BAB I PENDAHULUAN
Instalasi listrik merupakan suatu rangkaian dari peralatan listrik yang saling berhubungan antar satu dengan yang lain, dan berada dalam satu lingkup system ketenaga listrikan.Instalasi listrik yang lebih baik adalah instalasi yang aman bagi manusia dan akrab dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Mengingat bahwa listrik dapat pula membahayakan manusia dan dapat menimbulkan dampak negative terhadap lingkungan, maka selalu diupayakan agar tenaga listrik yang didistribusikan dapat dilaksanakan secara: a. Aman bagi manusia dan peralatan b. Handal dalam arti mampu menyalurkan energy listrik dengan baik bagi konsumen. Sebagai kelengkapan dari sebuah gedung, listrik adalah elemen penting dari bangunan itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu faktor kenyamanan dan keaman an sangat harus diperhatikan ketika kita melakukan pemasangan instalasi listrik di bangunan gedung, sehingga dalam penggunaanya tidak menimbulkan masalah. Masalah yang bisa ditimbulkan dari pemasangan instalasi listrik di bangunan gedung yang salah, seperti kurang daya, konsleting, alat-alat elekronik yang rusak karena listrik tidak stabil bahkan bisa ke hal-hal yang fatal seperti kebakaran. Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhitungkan dalam cara pemasangan instalasi listrik pada bangunan gedung seperti jarak antar titik listrik ke titik listrik lainnya,komponen / peralatan listrikyang dipakai, pembagian daya yang harus diesuaikan dengan kebutuhan ruangannya masing-masing, dan sebagainya. Bila semua itu dilakukan dengan cara yang tepat, maka hasinyapun akan dirasakan langsung, yaitu kondisi aman dan nyaman selama menggunakan listrik. Baik dalam instalasi listrik di bangunan gedung, ataupun instalasi listrik di gedung bertingkat harus dilakukan dengan cara yang benar karena resiko yang besar dari penggunaan listrik yang salah bisa menimpa kita semua. Bengkel Otomasi
1
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Dewasa ini kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi begitu pesatnya berkembang , maka sangat dibutuhkan tenaga kerja yang professional dan handal dibidangnya masing-masing. Untuk menghasilkan pekerjaan yang baik tidak hanya dibutuhkan teori-teori tetapi juga dibutuhkan praktek berdasarkan teori yang ada. Umumnya diindustri-industri banyak sekali digunakan mesin-mesin penggerak untuk mesin produksi, yaitu motor listrik. Pengontrolan motor dapat dilakukan dari yang sangat sederhana sampai pada system pengontrolan yang sangat baik. Begitu juga untuk instalasi penerangan sangat banyak digunakan bahkan memang itu yang paling utama. Pemasangannya harus sesuai dengan standar yang ada karena hal ini menyangkut keselamatan pekerja. Dalam praktek bengkel semester V ini, pekerjaan yang dilakukan tidak terlepas dari pemasangan instalasi penerangan.
A. Latar Belakang
Telah menjadi suatu kewajiban bagi mahasiswa untuk menyusun laporan bengkel semester V ini setelah semua job yang diberikan selesai dikerjakan. Hal ini bermaksud agar mahasiswa dapat membandinngkan teori yang didapat dari buku dengan apa yang telah dikerjakan selama praktek dibengkel. Disiplin ilmu yang dimiliki juga berperan penting sebab teknologi di Indonesia ii sedang berkembang ke arah yang lebih baik, berkembang dan modern. Dengan
adanya
pengembangan
teknologi
tersebut
maka
pekerjaan
perbengkelan sangatlah mempengaruhi hasil produksi dari teknologi teknolo gi tersebut. Begitu juga halnya pada praktek bengkel kali ini, dalam memasang sebuah instalasi listrik dan menghubungkannya ke motor haruslah membutuhkan keterampilan dan kerapian serta ketepatan dalam pengerjaannya, sehingga dapat menghasilkan kerja yang lebih baik, memuaskan d
lebih optimal. sehubungan dengan adanya kemajuan teknologi
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ketahui, pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh manusia sekarang telah tergantikan oleh tenaga mesin yang yang jauh lebih cepat dan efisien efisien dalam pengerjaannya. Beranjak dari fenomena tadi maka penulis akan mencoba untuk mengulas bagaiman saya dapat mengerjakan teknik perbengkelan yang baik sehingga dapat menghasilkan kerja yang lebih baik, memuaskan dan lebih optimal yang akan penulis uraikan dalam laporan bengkel kali ini.
