife jx'tk Eikuifi, be very fast; be very sharp 'kkA kuifidih, "Faster, please."

Ek miinzciu, Watch your step! "Take care of yourself!" (said to a departing

The character originally was a picture of +%-I% r h r h , (bookish) slowly, little by


the "sheep" rad. (see 115, above). The form h e x is used as a part of characters and does not occur as an independent character.

& k zhjohud, to catch fire

i?+wgnjiin, documents, papers

-The rad:is-now-the "say~rad~(82;above). Q d4 chkgqii, to sing a song 4$ rib zudqii, to compose (music)

te of a vessel (the "flask" rdc rs. The flowers have been


two "hands"

+ "to lower."

+-? IibZ, to worship; week

ombines meanings: "to join"


& bdsdng, (by guest) Don't bother seeing me off; (by host) Excuse me

The character is a pichlre of a monkey. Not in modem use as an independent character.


and the original meaning was "scorpion." It is used to mean "ten thousand" by sound

Learn to distinguish the "bureaucrat" rad. from "using, taking" & (406, above) and from "chief, large, great" E (496, below).

& % ya'ojin, be important

iE%fVi zh6ng ci1Ti33,in the midst of eating iE& zhSngzG, in the midst of iEb zhsngzhi, honest


rad. 3 (117, above) in some dictionaries, but in H. under the "lid" rad. (37, above). Logically, to classify it under 3 works better; but formally, under "lid." -$"&bhy2, midnight

Jii was traditionally classified under the "work" rad. (443, above), distorted. E i* supposed to have been a picture of "a large carpenter's square, with handle." In moder~ dictionaries, the rad. is "basket" or "box"

&, the internal stroke is the "one" rad. (a


+ "heart" at the

CHAI, to send; to commission; official 2 % 3 chibuduQ almost the same X I chiibie, diierence & @ chZshi, work, job, official assignment

RFI P1

kZmSn, to open the door kZchi7,to drive a car 7kM ' 3 si~uikZle,The water's boiling.

BB

505-509

BASIC CHARACTERS

or other thread in this process, and g u b (504, above) gives the sound. Not in mode use as an independent character.

5%-ai

S&

-

d i h y i k s , 3:15

#. %$Jzl~iiobuzl~io, -A-3 -- - -T-can't find d zhiiodao to f i n d - - --- -A+ zl~iiosl~i, to go job-hunting; to pick ;

1-32

BASIC CHARACTERS 5 10-5 14

The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; b;Jo (509, above) suggests the sound.

The top part is supposed to show the bone in

This character is the "bone" rad. minus its lower part, the "meat" rad.

The "mouth" rad. gives the meaning in this character; gua' (512, above) gives the sound. This character occurs in a number of characters to give the sounds guo or huo.


lling through below it "cull" (517, below) a "tree" $. (65 and 64,

dictionaries under the "sW rad. (516, above). The "claws" are supposed to represent a hand picking fruit from a tree,

diiinc;ii, to order dishes (in a -i&-%

yfd2o c5;a course (of amea1)-c;iidi, plot of vegetables

di&, (dialect) a tiny bi


The character is "knife" with an additional stroke to call attention to the blade. %J 37 dioren, knife-blade; crucial point

The "heart" rad. gives the meaning; rZn (522, above) gives the sound. ,% & rBnsh6u, to endure, to "stand" rBnxin, hard-hearted enough (to do such-and-such a deed) ,% %@ rBnbuzhii, unable to bear 3%

525-529

BASIC CHARACTERS

gives the meaning; the rest of the characte shi(224, above), once gave the sound. In

k4 dizi, background, origin, foundatior k 7; d 2 2 , underneath, below If-kniiindi, year's end


'

$& f

The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; the rest of the character once gave the sound. &% lfiguci,to go past b& ~ 6 ~ 1to0walk , && szfi,train of thought

,, 7

530 13 strokes

LO,road,kind, sort; family name

'0

8 .$

.$&

i pf-

fi,sick SICK md. (104)(H127) The character represents a man stretched out on his bed, whence "be sick." Compare the "bed" rad. (849, below). Niis not in modem use as an independent character.

531 5 strokes

h 532 4 strokes

N&, inside NEj is a picture of a man entering a space . marked off by the "borders" rad. (The

traditional rad. is "enter," not "man.")

hjh h neidi, interior (of a country) ifl X. h s& ti& ncj, within three days 2

--1

fi**

h A n E n , my wife (old-fashioned, sexist)

B&G, fish W, the third ''heavenly stem" Bing looks like a picture of a fish tail. h% bingding, the third in a series; thiid category

533 5 strokes I 9

% I0ke:s::

B ~ Gsickness, , sick The character combines the "sick" rad. for meaning with birg (533, above) for sound. & Y84 k&bing, to see a doctor; to exa,ne a patient ?kY84 shsngbing, to get sick, to come down with a disease

=-7-

6& 6

535-539

BASIC CHARACTERS

-%IS yiEng xin, a letter IS% xifing, envelope

The character has "cloth" for meaning, b;ir (231, above) for sound. Not in modem use as an independent character.

-$?A yi b&g rgn, a group, a band, a


o7i. dztiiu, to take the lead, to set an

The student will note that the "dog" rad. = "big" + "dot." Care should be taken to distinguish "dog" from "big" k (50, above) and from k "extremely" (74, above).

ng is a picture of a scale in balance.

4 $; pfngchiing, ordinary 4 + pingd6ng, equal 4%pjngyuiin, a plain (flatland)

545-549

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

T $ cFngd;Ing,ding-dong

finished+donef~r'~--------

--

BASIC CHAFtACTERS * 550-554 Bi;in is supposed to combine meanings. The "bitter" rad. repeated = "bitter against bitter:" "to recriminate, to wrangle, to dispute." In modem times, reclarified

Bi& (550, above) suggests the sound; the #+fQb h g6ng, to work (in an office), to

1%1!Bngiu6, t sense of hearing

he original meaning of this character was "meat dried in the sun; to age," and the top part of the old character was a picture of meat. The sun can still be found in the modem character. The meaning "ancient" derives from the earLier meaning "to age."

45% cu6ju6, illusion, wrong impression 4%$ cudzi, incorrectly written character;


form the "gown" rad. (109, above). The rest of hug is supposed to represent something hidden in the clothes or hugged against the

,I?.

Eiyli,flying fish

ral yCw;ing, fishnet

pposed to be a picture of thus suggests "go on ant

7ktfi yingshzng, (religious term) eternal


Compare 442, above, which is another form of this rad. (For the independent form, see p.245b.) This form occurs only as a part of

Yiingcombines y3ng (475, above) for sound with "eternal" for meaning. In modem use, reclarified with the "water-dots" %L.

S$$-zl~Eyiing,in this way; so; like this

-4%,6. yyi tiZo yii, a fish

C+%biiintiZo, brief note 4l%.i+

h

4 564 2 strokes

tiZojiirin, terms, conditions

Note the similarity between the "ice" rad. and the "three-dots-water" form of the "water" rad. The "ice" rad. has two dots instead of three. Often printed : .

565-569

BASIC CHARACTERS

;k& cfyio, second most important L;k sh ci, three times %?;k shduci, the first time

thcrc are two similar objects side by side, as

scrabbling with their hands X, hurrying to catch heaven's times and seasons and

.


E5 I% xinSn, southwest I% +% nSnji, South Pole I% Nhjing, Nanjing (the city)

*

3b % 3kjb &jb jb*

b6ifang. the North chEngb6i, north of the city ddngbei, northeast BEijing, Beijing, Peking

& A 7 xiSngzudle, to think incorrectly zudshdu, left hand

zudy6u, approximately

f 4 y6uB right ear & . . . f... zud ...y 6u..., to do something repeatedly over and over, e.g. X f &, zud siyciu xiSng, keep on thinking about it

fi#i xuewt?i,(Chinese medicine) acupuncture point


The "tooth" rad. is a picture. PS 4 mgn~ri,incisor K 4 quihyri, canine tooth; dog's fang 8~7 y;ikdu, the age of an animal according to the appearance of its teeth; the condition of an old person's teeth

!?& chuZndrii, clotiling, apparel !?% chuihzhuci, ! i clothing, apparel

"gown" rad. h (109, above) has been conupted into I. "earth". Yuih is,

-nevertheless;classified-in-~aditional-

-


The "bowl" rad. in this character used to be

The top parts, "lid" + "cruel," have been conupted from the original picture. In modem usage, this character is only seen as

fib W lijjiin, to cause a riff between fib* 1fgK strange, weird filrl~]1fij6, bid farewell to, to part from (intending to be gone for some time)

simply to reinforce the idea of getting

585-589

BASIC CHARACTERS

&4k suishli, (person's) age

X A shcrnu, number, amount X Q shicuut', mathematics

wash your hands of something; (of a criminal), to go straight kt& xili, baptism; (figurntively, as in English) a severe test

148


;I;(2

bGd&, not only ddjoyuh, if only; 1 wish that

KUJ to work in the fields The character appears to combine meanings: "right hand" + "earth" = "to work in the fields." In modem Chinese, it is only seen as

+I'55 q@urii, peculiar, weird $4 *I&4bbi6guZ tii, Don't blame him 1f55&guriillui, cynical remark; complaint 'I&%%guriibudc, no wonder; so that's the reason; don't blame.. .

' &k 593 12 strokes

4

4- #

&

@ @

j

t, +

++ 594 4 strokes

RAN, right; so, like this

f

This character originally meant "to mast," and it combined meanings: "meat" (slightly deformed) + "dog" + "fire." "So, like this," comes by sound-loan. ?&%it rfinhdu, afterward *B bjrfin, certainly

\\\

WfT, noon; the seventh "earthly branch" The character once meant "to knock against" and was a picture of a batteringram. Compare the "shield" rad. (87, above). All other meanings are by sound-loan. T? xiiwii, afternoon ir? zh+ngwii, high noon q I@ wiishuj, "nooner," nap, siesta; to take a mid-day nap

595-599

BASIC CHARACTERS

3 T xtIk.5, to permit; permission 8 xtIdu6, veery many; many things <+AxtIyu;in, to make a vow (to a god); to

+

T* xiiikd, Class dismissed. C& kEb.511, textbook -i%nifLk?shi;class hour-

4k shishang, in this world, on earth

1-50


*A jisrli, to intervene, get involved

fiT jiszi, meson (term from physics: particle of intermediate mass, between baryons -ifi-T[zhsngzi, "heavy ones"] and leptons I?[qingzi, "light ones" -see 1051 for $E "be light"])

nal borders, boundaries

%%/%I hriiguh, customshouse; Customs ih? % Djz/idng/irii, Mediterranean L%% Shringlirii, Shangl~ai

414? blifen, portion, part $1'

[I?

blimgn, section, department

iing ht?, the Yellow River


605 17 strokes

1 $& 1 .&e1 [email protected]

m,to comect;continuously; including; company (military); even; family name

&& liZnzhe, continuous, continuously & ft liZnzhZng, company comm-ander liZnmZng, right away, promptly

1 :

ZHi, just, only 19 $? zhidi, can do nothing but 9, !if zhih2'0, can do nothing but 9, $f zhjyiju, can do nothing but 7% h-sE, but; only

5 strokes

$FBI tgbii, special; especially

Eris a picture of a beard. Distinguish it from "face" 6 (610, below). 5 irqiE, and moreover fi rZn'ir, but, yet, however

BASIC CHARACTERS 610614

6 -f m'&zi,face, social standing; width

by

*

(656, below); but in mainland Chinese

Note that this character is now commonly seen as tl~eshort form of 872, below.

h& cl~irqii,in addition to; to remove I t 2' ...r;A 9b chir le.. .yiw;ii,in addition to I'k3 c11limI; (on) New Year's Eve

615619 * BASIC CHARACTERS

S

jiiingshiin, rivers and mountains; landscape; (by metonymy) nation

One authority explains: ''The sun 9 as it

9%zhEngqfj, to work hard for

I?&

jingzh6ngnet weight

BASIC C W C T E R S * 620-624

$41hiishu5, to tallc nonsense; "Nonsense!" "Bunkum!"

$A & hfil&i,not know what you are doing, "to mess around"

$#& sh;ingchuZn,merchant ship i& zf$ jink6usl1;ing~importer shiinghui, chamber of commerce

fE Huimh, the Muslim people of China


-

20 strokes

D ~ Gassociation; , political party; family name I R :& Gu6rmkding, Chinese Nationalist Pnrty, Kuomintang & A :& Mkzhtlding, Democratic Party A$? rcding, join or be admitted to a political party (or to the Party) :g r)K dangblo, party newspaper &

,g.

@

x

CKKN,to produce, product; property h d chiich&, to produce; production output

&& $ G6ngchinding, Communist Party b % chinyd, propertyTEal estate)

zW,to behead; to cut to pieces The character is explained as "a chariot wit! axes in it." $t-tfzhSnsl~du,to behead

a zcInqi.5, zl1inqi6,for a short time 1

I

/

I

temporary

;@1T Huiiil~E,the Huai River


As to the short form of $, see also p. 261a. zhiinshi, on time 71tq shiiizhin, standard, level q8 zhiinbrio, for sure

The student should distinguish this character from "slow" and "follow" (337 and 319,

7%kydngjili, eternally, permanently & A chhgjiii, be long (in time)

rad. k (195, above) -faced away from each other, that is, back to back. Hence the idea "back." Not seen now as an independent character.

sound-loan. Not now used as an independent

8$;& tingjiiing, to attend a lecture Sk Vl ji;ingmfng,to explain, to clarify

@ 6 zh6ngm$ stud

above) -but

in traditional dictionaries as i


$

zizhu&, autobiograplly

traditional form, presumably twice "reclarified," has two more bugs: &: (see

When the use of

3- would create an


a,table. TABLE md. (16)(H30)

1

2 strokes

/

/

I

c i s a picture of a table. The student should distinguish it from "legs" IL and from "ma with amputated foot" IL (57 and 58, above Reading pronunciation jf. Nowadays, jiis most likely to be encountered as the short form for % "bow many" (419, above). %R chiji, tea table

D& chip. CHIP rad. (78)

646 5 strokes (4 strokes)

I I I

The character is supposed to be a picture of bone chips. The student sllould distinguish from the "dusk" rad. 3 (1 17, above). This for111oC "chip" occurs only as a part or characters. (Its independent form is 727, below).

m G ,bright; to show %jf8 lijngxiing, (Beijing opera) strike a

pose; state your views 2%7 ti& lia'ng 1e. It's already daylight. flA ?% mi7glijng, well-lit; bright and shining; become clear

ZHAN, to occupy, to constitute

This character is often written k in moder~ texts B 3 & zhjn du6shii. to constitute a majority -!&-3!??$=iiii, iakZ&i1Gd=&idTf I&;fi z11iny6u, to own; to occupy B 1'2$ zhjn pijnyi, to take unfair advantage; advantageous

m,military, army; army corps 7 A jiinrgn, soldier g $ j-unguEn, military officer 7 & jiinzhing, corps commander 7 $ jii,shi, military affairs 7 jiinrcSng, military discipline and bearing

4


S4F yonxing, to move, to be in motion

$ yudjid, to encroach

A# yudfii, more than before 7%

yud I j i yui.. ., to become more and

4kX g&y& to dare to

F%

bing bu, actually not; certainly not F R bingqig, moreover F M bingxfng, to implement (two tlungs) at the same time *&hgbing, to merge

om the "leeks" rad. Ak


&a$zrio qichb to manufacture cars &d d o f h ,to rebel & $ zrioiii,to make love

Now often written 7 . yiishi, thereupon X-k yii r r b the way I see it ..., with reference to me 8 & ducSyii, Inore than

distinguished from ciUthorn" ?i (p. 261a). 3.3. sl1irsl16u,"to have your hands tied,"

t a shave and a haircut


%$ifgucishir, fruit tree $3f& shlizlu; tree branch

Al

shlai, to set up, establish

$3fH. sl~irlin,a grove, woods


This form of the "grass" rad. is composed two "sprout" rads. (465, above), side by side, to suggest "grass" sprouting up. Tile student has learned another form of "grass (192, above). The form here is the independent form. The commonly used : 992 below. form, however, is

ell& bi;inIi;in, ' suddenly become hostile

foot in two successive positions to suggest motion. In the modem form, one of these -feetisconupted into-"few:"9 4T bcxfng, go on foot 9 -3- bczi, pace, step


"tiger-pig, a pig fierce as a tiger." Thus: "wild boar." Not in modem use as an independent character.

