UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
AGRADECIMIENTO Agradecemos generalmente generalmente a las personas que nos apoyaron para realizar este viaje de estudios regional para poder enfocar de una manera práctica lo dictado en gabinete, tanto como aspectos geológicos y enfocándonos principalmente en la geomorfología, agradecemos a nuestros padres por el apoyo económico y emocional para poder seguir adelante, a nuestro delegado que hizo lo posible para facilitar nuestro viaje. Agradecemos al Ingeniero Víctor Arapa Vilca por apoyarnos y enseñarnos los conocimientos requeridos para identificar la geomorfología característica de las zonas visitadas.
1
Salida regional, Tembladera- Pacasmayo
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
DEDICATORIA
Dedicamos este trabajo a nuestros padres y personas que nos apoyaron de forma directa e indirectamente para realizarlo correctamente y al ing. Víctor Arapa Vilca. Sin ellos, jamás hubiese podido conseguir lo que hasta ahora hemos logrado, su tenacidad y lucha insaciable han hecho de ellos el gran ejemplo a seguir y destacar, no solo para nosotros, sino para nuestros hermanos. Sin ellos este trabajo no se hubiese podido lograr.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
Índice de contenidos AGRADECIMIENTO ................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ ....................................................... 1 DEDICATORIA ............................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................... 2
Índice de contenidos .............................................................................................................. 3 ........................................................................................................................ ........... 5 CAPÍTULO I .................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. 5 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................... CAPÍTULO II ................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... .................................................................. 8 ............................................................................................. 8 2.- ASPECTOS GENERALES .............................................................................................. ................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.-UBICACIÓN ................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................... ............................................. 9 2.2.-ACCCESIBILIDAD......................................................... .......................................................................................... ................................. 9 2.3.- CLIMA Y VEGETACIÓN ......................................................... ..................................................................................... 10 2.4 MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS ...................................................................................... .................................................................................................................. ...................................................... 11 2.5 -OBJETIVOS ............................................................ .......................................................................................... 11 2.5.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 11 2.5.2 OBJETIVO ESPECÍFICO ...................................................................................... CAPÍTULO III ............................................................... ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................. 12 ........................................................................................................ 12 3.- MARCO TEORICO ......................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ........................................... 12 3.1 BASES TEORICAS ............................................................ .................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.1 Geoforma ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................. 12 3.2.2 Agentes geológicos .................................................................................................. ................................................................................................ 13 3.2.3 Leyes del modelado ................................................................................................. .............................................. 13 3.2.4 Los procesos geodinámicos internos (endógenos) ............................................... ................................................................................................................. ...................................................... 14 3.2.5. Orogénesis ........................................................... ............................................................................................................... 15 3.2.6 Epirogénesis Epirogénesis ................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................... ..................................................... 15 3.2.7 Intrusión ..................................................................
3.2.8 Vulcanismo .................................................................................................................. 16
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ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA .............................................................................................................. 18 3.2.12 Morfometría ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... .......................................... 18 2.2.5.2 Morfogénesis Morfogénesis ................................................................. CAPÍTULO IV ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 20 ............................................................................................ ............................... 20 4.- ESTACIONES TOMADAS ............................................................. CAPÍTULO V ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................. 22 ...................................................... 22 5.- MARCO GEOLOGICO Y GEOMORFOLOGICO .......................................................
5.1 GEOMORFOLOGIA ...................................................................................................... 22 ................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Cárcavas ....................................................................................................................
5.1.2 Depósitos eólicos. .................................................................................................... 22 ............................................................................................................. 22 5.1.3 Cerro testigo ..............................................................................................................
5.1.4 Espinazos .................................................................................................................. 23 ................................................................................................... .......................................... 23 5.1.5 Superficie Superfic ie Alveolar ......................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 24 5.1.6 Lomas ......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................ 25 5.2 HIDROLOGIA ................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................... 26 5.2 GEOLOGIA .....................................................................................................................
5.2.1 Grupo Goyllarisquizga Goyllarisquizga ............................................................................................. 26 ............................................................................................ 27 5.2.2 Volcánico Tembladera ............................................................................................. CAPÍTULO VI ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 28
6.1 CONCLUSIONES CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................................. 28 .................................................................................................... 28 6.2 RECOMENDACIONES ..................................................................................................... ............................................................................... .................... 36 6.2 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS ...........................................................