B. Tujuan
Setiap pekerjaan yang dilakukan tentunya ada tujuan yang ingin dicapai dan juga manfaat yang akan kita peroleh dari pekerjaan tersebut. Adapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai dan juga manfaat yang akan kita peroleh dari pekerjaan tersebut. Serta dicapai pada praktek bengkel ini adalah sebagai berikut : a. Agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui tujuan dan fungsi serta dapat membaca dan memahami job yang akan dikerjakan. b. Agar mahasiswa mengetahui cara kerja dan fungsi dari alat-alat yang digunakan sewaktu praktek berlangsu nng supaya nantinya apabila telah tamat dan bekerja tidak bingung lagi tentang peralatan yang dipakai didunia industry. c. Agar mahasiswa terampil dalam menggunakan alat-alat yang terdapat dibengkel dengan baik dan efisien. d. Agar mahasiswa terampil dalam mengerjakan sebuah instalasi llistrik deangan baik sesuai dengan standarisasi. e. Agar mahasiswa teramoil dalam merangkai, rangkaian control dari sebuah motor listrik. f.
Agar mahasiswa selalu disiplin dalam kerjanya dan bisa memperhatikan keselamatan alat dan keselamatan pribadi.
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h. Agar mahasiswa mengetahui baik dari segi bentuk, sifat-sifat, maupun prinsip kerja dari komponen tersebut. i.
Agar mahasiswa mampu merancang suatu instalasi penerangan dan instalasi tenaga.
j.
Agar mahasiswa bisa membuat laporan kerja yang baik. Agar mahasiswa mampu dengan adanya tujuan dan manfaat yang ingin dicapi
tersebut tentunya setiap kita harus dapat melakukan pekerjaan tersebut ssecara baik dan benar, sehingga kita bisa dapat menciptakan hasil kerja yang jauh lebih baik dan memuaskan. Dan tentunya semua itu dapat tercapai apabila ada keseriusan, ketekunan, dan kesabaran dari setiap mahasiswa tersebut.
C. Permasalahan
Dalam teori pada umumnya mahasiswa hanya mengetahui sifat suatu komponen listrik secara teori atau sebaliknya. Pada umumnya banyak yang bisa memasang instalasi tetapi tidak mengerti akan peraturan-peraturan listrik atau asal pasang yang penting lampu hidup atau ada arus.
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BAB II URAIAN UMUM
A. Disiplin Kerja
Disiplin kerja merupakan hal yang sangat mendasar yang harus dipatuhi dalam pelaksanaan praktek di bengkel listrik. Hal yang merupakan factor yang paling penting dalam melakukan praktek dibengkel karena menyangkut keselamatan diri serta keselamatan peralatan praktek dibengkel. Disiplin merupakan salah satu cara untuk mencapai hasil yang sempurna dalam praktek brngkel. Disiplin yang paling utama dalam melaksanakan praktek bengkel adalah ketepatan waktu. Mengingat pekerjaan bengkel yang akan dilakukan cukup cu kup untuk melaksanakan praktek saja maka waktu yang ada tersebut harus dipergunakan sebaik dan seefisien mungkin. Kedisiplinan juga menyangkut waktu dan peratura-peraturan yang berlaku dibengkel listrik. Jadi kedisiplinan merupakan alat yang ampuh untuk mencapai hasil yang maksimal dalam melaksanakan praktikum maupun kegiatan lainnya.
B. Keselamatan Kerja
Keselamatan kerja harus diperhatikan dalam segala pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan baik pekerjaan kecil ataupun pekerjaan besar. Keselamatan kerja harus dilakukan dalam melaksanakan praktikum biasanya terbagi dua yaitu keselamatan diri sendiri(operator) dan keselamatan alat dan benda kerja. Setiap akan melaksanakan praktek bengkel terlebih dahulu perhatikan kondisi tubuh dalam keadaan fit. Karena hal ini erat kaitannya dengan pekerjaaan yang akan kita laksanakan nantinya, agra tidak terjadi hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan selama berada dibengkel maka dari itu harus diperhatikan keselamatan kerja.
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dengan lancer. Adapun cara-cara yang perlu diperhatikan dalam keselamatan kerja nantinya adalah sebagai berikut. 1.