Xi (670, above) gives the sound; "hand" gives tbe meaning "to take in the hand." Other meanings are derivative. O-iji jiishuci, People say.. . B 1L zhiinjii, to occupy (by force)

= "to blaze." As a part of characters, this character usually indicates the sound dan or

(672) here bas the sound value tan. & tznhuii, toi talk; statement tj,xih, have a heart-to-heart talk; heart-to-heart talk $k41 thdiio, to talk about

674 I 1 strokes

:,)< (

:,):

d A

675-679

BASIC CHARACTERS

The "earth" lad. at the bottom gives the meaning; the sound is suggested by the rest of the character, which has been corrupted from liD (149, above). Not in modem use a an independent character.

k? wjnzi, pill, small ball ,@. 9~ yiiwjn, fish-ball (food)

Distinguish $1; (1042, below) -compare tile upper left-hand comers.


X

ht?ishi, black market

Tii L siu'rcing, the look of a city

Na'o combines meanings: "to fight in the mar1

1% E yintik, be overcast iifIt& sl~dyin,shade of a tree

l'24B yinbd, private parts

This character originally meant "south s l o ~ of a hill" or "north side of a riverbank", i.e the side that gets the sun (cp. 687, below). The student should distinguish this charact from yiUtochange; be easy" % (376, above). In modem use, replaced by 687,

6 kk

kfi

m&n&ihiihii,be careless, be

hExuE, tiger's lair


"child" rad. -3- (18, above) and the "spear" rad. % (840, below). -7- 6 yOyI, to grant, give

The "head" rad. here suggests the meaning

33 % yOsu211,to make advance plans

6 6 bGim&to saddle a horse

695-699 * BASIC CHARACTERS The "crisscross" rad. is supposed to show the loose mesh of a cloth; the "cloth" rad. ir there to help develop this meaning. The meaning "hope" (the most common moden use of tlus character) is by sound-loan.

Ji

$ ixiwing,

hope, to hope for mjngwi?ng, prestige jEi Ji kinwing, to pay a visit to, call on

?LA hdngrGn, favorite of an important

8kL~liSnhGng, to blush; get red-faced with anger or other excitement

4Ehr qinqic, closely related to

hr 9

qiGshGn, personal; of importance to a - -- - --

hr+

qichhti, to suit, to go well with

dGshCxuE, algebra giidiii, ancient times

1-70


The "gown" rad. gives the meaning in this character; d Z (699, above) gives the sound. 0 $? k6udZ, bag, pocket &!& mddZ, gunny sack !& sl1uid5i,sleeping bag

QiS is explained: "to stand" + "woman" = a woman who stands when her husband or wives of superior status are present; theiefore, "concubine." This explanation, historically not accurate, cnn help you remember the character in any case.

@ jiBzl~e,to catch; to follow closely

$7 jiBt6u, to connect; (colloquial) to contact (somebody); lcnow about $&$fi % jiBt6ur, joint, junction $&% jiBsl~du,to accept

If "man" + "ladle" suggests "alchemy" to you, you can use that as a mnemonic for huii. "Alchemy" = "to transmute, to

46 $ hujuu6, chemistry ~ & 4 6gBngySI~uii,to industrialize

&; b hu;7sl1Bng,peanut --$-$&

yjs11B huii, a bunch of flowers

%kj&f&~gIluii,to set off fireworlts

705-709

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

part is an old meaning-meaning compound itself; a musical instrument + "club" = "to strike the musical instrument with a stick," "to make sounds."

-liiDi6relass (~esulLingGo~~i-a -classification); category

#$-+ xiiixui, to drop out (of school) xiiyi, to close a business (for a holiday or vacation)


,b is supposed to combine "nose" + "heart" to suggest "to breathe." (The significance of

SHI,form, fashion, model, style 4 & xinshi, new style $$% sl1iyZng. style, type

The "flaslc" used to be a pedestal; the "baclcto-back" showed two feet that had climbed

The "fie" rad. gives the meaning here; deng (712, above) gives the sound. ,lag d8ndEng. to light a lamp %k@ husddng, colored lantern

(653, above) + "sun" to suggest "all tlte places the sun shines:" "universal, general."

7 15-7 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS

meant "a big bell" and was a a hook at the top by which the hung. "Ten pecks" is by

f 4 pdtting, be universal; be widespread or common I;"%<% PPiitdngI~uJ,"Mandarin" Chinese 4 8 tdngud, to go through; to pass in a parliamentary meeting 4 &ttjngzhT, ~ Lo infonn; a notice

falling under the rain. !2 diindEng, electric light '@% diiinhuJ, telephone '@ $ dijnqi, i, electricity

llkh shdurir, income; to earn JIL& shducl16ng.harvest -1lk-L-shdugdnms;to-knockoffworl~

cl~PiintiZn,springtime

*&qingchiin, youth

&-& chiinyi, the feeling of early spring; thoughts of love


divination. (Read the note in 118, above). ILjfi zl~a'otou,omen 7%Ib yirzl~a'o,signs of tl~etimes & dL jizha'o, a good omen

The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; zhio (720, above) is supposed to give the sound. 9189 tia'oyujn, broad jump 91&%Ttia'ol~Eng,to skip a line; to change *sWk ~ l t i a ' oheart , palpitations

$&Asl~%En,to commit murder

Cl~ir,c11Cis composed of the "slow" rad. + the "table" rad. Originally "slow" was a picture of a man, and "table" was a small stool. "Man" + "stool" is a good way to


The dictionaries say that fh (682, above) gives the sound; the "bug" gives the

rad. you have already learned (646, above). The form here may occur as an independent

corrupted from an earlier "man" rad., and "man" + "bone chips" is supposed to suggest death- -

&

1-76

chiiti, to set questions (for an exam)


Alternate form: %. i%
& ljij Mgiyuh, American currency

iE giiizl~dng,to correct (as, an error)

735-739

BASIC CHARACTERS

D originally meant "veins in jade" and was a sound-meaning compound. dGoli, reason, logical basis; doctrine lixi2ng, ideal, be ideal

"Water" gives the meaning; qing (198, above) gives Ule sound.

3% yi qing h cl~ii,be very clear f$3% chiichii,be clear; be neat

-$is:-=

The "word" cad. gives the meaning; ji(273, above) gives the sound. ---

.-,----

;L~E jizl~ii,to fix itl'ieXiTd---"-

from studying abroad


The meaning "to summon" comes by combining "mouth" for meaning wit11 dZo (102, above) for sound.

The "sillc" rad. suggests the meaning; zliiio, sl~iio(740, above) gives the sound. ./P% jjGsli&, to introduce

For the basic meaning, "pipe," the "bamboo" rad. gives the meaning; gujn (407, above) gives the sound. Other meanings are by sound-loan. $ E gujnli, to manage

character; gujn (193, above) suggests the it%%

qukgiio, to urge

i@~% quiinsliu6,to advise

a&

kqujn, be safe; safety

-

4?f$ k q u j n diyc Safety first! %% kdfng,be secure, be steady

745-749 * BASIC CKARACTERS

An (744, above) suggests the sound; the "tree" rad. suggests "table." Bf L "f- bin iinzi, to ltandle a legal case %$ Ang'iin, plan, program L4+ jnjjiin, law case


le top part is a slightly abbreviated "tall" d. (75, above), which, as the student will member, is a picture of a tower. Ding 19, above) gives the sound. =f tingzi, kiosk, pavilion

<-$h dngzhi, to stop (doing something) @$ tingchb to park .I-$ R dnghu6, cease-fire

:BI-$ zhziinting, zziinting, to suspend; (sports)

In the case of du6, the "meat" rad. gives the the sound. In modem times, only read sui (for t l ~ edynasty or tile family name).

755-759

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

l&uQ suTslu; at any time I&ii suijw;in, attachi

(166, above) suggests the sound.


The student has learned the independent form of the "seal" rad. already (84, above). The form here only occurs as a part of characters. Distinguish "seal" kom "self' I,"already" '5, and si €5(273-275,

The character is explained as "a man at the top of a cliff, looking down at something that has fallen off."

k wBixiiln, be dangerous, danger &% xiilnxi.5, nearly, almost

A&

liiinxiiln, natural barrier (e.g., a

A$

hdusl~f,be thick ilduda'o, be generous A& hduyj, kindness, thoughtfulness Rnkk hduliilnpf, "have thick skin on your face," i.e., be brazen

&iE

of "oppose, be discordant." It is counted here as 6 strokes, but is often actually

765-769

BASIC CHARACTERS

R can mean "early" in the sense "early in the day" or "early in the year." One modem scholar (Guo Moruo) thinks it is a picture of a stone tool used in ancient times to break the soil for cultivation.

IY-jiiiw,$n, to investigate in detail, to try-a


ffj & jijnzhr; simply, frankly ffj % jijnxi6, write a character in simplified form; write a simplified version (as of a book) for beginners

ffj % jikdjn, be simple Kj %? kZ dtkzi, to make a list

memorize, to recite; B&, to cany on the

+% shdubZi, back of the hand -% $3 bdihio, knapsack

-% % bEijing, background % % jingxjjng, scene, sight Ending, scenery, landscape

775-779

BASIC CHARACTERS

Fl % tdngyhg, all the same, neverti~eless $IFl hhtdng, lane, alley (note pronunciation of Fl )

8 t 25 jiigui, result; The outcome was.. .


&k4@ lihiin, to divorce 4@42 liiinli, weddirtg, marriage ceremony

d l -L yiimiio, feather

i$' 7% );I-& scitool exercise, academic problem "fFi$' yjnxi, to study, to do research in

cllEngdiio, to praise


$?I% phgcng, to audit (a course)

i&JI inyuE, by the month i&EjnD; Logically.. . iPtl+ insh&be on time

f % R a Zh6nghuC Minguci, The Republic of Cluna

% l k Huzi bgi, North China

no h i t , to make a big and produce nothing


sound; or *t!k and 9 stand for cognate

3~-FdZzi,stupid person, fool; enthusiast

& %-? shfi djizi,"bookworm" &X- Ed%, to stare like a fool, be in a daze %& i.& d;Ti zjijjiilL to stay at home

where (he/she/it/they) went


1% guiquiin, reprimand CE guidfng, to make a regulation &+fL xjiiogui, schooI regulations

$.k& sh8hui. society

$.k2 sllEjj50, social relations

years (is., time creeps by)

I

799 5 strokes

I I 1 1


$++ nu'ngling, order, command su&nu'ng, to tell a person's fortune

a$+

zl1Ozl16ng, to emphasize guhzi~ir,to pay sharp attention to +$A xixi;iO, to get down a bet ?kf? zhiyj, to pay attention to

m&

dBil zl~rinkZ,to open out b h zl~;inchii,to unfold, open out

$15:

10 strokes

-

/

'

j

"3 12 strokes

$

***

fl@ ---%

huiizl~in,a show (of paintings)

fifor, in place of, to substitute o'gdng, susbtitute workman dZti, to represent; representing.. . (is.. in place of ...) %k% % tisgui, scapegoat LishZn, substitute; scapegoat

Zil; ancestor; family name 45.X zirfu, ancestor

$ 9 strolces

$1

$n

zligu6, fatherland zichurin, be handed down fiom one's ancestors


&)I&

ditiliiin, "to lose face" & A diiir&n,"to lose face"


seal was a symbol; the left half of the The two halves combine to give the

ik& hu&yin,q to welcome 4%yfngjit?, to receive or welcome

an object (the "down" rad.). In traditional eld" rad.; in H, it is itself a rad.

i~bdsl16njin.g~nerve, nerves ;iJlb&sh6njTngbTngsdisease of the nervous system; mental disorder

1

ZK~NG,government; political; administration &I%$ zl~i?ngti, system of government && zl~dngjii?, government circles &$ zhi?ngkd,politician (pejorative)

gk;3$ 9 strokes

8 15-8 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS

.l+?-$ fiqing, to clear, to pay off (an

/Trk firsl~lng,(your) residence (polite

$f A giirtn, merchant


I

%$U&

yinying, shadow, shade yJngsh6, to counterfeit

The character seems to show the "knight" rad. canying some object (Ule "left" rad.) thrown over his shoulder. Originally the character was a picture of U1e standard canying pole wit11 an object fixed to each

4%rdn~ni;in,hiring and firing IEQ rdnming, appointment; nomination

825-829

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

Originally xihad "sillc" + "head" = "hair;" therefore, "fine." Head was corrupted. *?@ xij,gxi, be in detail

Tcti: kgx; unfortunately; Alas!

i?$F

fmggEn, square root

classified in dictionaries under "mouth" (33

st a variant of shf(828,


k4k da'sh&ambassador

.Itili: wdiju6, sense of taste . $ p &

qqiwdi, smell, flavor

04%wdida'o, flavor wZnwdi, to think over, to ponder

iBL& 1u2nzh5nn, he a good imitation (of a

painting or sculpture)

The character is a picture of a stream dividing, from which comes the meaning "to branch off." The character 834, below, is now usually used in this sense.

