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Text Text as connected connected discourse
RELEVANCE RELEVANCE VERSUS CONNECTION: DISCOURSE AND TEXT AS UNITS OF ANALYSIS Joau!n "arrido Uni#ersidad Uni#ersidad Co$%&utense de 'adrid (oauin )arridoATccin* uc$ es
A+stract T,e inter%retation o* s%eec, can +e dea&t -it, in ter$s o* )ra$$ar. i* )ra$$atica& cate)ories are extended +e/ond t,e sentence0 A*ter A*ter +rie1/ re#ie-in) s%eec, acts. discourse acts and re&e#ance. t-o units are t,us %osited. t,e discourse and t,e text. and t,e/ are de2ned in strict&/ &in)uistict,eoretica& ter$s. +/ $eans o* a %rinci%&e o* connection0 Fo&&o-in) t,is %rinci%&e. sentences are &in3ed usin) additiona& in*or$ation. -,ic, is not ex%&icit&/ re%resented re%resented in t,e sentence0 T,e resu&tin) units are structured seuences o* sentences. sen tences. ca&&ed discourses. -,ic, are. in turn. &in3ed in a structured -a/ into &ar)er units. ca&&ed texts0
4e/ -ords: discourse. text. connection. )ra$$ar
50 S%ee S%eec, c, acts acts As e#er/+od/ 3no-s. %ra)$atics is t,e standard so&ution to t,e &i$its o* sentence )ra$$ar5 0 In a -a/. t,e di6erence +et-een )ra$$ar and %ra)$atics is an u%dated #ersion o* t,e distinction +et-een s/ste$ and use. or +et-een &an)ue and %aro&e0 A $a(or contri+ution in t,e 2e&d o* %ra)$atics is t,e conce%t o* t,e s%eec, act0 S%ea3in) is not on&/ sa/in) t,in)s a+out rea&it/. it is a&so doin) t,in)s a+out it. and t,ere is e#en not,in) +ut action in so$e cases0 T,ere are t-o $ain ar)u$ents in *a#or o* s%eec, acts0 One is t,e existence o* %er*o$ati#e ex%ressions. suc, as 7I %ro$ise to co$e80 T,e second ar)u$ent is t,e existence o* uestions and orders or reuests. -,ic, are not used to sa/ so$et,in) s o$et,in) a+out rea&it/. +ut rat,er as too&s to do so$et,in)0 T,e 2rst %oint resu&ts in t,e c&assi2cation o* s%eec, acts in ter$s o* t,e corres%ondin) %er*or$ati#e ex%ressions. *or instance. co$$issi#e s%eec, acts in ter$s o* t,e %er*or$ati#e 7I %ro$ise80 T,e second one &eads to t,e distinction +et-een sentences 9dec&arati#e. interro)ati#e. interro)ati#e. and i$%erati#e
and utterances 9state$ents. uestions. and reuests. and %oses t,e %ro+&e$ o* t,e so;ca&&ed indirect s%eec, act. -,ere a reuest. *or instance. $a/ +e $ade +/ $eans o* a dec&arati#e sentence. instead o* an i$%erati#e one 9-,ic, -ou&d +e an exa$%&e o* a direct s%eec, act0
Linguistic discourse analysis: Lin)uistic c,aracteristics o* s%o3en and -ritten discourse T,ere are di6erent &in)uistic c,aracteristics o* +ot, o* t,ese discourses0 Just as t,e di6erences o* t,e *unction and *or$s o* s%o3en and -ritten discourse o#er&a% one anot,er in t,e sa$e -a/ t,e c,aracteristics o* t,ese t-o discourses. as -i&& +e discussed. ,a#e actua&&/ so$e o#er&a% +et-een t,e t-o0 T,e *or$ o* s%o3en and -ritten discourse As -e&& as +ein) di6erent in *unction. s%o3en and -ritten discourse di6er in *or$s as a resu&t o* t,e di6erence o* $ediu$0 Features o* s%o3en discourse suc, as r,/t,$. intonation and non;&in)uistic noises suc, as si),s and &au),ter are a+sent in -ritten discourse0 S%o3en discourse can a&so +e acco$%anied +/ non;#er+a& co$$unication suc, as )estures and *acia& ex%ressions +ecause s%eec, is t/%ica&&/ used in a *ace; to;*ace situation0 T,ese *eatures can not easi&/ +e con#e/ed +/ -ritten discourse0 i), Street8 -i&& di6er accordin) to -,et,er t,e action or o+(ect or %erson or %&ace is t,e $ost i$%ortant idea0 T,e di6erent $eanin)s. t,us. i$%&ied +/ di6erences o* intonation -ou&d +e di?cu&t to con#e/ in -ritten discourse -it,out c,an)in) t,e structure o* t,e sentence0
Nor$a& non;1uenc/ S%o3en discourse is )enera&&/ c,aracteri=ed +/ nor$a& non;1uenc/0 Nor$a& non; 1uenc/ re*ers to unintended re%etitions 9e0)0 I0 I @. 2&&ers 9e0)0 u$. er. *a&se starts. )ra$$atica& +&ends and un2nis,ed sentences0 One 2nds *a&se start 7-,ere a sentence is +ro3en o6 $id-a/ as a resu&t o* a c,an)e o* $ind8 9Leec,. Deuc,ar and >oo)enraad 5B:5B *or exa$%&e. 7You s,ou&d -e&& tac3&e it /ourse&*08 <,en one +e)ins in one -a/ and ends in anot,er. one tends to +&end *or exa$%&e in 7Do /ou 3no- -,ere is $/ o?ce8 ,ere t,e sentence +e)ins as an indirect uestion +ut ends as a direct uestion0 In s%o3en discourse. %eo%&e *ace t,e %,eno$ena o* ,esitation t,at &ead to non;1uenc/0 S%o3en discourse contains $an/ inco$%&ete sentences.