Keselamatn diri sendiri (Operator) a. Menggunakan perlengkapan kerja yang tidak mengganggu jalannya pekerjaan, seperti: b. Menggunakan baju yang tidak sempit (nyaman) c. Menggunakan sepatu yang sesuai untuk praktek. d. Menggunakan kacamata jika diperlukan. e. Dianjurkan menggunakan alat-alat yang diperlukan. f. Jangan mempermainkan benda-benda tajam dalam praktek. g. Selalu melakukan konsultasi dengan instruktur atau dosen jika mengalami hambatan dalm praktikum. h. Selalu menanamkan sifat hati-hati dan kecermatan dalam praktek yang sedang berlangsung.
2.
Keselamatan alat dan benda kerja Sebelum mengambil dan mengembalikan dengan melaporkan kepada teknisi. a. Menjaga setiap peralatan yang digunakan dari setiap kerusakan dalam b. Praktek yang sedang berlangsung c. Membersihkan tempat kerja setelah melakukan praktek d. Periksa terlebih dahulu kelengkapan peralatan yang dipinjam sebelum mengembalikannya ke teknisi.
Setelah peralatan dippinjam tadi lengkap, letakkan kembali ketempat semula setelah dilaporkan keteknisi.
C. Standarisasi
Salah satu upaya untuk mendapatkan suatu sistem yang tepat yaitu dengan
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standarisasi, maka peralatan-peralatan listrik dapat dipergunakan dengan baik dan lebih efisien. Dua organisasi internasional yang bergerak dibidang standarisasi ini adalah : 1. International Electrotechnical Commission Commission (IEC) untuk bidang teknik listrik. 2. International Organization For Standarisation (ISO) untuk bidang-bidang lainnya. Organisasi tersebut menerbitkan publikasi-publikasi yang disebut standar atau norma. Untuk teknik listrik dikenal norma-norma IEC. Kegiatan standarisasi di Indonesia dilakukan oleh beberapa departemen untuk bidangnya masing-masing. Untuk bidang teknik listrik arus kuat usaha standarisasi standarisasi diprakarsai oleh Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) dan beberapa instansi lainnya. Peraturan instalasi yang pertama kali digunakan sebagai pedoman beberapa instansi yang berkaitan dengan instalasi listrik adalah AVE (Algemene Voorcshriften Voor Electrische Sterkstrom Instalaties) yang diterbitkan sebagai Norma N 2004 oleh Dewan Normalisasi Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Kemudian AVE 2004 ini diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Indonesia dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1964 sebagai Norma Indonesia NI6 yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Peraturan Umum Instalasi Listrik disingkat PUIL 1964, yang merupakan penerbitan pertama dan kemudian
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2000, harus diperhatikan peraturan-peraturan lain yang ada hubungannya dengan instalasi listrik (bagian 1.3 PUIL 2000) antara lain : a. Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja, beserta peraturan pelaksanaannya b. Undang-undang Nomor 15 Tahun 1985 tentang Ketenagalistrikan c. Undang-undang Nomor 18 Tahun 1999 tentang Jasa Konstruksi d. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 10 Tahun 1989 tentang Penyediaan dan Pemanfatan Tenaga Listrik e. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 1993 tentang Usaha Penunjang Listrik f. Peraturan Menteri Pertambangan dan Energi Nomor 01.P/ 40/M.PE/1990 tentang Instalasi Ketenagalistrikan g. Peraturan Mentri Pertambangan dan Energi Nomor 02.P/0322/M.PE/1995 tentang
Standarisasi,
Sertifikat
Akreditasi
Dalam
Lingkungan
Pertambangan dan Energi. h. Standar Perusahaan Listrik Negara (SPLN) Maksud dan tujuan Persyaratan Umum Instalasi ini adalah agar pengusahaan instalasi listrik terselenggara dengan baik, untuk menjamin keselamatan manusia dari bahaya kejut listrik, keamanan instalasi listrik beserta perlengkapannya, keamanan gedung dari kebakaran akibat listrik, dan perlindungan lingkungan (bagian 1.1 PUIL
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dipasaran dan dapat mendorong industri dalam negeri untuk memproduksi peralatan – peralatan – peralatan listrik.