.

T& k f p

9 strokes

9

P&, to branch off; to appoint; school or sect; to levy; to distribute 9 ;f~dkgpji, political party 1& 4 pjichiisuci, precinct house

:. pjitciu, L@ .n&qjpji, manner, style, manner style


Dh # zhirsl~du,assistant

17% zhqjiijo, teaching assistant Dh$! zlilili, assistant

%@ sliZ;w'hg,to imagine; to take into account, have consideration for; rough plan, preliminary idea

2k FA fiyuiin, court of law Gf FA yiyusn, hospital

ilRX ffcdng, to obey


student should learn to distinguish the

+ $ w~ iibf,without fail

)L+$fdwii,to serve, service 9b+k wwjiwii,foreign affairs %+k yZwii,business, professional work

hO& ndxing,be servile, servile disposition

845-849

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

?$ kSobSj, chair back

*

ish it from the "slice" rad. or Bed" is now written ed chuiing (p. 250a); qjiing is ependently only as the


The old form had "grass-sun-grass:" the sun in the grass; therefore, "evening, late." The bottom "grass" was corrupted into "big." "Don't" and "no one" are by sound-Ioan. For "evening," mu gets reclarified with


Hujn undoubtedly was a picture of the animal to wluch it refers. Not in modern use as an independent character.

?CL@ kujnhdu, be generous ?CLgku&r(jng, to tolerate


kI'% % tiiyhgxf, the solar system % 4k xisl~li,coefficient

% & xi;inzl~ing,magistrate of a xian

!'%&& xxijncl~dng,county seat

&?f

gEngsl~d,commune

&I% gEngsl~& minister (diplomatic)

difficult? What's the problem?

% tieding, to decide definitely

&il' s11lciu wUL clin tie, be completely unarmed; be defenceless


expression (= a common


K-ft- y6uqi, especially -ft-;k qfcj,next in order; second &4& qftE,other (also written -ft-'2when it means "otl~erthing" for '2, see p.

$9Pi? yixiin, spare time, leisure


" at top and bottom,

know yourself and know your enemy

k* jc,R jL?$

ylinsli, to permit, perinission yiinc6ng, to assent ydnd;ir~g,he suitable, satisfactory

The student should distinguish this character from k h g "he high" % (952, below). %& chBnD&n, be adequate %JK ch6ngzii. be sufficient

-


- tcingyi, to unify, unity

promote; to propel

AkT tuizi, barber's clippers

885-889

BASIC CHARACTERS

things; pertain to topography, be

-4& yjsl~gngmi,quarl of rice -H-+ shdn,goping,be peacefill, peace


an ascend-and-descend machine)

Ri"sunW Q is for meaning, zhio B (740,

<&A?, htizl180, passport F.<$' zhiochZng, as usual

',fi...&h.. hd6r...,h66r...,doone thing one minute and another thing the next minute (e.g., & t f i R&tfi K hd Er kd hfi Er xiio, to weep one minute and laugh the next)

kuriild, be happy; happiness

895-899

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

(for "pure") + "water" = "spring." &dc qujnshui, spnng water -Lf& g i n qu;in, sweet spring water RdL Hu;ing Quh, "The Yellow Springs" (land of the dead)

'@ 3fi dijnhu$jfi, telephone office j6shi;situation

-&%h-


e" rad. gives the idea "be empty;" 3, above) suggests the sound.

COLOR rad. (139) A%' & qis4 complexion 45.$3 hiosti, be lustf~11 Ilk & liZns6, complexion; facial expression d% & chiinsti, spring scenery

The character is supposed to show a tree in a box, whence "difficulty."

% R b~im;in, be dissatisfied

R E rnanzii, to satisfy R & nliinyi, be satisfied

he character is a picture of an animal's horn. Now usually written fi . &ffi zllijii;io, right angle


@+kjiiTju.5, to solve; to kill; solution 7 & fiZoji6, to understand (i$& jiEfZng, to liberate

:R@+

A+

jiiTngji6, to explain

rEnshizi, personnel department

$R& zizh;ing, section chief

3 ' 6 zziih,t o consolidate; (mathematical) combinations

t&,L.ir zhirnZoyL knit a swe $:ti& zhizdo, weaving

suggest the meaning of this character. The top part -now "left-one-sun" -once was -a-characterthatgavethe-sound~In-usenow as the short form for 909, below.

This is the same word as 908, above. The character is reclarified with the "step" rad. Distinguish from 91 1, below.


%@ fuzB, be complex @% z;ihuci, sundries C LL z;ilu;in, be mixed up, be in disorder

$& zidiin, dictionary of characters && diingii, classical allusion; historical

R46 diinfm, model, example

& ?& cl~Idiin,to check a list of goods & %f cl~iidui,to verify


I'kZ xi;indiig, to set a limit IrkP si;inli;ing, limit; to estimate 4 I'k y6uxi;in, be limited; "Ltd." $3 Irk wLxi;in, be infinite, unlimited

(in writing); DI in some compounds (as I% dZhg, to defend against (I%:p. 263a) I?%ti'&, to move (in a meeting); proposal

d%& -$chlT, bring up; to withdrew money

RI

ciqiSn, to move up (the date of an

another nation)

kg CX

ddngzhT,winter solstice dBngc;ii, preserved, dried cabbage


;'a

lBngi1~6,unsalable goods

The character is a picture. The student should be careful to distinguish "dish" from the "blood" rad. (922, below), from "net" W (637, above), and from "eye," w (132,

at people] don't see the

This character is a picture of a man in an enclosure, whence "prisoner." The student should compare Q to the bottom part of hB "what?" (387, above) and note that they

cltaracter is explained: "to feed a prisoner to be kind." Usually written 8 .Not in modem use as an independent character.

925-929

BASIC CHARACTERS

& wsndi, temperature # wdnxi, review, study

g5.i w?i, It's my hlm!

BP. # zha'opiin,photograph % lZ # mingxinp~iin,postcard

as in "movie star," etc

2%


$4

qiink, to expire

.lk 2 qiwiing, to look forward to

Note that the right side of tlus character is not the "club" rad. (183, above). JiJis classified in traditional dictionaries under the "right hand" rad. X.In modem use, this jiJ11as been replaced by 932, below.

This is 931, above, reclarified with the

IK& jiJyf, with false intent &lE f&~gjiS,to have a vacation IE'n4 jiriyri, false tooth, denture

&-%yiqi, rather than &ilk&*

yii shi wG zhEng, to get out of the "rat race," not to "fight the world"

$gh jidGng, behavior $%T jixing, to hold (e.g., a meeting) mfng yud, dit6u sigli xiiing, (I) raise (my) head and look at the bright moon, Lower (my) head and


words and conceive the meaning; i.e., t;lke a text too literally #-*A .%sl12huizhiiyi, , socialism

$I~%'J

bdidcing, be passive

%jfll

fili, compound interest

$11 fl liycing, to make use of -f;jFll

jni,be lucky, be auspicious

crjnzii, to exist, existence

with one of the Earthly Branches and with years in the duodecunal cycle

BASIC CHAIZACTERS 940-944

I'lr+b] xijnzhi, to limit, restrict $: $11 zl~uiinzlli,be despotic

kaogir, to do archaeological research

945-949

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

&% c&kBo, to consult, to consider & j i ~ caguzin, to sightsee at

-reclarified-it-witha-ttbug,land.tl~en,-late~o~ another reclarified it wid1 another bug, so the traditional form became %.

dependent territories; qualities, attributes

BASIC C W C T E R S * 950-954

This is a form of -f used in accounting (to minimize the possibility of enor or fraud). .l$-Jl% shiqii, to pick up, collect

from yfin "to consent; sincere" k (878, above) and from c11Gng"fi up" 5 (879,

tf2 hhgk6ng, aviation; air-, aerial 9 4 - T hhgxing, to sail, to fly, to navigate At%?. hh,.xijn, shipping route, flight route

$k%Tldxing, to take a hip, to travel

M - k Iiizh8nggbrigade commander


,~.*tri-7- jfxingzi, to be an impatient type; a

In the senses "to spread, to announce," the character 4$ is often used (see p. 265b).


"8& lluiinq( to incite, to stir up "I"& jia'ol~uiin,to cry out, to shout

485k huiinqiin, to change money Tk48 gZl~uiin,to change 484% huiinqii, to get something by exchange, to barter for something

48 6 @?A hua'n jir hua' sl1u4 in other words

x'EgEn, heel of a shoe

965-969

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

In yiin we see the "pattern" rad., the "slope' rad., and the "streaks" rad. The relevance 01 "pattern" and "streaks" to "decoration" is lope." Not in modem use independently.

G yinmiin, face; prestige, respect

kQ !k

yiinds,pipe (for tobacco) @I% yiinguui,opium addict; nicotine fiend kQ k yiinhui, fireworks %-Jill xiiingyiin,cigarette; smoke from

BASIC CHARACTERS 970-974 In China, rent traditionally was land rent and was paid in grain, hence the "grain" rad. in

ifa&

zijin, amount of rent, rental

%% sBya'o,to need, need

~,%' %4i

bixi, be essential, be indispensable xiqid, to require, to demand

"Canton") Province

&& gujn,gGo, advertisement

f i k guringda',be big, numerous, extensive

Ib4t zhjqih, be worth some money, be

975-979

BASIC CHARACTERS

look at surreptitiously

?&M t6uxiJn,to loaf, to shirk &$R

t6usl1ui,to evade tax

This cliaracter is a meaning-meaning compound. T l ~ student e will recognize tlie right half, of course, as the "lance" rad. Tlie otlier part - "one" + "left" in the modem character - is supposed to be armor: "armor" + "lance" = "weapons of war,

This character used to mean "grass," and thl "grass" rad. gave the meaning; the rest of

BASIC CHARACTERS a 980-984

Jingcombines meanings: use "words" to induce "reverence, caution" = "warn." %+kjingga'o, to warn, warning qrSL jjngba'o, warning signal k % liudjjng, fire alarm

jingclig policeman jingchjjii, police station %% cl~;ika'n,to look into

The "l~alt"rad. ofiginally was a picture of a foot halted at a crossroads. Compare the form of "halt" which you have already lenmed (171, above). The form here is the form once used as an independent character (but not now in use independently).

k h6ngt6ng7copper 1'2- tdngxia'ng, bronze statue

?L


PL% chiil-ii, to suffer %& kiicl~ir,hardship -&% giinkii, "the sweet and the bitter," weal and woe

& & jjioting, church $ d' 2 3 yi tZng Zl16mgwEnk6, Clunese

-

language class

Ile "torso" rad. (185, above) gives the

S & g6ngsl15n, to bend at the waist, to bow 5 311 g6ngqin. personally, in person


+

+

J~[NG,bequiet;family name B1:L iinjjng, be quiet jingdih, static electricity 1 : F i jingz11&be motionless, be static

-+* 990 16sV0kes

2& +&' $&' 4

fia

fiT(-&198,*618)

1

f

11

fl ffl 99 1 16 strokes

fm? -$8- -$8f

-

-F--

-G, be happy; m G , to begin; family name $5 ?% giioxing, be happy ?%& xjngjih, to rebuild 4k?%fuw3g8be revived, to resurge %?%@ Sha'ow3gji0,wine from Shaoxing (widely recognized as very good Chinese wine) I\ \'I

-

-FI- cA0,grass The "grass" rad. gives the meaning; z2o

7;g xi;iuu& It's snowing; snowfall @.i% xuc?l~uii,snowflake $A. ( Jt) xu8r&i(r), snowman flB @ zhiioxuc?, to right a wrong, to rehabilitate somebody (after unjust conviction or punislunent)

,% ~4 ni$ojja'o, bud cries, biidsong diiio, penis; used as an insult in old novels (note pronunciation)

995-999

BASIC CHARACTERS

Compare $-?- yu5n (p.259a). In H, the forms 3 and 3 are also classified

are not helpful. The student will simply havc to remember that "pig's head" over "water" -=-lti "prosperity." The characterisnowused


$*ih hjipzi, to get scared sh2hji, to murder, to kill (someone)

9 $2: hh;iichGng,pests, harmful bugs

two dots resembling tile "eight" rad. (88, above). The two dots mean "to divide," and the character is explained: "to divide a

lizbzi, to study Chinese characters

use as an independent character.


that crisscross the paddies. It is perhaps for this reason that the "slope" rad. is in liUto

i'%@-y;in,lj, solar calendar

r&m- yjnli, l u ~ ~calendar ar

& $- lil&, always; through the years

This character is a picture of the old scoop or measure which was used to measure out "pecks." W u is now primnrily seen in use as the short form for 1'4 (679, above).


#% kI7xu4 science *& kI7zhjng, department chief (in a government ofice) %.#w6nkI7, liberal arts

3%

tcingku;ii, be happy

3% & tdngchir, sore spot, tender spot

B.C.), a Chinese culture hero.

nk%?xxizode, to know, to know of &+F xxi2oshi, to proclaim

3T~n.kt6ngxji0, to know quite well, to be


jijndizln, to check; to speak or act cautiously (literally, to ioolc into

% sl1zic116ngy~0, bug-lulling chemical (i.e., insecticide)


$ A jingxi, Beijing opera &I%.kilnxi, to attend a play

"city" which occurs as a part of characters

Jki.65 cl~gngyi,city 1024

1025-1029

a

BASIC CHARACTERS

boats (1022, above). && qujnji, complete worlts (of an author) %-a' jfhui, to gather, to assemble $&f jfzhBng, to concentrate

T% xiid&, to lay an egg I~ujidjn,a "bad egg" (that is, a bad

j&%

zhSnchting, be sincere, be hue


Distinguish fi from pin "be poor" /a

180 fiyu5, to brealc an agreement

own sweet time (to do something)

The "big" rad. at the bottom gives tile meaning of this character. The rest of the character, "claws" + "coil," once gave the

1035-1039

BASIC CHARACTERS

Yi is a picture of a tree; the strokes at the top represent its foliage,

This is the same word as 1036, above. The character is reclarified with the "grass" rad. This form is the form in common use today; 1036 is seldom seen. % % liyZ, green leaves

t u h t i , organization


tile lid is on." This character is 11 like the "flask" rad. 3. (453,

The basic meaning of this character is "be coolced, be done." Tile meaning "who? which?'occurs by sound-loan. $I~&riIllP shti slij shti Ej, 'Wliich is right?