o*ten si$%&/ seuences o* %,rases0
Re%etiti#eness Since s%o3en discourse is &ess %er$anent. it reuires $ore re%etition t,an -ritten discourse0 In s%o3en discourse. t,e addressee can not easi&/ re*er +ac3 to -,at ,as )one +e*ore. so i$%ortant in*or$ation ,as to +e re%eated0 T,is can +e noticed. *or exa$%&e. in nor$a& con#ersation0 T,e cate)or/ o* $ode -it, re*erence to s%o3en and -ritten discourse. as ,as +een discussed. ,as %ecu&iar &in)uistic c,aracteristics. +ut t,ere can +e so$e o#er&a% in t,ese c,aracteristics. de%endin) on -,at t,e/ are used *or. and in -,at situation0
0 Tec,niues in Se&ectin) and Or)ani=in) Or)ani=in) Your In*or$ation Our da/;to;da/ %ro*essiona& and socia& &i#es rare&/ de$and t,at -e create detai&ed arc,itectures o* -,at -e 3no- and ,o- t,ose structures o* in*or$ation are &in3ed0 Yet -it,out a so&id and &o)ica& or)ani=ationa& *oundation. /our -e+ site -i&& not *unction -e&& e#en i* /our +asic content is accurate. attracti#e. and -e&& -ritten0 T,ere are 2#e +asic ste%s in or)ani=in) /our in*or$ation: 50 In#entor/ /our content: <,at do /ou ,a#e a&read/ <,at do /ou need G0 Esta+&is, a ,ierarc,ica& out&ine o* /our content and create a contro&&ed #oca+u&ar/ so t,e $a(or content. site structure. and na#i)ation e&e$ents are a&-a/s identi2ed consistent&/ B0 C,un3in): Di#ide /our content into &o)ica& units -it, a consistent $odu&ar structure H0 Dra- dia)ra$s t,at s,o- t,e site structure and rou), out&ines o* %a)es -it, a &ist o* core na#i)ation &in3s and
0 Ana&/=e /our s/ste$ +/ testin) t,e or)ani=ation interacti#e&/ -it, rea& users re#ise as needed0
C0 atterns o* De#e&o%$ent
A
pattern of development in writing refers to the particular
strategy writers use to develop ideas. Whether you are aware of it or not, you already use patterns of development to express yourself. When you show someone how to make an omelette, change a tire, or set up an instant messaging account, you are using a pattern of development called "process analysis"; when you describe what your roomate looks like when she gets up in the morning you are using "description"; when you offer several reasons why you are late for an appointment, you are using cause and effect; and when you tell the story of your first date, you are using narration. Learning to use these patterns of development in writing is not difficult: you will need to familiarie yourself with key transitional expressions that send a signal
to the reader that a particular pattern is being used, and you will need to make conscious decisions about which strategies best develops your ideas.
D0 ro%erties o* a -e&&;-ritten text How important is it for a writer to be able to discern the difference between good writing and a bad writing? For me, it is very important to know the difference of the two because it is a way to know how bad and good is your writing and how to improve your writing skills, there was so many characteristics of a well written text, this characteristics can improve your text, it makes your text to be interesting to read, it also helps you to make a well written text that make your readers use their critical thinking skills to understand your text. Therefore there was many characteristics can you use in making your own well written text.
ne of my favorite characteristics of a well written text is organi!ation a well organi!ed piece of writing is not only clear, it is presented in a way that is logical and aesthetically pleasing. "ou can tell non#linear stories or place your thesis at the end of an essay and get away with it as long as your scenes or ideas are well ordered. $deas may be organi!ed in several ways. $t can be organi!ed spatial arrangement, emphatic arrangement, sensory impression, logical arrangement etc. %y &econd favorite characteristics of a well written text is tone this is what sets you apart from all other writers. $t's your uni(ue way of stringing words together, formulating ideas, and relating scenes or images to the reader. $n any piece of writing, the tone should be consistent and identifiable. "our tone depends on what and how you feel about your sub)ect or reader. "our attitude is defined by your wise choice of details to produce the desired effects. &ome common tones are neutral, authoritative, reflective etc. %y third favorite characteristics of a well written text is language use writers can never underestimate or fail to appreciate their most valuable tools *words+. ood writing includes smart and appropriate word choices and well crafted sentences. $t is also refers to the communicative meaning. -anguage is very important to a well written text, the language reflects on the writer of the text, by the language readers can easily understand your text and make it more interesting to read, in using language you must aware with your readers. "ou must not use highfalutin word if your readers have low comprehension. &o you must consider it.
$ concluded that considering your characteristics in writing a well written text is very important. $t reflect on how the writer deliver hisher message. $ also concluded that there was many characteristics can be consider in writing a well written text that can help you a lot. And you must also consider the difference between bad and good written text so you may know what do you need to improve your writing skills and consider your strength and weaknesses in writing that can also help you in developing your characteristics.