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BAB III LANDASAN TEORI
Dalam melaksanakan praktek bengkel pada semester V pada pemasangan instalasi gedung bertingkat banyak menggunakan komponen seperti kabel, saklar, stop kontak, lampu, pipa dan lain sebagainya, begitu juga untuk instalasi tenaga komponen yang digunakan seperti kontaktor, panel, on delay, overload, puss button, dan lain sebagainya. Untuk itu dalam melakukan pemasangan suatu instalasi listrik agar dapat beroperasi dengan baik maka perlu diperhatikan beberapa hal yaitu sebagai berikut:
Pemakaian bahan yang ekonomis. Maksudnya adalah bahan yang digunakan haruslah seefisien mungkin tidak ada kelebihan atau kekurangan dalam prakteknya sebab semua itu sebelumya telah dihiung.
Pemilihan alat yang berkemampuan tinggi. maksudnya adalah bahan yang digunakan adalah bahan yang handal atau tahan terhadap panas atau bahan yang digunakan adalah bahan yang sesuai dengan standarisasi menurut PUIL.
Pemasangan yang mudah dimengerti apabila terjadi kerusakan. Maksudnya adalah nantintya apabila terjadi kerusakan atau penggantian kabel
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Setiap pelaksana atau pemasangannya harus tersusun dengan rapi.
Supplay yang digunakan dalam instalasi listrik harus memmpunyai kehandalan yang lebih baik.
Perhatikan penggunaan kabel untuk memperhatikan stabilitas tegangan yang konstan.
Macam-Macam Instalasi
Dalam sistim kelistrikan dikenal dua macam sistim instalasi antara lain : 1. Instalasi Dalam yaitu instalasi dalam adalah instalasi yang digunakan untuk pelayanan tenaga listrik yang terpasang di dalam gedung – gedung gedung seperti perumahan yang mendapatkan supplai tenaga listrik dari instalasi jaringan luar. 2. Instalasi Luar yaitu instalasi listrik yang dipasang diluar bangunan seperti penyalur tenaga listrik dari jaringan distribusi ke konsumen. Instalasi luar ada dua macam yaitu jaringan tegangan menengah (JTM) dan jaringan tegangan rendah (JTR).
Jaringan tegangan menengah adalah instalasi listrik penyalur tenaga listrik yang berawal dari gardu induk sampai ke trafo distribusi. Tingkat tegangan saluran primer (saluran tegangan menengah) yang umumnya dipakai di Indonesia adalah tegangan 20 KV.
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Instalasi Daya Instalasi daya merupakan instalasi listrik yang menggunakan tenaga listrik untuk melayani mesin-mesin listrik seperti pada motor-motor listrik, pendingin ruangan, lift dan lain-lain. Adapun peralatan-peralatan yang digunakan pada instalasi daya antara lain : a. Pengaman b. Penghantar c. Kontak-kontak d. Tombol tekan e. Kontaktor f. Panel
Instalasi Penerangan
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Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan dalam pemasangan instalasi gedung bertingkat sebagai berikut : A.
Penghantar
Penghantar adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan suatu titik ketitik yang lain. Penghantar yang digunakan untuk instalasi listrik adalah berupa kawat berisolasi atau kabel. Jenis penghantar yang lazim digunakan adalah tembaga dan aluminium. 1. Kabel Tembaga Tembaga yang digunakan untuk penghantar pada umumnya tembaga elektrostatis dengan kemurnian 99,5 %. Tahanan jenis (ñ) yang telah 2
dijadikan standar internasional sama dengan 0,017241 Ohm mm /m pada suhu 200 C. 2. Kabel Aluminium
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Pemilihan Jenis dan Ukuran Penghantar Ukuran luas penampang penghantar dan jenis penghantar yang dipasang dalam suatu instalasi penerangan maupun instalasi daya ditentukan berdasarkan : 1. Kemampuan Hantar Arus (KHA) dari penghantar. 2. Jatuh tegangan yang diperbolehkan. 3. Temperatur Sekitar dan Sifat Lingkungan. 4. Kekuatan Mekanis Penghantar. 5. Kemungkinan perluasan. Dalam suatu instalasi baik instalasi daya maupun instalasi penerangan digunakan berbagai jenis kabel, antara lain : 1. Kabel NYM
Kabel NYM adalah penghantar yang terbuat dari tembaga polos berisolasi PVC, yang uratnya satu hingga lima. Kalau lebih dari satu, urat-uratnya dibelit menjadi satu dan kemudian diberi lapisan pembungkus inti dari karet atau plastik
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2. Kabel NYY
Pada prinsipnya susunan kabel NYY sama dengan susunan kabel NYM. Hanya saja tebal isolasi dan tebal luarnya serta jenis kompon PVC yang digunakan berbeda. Warna selubung luarnya hitam, uratnya juga dapat berjumlah satu sampai lima. Kabel NYY banyak digunakan untuk instalasi industri didalam gedung maupun dialam terbuka, disaluran kabel dan didalam lemari hubung bagi, apabila diperkirakan
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diberi lapisan pembungkus inti dari karet atau plastik lunak, dan perisai kawat baja pipih berlapis seng. Perisai kawat baja ini didikat dengan spiral pita baja berlapis seng. Untuk melindungi perisai dari korosi, kabelnya diberi selubung luar PVC berwarna hitam. Perisai dan kawat baja itu juga berfungsi sebagai pelindung elektrostatis yang baik, kerena kabel ini kurang fleksibel, kawat baja pipih ini tidak dapat digunakan perisai kabel ukuran kecil.