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
RESUMEN La práctica campo se realizó el día lunes 24 de julio del presente año, el punto de encuentro fue el paradero del bus de la Universidad Nacional De Cajamarca, en Av. Los héroes del departamento de Cajamarca, provincia de Cajamarca. En el primer punto del recorrido se observó el volcánico Chilete donde apreciamos procesos denudativos, fluviales, litorales, apreciamos la formación de drenajes anastomasados formación de meandros y barras. Conforme fuimos avanzando observamos un aglomerado perteneciente al volcánico chilete que estaba intercalado con lutitas y areniscas tobaceas además de geoformas sinuosas, seudo estratos, secuencias piroclasticas en procesos fluviales denudativos. Más adelante se reconoció el borde del volcánico Tembladera, se observó procesos estructurales, donde afloran rocas calizas y parte del grupo Goyllarisquizga (K-S-G-I-CHU-Pe) y un terreno donde se encontró una aureola de contacto entre roca Diorita y su entorno. Observamos además en la misma zona tobas de cristales, lavas con piroclastos, un valle cataclinal. Pasando la zona de tembladera y el gallito ciego, pudimos observar rocas intrusivas como la granodiorita y tonalitas pertenecientes al batolito de la costa se apreciaron xenolitos y bloques erráticos de rocas intrusivas y diasclasamiento, y albeolos producto del viento y agua, se observaron espinazos rodados. Luego continuando con nuestro recorrido observamos un proceso de denudación de rocas intrusivas y denudativas frente a un valle donde se aprecian bloques erráticos de albeolos, se aprecian colinas conformadas por arenas de cuarzo, feldespato residual, un abanico distal y cerros testigos. Caminando unos cuantos metros observamos diques y fallas sobre diques que resultaron de un proceso de magmatismo y exfoliación catafilar. Finalmente llegando a Pacasmayo estudiamos procesos litorales sobre un acantilado, apreciando una playa rocosa con canales de marea, paleoacantilados, y finalmente observamos la formación de dunas al costado del mar estudiando así los procesos eólicos apreciando: Dunas mixtas, loess, mantos de arena y dunas litorales vegetales.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
ABSTRACT The practical field was held on Monday, July 24 of this year, the meeting point was the whereabouts of the bus of the National University of Cajamarca, Av. The heroes of the department of Cajamarca, province of Cajamarca. In the first point of the route we observed the volcanic Chilete where we appreciate denudative, fluvial, coastal processes, we appreciate the formation of anastomated drainage and meandering formation of rods. As we advanced we we observed observed a cluster cluster belonging belonging to the volcanic chilete chilete that was was interspersed with shales and tobaceas sandstones in addition to sinuous geoforms, pseudo strata, pyroclastic sequences in denudatory fluvial processes. Later, the edge of the Tembladera volcanic was recognized. Structural processes were observed, where limestone rocks appeared and part of the Goyllarisquizga (K-S-G-I-CHU-Pe) and a ground where a contact aura between Diorite rock and its surroundings was found. We also observe in the same area tobas t obas of crystals, lavas with pyroclasts, a cataclinal valley. After passing the zone of scrapie and the blind cock, we could observe intrusive rocks like granodiorite and tonalites belonging to the batholith of the coast xenoliths and erratic blocks of intrusive rocks and diasclasamiento were observed, and albeolos product of the wind and water, were observed spines rolled. Then continuing with our tour we observe a process of denudation of intrusive and denudative rocks in front of a valley where erect blocks of albeolos are appreciated, hills formed by quartz sands, residual feldspar, a distal fan and witnessing hills. Walking a few meters we observed dikes and faults on dikes that resulted from a process of magmatism and cataphilic exfoliation. Finally arriving at Pacasmayo we study coastal processes on a cliff, appreciating a rocky beach with tidal channels, paleoacantilados, and finally we observe the formation of dunes to the side of the sea studying thus the wind processes appreciating: Mixed dunes, loess, sand mantles and dunes Coastal plants.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
INTRODUCCIÓN
En el presente informe se estará brindando un estudio superficial, vista en campo, en el trayecto del departamento de Cajamarca hacia el Distrito de Pacasmayo. Las características geomorfológicas y procesos que influyeron en el modelado de las zonas visitadas, su composición geológica y estudios morfometricos además los agentes que contribuyeron para la transoformacion por el paso del tiempo geológico También se evidencio el sistema de drenaje paralelo y dendrítico. Sin embargo también se observó los contactos entre el volcánico chilete y diferentes formaciones, apreciando además el volcánico Tembladera y el grupo Goyllarisquizga. En la recta final del trayecto, apreciamos los procesos litorales y eólicos referentes a la formación de dunas.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
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CAPÍTULO II 2.- ASPECTOS GENERALES 2.1.-UBICACIÓN Pacasmayo es una provincia una provincia del departamento departamento de la libertad, se encuentra encuentra situado al noroeste del departamento del departamento de La Libertad, bajo Libertad, bajo la administración del Gobierno del Gobierno regional de La Libertad, en la zona norte del Perú. del Perú. Limita: datos Norte: provincia de Chepén Sur: provincia de Ascope departamento de Cajamarca Este: océano pacifico Oeste: CUADR O N°1: N°1:
Muestra la ubicación de la zona
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA IMAGEN N°1. Se muestra la ubicación de la provincia de Pacasmayo departamento de la
libertad.