{h sliljtdu, petroleum qfydu, gasoline :%:h xidydu, shoe polish


ss, attire, costume

-


customary, habitual

$ S 2 gingzhcing, weight

$ZL $ qinggdngyd, light industry $Sfi fh ig qing Eryijii, be easy to do

explanations, some fanciful. All agree that


37;& 1udxid;ii. to fall (leaves) I@:ci jiAnglud, to land (airplanes) 3%luddi, to fail an exam

#k,& zhuSngzhi, be determined, resolute

& & zl~l;\.i;in,, one's intention, aspiration .&Mi zhiyuln, ambitions, "heart's desire" W ,& Mngzl~i,"Comrade"

LiinhEgud, United Nations


SU is supposed to suggest "to revive" by means of suggesting a good meal: "fish" "grain" = "a good meal."

+

riginally this character, like 1060, above, meant "to revive" and was 1060 reclarified with the "grass" rad. (for vegetables, %.Jl$

SUli;in, Soviet Union

gdngsi company, corporation siJiK chauffeur, driver silfng, (military) commander

REMAINING CHARACTERS of the "1,020 List" and the "2,000 List"

REMAINING CHARACTERS

ji, be energetic, positive


AN, high cliff, 11igIi riverbank

Xi], to add to; to prolong; to

a ce

&

Jm,be crafty, be treacherous;

DU, to recite; to study dfibe'n, rext-book

sf&

traitor; illicit sex

-g SHU, to redeem, to ransom; to

j!&

ST

D B G , to investigate; to decide; to revise for publicnion

+r


ces. wells, and musical beats

REMAINING CHARACTERS Q I m G , to rob, to snatch &*4L qisndiir, to rescue

% C H U m G . sore, abcess, ulcer

A%

Mj\, to lay in neat piles; yard (of c ~ o t ~ ia)counter ; or marker

~ iHow , can it be that ...? d+'ifiEqiyOu dli. outrageous! Bunkum!

G cL

'is

CHUANG, to begin; C H U m G ,


ZIIU, to spread out, lo drsplay, be d~splayed,to author

together, successron, dynasly,


H U ~to , break apart; to destroy

Q U m , circle; to encircle; JUAN, to imprison; JUAN, pen, fold (e.g., of sheep)

DONG. cave, hole; incisively

Q U m , bond, deed, contract, diploma





GU, to hire, be liired Often seen with the "side-man:"

REG -

CHARACTERS

BAN,to lift (a heavy object)

palms up (not above the head); r~ transport

Ji, season (of the year); family name

P a . plate, tub, dish; to coil up; to move; to sell; price; a measun for games

d ZM,to oversee; job, duty

-1. to appoint; to abandon; really

m,grain in the ear; to flourish; be elegant; be accomplished

T h , attitude, manner r;iidu, attitude, manner

m,to embroider

H U a , to encircle; ring, bracele

Sometimes written &i i% x i ~i i l& n ~to&embroider

%

37

YOU, to lead on, to mislead $$# yduji*, to seduce

ZHi, disposition; substance; to question; (bookish) to pawn. pledge

TOU, to go through Biit shitdu, get drenched

ZHi; a particle similar to h 5 : (nounlpronoun)'s; him, her, it, them

windstorms or rainstorms

YUN, cloud; family name I % ylinji, to congregate

FA, be exhausted; be feeble in ability; low (said of a fire)

Qm,herd, crowd (% and may appear in the form

I.)

A% rsnqnqlin, a crowd

Lao, material, grain; to expect

J&,

B-, to Lransport; to distribute, to classify. classification, category

DA, to reach

(Distinguish + 1010, I, above). $4-88 lliioxi;ing, to expect

to exhaust; J&, as much as possible; to put fust

SS'I d m o , to reach, arrive at


QUAN, (political) power


REMAJNING CHARACTERS

for (a person's social) class;

h 'ajinghuii~~g, be scared

with someone; secondary


1"LqkuZnzh;ii, width, breadth


df ill y'bgshir, poplar tree

qingtang. consommi

i% Ilk fiibji, be putrid

to heat up; to iron; to get a


m,

be evenly distributed; to spare (space, time, money)

BfNG, soldier; weapons & bin@, art of war

fi, boundary; occasion; at the time that

...

E D h , a bullet; T h ,to hurl; to

Ji. skill 4kr jigiing bkillrd worker; mechanic

Z H h , war; family name ;%8Ry6ujiz1ii?nn"rove-andstrike" (=guerrilla) war

Sm,craft, art, profession; device 41%jish8, technique. technology

JbI, barely fX fll jinjin, barely, merely

$?

4

(5

SHI'], to tell a story; to transmit $114 shBzl~i,to report on your work

QiN, be hardworking, diligent; be frequent 3%4& qinjign, be hardworking and thrifty

XU, introductioii (to a book); order, sequence $ % xBtvtin, preface, foreword

IWO, to expand 4R k kuddi?, to enlarge

Distinguish cifrom "bundle" $i (657. above). ~ ithorn; , splinter; fishbone; to stab, to pierce; to murder; be "thorny," unpleasant

CHOU, to repay; (bookish) to pledge with wine iiiii& chdujin, remuneration ZAO, jujube; date (f~uittree)

YA, be inferior; used to write foreign words (the short form = H rad. 168)


I'nh zlizl~i,to prevent

SHE, to ford; to pass through; be connected with

jintdu, to saturate

Z H ~ N Gend; , to the end of. ASYE zli6nHiii, after all

FU, (woman with broom:) wife;

ky Efi, t~usbandand wife

33

2p

,j--b

*

H f j ~ lo , mix up; to fool around: IdJN, be muddy; be foolish; wl~ole


REMAINING CHARACTERS M E , to extinguish, to go out (a fire, lights); to wipe out

S

~gauze, , slieer cloth W @ fdngshj; spinning (i.e.,

making thread)

HUB,to grab dB4:+ hudde, to obtain

$9

MIAO, be slender, be graceful, be beauliful; be marvelous, be

K ZHU, to wish; to pray; family

MIAO, beard of grain; smallest part; a measure for seconds (of time or angles)

Wm,spring (of water), source

BU, to lay out; to info]

I

8 8 yudnqudn, source

I z H ~ ,order, arrangement RR zh130, order, sequence

Z U , disaster (often written %) '$ X hdnzZi, drought

section; to restrain, restraint; to

loose, be baggy; fertilizer

I

HAN, the Han (Chinese) race;

hi% dGing, to dig a well %i'% hdol~dn,brave man

CHAO, to copy; to confiscate; to parboil 49 :lG clijbsib to copy

G&NG, to plow, to till 8b.('fge'ngzud, farming

C M O , to quarrel; to make

Z W , bright red; a family name HI z11U116ng.be vermillion

~

I I

~ chdondo, 1 ~ to~ wrangle 1

c M O , to fry (in oil, stirring all \ the time) fiY;+fSr clldo 1~ngf;in.to rehash

ZHO, pearl, bead W&J$. susnpdn ~1117,abacus

SHA, sand, gravel; to sound gravelly, be hoarse; a family

m,boundnry; to keep within bounds; region % , & y;y0, foreign lands

I


is form is used as part of

suffix: "away, oul"

onfucius; a family name


R E W I N G CHARACTERS

4EB jlising reclangle


mistake, by mistake; lead astray

to do a job for you (often

1

REMAINMG CKARACTERS .&I, to get in the way fbng'zii, to obstruct

E N G string

%,

3: Ci. word, term; statement; a ci (old style "tz'u") poem

Y m G , fly (insect) ~tfi~gpii, fly-swatter

B o , to seize, to arrest BkdK bdhud, to capture

JIA, armor, shell (as, n turtle's); first; the first "heavenly stem"

Bi], to patch up, to fill in $51 tiiinbd, to replenish

BU, notebook. ledger 3 bDji, booboeeping

-

I XIA. small box

I

&-& I ~ icraft. . art + &9 I yishh & art 44-

2 s BO, BAO, be thin, be weak 3iW b6rud, be weak

F h , to peddle, to deal in 11. I siiofin, pedlar

BO, be broad or comprehensive (in knowledge); of all Icinds; to win, to gain

B h J , board; printing plate; a measure for editions; be "wooden" (lifeless)

Yi, to shift @ yiddng, to sl~ift I

B h , printing block; edition h'h+?ibbnqubn, copyright

SHU, mouse, rat. MOUSE rad. (20Wf125) ?i5$ shdbdi, bad guys

DAI, to grab, to catch hold of. GRAB rad. (171) Now used as the short form for i l t 1; (p.298a).

Uf, tortoise. TORTOISE rad.

1-G,

good health; family

% k f ijia'nkzing, health(y) MiN, toad. TOAD rad. (205) (the short form is H rad. 207)

I(ANG, be dry and pulpy; chaff


37 S b;iob2i, a treasure


FENG,be abundant, fruitful,

ngying, to toady to


sornetl~in~ off the surface of a


to grind; millsto~le

in front of you; be uptight; tip

visits; column, tow




B WIy~jngjin,to work hard

, mowliead; m o w

t&#. jixiei,machine, mechanism

REG -

CHARACTERS



REh4AlMNG CHARACTERS

REMAINING CHAMCTERS

ZGhui;Cn, lose

he'ut

CH'I, be bnght red. loyal, bxe


DIAN, to rent land to farm 41aAdi3nn6ng tenant farmer


n, undershirt, T-shirt

4M

pingtan, be level

4fl hU,vi, to breathe

siteins, bands, gangs, surges, anc sllares of stock


out; break through;

SHI, shit, feces; secretion &Jil l;isl~i,to defecate


.B?&liinii, get nngry


Jii& juSnku5nn,to contribute

wine. MIXED WETI! rad. (192)


chengpin, balance pan

EMMNING CHARACTERS

ill 4+ bi116,to close

with hook and line


potent (as medicine); suddenly


~noldwirh rhe fingers

di';in, dyke, embanhnent


(as, of houses): neighbotl~ood



with a "chop;" family name

&$JL qingzliir, to celebrate


1v2i11~6n, to console

REMAINKNG CHARACTERS

$&

XT,tin, copper

%$;$an,

$8E x7jiBng tinsmith

cake

RAN, to bum, set on fire %%jkrrjnsl1i70,to bum, to set on fire

$$k

,f&

45 C H U ~hammer, , to hammer; iveight on a steelyard

4%

\\\

RONG, to smelt $?k* r6ngh.6,to fuse

kP;-~ mto ram , down, build

& % ji5nzh0,build, building

%


REMAtNING CHARACTERS

IGtirTn, be outdoors

spirit, soul; remains (of the dead)


QIM, be shallow, superficial:


W f3 % -Y jbta biping, be full of holes and bumps, uneven

No pronunciation. H rod. 139. tile short form 3 of R xizng, "country" (350, above); f t min, "folk" (624, above); and the short form @ of 4%j& "to lift"

STUDENT'S GUIDE

following. One, the use of simple variant forms which were already widely used in casual and informal wiiting, such as % for @, t6u "head;" and for @I,g2, a measure-word or "enumerator." Two, the use of forms from the so-called "grass script"-a lcind of "Chinese shorthand"-such as ?J for ,E m2 "horse;" and ?J? for % dong "east." Three, the use of one part of a complex character to stand for the whole character, such as for yi "to heal;" of % for lic'to depart from;" of @ for $!$ En "to rouse." Four, where the character is composed of several repeated elements, to devise a new character in which the repeated element appears only once, such as & for & ch6ng "bug, worm" and I& for & du2n "brealc into segments." Five, the replacement of a complex element with a simple element such as X -as in ~kfor f i huiin "be pleased;" as in XE for #k niin "be difficult;" and as in X$ for %' duj "to face." We have used the unsimplified forms (most of which are still in use, in mainland China, too) as the basis for this book's presentation. Officially adopted simplified forms have been included since students who want to read what is now published on the mainland will have to learn them sooner or later. To learn only these short forms, however, is a great mistake. In so doing, students effectively cut themselves off from much traditional Chinese literary and historical material (except where such material has been reprinted on the mainland in short-form versions) and have cut themselves off from many of the Chinese boolcs available in Western libraries, which were printed before the process of simplification began. Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters. Modern Dictionaries After the simplification of many characters, the traditional 214-radical system of organizing dictionaries did not worlc as well as it had. Furthermore, simplification in one area led to the perception that simplification in another area, like the organization of dictionaries, might be a good thing, too. The modern, classic, encyclopedic dictionary, Ci Hai (Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishers, 1979: 2,216 pages), for example, is organized exactly like a traditional dictionary except that the dictionary's makers have modified the traditional radical system to get a new system of 250 radicals-a system which can be very quiclcly learned by anyone who lcnows the traditional system presented in Reading and Writing Chinese. 19

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Hnizyzi Pilzyiiz system of romanization. A character with two or more pronunciations will appear under each pronunciation.All characters with the same Hnrzyu Pinyin spellings are listed in order of ascending tone. Exceptions to this arise in the case of phonetic-series listings; here, the character that provides the ley to the phonetic series appears first, followed by characters sharing that element and having the same reading. Since the tone of the key character may sometimes be numerically higher than that of a character in its group, the student should make sure, when using this index, to scan up and down a group of characters sharing the same spelling. This kind of index arrangement reflects the nature of the Chinese writing system and therefore provides a convenient visual review aid. If a character is in the first character group, that character's series number (1-1062) is given in roman type. If a character is also a traditional radical, its number in the sequence of 214 radicals is_-givenin superscript. Characters in the second group are referenced by the page number (pp. 245-301) set in italic type and followed by the letter n or b to indicate whether the character appears on the left (a) or right (O) side of the page.

A-BU

-A 1

I'T

B

Orv

-.

a1

iii iii iii iii iii Bn Bn Bn iin Sin iing iing 30 go 50

?% Aft,

L k% /A

&

2 d* 3

d

% R& SIR GF

w 4%

I& -B

bii bSi b6 bii ba b5, bii bii bii bii bii, bii bii bsi b5i b5i b&i biii biii biin biin

/\ /L \I

e pe:

5

M 46

@ $j el

$ 3

ItE #? &

I na

bZn bgn bgn biin biin biin biing bang bang biing biing biio b b bgo biio biio biio biio b8o biio biio biio bei b6i b8i bei bEi bai, bEi bai bai bai b&i bEn ban bi bi bi bi bi bi

dPQ dk ink

4+

9 6 ?iZ % ?$

#&

3 & #& i& $ ;

4%

2 9-s

Y!