Kemampuan Hantar Arus ( KHA ) Yang dimaksud dengan kemampuan hantar arus adalah kemampuan dari suatu penghantar untuk mengalirkan nilai arus secara terus menerus pada kondisi tertentu, tanpa menimbulkan perubahan suhu yang melebihi ketentuan.
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FK
=
Faktor Koreksi
FKt
=
Faktor koreksi temperatur
FKp =
Faktor koreksi penempatan
Sedang perhitungan arus nominal (In) dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut : 1. Perhitungan untuk 3Ø ................................................. ...................
√
(1)
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Makin besar arus dan tahanan pada penghantar, makin besar pula tegangan yang terjadi. Menurut PUIL 1987 Pasal 412.A.5 susut tegangan antara hubung bagi utama pada setiap titik beban tidak boleh melebihi 5% dari tegangan pada panel hubung bagi utama. Jatuh tegangan penghantar dapat dihitung dengan persamaan :
.................................................. .................................... (5)
...................................................... .......................................................................................... .................................... (6)
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dan jika dipasang dalam beton harus menggunakan pipa instalasi yang memenuhi syarat. Pemasangan penghantar pada pipa instalasi tidak boleh ada sambungan penghantar. Penyambungan suatu penghantar harus dilakukan pada kotak sambung atau kotak cabang yang diperuntukkan bagi maksud tersebut. Untuk kabel yang berbentuk pipih (NYIFY) tidak boleh dipasang pada bahan yang mudah terbakar, menumpukkan kabel, dipasang pada ruangan yang terbuat dari kayu dan hanya boleh terpasang pada ruangan kering dan di bawah plesteran kecuali di dalam rongga pada
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sangat pendek, jadi kecepatan pemutusnya tidak tergantung pada pegasnya. Pada umumya, sakelar dibuat dari bahan-bahan semacam ebonite atau PVC keras dengan warna hitam, coklat tua, atau putih. Dalam pemasangannya, sakelar ada yang diletakkan pada posisi didalam tembok dan ada juga diluar tembok. Menurut penggunaanya, sakelar terbagi dalam beberapa jenis yaitu: saklar deret, system tunggal, system dua kutub, system tukar, system silang, dan sebagainya, akan tetapi dalam praktek bengkel sakelar yang digunakan adalah :
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an untuk bel listrik atau saklar baik sebagai sakla r ON-OFF. Saklar mempunyai beberapa persyaratan yaitu harus dapat dilayani secara aman tanpa menggunakan alat bantu, jumlahnya harus sedemikian rupa sehingga jumlah pekerjaan pelayanan, pemeliharaan dan perbaikan pada instalasi dapat dilakukan dengan aman. Kemampuan saklar sekurang-kurangnya sesuai dengan daya yang dihubungkannya tetapi tidak boleh kurang dari 5 A. Pada praktek bengkel ini saklar yang digunakan digunakan pada pemasangan instalasi instalasi penerangan adalah. saklar tunggal, dan saklar tukar, saklar tunggal digunakan untuk rangkaian penerangan dengan daya
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padam jika posisi saklar berbeda tempat, misal satu saklar berada di kontak atas dan d an
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Terminal pada stop kotak ada tiga jaluar yaitu untuk jalur positif, untuk jaur
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Untuk membaurkan cahaya yang kuat dan berpusat pada serabut pijar, banyak lampu-
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