2.2.-ACCCESIBILIDAD Para llegar a la zona de estudio Pacasmayo se sigue la carretera pavimentada de unos 193 Km. de recorrido.
IMAGEN N°2: Muestra el recorrido desde Cajamarca hasta la provincia de Pacasmayo
2.3.- CLIMA Y VEGETACIÓN 2.3.1 CLIMA Las precipitaciones son escasas excepto en casos de presencia del Fenómeno de El Niño.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
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interior, así como selvas medianas y bosques de montaña en las partes más húmedas.
2.4 MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS PICOTA: es usado para la extracción de muestra de los diferentes tipos de rocas. GPS (sistema de posicionamiento global): de mucha importancia, ya que nos ayuda a ubicarnos en la zona. Datum W.G.S.84. BRÚJULA: nos permite tomar rumbo y buzamiento de los estratos que afloran. CÁMARA FOTOGRÁFICA: Para capturar las imágenes y evidencias de las zonas de estudio. PAPEL MILIMETRADO: Para poder realizar blocks 3D y perfiles morfometricos. LUPA Y RAYADOR: Usado para el reconocimiento de rocas y minerales.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
2.5 -
OBJETIVOS 2.5.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL Identificar los procesos geomorfológicos y secuencias del modelado terrestre de las zonas de estudio. Reconocer diversas geoformas y sus características según donde se encuentren.
2.5.2 OBJETIVO ESPECÍFICO Reconocer los procesos geológicos. Ver los sistemas de drenajes que actúan en la geomorfología.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
CAPÍTULO III 3.- MARCO TEORICO 3.1 BASES TEORICAS 3.2.1 Geoforma Una geoforma es un cuerpo tridimensional: tiene forma, tamaño, volumen y topografía, elementos que generan un relieve. El primer paso para reconocerlas es identificar las geoformas con su topografía, drenaje, textura, tono, vegetación natural y uso del suelo. Una geoforma está compuesta por materiales que le son característicos: como grava, arena, limo, arcilla o cuerpos de rocas; tiene una génesis y por lo tanto una dinámica que explica los materiales que la forman. Utilizando fotografías aéreas se puede inferir que el tono y la textura dependen de la vegetación, que el uso del suelo permite hacer asociaciones con aptitudes, que las formas de erosión permiten deducir el grado de consolidación de los materiales y el origen. La topografía a su vez, está relacionada con la pendiente, y puede ser: plana, ondulada, quebrada o escarpada; donde existen entrantes o salientes del terreno son factibles los cambios litológicos. En síntesis, podemos decir que las geoformas son generadas por Procesos Morfogenéticos de carácter Endógeno (Procesos Internos) y Exógeno (Procesos Externos) y que ambos generan relieves positivos y
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
3.2.3 Leyes del modelado De las leyes de modelado en general, la más resaltante es el Ciclo de Davis
Ciclo de Davis Davis propone el ciclo geográfico, ciclo de erosión normal o ciclo de Davis, lo describe para un dominio climático húmedo. Se trata de una sucesión progresiva de etapas de configuración de relieve. Estas etapas están influenciadas y controladas por un nivel base regional. Propone un ciclo que consta de las siguientes etapas:
Etapa inicial: viene después del levantamiento levantamiento inicial inicial y el terreno queda elevado sobre su nivel base, tiene una res fluvial indefinida y poco desarrollada; la superficie sería más o menos horizontal. Etapa de de juventud: juventud: los ríos se van encajando, encajando, pero todavía todavía quedan restos de la llanura inicial. Etapa de madurez: apenas apenas quedan quedan zonas zonas de de la llanura inicial, los valles valles se han ido ensanchando y la red fluvial está bien desarrollada. Etapa de senilidad o senectud: senectud: las pendientes de los valles se reducen reducen más, la topografía es suave con pocos desniveles y se llega a formar una penillanura.