Xi

3% $@ : #%

&! :It. 2 1 ;

4 3t

-'ot 444%

4k 3

& $ ig

8 k tt;

jlk $

bi bi bi bi bi bi biiin bign bib biiin biiin biiin biiin biiin biiin biiin biiio biiio biiio biiio bii: bing bing bing bing bing bing bing bing b6 b6 b6 b6 bd bd b6 b6 bii bii bii

p.2736 p.255a p.255a 494 950

p.289b 575

p.253b p.253b p.253 b 126

p.268b 667 550

p.297a 5 16IG5

p.264b 946Ig0 110 111 208

p.262b 56415

p.282a 533 534

p.271 b p.272a 653

p.288b p.273b p.252b p.245a p.264a p.270a p.270a 632'" 118'5

p.270a p.270a

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

bii bii bii bii bii bii

T $

73 668 .f; 958 (6 p.265b 603 ar 4 p.270a

-Cci % cii $8 c5i if cii .Sjf' cli Rif c5i -% cii & ciii $cii 3 c cli X can & c2n ciin % cin % ciing & cing & cing & ciio % cio 9 H caoc80 -% CB % ci? I cE fi ci: IRll c6 % c6ng @ c6ng chii, 5L chS, chi3 n i %-

JiE

chi5 @ chi5 & chi5 % chl, & chii, chli chii $6 chi5i % chin & chSn @& chiing 8 chiing 4 chlng 8

981 914 361 501

ch6ng jfE chbng {& ch6ng & ch6ng j& ch6ng 5k p.284a ch6ng 771p.288a cheng 315 626 cheng V p.298a p.300b chi VC p.M8b 344 chi $+? 596 p.257b chi ;$ p.249b 345 chi S p.249 226168 chi, chi K 358 chkng & 88916" chi JC~p.269b chkng 368 chi & 517 chiing j$ p.261b chi p.289b ching, 995 chi $k p.267b ch5 chi 6 518 ching & p.264b chi d 945 chkg B ~.287bI!'~ chi p.294b chiio & p.254a ch6ng p.254a chiio $9 p.265a ch6ng %C p.279a chiio $9 p.265a chdng, 4Q p.248b chiio 9 p.265a ch6ng p.2486 chSo $A p.254b ch6ng d chdng & p.266a chko A p.254b p.280a chE 41215g chdu he\J6' Lk' 46Y5 ch6u i j ~ 1-92LchB-'R-pr279b-c~I~u-~&-chdu % 992 chi? diik p.279b p.281b ch6n I p.294b ch6u ffl p.259a ch6n iZi p.2826 chdu p.259a ch6n E 491"' ch6u d p.259a ch6n 1 76616' ch6u p.262a ch6n %. p.278b chBu 328 ch6n d p.264b chii & p.249a ch8n 8 784 chii 4n p.281a chEn &i p.269a chii 1$5 chii $# chEng, $4 784 p.291b chkng chii %!I

<

*

BU-DIAN

chi3 % chi3 f*iq h chii, chi3 k chii, chii E chii 63 chuiin 111 chuiin {<{ chuiin (< chuiin 75' chuBn 4$ chu&n chuiin v% chuiin % chuiin $ chuiing & chuiing 8 '8 chuiing X@ chuiing, $11 chuiing chuiing 8 chui vk chui k chui 3k chui $& chiin % chiin %chiin $& chuB j& chuB & chuB L. ci 1 ci $J ci % ci 3k ci jlt ci $4 ci ;k cBng & cijng ,a cijng Jl@

cBng c6ng CBU cii cii cii cui ciin ciin ciin cuo

M .f%

426 427

;& p.290b & p.263b i% p.286a % p.296a 4% p.294a

&- 938

f

18GJi

#- p.249b &+

554

-Ddii, d5 dii dg dB & dii, dB .ff dii k diii % dji 7 diii 9 diii 4 diii diii 9 diii k dji @ diii diii zsi diii & diin $2 diin f i d%n diin $$ diin a djn 4% diin i& diin ;S diin @ diing, diing, d5ng

4e

*

882

p.284b p.256b 520 50j7 791 727" 64678 699 700

p.294b 50j7 540

p.248a 359

p.270bi7' p.257b p.257b 772

p.262b 437 590 674 664"' 1026 545

diing diing dl0 diio diio diio diio diio diio diio diio de d6 dC, de, d6i d6ng dEng d8ng dGng di di di di dl di di di di di di di di di di diHn diiin diiin dijn diiin diiin

p.297b 625 102i8 20518 429

p.246a p.266b 267

p.260b p.249b p.2972 234 965 296

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

diln diao dilo dilo dilo dilo dig diE di6 di6 di6u ding ding ding ding ding ding dong dong d6ng diing diing d6ng d6ng d6u diiu d6u dbu d6u-17dii dii dfi dii dii dii dii dii dii, dii duZn duiin

'8 717 -7 5

# $4 4

9 &

& 4 1,. i &

7

h $1' ;I

2

k $;$-

3 %J

Fl

3 # d

*P &

-& 33

&. @ 4~ 5%

$3

p.281a 219 p.266b p.259b p.289b p.288a p.292a p.293a p.297a 805 519 p.247b p.247b p.247b p.274aZoG 424 91 165 p.286b 243 244 845 p.251a 140 1009G8 p.282b 453Is1 67919' 140 p.250b p.2856 p.258b p.247a 798 p.290b p.283b p.274a p.274b 566

duln duiin dui dui dui dui diin diin, diin du6 du6 du6 du6 du6 du6

fa f5 fii fa, fii, fii fa fan f h fan fiin f fin ffin

$k @

% 35 -uf V&-

A $3

3 $I%

11% %

%

4% -%

4

2 $11

R 11IR

Bl

3: d

fln fiin fan fan fang fang fhg fiing fiing fang fang fang Ei fei f&i

Pd I?& $6

-6'i

E Yj % l% 1%

W $$

& IB 9% fiC

fen,En & En f6n $. En 4& f6n tit En 16 E En @ feng -5 -feng-gEng J!$ fEng & feng, Eng& feng %feng 4t Eng 3% feng 8% f6 at; f6u 5 f6u fii

DIAN-GUAN

fil

fii f6, fi

fii fii fii fii fii

87

4% a:* 4k

sf; ;M.

I 4K

fii fii

4K

f5 fii

s

fii fii, fii fii fii fii

fii fii

fii fii fii fii fii

fii fii fi

Q 911 r;l

%

nr; ?fi 44. %-% I& $5

R 4f+

*fi X

%

-F P -G-

giii g% giii giii giin giin giin g5n giin, grin gitn g8n

926 734 4% p.296a % p.295a $5 617 -kf 144g9 -7- 8751 RS p.247a #? p.247a in? p.247a & p.247a

iik

giin gb g5n gsng g&g ggng giing gsng ggng gang giio giio g50 g80 giio giio g50 ge ge gc ge g8 gi:

t%e gi gi: g& g6i g6n gEn gen geng gEng g6ng g6ng gong g6ng g6ng g6ng

g6ng g6ng g8ng g6ng geng, g6ng gong g6u giiu g8u g6u g6u g6u g6u gii @I gfi gii gii fi gii gc gc g6 gG gfi gii ga gug guii guii guii guiii gu% guiin guiin gu& guiin gu8n gub

85 i-

G

K 4%

988 p.286b 14155 297 p.255a

& p.255b

5

p.28lb p.249b 978 4 290 35: 634 :& p.275b I& p.275b 168 W p.276a -r(& p.276a El 169 -h& 441 -IL p.284b & p.295b K p.284b & 373I5O 817 % 511188 & p.261a?07 4% p.2556 & p.255b 1 p.284b Jk. ~ . 2 8 1 b ~ J$ p.294a # p.246a 469 592 fit' 504 inF 505 infl 506 $ 407 742 408

$4

ALPI-IABETICAL INDEX

guh guh guiin guHn guiin guiin gubg gubg gui gui gui gui gui gui gui gui gui gui giin giin gu0 gub gu6 gu6

hH hfii hZhiii hC hiii hln h h h h hiin h h h5n hiin hbg

769 105 193 $@l 796 i p.257b 5q$ p.257b 748 & 972 422 % p.287b p.269b 8R 795 & p.270$13 &$ p.288b $16 p.268a /$ 291 I".' 3% 124 & p.299b %? p.294a 4% p.264a 84 p.276a 23. 514 A 114 8 597

hang hao hlo ha0 h5o hao, hiio hiio 116 h6 hi hi

ha, hB hi hi hE

%T 4211" -.- p.288b Q

g

p.294b 19 690 L 69 1 /$% p.288a .I.r 823 $T 557 16 p.2896 4? 176 p.245a 387 388 4% p.287b % 65Il5

*-?

hii hC hii hii hii hul hu2 huii hug huii huii huii hu5i hu&i huiii

.$It

280'03 h6n %k 32 hBn tbk p.264a hing, p.296a hBng h6ng % p.255b hdng, % p.255b -Hhdng h0ng :!$ p.264b 9 p.272a 3 448 hdng b 697 2%-602h b u A l & -457-huiing% 250 hdu */k p.276b % 251 h6u R p.276b hdu, hbu % p.283b I001 ep.271a hbu & 763 hbu $2 452 $ p.290b in 154?' hii 4 p.284b *& p.251b hii Q 893 in p.247a hii & p.263a .;;fl 182 hii +A 620 $2 p.265a hi3 $A 62 1 ilk 953 -- hii F 66914'

hu5n huln hub huiin hu5n huiin huh uiin huHng huiing hulng huang hulng hui hui hui hui hui hui hui, hui hui

GUAN-JIAO

I~iin hiin hfin hiin hu6 hu6 11u6 huti huti hu6, huo hu6 hub hu6 hu6 hu6 hu6

% 4@ $EL %

k

,.., 1k 3$

& % $4

&

jg

.k" -J-

ji, ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji

JL

2-99

;X t&

@ +&

$4 h EP

B I& &

4% ,% &

& X % Z

Ci!,

ji, ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji ji jiii jiii jiii jiii jig jig jig jiii, jig jiii jiii jiii jiiin jiiin jiln jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin ' jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin

,EB

%

I $&

j$(-

;$ t&

+4*. T

3-

& 8%

$&

A. % &? %$

Fn #L

'CP 66

I.,

4@ &.

& h

& % 47 4

in 1% % f.9

jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiln jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiin jiiing, jilng jiiing jiiing jiiing jiiing jiiing jihg jilng jiiing jiiing jiiio jiiio jiii0 jiiio, jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio jiiio

@ 771 I& p.254b & 1015

d

p.277a

%? p.277a Y

p.277a 1002 d$- p.291a W 885 4 477 & 848 .(& p.290a $7 p.253a 24 p.298a R 21414' 4% 947 !I.

%

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

jilo jig jiE jii jii jii jii jii jii, j i jig jig

ji5 jig jig ji5 jig jin jin jin jin jin jin jin jin jin

gk

552 423 I% p.264a p 84'" 5 76OZ6 & p.269b $ p.295b s'; p.265a & 778

4%

Wt

221

3f- 601 $

701

+& p.277a

jing jing jing jing jing jing jing jing jing jing jing

&k % &

jiii jiii

&

jiii 382 jiii 35250 jiii fi 26269 jiii & 580 jiii ?* p.285a jiii $6 p.292a jiii & 94'67 j ii 2 p.262b jii F 492 j ii .----. Jm ;E p . 2 6 3 a j G p jin & p.256b jii + ,. p.283a jii jin 4 484 jk jin jing d 299 jii jing 774 jii jing 444 jii E 445 jii jing jing $2 p.276b ju jing 3% p277a jii jing F% p.294a jii ..jlng-!!-p.252a JU

juiin dfi ju&n .ni juiln 5% juiin, juiin ju&n #+ jurin 4% juE Jk jui & jui 1 jui & jui $3

#i

if: 8 *:t.

.Ib

% ;.p

8 2%

JZ

631 p.282b

jiin jiin

364 p.268aI7Vki 300 kiii $k 747 lch cIj 229"' kiln 3 p.294a kiin @ 356 krin & p.255b lciing & p.255b kiing k 898 klng $-934-Rh~-&-p258b 6 289 k&o & p.268b kilo 4% p.269a kiio 496 kE % p.2686 kE d p.268b kg 5E p.2686 Ici /ft 679 k5 4 p.248a kE 4g 671 kE ?8 p.2776 k5

& &

Y $

p.262a 649

-K4%

p.264a 503 711 p.247a U 464" p.285b % 121 f i p.270b @ p.270b 2 952

PA

5

689

% 942 846

% 1010 %2 p.298b T 77

p.256a

k, p.268a 4

eL

507 321 598

-

JIAO-LIN

k6n k6n k6n k6ng lcdng lcdng lcdng lcdu lc6u kfi lcii kii kii kii kuii kuii kuii ku% kuiii kuiii kuiii lcuiii lcuiin lcuiin kuiing lculng kuiing Icuiing lcui l&n leu6 lcu6 ic~a

la la 1% 15 lli

liii Iln 1611 l h liin 1ln liin 1iin liing liing 1Ho Ilo 150 lFl0 120 le ie 1Bi 16i lei lii lii lii l6ng li li li li li li li li li li li li li li li li

li li li li li li li li li liln liln lih liiin liiin liiin li6n liiin liiin liiing liiing, liiing lilng lilng liiing lilng liiing lihg liiing liiing liiio liFlo, liiio liiio lii 1iE 1iE lie 1iE lin lin, lin lin

105"' p.289a 1004 1005 1006 1007 p.298a p.254b p.268a p.248b p.275b p.275b 1059 606 585 p.299a p.293a 1003 305 756

p.261 b 731 p.295b p.266a p.266a 307 p.295b 647 17 p.298b p.256a p.247b p.247b p.248a p.282a p.275a 156 p.288b p.298a

+k

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

lin ling ling, ling i n ling ling ling ling liii 1 1 liii lii liii 16ng 16ng 16u 16u 16u lii la lii lii lii lii 1ii lii lii lii 18 18 1fi 16 18 18 lii 18 luIn luiin 1iiZ liin-

m6i % p.272a m6i & 116 mZi 4% 223 min P? 4516g men %"J 46 mEn, men P4 p.292a m6ng 3 p293b ming %Ti p.290a lning p.266a -MmZng % p.252a mii 157'0° mi 101119 mI @ p.273b mi & p.285a rn2 5 35187 mi 55 p.297a ma r4, 36 mi 47" mI 46 p.249a mi I& p.248a mii A6 p.249b mi p.248a + $& p.249a mi p.248a W p.294a mil p.287a miIn + 127"O mji ?i 133 miIn $8 p.91b ,hi p.275a miii % 135 miiin L 439 p.2936 Nf p.288a miiin % p.286a & p.251bIg7 miii iniii $ p.289algP miiin 6% 610°176 & 675 miin nth p.2976 miiin b p.299b f 676 & 903 mi50 p.271b 998 m2n 4% p.271a m5n % p.266b migo ? p.271b mln 471 migo 92 p.271b % 530 miin ,E 472 mi20 8 p.2656 2% p.299a miso 49 p.265b m5ng $ 1 69 & --8091g8 U p.275b m b &-29382--milo-fi--p.25cCb & p.275b m5o 84O1I0 miS ;& p.265a @ p.295a miio ?,& p.271b min I% 624 R p.296a miio 4P p.272a min 921f08 954 miio 1 353 min 1 p.270a205 # p.262a miio 8 354 ming % 256 9 p.280a miio $7 p.292b ming Vl 380 % 999 me 159 ming 800 I P p.301b mii k 184 m6 $ p.273b i$L 832 m6i % p.260a m6, m6 i$ p.274a p.263b m6i p.285b m6 d p.274a ". &- -730-mei-------% 589---m6-3 - - p . 3 0 1 b-

p.248b p.299a 284 4% p.260b $ 285 Sfi p.260b 3 207 0 p.301b 739 il p.293a 5& p.259a P p.272a ; 149 #& p.275a2" p.275a $4 394 1 2%

-

liin liin, liin lu6 11.16 11.16 lu6 lu6

p.295b 751 $2 p.299a p.300a %- 1055 X 1056 It p.292b

$&

LIN-PIN

m6 mo mc? m6 mti ma 1n6u mdu m fi mfi ma ma ma mii mii mii mii mii

nri nii nii n8, na n8i niii niii nrin nrin nrin nrio n80 niio ne nB, nBi n6i nBi nBn n6ng

ni ni ni ni ni nirin nirin niln niiin niring ni8o nil0 .nle nin ning niii niii niii ndng n6ng nting nii nii nii nU nu8n niiE niin

ou 6u, ou 6u

~5 PB p6i

p i f t p.261 a prii b$ p.250a pli A 833 pli 8~ 834 p8n +& p.256b pln & p.260b piin $11 p.300a piin $K p.301 b pgng & 785 piing lkl p.273b pno d& p.283a prio 463 p.272b p80 36 510 piio, pa0 & ; p.272b plo J& p.272b p6i J% p.273b p6i 1% p.273b pM a6 p.2670 pen, pBn "k p.274a pen & p.260a p6ng flfl 209 p5ng 4f$ p.273a pBng d& p.254b pi 4tk p.258a p.258a pi Fb pi, pi !8 p.255a pi h 662'07 :& p.245a pi pi PF. 146 pi x 245Io3 pi6n 4& p.253b piHn % p.253b piiin 16 p.253b pirin 4E 126 piiin, piLn f: 927g1 piiio % 957 pi60 2% p.264b pi& pi5 dibk p.273b pi5 I 14 pin 4% p.272a

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

pin pin ping ping ping ping Pd Pd P6 Pa Pb

pa pb Pfi

% p.2606 S

4 %. 4%

$?

j~k 2%

& 9k i&

k k

p.257a 543 p.297a p.272a p.258a p.245a p.273b p.245a p.245a p.264a

qiiin qiiin qiln qiHn qiiin qiiin qiiin qian qi5n qiiin qiln

p.276aGG qiiing 384GG qiang qiiing 714

-f.

qiii q qii qii qii qii,qii Clii qii qii qii

746 1017 p.257a .% p.257a p.272a $4 478 % 365 % p.277b 1028 h 432

k.

4

84gg0

quan

#!

&

IF $ @ &

4% i n

% p.285a

-

$

251 584 p.254b p.254a p.280a p.271b 100 451 167 p.300a 1917"uiin

d

qiiing p.254a qiiio & qi p.252a qiao & qf % 871 qiao L 1k p.264b qiiio J5 cli 3& p.253b qiE, qi8 k & 930 qi6 qr d 163 qin 4E qi 3$ p.299a qin % qi------?~-l 045"'L--qin-3% /-L 322 qin 5 ST 4 qing ~i % 324" qi I% qing 413 qing cli & 325 6 qing ~i A% p.288b qing $$ Cli ?& p.249b $7 qing ST & 435 qing @ qi % 1052 p.282a qi6ng % ~i % p.290b qiii 4k qiii p.272a qiii R --

p.257b

quE kk p.263b p.276a quC p.259a p.277b quC x/i p.246a p.277a qiin Y p.256b p.271b 698 -R12 k 230 p.263a rlin 8 593 215 rh i% p.297a -p;262b-rBn-*473 -p.291a riin % p.285a 707 1051 riing 198174 riio fik p.277b rlo, riio tk p.277b 3 17 d& p.2716 p.252a riio rC %& 678 736 rEn h 2' 199 r6n 4 4' p.295b 989 r6n JL 591° 730 r6n 4= 341 r6n 821 923

*

ri?n ri?n rBn ri?n rEng ring

fi r6ng r6ng r6ng r6ng r6ng r6u riju r6u r6u rCi 1-6 rii ruiin mi riin rub ru6

sii, sii s8 siii, siii siii siin siin siin s h skg, skg sting s80 s80, stio si?

si? sEn shii shii shti sh5i shiii shiin shiin shiin shh shiin shiin shiing shting shting shiing shiing shiio shiio shiio shb sh8o shiio shiio she shi she shB she sh6 shi? shi? shi? shi? sh6i shEn shEn shEn shEn

shin shEn shin, shen shBn shBn sh6n shBng shsng shEng sh8ng sh8ng shing shing shi?ng shi?ng shi?ng shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi slii

ALPI-IABBTICAL INDEX

slii 38915' shii 8 948 si shi -iE 599 shii 949 si slii W p.246b shii $% p.294F0' si % 873 shii ,%i p.270a20hi slli $ 316 shii 1 3? si shi shi -jr 13433 shii, shii -$k 586 s6ng shi $ p.285a shii $- 657 s6ng slii 680 shii ;f% 661 s6ng slii $ 711 shii W i p.262a s6ng slli & 943 shii i?i. p.262a s6u shi 2 246 shii !k? p.295b s6u shi b shuii $11 p.267a s shi huii 4$ p.285b s shi ijL; 807Ii3 shuiii $t p.269a sii i 480ii3 shuiii p.280a sii shi slii R p.272b shuiii, # p.280a sii shi 963 sliu% sii sh .253a shuiii till1 p.272a sii sh6u ~lk 718 shuiin & p.285b sii sh6u ! 1042 shuiing 1023 sii sli6u p.258b sliuiing % p.278a sii sli6u 3- 4lG5 shuIng J? p.289a sii sh6u 3 14G4 shui 71C 36285 suiin sh6u 266Is5 shui j 181K5 suln sh6u 339 shui il& 539 suln sh6u 4? p.289a shui jhi 239 sui sh6u @ p.290a shiin @ p.277b sui sli6u $ p.279b shiin J p.245b sui, sui s h 6 u d k - - p.25Oa--sliu6--~t-24O--sui-l%---754shii p.253a shu6 tilp p.272a sui 2 18379 si A 24?" sui shii shii $$ 83 SI & 1008 sui shii @ p.246a si 4 1062 siin shii & p.297b si ,% 348 siin shii 8~p.289a si 1Fi. p.267a siin sliU J$& p.250b si 41% p.267a su6 SI b 28Iz0 su6 shii L 1041 shii ?k-! 1042 s1 $ 174120 su6 Jj" I. p.247a si 3 665 su6 shii shii p.250b sf & 728

dW W

6 @$

il:* ,

3 iZ. 49 &

p.2466 147 455 275 p.293a p.284b p.299a 264 485 p.280b p.280b

% 1061 #- 726 @ p.280b %

p.280b .291a p.287a $ 264 d p.287a p.271a tnk p.294b $ 521 8 p.295a 3% 33735 & p.283b 5 642

I& 7%

J?

% !'6 4 4

755 499 p.250a p.2630 p.261a p.292a p.280b 411 p.286a p.278a

SHI-WANG

-Ttii i& tH 4L tii & ti7 t8 3% tl F$ t5i f: tiii It? t5i 46 tiii k tiii j& tHn .5.@ tiin 1.7 t8n #?$ tBn $.c t5n t8n & t8n 3 E tiin 4% tln $k tln & tiing f% tlng 3% tgng & t6ng ?@ t5ng $& tang tHng t8ng % tiing +& t8o fB t8o ig t8o -$+ tiio Q ti rt+ t6ng tBng Il& t6ng i& t6ng, tBng nb

*

% 7

ti &$ ti $I] ti J$ ti $4 ti 4% ti & ti F4 ti +$ tiiin X tiiin ;$ ti5n *& ti5n ;rdti5n W tiiio, ti80 & tiiio 1B ti80 4% ti50
tii tii tii tii tii tii tii ta, tii tii tu5n tui tui tui tiin tiin tu6 tu6 tu6 tu6 tu6

wii w8 w8 wl wli w iin wiin w5n w 8n w b w Bn w6n w8n w 8n w iin wLng w5ng w8ng

&

b Sfr & f 01.

a -1C P %

%$& & %

4& 8%

-%

p.301a 996 p.294b p.250b p.288b p.253b 8G3? p.275a p.284b 1039 881 p.248a p.248a p.283b p.301b p.269b p.269b p.284a p.290a p.283b

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

wiing wiing wiing w5ng whg, wiing w5ng wiing whg whg w5ng w6i

& p.282a 8 500 3.

.%i

& E

F4 El .ii=

&

wei w6i R w6i w6i w6i wii d$ w5i @? w6i Ifr w6i & w6i fi w5i 42 w6i % w5i w5i & w5i %wii,-w6i-%w5i 4& w5i w6i "" jn wen wen w6n & win Ji; w6n $2 w6n h? wen M1 w6n 46

a

wen w6ng wij 696 w6 92 588 w6 w6 wii p.281a wii p.28la wii 446"? wii 63712? ~ . 2 6 6 b l ? ~wii p.286a wii wii 761 wii wii 2131 875178 wii 876 p.2586 p.258b wii p.300b wii p.260a wii p.256a wii p.257b wii 270 wii p.292a wii p.296a wii 222 wii 831 459p.290a xi p.259b xi p.259b xi 924 xi 925 xi xi p.294b 3606' xi p.281a xi p.281a xi 202 xi p.271a xi

P-7 $ i ;

% & & irh

d i5

6 fi f

4% ,I% 5 23

B

200 p.288a p.276a 44 p.291b p.284a 397 p.281b p.288a 6O7I 21280 749 p.286a 148 867 p.282b

& p.284a $i

p.255a L 58 57 375 % p.251a 8 p.263a J% 497 841 & p269a

-X-

9

11736 p.264a 2& 1033 ;tir 695 % p.292a +$ p.284b p.300b Pi"r p.252a 25 130 & 1019 I 1020

a

xi xi xi xi

xi xi xi xi xi xi xi xi xi xi xi5

A&

48 @ $4

4%

f 2ki

b

;. % @

xi5 3% xi5 1: xi5 xi5 xi9 it~i xih 4 xih k, xih j(rfi xi&, x i h e xiiin %k xi5n- -A-884xih & xi5n fi xi5n % xih Pd xih in xiiin 83 xitin xih %$. xih % xiiin xiiin I'

w

JL

710 p.278a p.278a p.300a p.297b 553 826 782 190 587 14Y3 860 968 p.258b 825 p.296b

p.277a 351 p.298b 919 1221~ p.281b 247 p.278a p.298b p.2686 p.251b p.295a p.295b 203 762 p.251a p.268a 896 861 303 p.289b

WANG-YAN

xiiin xiiing xihng xilng xiiing, xilng xihng xilng xiiing xiiing xiiing xihng xihng xilng xilng xihng xilng xilng xiiing xiiing xilo x i xilo xiiio xi30 xiiio xilo xi60 xilo xilo xB xi6 xi6 xi6 xi6 xi6 xi6 xi6 xi6 xi5

IF% $

@

915 349 350

% p.258a $8

294

6 p.278a & 295 & 706 % p.299b +? 1044f86

;iq >., 4

$

p.287a 824 890 1040

& p.255b

6 84-

793 643 644

5%

p.246b

11.

2Yd2 385 939

tti dl1 I$ &A 3k $5

& 2 & 8k %

dk &\ 3F

1

p.2776 940

p.277b p.261a 402 1014 56 269

p.293b p.284a p.277a p.289b p.283a 964 347 923IJ3

h C p.298b

xi5

xie xi& xin xin xin xin xin xin xin xin xing xing xing xing xing xlng xing xing xing, xing xing xing xing xitjng xitjng xi6ng xitjng xidng xi5 xil .XlU

xi6 xiii xiii xiii xii xii xl xii

xl xii xii xii xii xii xii xii xii xuiin xu6n xuln xuiin xu6 xu6 xu6 xu6 xiin xiin xiin xiin xiin

-rl

5 ' ~ p.299b 3 595

% p.247a

If-

p.262a

*i p.289b i

p.266a p.266a %- p.256a ,+& p.250b r3 ~r p.263b 5% p.288b & p.248aQ5 @

a=

a

34

k h

s

777 253 574"6 922j4' 993

TP p.295a

d

p.291b

%

776

p.286b 311 p.245b

-YYB YR Y& YE YZ YB yl, y l Yl yiin yiin y6n yln yln y6n yhn y6n

I@ 7%

p.258a p.2976 57G9?

"4

0 &

kf?

p.280b p.280b p.280b p.262b p.263a p.288b 969

&

8

p.285a p.268a 672

3 p.252b @f 767 t 38IJQ

ALPHABETICAL INDEX yiin 99 B p.3006 yiin yiin in yiin i n p.2646 yiin 8F- p.248b yiin 8 966 yiin &? 967 y h Kk p.258a yiin .$i% p.254b ylng k 278 Q p.281a ylng yiing % 686

ylng yiing yiing yiing ylng yBng yBng yiing yiing yHo yao ylo ylo yiio yfio y 50-%ylo yiio yiio yiio ylo yiio yiio YB YE YE YE

4% I

3 3%

$5

h A.

X 4,

k ;i&

&

2 02 % qL A&

§&

% q &

&

p.261b 687 115'23 475"3 611 p.249a p.299~ 561 562 158 53 p.283b 2!i5' 1012 p.267a ~-76%-p.267a 25289 p.261a 131 p.2936 1016 p.300a p.293b p.2466 yin 6 yin 495 yin

El 486 4B p.269b B 685

yin -$ + yin A yin 4k yin 51 yin yin, yin $k yin k& yin tp ying, yingg. ying % ying fk ying & ying iig ying ilC. ying $4 ying d y6ng 4% y6ng 7jc y6ng fi ybng ih ybng 3 ybng % ; y6u kk y6u 2 y6u $2 y6u 7 c y6u '8Jy6u & -y 6u-4t$yciu & y6u kb y6u gP ydu h ybu $-i y6u Ei y6u iC yau ;f; y6u p.281b ybu %%- p.256a y fi -7692

YAN-ZHAO

yii YG

yii YC YG

yii ~6 yii yii yii

yus

yu8 '7% yu8 KI yu8 T% yiin 9 yiin 2 yiin S yiin k yiin, yiin $ yiin 3

YG

yii yii Y3 yii YC YG yii YG yii YO

yii yuiin yuan y uiin yuan yuan yuiin yuln yuln yuBn yuBn y uBn yuln yuan yuln yu8 yue yus yus

"I2 T .