3.2.4 Los procesos geodinámicos internos (endógenos) La geodinámica interna estudia las transformaciones de la estructura
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Agentes magmáticos Internos Las rocas originadas por enfriamiento y solidificación del magma se denominan rocas ígneas. Si la solidificación se verifica debajo de la superficie de la corteza se habla de plutonismo y las rocas resultantes forman rocas intrusivas.
Externos El vulcanismo El vulcanismo se refiere a los magmas que han logrado escapar a la superficie, el material fundido arrojado a la superficie se llama lava, es magma empobrecido en gases y sustancias volátiles. Las rocas resultantes de la solidificación son las rocas r ocas extrusivas o rocas efusivas. Agentes sísmicos Temblores y terremotos Los agentes sísmicos constituyen uno de los agentes que producen cambios más repentinos y violentos en el relieve terrestre. Agentes tectónicos Plegamientos o pliegues Son cualquier curva u onda pronunciada en las capas de una roca que resultan de las deformaciones plásticas, debido a las presiones en el interior de la Tierra se caracterizan como anticlinal y sinclinal.
Fallas geológicas Son fracturas de las rocas, sus lados se desplazan, se producen cuando
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Orogénesis asimétrica: asimétrica: Se produce por la colisión colisión de una placa placa continental con una oceánica y se forma por el plegamiento de los sedimentos acumulados en la zona de subducción de una placa oceánica por debajo de la continental. Ejemplos: las cordilleras de los Andes y de las Rocosas.
3.2.6 Epirogénesis La epirogénesis influye decisivamente en la configuración del relieve de los continentes al determinar a gran escala el tipo de roquedo sobre el que se desarrolla el modelado. También influye introduciendo variaciones de posición en el roquedo, leyes a escala local; pero muy significativos a escala regional y apreciables sobre las formaciones sedimentarias estratificadas (Wegener, 1930).
3.2.7 Intrusión Es un cuerpo de roca de roca ígnea que ha cristalizado ha cristalizado desde el magma el magma fundido bajo la superficie terrestre. Los cuerpos de magma que se solidifican subterráneamente antes de que emerjan a la superficie se llaman plutones. Correspondientemente, las rocas de este tipo son también conocidas como rocas plutónicas ígneas o rocas intrusivas ígneas, en contraste con las rocas las rocas extrusivas.
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estructuras intrusivas se clasifican según tengan o no estratos paralelos o foliaciones en la roca del cual surgen: si la intrusión es paralela, el cuerpo es concordante, mientras que si se corta a lo largo de la roca es discordante.
Entre los tipos estructurales se incluyen: Batolitos: conjuntos Batolitos: conjuntos de intrusiones discordantes irregulares. Diques: Diques: cuerpo tabular discordante relativamente angosto, a menudo con trazas verticales. Sills: cuerpo Sills: cuerpo tabular concordante relativamente delgado intrusivo a lo largo de estratos. Cuellos volcánicos: cuerpo volcánicos: cuerpo vertical con forma circular o de tubo que ha sido alimentada por un filón de roca volcánica. Facolitos: plutón concordante en forma de lente que ocupa la cresta de un anticlinal. un anticlinal.
3.2.8 Vulcanismo El vulcanismo es la manifestación en superficie de los procesos magmáticos, ligados a la energía interna del planeta Tierra. Por vulcanismo se entienden aquellos procesos y fenómenos relacionados con el desplazamiento de magma (mezcla de rocas fundidas, minerales cristalizada o fragmentada de rocas y gases disueltos) desde el interior del planeta hacia la superficie. El lugar de emisión de la lava, fragmentos sòlidos y pases de denomina volcán.