-zz5 zl ziii z ziii, zBi -. zal ziii ziii zln ziin z6n ziing ziing ziing ziing zHo zEio z50 ZBO ZBO ziio ziio ziio z6 z6 z6 z6 z6i

p.286a 912 863 k p.2696 & p.2696 X p.2656 474 8 304 e$ p.2866 p.254a 32. p.254a p.280a f p.280b & p.266a 1%. p.266a # p.280a & p.280a 438 % p.262a % p.2800 kk p.2826 & p.2836 & 655 fill p.259a 3~i p.246a -#$ p.253a p.253a I!& 977

zBn zEng z8ng z6ng zhii zh6 zhii zhii zhii zhiii zh5i zh% zhiin zhln zhiin zhln zhiin zhgn zhln zhiin zhiin zhiin zhiing zhBng zhEing zhiing zhiing zh5ng, zhiing zhiing zhiing zhiing zhiio zhlo, zhho zhio zhBo zh5o zhiio zhiio

425 328 p.249a p.249a p.2906 342 p.2606 p.260a p.260a p.258a p.260a p.246a 28 1 p.279a p.279a 648 433 802 627 628 p.2626 p.279a p.245a p.279a 226168 227 p.2786 p.294a

p.2786 p.2616 p.2616 p.2546 476 508 p.273aS7 33P7 740 p.255a

ALPHABETICAL INDEX ZIIBO

zhiio zhlo zhiio zhe zhE zhi, zhE zh6 zhZ, zhei zhEn zhEn

zhEn zhEn zhEn zh6n zhEn, zhEn zh6n zhen zhen zhen zhEng zhEng zhEng zheng zheng zhEngzhing zheng zheng zheng zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi

!a

891 892 720 p.266b & 476 E p.294a 46 p.283a & 139 4 172 .(fi p.290a 4% 302 88 9b

St

p.255a 944 % p.269a % p.269a @ p.269a $

dk p.284b $& p.278b p.278b I p.256a 4% p.2786 ?' - 618 aij'- p.293b & p.295a L 493 4E-p:268a % 659 Jk 814 & p268a 252 899 =C p.256b +& 525 11k. 907 @k p.256b 271K5 dk 272 p.281b

k

zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zI1i zhi

265 p.271a RS p.249a dI p.249a 3E 1022 $L p.289a & 301 d& 973 & p.278b 3 p.278b , D 607 J.L 19577

zh6u zhdu zhdu zhBu zhBu zhii zhii zhii zhii zhii zhii zhii

zhi zhi zhi

;Lk 225

zhii

-8 p.27laZM zhii

zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi zhi, zhi zh6ng zh6ng --zh6ng-?%zh6ng zhbng zhbng zhdng, zhbng zhdng zhiju zh6u zh6u zh6u zl16u

4-

\

3L

Q %.

31934

zhii

1057 zhii 1058 zhii i%866 zhii & p.265a zhii 2 396133 zhii ?ti p.286b zhii 3k p.247a zhuii 5f p.256b zhuiin 112 zhuiin ,& p.267b zhub p263bzhuiinU 108 zhuiin % p.257a zhuiing 2 242 zhuiing $3 636 zhuiing zhuiing 82 p.267b zhuhg @Ip.259a zhuiing 3 p.259b zhui 9r.l p.262b zhui ;$+I p.262b zhui $+? p.291b zhiin -

-A

F

Rzr 2k

s-

&k #i 2%

fi,

3

*L

$$

Sf-

%I-IAO-%GO

zhtin zhuij zhu6 z1 zi zi zi zi zi zi zong z6ng

-@;%

& 24:

R

% -3-

?

$k il

Sm

z6ng ?$. z6ng # ,! z6u k zii jfa zti $R 26 $. zti b zii 2k z6 K zuiin, +% zuZn, zuiin zui p%

zui zui zui ziin ziin zuci zuB zu6 zu6 zuB zuB zu6

& 366 % p.246b @ p.250a $

p.267b

% p.267b a?

4 f

k 18k &

d

436 343 179 572 p.267a 430 p.289a

STROKE COUNT-STROKE ORDER INDEX

This second index of characters is arranged by strolce count and strok order and therefore enables the student to find, for reference or reviev any character in this boolc whose pronunciation he or she does not l a 0 1 or is unsure of. The index has been organized by the strolce count-strok order system rather than the traditional radical system because mastery c the latter requires considerable time. Mastery of the radicals is one of th goals of this book, not a slull assumed of its users, whereas the strok count-stroke order system can be used by a student almost immediately. is also a system that, as George Kennedy says, "appears to be widely use in China today." In order to use the index, you should first count the number of strolte in the character under consideration. As you learn new characters an how to write them from the diagrams, the ability to count correctly th number of strokes and- learn the little tricks familiar to every first ye: -- - -.student of Chinese will come naturally. (For example, the shape I i counted as one stroke rather than two.) Characters in thjs index are groupe according to the total number of strokes in the character, beginning wit characters having the fewest strokes (1 to 3 strokes) and concluding wit those having the most strolces (18 or more). Where a discrepancy existl count the strokes that are actually made as you write the character b hand rather than use the "official" count traditionally used in Chines dictionaries. You must then determine into which of the following four categorit: the first stroke in the character falls: 1) a dot, including any strok .downw~cLto~theright;2)~ahoriZontal_ angle-th;

STROKE INDEX

begins with a left to right horizontal; 3) a vertical strolce, including angles that begin with a vertical; or 4) a left, downward-slanting stroke, including angles that begin this way. To summarize: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Dot Across Down Left

'

I

I

or or or or

-?

<

All characters with the same number of strokes are subdivided into these four categories of "first strolces." Much like an alphabetical system, these categories are further ordered according to the category (dot, across, down, left) into which the second stroke of the character falls. For example, if one character has twelve strokes and its first and second strokes are "dots" (&) ,it will appear before a character of twelve strokes of which the first is a dot and the second a horizontal stroke (&), and so on. Note that characters whose first element is the common "grass radical" * are classified in the stroke count-stroke order system as if the first stroke were a downstroke, though this differs from the writing diagrams in the text. All of the characters appearing in Rending nlzd Writing Clzilzese are given here, with the exception of characters that appear in modern texts only as parts of other characters. The index does, however, include all forms of traditional radicals. On pages 300-301 of the text itself are introduced all Hnrz-Yi~zgCidinn radicals which have not been introduced earlier. A complete chart of Hnn-Yilzg Ciclialz radicals appears as the back endpapers. The system of reference to characters and page numbers is explained in the introduction to the Alphabetical Index on page 304.

STROKE INDEX

1-3 strolces [,I i 7 i .

-

-

i

i 2.

-;f

3 Af

613 56415 88" 181" 12740 378 4714 171i6'

2.

155~~ p.2566

5

-w-

% k A Z

X

e 8

4

K

a 5 'F

g7 10 84754 8 0 ~ ~ 2 1857 8751

n h

a n k

18641 1464 596 15P7 142 14155 5037 p.261 b p.2812 85'9 p.281a

275 274 6

10218 20619 522 58 5943

[I

I

1

A /\

5 L k R

A 3

3 A

f 9

/\

IL h

4 {{

l4 2428 98" 232?O 64516 151 682 677 11736 233

63 1 24 1 99758

261' 571° 152" 49 p.245bM 56047

P -t

t 5 E---1-43E--

22'4 689

C

145= 842G 760'~ 7617"; 136IG3 35 1 44348 8632 13433 612 5 19 150 - _

P p1

[I

1; L

f. -f-

'f7

-k

I L

b-

G:

1

n 17

11 9 U

A 4' ' 11.

136 55 1-1Xz5 137" 346 2013 2l3[ 3330 205j8 35250 46417 9SdG 465J5 274' -_

4 9-

2552 30G0 8 1959--

({{

44247

4,

4 strokes ['I , $ . ,

3 d 5 K

3486 1O0gfi8 48O1I3 39270 952

1-3.4.5 STROKES

k @ 42

4-t tlJ

a

4 j ~

475

It:

4, f?7

k

fi d

k h

19176 p.281 b 341 p.281 b 810 581 p.281 b p.300A 703 p.301 b 375 22483 262" 308 878 p.273aS7

5 strolces

STROKE INDEX

$-

?I

Jb % 33 JE.

p.300b p.247a 869 409 p.271 b p.246b 493

25

245lo'

h

432 p.271 bQ8 496 77 533 1449g 599

EL E 9h

Zt

*

5 , 6 , 7 STROKES

901'39 p.282b p.282b 709 p.282b 229134 p.246b p.260b 477 822 51513' 793 922Id3 418 41513' 42 1Id4 p.247b 19 12 787 28120 174""

7 stroltes

STROKE INDEX

A %i

4n ;f.t

$4

% 3, %k

p.262a 305 p.245a 797 p.300a 220 238 p.282b

7.8 STROKES

8 stroltes

S T R O K E INDEX

a; $11

R % 4iL lq ifg

M

p.2546 p.267a p.272a p.269b p.284b 78 p.263b p.253a

$+[I 1 $

3 &

-5

e

& 3%

5 k &j

367

-+ 4%

h

p.284b 688

k -&

[I]

k Jr

R

& ;r' E

r9 an

SF. % S

p.284b 704 p.281 a 451G9 380 p.2686

4

410 p.284b

D w -

344---

b

376 p.267b 913 96 169 p.279b p.247b p.250a p.300a

%

Q 4%

fi

a

$Irk

% ;lk

*

3$ 8%

nr; M

R-S_

&. j

& 4%

if11

C

4-

tk

@ &

$

k

-

60

339 618 517 p.273a p.266b 383 9416' 3 15 800 750

265 538

p.245a p.256a p.265b 839 209 p.284b

893 309184 ~.2-5.7~--+-830 p.255a p.247b 39172

p.264bI7O p.270b p.285a p.264a 536 230 - 234

%% 8P 33 fit

4 4% )ff? .%E

ilk

+

& !

4b

$4

779 p.301 b p.249b p. 2 78a 41 1 588 p.2736 p.2688 877 p.285a 223

p.260b p.285a

['I

;J+I

4 & $$

i&

5%

,. L

$It

2 % ,2.

2 %

8 & a... &---

p.2626 61 I p.285a p.285a

1055 663 p.285a834 p.301 b p.263b p.285a 577 p.2852 321 p.259b p. 255a p.285a 485

8 , 9 STROKES

848 p.248a p.285b p.285b 397 p.285b 25 1 915 1030 1053 417Ifl3

STROKE INDEX w

n

3P -P

g

8

Rifi @ )I5 a&

I 7%

p.259b 60 1 p.257a p.286a

p.288a p.286a p.273b p.274b 955 908 974

10 strokes

@

['I . IXL . +

42

4E 4% 4% 4% A I%

f&

- --

72518? 487 126 p.263a 792 p.286a p.274a 726 1000 p.286a 855

p.259a

1

?@ ;$

%-p286a----i~-

n

p.261 a p.287a A p.300a & 3 11 p.287a & p.269a @ p.266a -J+-~28% 44 p.266a i$ p.2726 41k 936 @ p.287a 4% p.272a 7% p.287a b p.252a % p.268b 4p.256a $& 104 1-p.257a -kt

@

.$

R 2%

%

g -$ rtr

C % & 11%

364 p.263a 940 p.263b p.274a p.286b 602 390 p.286b 374 p.260a 1001 745 p.286b

A

H

m

E-I E ,,

S

* 3%

SYF

d @ J~G.

+k %

*I & i ; L

9,

6

& &

ig

*

i&

-8f

% fit5

$k p A

;Mi

4& +k

$A $3

M 4x 4:

X 4% 4& $5

STROKE INDEX

i6

A

973 p.246a 46 p.274b p.269a p.257b 170 457 563 710 p.279b

& 61

187 p.272a

44 PI

t& ifL

48 43

4g

+%

,&

ik $& :en (.+-

;*

;;li

i* %i

@ ;

ig %

R

$-

8

p.288b p.288b p.266b 674 736 p.288b p.300a p.288b p.266a p.263b 619

561 p.248a

3.3, 673

w

4 k

a~c

p.275a p.277a 4% 953 7% p. 256a dfk p.288b fik 327 $4 p.2886 4Fp.255b 4% p.288b !L p.281a k$---,.---& -5--263a-p; +; p.265b !14 p.267a +& p.300b ?&I.p.264a 1PG 225 ?& p.260b

3!k

@

6

% 7%

+:

$2

,I* it% $1~ 4% $&

22

d & I%

@ &

11 stroltes

['I

$+

731

p.245a p.250b 603 962 622 p.263a 595

-

+

317 826 p.288b 1041 p.288b p.259b 696 626 582 157'0° p.270b 8O9lg8 p.280a p.280a

&

iR

4j q

43 4b

42

p.288b p.2726 476 p.277a p.289a p.279a p.263b

[-I g 3-

H

G

993 p.246a

795 747 386 p.289a j& p.2656 % p.260a ?IF p.277b dfp 140 4~ p.289a $8 627 639 658 81 p.254b @ p.257a B--p;289ap % 957 &1054 3 604") % 370 qf+ 540 8 617 $& 702 R p.266b % p.251 b 46 p.273a 44. p.248a

4k

10, I I STROKES

p.290a p.290a p.270a 290 p.290a 9941q6 558Iq5 p.259b 484 p.290a 753 p.253b p.290a p.267a p.290a 932 p.290a p.259a p.2476 975 700 883 71 765 505 378 p.248b p.2506 p.290a 416 p.262a 296 427 945 p.263a 780 741 906 825 p.263b

STROKE INDEX

12 strolres

4% ?&

&

[-I % ;

&

$6 $3 &t-.. :.

3 $11 i& j&

% rsi

e $1

'& ?ij;

& jk -3 $8~

<+

"1

$+

$6

p.257a p.290b p.290b p.254b 621 p.290b p.290b p. 259a

885 p.249b p.290b p.254b p.290b p.251a p.290b 525 107 p.278b p.258a p.270a p.269a p.260a 264

&-----p257' a

g i& i&

,I+$

& I% 5%

&I bv

% AT$

650 p.253b 267 p.290b p.290b p.290b 300 1011 p.259a p.2906 p.253b

~g

*el e5

g

p.270a p.291a p.291a p.267b 7 14 328 p.254a

p.246b p.254b $3 p.291a .@i p.253b

4% &%

Ym' 4g

[-I ,$?

p.256a

5 %

p.291a 803 p.269b

&

ik 4

4% 4% 4%

49

& &

p.291a p.291 b p.271 b 916 p.261 b p.264a p.245b

p.280b p.273a p.279a

.)h:

@ 4 ig

p.256b p.291a $fi 90 $k p.269a j ? p.291 a >% 995 % p.246b 3k 652 & p.255a & 651 &----- p269a 3% 1012 & 190 i% p.270a ,% p.263a $? p.250b & p.291a % p.291a $ p.262a & 930 $!k p.264b $4 p.267a

4% & 4% 3$

&. 9%

?$i d &

@38rrr

$ G&

f? f%.

I% 1%

re

37 A

569 p.291 b p.264a p.291 b p.266a p.279a p.248a p.291 b p.291 b 712 633 228 p.291 b p.291 b 870 p.261 a 754 687 p.264a p.252a 1005

12, 13 STROKES j$-

% 11lJj 43

A

$6 $f%

4% %&

%B &

:"t $&

& & :

a $8

%I + + l $

p.250a p.257a p.245b p.292b p.292b p.292b p.276b 423

909 p.245b p.280b 880 778 p.292b 177 p.292b p.245b 665 419

_-

STROKE INDEX -$?

-$ $3

el& at%

x

&

% @J

A Y

,fi!l,

&% BI

p.276a 1027 314 p.279a p.259a 449 p.274b p.254 b p.276a 935 p.277a p.293a p.260a p.245b

[-I p @7 @ % 7%

4 *& 3%

3 $,

& 8 $

9 @

3%

St"

d 4%

% &I

4cCp

*&

1g

p.249a p.256b p.293a 737 295 p.261 b p.249b p. 250a p.254b p.293a 693

If&

p.293b

1

32 .liia $$ %!

& 4% J.&

9 $ii

n$.

[I] p.293a p.293a 717 285 p.293a p.293a p.279a p.274b 292 p.293a p.269b p.261 aZo7 579-- p.258b 873 1047 p.2626 p.262b p.247a 817 p.275b p.274b p.261 a p.267a

$

d? &

d I

?ti%

@ X

#k

2-

4%-

4%

.--

,

$ r5

ok

d a$ &i

% @ 3 an ,...

p.273a 479 691 p.293b p.276b 197 72 1 530 1018 p.253b 876

3 % Rk 8%

8%

DL %-

a

2.-

p.2466 447 p.266b

z

$

545 1019 p.293b 499 p.2 7OaZo5 1056 1037 p.280a 490 979 243 p.274a206 948 p.251 a p.293b 36 p.279b p.252a p.293b 539 977 p.245b p.293b 892

b %

,g [) 6 ix

1049

1

340 832 4 p.267a 3$ p.293b .I;# p.293b #& p.272b 4$ p.260b 4%---1 00 %330 & 584 f& p.293b RP p.265a 8 p.251 b kt? 66 8 p.293b A p.293b @ p.248a % p.261 b EL p.250a %L

*P

--

STROKE INDEX

14 4t

202 p.25Sb 1039 996 p.251 a 236 p.269b p.276b

a 4 4.t 42

,gg

$A ;$f

& if4

%&

8 35

& i&

[)

4

2

m

I p.260b

4k

982 984 742 521 p.252 p.261

4ll

54 %

& g

3

p.295a 784 636 644 p.295a209 p.295a p.256b p.295a p.250b

$4 %

49-

4$7

& +% ?&

$#--p;259b -?El

%$&%

p.259b p.259b p.260a 999

Ah

ern

$I

%

I& i%

@ &

d &

g & $ $ -

I-' g 3% i$j

15 strokes

?&

&

[,I

:z

-

&

&&

p.295b p.277b

d

ih

p.254b p.254a p.273b p.295b p.280a 347 989 963 p.258a p.295b 673

4%

751 p.259b 40

@

p.295b p.254b p.273b p.273b p.2956 p.2646 p.2 p.267b p.260b p.249a

p.278b p.252b p.295b p. 249a p.274a 1028 p.274b 135 678

& A

~tg &

g 54jg ig @

@ Pi

.hk

b 4% d& ti %

p.295b p.2956 628 p.257b p.295b p.295b p.271b 777 p.296a p.250a p.296a

p.296a p.279b p.254a p.267a p.2796 p.2736

p.273b p.296a 46 p.252b $, p.280b +$ 562 +$p.296a .264b 43% p.296a $2 854 4&----439S ;f% ! p.296a @ p.246a 615 p.249b d p.296a 3k p.271a % p.262b 4 p.249~1 A p.296a 48 p.296a 3 p.255a r& 755

14, 15, 16 STROKES am

sn

d 11%

b $& ?kg.

AI~ j&,

L A%

16 strokes

p.259b p.248b 555 244 p.274a 312 p.297a p.248b 1013 713 p.297a

STROKE INDEX

%% flHj

4% ~4 v% ;

@ 22

$k 4

86 1 p.297b 1014 p.297b p.297b p.258a p.249a 1052 p.262b 448

R

& $jk 2'C

F,K

$6

& jE

@. .K

4% %i!

&

111

% 4k. 4%

.fn

1 92

% 4% 9%

0 %?

& $+-

$? $i!4 -T

%I .Iki

M

p.255b 97 p.297b p.297b p.260a p.271a 1060 p.297b p.246a p.270azi3 -g3499 1 253 p.258b p.300b p.273a

p.251a p.298a 635 p.259a p.267a 188 706 544 48 1 p.270b p.280a

#$

p.298a p.298a p.298b

d g

282 p.298b p.277a p.298b p.268b p.275b p.298b p.2986

?&

n.5t Ilk Q

fik R&

Q4 dh.

[-I

a$ &c Z& Jl$

&

9 If$

fi%

a

% F~4R A* &k

@ % %!I

537 705 379 1059 359 p.258b p.298a p.298a 37 1 p.298a p.298a p.262b p.298a 1015 p.258a p.298a p.271a

S fi&

fig @ {g$

i&

$6 ?jf s9c

C. I ,

'K-p398b18 and up

[,I ;,% 9%

%

17 strolres

[I]

p.276b p.276a p.294aZi4 p.268b 585 p.257b p.298b p.298b p.271a p.265a p.280b p.246a 605

%

p.2986 p.266b p.298b p.257b

10. 17.18

STROICES AND U P

743 796 194 $% p.266a I % p.252a @. 1061 & 980 ?& p.251 a $1

%$7 2%-

a

laa

$8

f!# Jj7

@ *+It

tlir

Ffi $J: 4%

2 3 %

$k Str +$

356 1016 729 506 p.299b p.249a p.247a p.280b 806 p.251 a p.299b p.270b p.299b p.293b

p.268a p.250a p.296b p.276b

STROKE INDEX

a

$A qi % 4% trir fi

% 2% % IE iiij

%

p.279a p.278a p.300a p.300a p.254a p.270a p.275b p.300a p.279b p.252b 77 1 p.254b

__

;g&$q&.

The Chart of Modem Radicals -11. dot61 2. one 8 3. 1 down3 4. J left 1 5. "back-turned stroke" p. 300 6. 7 "top of -7 , " p. 300 7. t twistp. 281, 5

. -

-340. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48, 49.

f "three-dots water" 181

4t heart 67 :I bed 849 i to die 68 /- lean-to 155 roof 127 il gate 45 ihalt 171 r worlc43 L ( -k ) earth (knight) 86

-

83. 84. 85. 86. 87.

k fire 414 5 pattern 360

iS square 392 P door 391 i (side-) sign 480 (cp.

H132) 88. 3. Icing 92 89. 1. "top of -fi" p. 301 90. % ( k ) heaven (tender) 52 (53) 91. 4 walk off 875

95. % not73

59. R surround 21 16. 1- ( I- ) divine 118 17. 1' knife 205 60. J, mountain 95 crown 47 61. 'I' sprout 465 18. 62 1 ctep 30 19. O borders 20 20. ' "top of & " p. 300 63. 3 streaks 819 21. 4 (side-)man 4 64. 9 dusk 117 65. A follo~v,slow 319,337 22. "top of f i p. 300 66. 1~ bullet 677 23. A ( A ) man (enter) 2 (152) 67. P corpse 329 24. ( ) eight 98.88 68. 4 (side-) food 309 25. X "bottom of X " p. 300 26. 9 wrap 232 27:-n-(+-) knife (--)-lo2 28. h strength 206 997 71. 4 bow218 29. JL legs 57 30. JL table 645 (p. 301) 72. € ( 6 )self (--) 273, (275) 73. -k woman 11 31. ' "topof?"p.301 74. -3 ( 7 ) cliild (--) 18 32. P seal 84 33. f (on tile left of 75. $ horse 35 characters) mound 76. k, coil 25 ("left ear") 76 77. (h ) silk 28, 174 78. ((( river 442 34. P (on the right of characters) city ("right 79. '1, ( " ) small 27 ear") 136 35. X right hand 85 36. ?c march 847 -437. cocoon 24 80. "fire-dots" 34 38. U bowl 464 81. 'a heart70 3932ladle-137---8-?--+peck-1009

-

"

.,

(n)

'

1

.*.

102. It toe 195 103. Q sun 160 104. W say 82 105. middle 112 106. fi cowrie I23 107. JL see214 108. 5i father 211 109. 'i breath 324 110. cow 260, 15 111. 3 hand 41 112. 6 fur 293 113. L! knock 384 114. 1: slice 927 115.-k axe 262 --..-- .. 116. JL (.* ) claws p. 273 (338) 117. K foot (lengdl) 857 118. fl moon 178 119. 6 club 183 120. % yawn 191 121. W wind 725 122. k clan 224 123. ti; compare 567 124. -? "lop of $ " p. 301 125. 7k water 362

_

-5126. li stand 105 127. f sick 531 128,k- cave57-

-

129. I (side-) gown 910 (cp.Hl61) 130. a ..tp of p. 301 131. 5 jade 62 132. ii: sign 807 133. z?? go 432 134. "top of 5 "p. 301 135. "b- sweet 144 136. Z rock 664 137. & dmgonp. 275 138. & 5th heavenly stem 497 139. * "top of $ p. 2950 140. 3k business 623 141. R eye 120 142. r? field 23 143. & from 799 144. 9 stretch812 145. e net 637 146. .zl, dish 921 147. 4 (side-) gold 94 (cp. H209) 148. k mow 63 149. ;5c ,gain65 150. k! white 231 151. Ih melonp. 281 152. 4 bud 994 153. & skin 662 154. fi back 632 155. f spear 840 156. iE bolt W

a.

"

1721 5% light 748 173. W tiger 669 174. & bug 641 175. crockp. 257 176. % 1029 177. C tongue 313 178. 4 f ( = )bamboo 54 (55) 179. C mortar 229 180. k?i small nose 515 181. h blood 922 182. f: boat415 183. % wings 781 184. L ( E )stubborn 31

"

-6157.

(1,

)sheep 115

(475) 158. roll,p..2jl 159. L rice 101 160. -$- line-up I045 161. R gown 109 162. * ( ) also @. 301) 163. 4 ear201 164. E bureaucrat 491 165. 4 "top of &. " p. 301 166. Ei ( S ) cover (west) 122 (130) 167. B thornp. 262 168. 3E inferiorp. 262 169. 6 beard 609 170. W head 333 171. Z reach 396

+

216. % ghost 291 217. 'k food 306

- 10218. & tall75 219. % I cauldron,11. 268 220. % hair 916 - 11 221. f i hemp 157 222. deer 809 - 12223. X black 280

-I-

185. d words 38 186. bitter 549 187. b early 756 188. & wheatp. 289 189. ff walk434 190. ;ii: redp. 282 191. d flask453 192. .k bundle 657 193. E wine 363 194. I pig 389 195. 5 village 106 196. /e foot 196 197. % cull 517 198. R snakep. 271 199. valley 373 200. 8 torso 185 201. fi horn904

+

-8202. -% green 198 203. 3 "side of 4 " p. 301 204. 13rain 283 205. -ib wrong 654 206. tk teethp. 296 207. t toadp. 270 208. Q dove 39 209. 4 gold 94 210. 6 fish 558 -9211. 212. 213. 214. 215.

%?tone 335 $ hide 369

& am, is, are 246 'i? hone 511 scent 1044

-13224. 3i drum p. 26 1 225. R mouse p. 270 226. '$ big nose p. 205

The CHART OF kIODER\ RADICALS gives rile \! \ten1 of modem radicals 11~i.d In 111i. dictionary d$$+IS / Tlrc Cl~bleseEnelis11Dic.rio~rif~~ discussed ;the Stud! GU&. The chart gives the nomher of each radical, irs fomi cir ti~rnir. and a reference to ila rrenrrneol in Reading and 1V1-iri~r!: Cllirrese. Numbers i l l Ruman type refer to radical5 ii~cluded in the first character proup 01' basic characters. Pape ntlmherr in italics refer to mdic:11>i n 111s second character group (pp. 245-301).

Reading and W t i n g Chinese has been the standard tan for foreign students and self-teachers of the Chinese writing system since Tutde &st published it in 1978. In this new, completely revised edition, the experience of the book's use in classrooms has been drawn on to produce a more convenient, efficient, and up-to-date introduction to the Chinese writing system. Over 1,100 new combinations of characters have been added, increasing the total vocabulary significantly, to about 4,500 items. Seventy new notes on usage appear, enhancing students' insight into the contemporary state of the language. For each of the basic 1,062 characters, the pronounciation, definition, and derivation are given, with examples of the use of most characters, and there is a chart showing how to write each character. Hints for memorization and cautionary cross-references to look-alike characters are provided here, as well as information that clarifies ofien-overlooked aspects of the writing system.

William Maaughton began the research that led to Reading and Wn'ting Chinese when he was the founding teacher of Chinese at Oberlin College, one of the best-known U.S. undergraduateprograms in Chinese. Since 1986 he has taught at Hong Kong's City University, where he was the founding program leader of the BA (Honours) in Translation and Interpretation. He is the author of numerous books and journal arricles on Chinese literature and language.

Li Ying was born in Beijing. She has a BA from the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute and an MA from Middlebury College. She has taught at Beijing's Capital Normal University and now teaches at Hong Kong University.

ISBN 0-8048-3206-4 US $1 8.95

McNaughton & Ying - Reading & Writing Chinese

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