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relieve" (geomorfología), (geomorfología), y sobre algunos de sus agentes, como el agua (hidrogeología). (hidrogeología).
3.2.10 Morfología Aquí se incluye los atributos morfo métricos y morfo gráficos se aplican principalmente al componente externo (epigeo) de la geoforma son esencialmente descriptivos, y pueden ser extraídos de documentos de sensoramiento remoto o derivados de modelos digitales de elevación. (Carbajal et, al, 2004)
3.2.11 Morfografía Corresponde a aspectos relacionados a la geometría y descritos según adjetivos descriptivos y representativos. los atributos morfograficos son esencialmente descritivos. describen la geometría de las geoformas en términos topográficos y planimetricos .se utilizan correspondientemente para identificación automática de ciertos rasgos de las geoformas a partir
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3.2.12 Morfometría Trata de aspectos cuantitativos en términos de medidas de longitud, área, forma y pendiente. También se incluye la comparación según la relación geométrica entre las diferentes posiciones espaciales. (Carbajal et. al, 2004).
En décadas recientes, la tecnología de los modelos digitales de elevación (MDE) ha dado un nuevo impulso a la morfometría y a la extracción automatizada de información morfométrica. La geomorfometría se dedica al análisis cuantitativo de la superficie del terreno con dos orientaciones: una morfometría específica que analiza los rasgos discretos de la superficie del terreno (las formas de terreno), y una morfometría general que trata de los rasgos continuos. En su estado presente, la geomorfometría consiste esencialmente en la caracterización y el análisis digital de superficies topográficas continuas (Zinck, 2012). INTERVALOS
DESCRIPCIÓN RESISTENCIA
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IMAGEN N° 11: Proceso denudacional.
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CAPÍTULO IV 4.- ESTACIONES TOMADAS PUNTO Punto N°1 N:9200473 E:0733084 C:741 m.s.n.m
OBSERVACIONES Observamos las características del volcánico Chilete, compuesto por rocas ígneas, donde apreciamos red de drenajes anastomasados, formación de barras, erosión vertical y pequeños meandros Subimos a un aglomerado del Volcánico Chilete, intercalado con lutitas y areniscas tobaceas. El terreno estaba dominado por geoformas sinuosas, apreciándose procesos fluviales denudativos, espinazos espinazos rodados, y seudo estratos volcánicos. volcánicos. Un terreno de control litológico rocoso, situado en una planicie de inundación, y resaltaban sus terrazas aluviales de acumulación Nos encontrábamos al borde del volcánico
Punto N°2 N:9202944 E:0728108
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E:
respecto a la formación de dunas donde apreciamos dunas mixtas, y riples. Se observó mantos de arena y dunas litorales litorales vegetales.
TABLA N° 3: Puntos tomados y las características de cada uno
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CAPÍTULO V 5.- MARCO GEOLOGICO Y GEOMORFOLOGICO 5.1 GEOMORFOLOGIA Durante el trayecto hacia la zona de estudio (Pacasmayo) se fueron observando diferentes formas de relieve que fueron y siguen siendo moldeados por los agentes externos, de los que a continuación se mencionan:
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horizontales de rocas blandas y duras donde la influencia de la erosión talló formas también horizontales.
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5.2 HIDROLOGIA Una de las principales características y quizás la más resaltante en el desempeño y formas de vida en la provincia, es la pertenencia a la cuenca baja del Valle Jequetepeque, el nombre proviene del río que irriga sus tierras hasta desembocar en el Océano Pacífico y cuya influencia en los modos de vida de la población es determinante. Es así que ante todo ubicamos a Pacasmayo en el contexto territorial del valle bajo del Jequetepeque. La cuenca del río Jequetepeque está ubicada en la costa Norte del Perú, entre
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5.2 GEOLOGIA 5.2.1 Grupo Goyllarisquizga Esta unidad genera relieves fuertes, con enormes estratos tabulares subverticales muy resistentes a la erosión, calidad que sirve de guía auxiliar, para su reconocimiento regional. En el extremo Sur Occidental de la zona del río Jelache, Provincia de Mariscal Cáceres, (Sinclinal Pan de Azúcar), se observan afloramientos de areniscas
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CAPÍTULO VI
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6.3 ANEXOS E IMÁGENES
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CAJAMARCA
ESCUELA ACADEMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
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