Informe Laboratorio Biologia Morfologia Celular

RESUMEN

L" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(- )* -$/-+-1" &*++"$ &-3('(5 *3 +" -*$6"&(53 )* &7++" &7++" "3("+* 8 6**'"+*, 6**'"+*, $*"+(9"3)$*"+(9"3)- #+"&" #+"&" '*#-$"+* '*#-$"+* )* *'" &7++", &7++", *3 )(6*$" #$*#"$"&(-3* )('(3'- '(#- )* ;-<", &-" &"+, &7++" "313*"=. L- #$-&*)((*3'- * )*"$$-++"$-3 '*3(*3)- *3 &*3'" '-)" +" (3)(&"&(-3*, *3 &"3'- " +" #$*#"$"&(53 )* *'$" 8 "3*<- )*+ (&$-&-#(-. S* ;(9- *+ "3%+(( )* +" )(/*$*3 )(/*$*3'* '* *'$ *'$" " &-3 *+ #$-#5( #$-#5(''- )* *6()*3& *6()*3&("$ ("$ +" )('( )('(3'" 3'" *'$&' *'$&'$" $" &*++"$* 8  -$"3(9"&(53 )*3'$- )* +" &7++", #"$" *'"+*&*$ +" )(/*$*3&(" *3'$ *3'$* * +- +- '(#'(#- )* &7+ &7++" +".. C-C-- $* $*+'" +'"))-, , * ()*3 ()*3'( '(/( /(&5 &5 +- -$% -$%3 3++- &"$"&'*$1'(&- )* +" &7++" "3("+ 8 6**'"+,  $*#*&'(6" /3&(-3*, +" &"+* )*'*$(3"3  )(/*$*3&(". E (#-$'"3'* )*'"&"$ >* * &-3/($5 *+ &"$%&'*$  *&*3&("+ )* +" &7++" &-- "* )* +" 6()", #*  -$%3+-, -$"3(9")- *3  )('(3'" *'$&'$", $*"+(9"3 /3&(-3* 6('"+*, &-- +" 3'$(&(53 "'5'$-/" 6**'"+= 8 ;*'*$ ;*'*$5' 5'$-/ $-/" " "3( "3(" "+= +=,, #$-&* #$-&*- >* >* * ++*6" ++*6" " &"&"- *3 +- +- &+-$ &+-$-# -#+" +"' '- - - +" $*#$-)&&(53, >* * $*"+(9" $"&(" " +- &$---". F(3"+*3'* * $*"+'" >* '-)- +- -$"3(- 6(6- *'%3 /-$")- #-$ &7++", )('(3(*3)- >* &")" *$  6(6- *'% /-$")- #-$ 3 '(#- )* &7++" "3("+ - 6**'"+=, (3 *"$- ;"8 3" (3'*$$*+"&(53 *3'$* +" )-, #"$" +-$"$ +" 6()".

OBJETIVOS

OB?ETIVO GENERAL O*$6"$ (&$--$"3(- 8 $*&-3-&*$ +" )(6*$()") -$/-+5(&" 8 *'$&'$"+ )* +- )(/*$*3'* '(#- )* &7++", &-3 *+ /(3 )* *'"+*&*$ +" )(/*$*3&(".

OB?ETIVOS ESPEC@FICOS • • • • • • •

P$*#"$"$ #+"&" '*#-$"+* )* &7++" 6**'"+* 8 "3("+* I)*3'(/(&"$ "+3- -$"3*+- &*++"$* R*&-3-&*$ +" )(6*$()") -$/-+5(&" 8 *'$&'$"+ )* +" &7++" C-#"$"$ +" &7++" "3("+* &-3 +" 6**'"+* V*$ +" *'$&'$" )* 3 5$"3- 6**'"+ D(/*$*3&("$ )('(3'- '*<()- 6**'"+* C-3-&*$ '7&3(&" )* '(3&(53.

MARCO TEÓRICO

HSTORIA DE LA BIOLOGIA CELULAR L" "#+(&"&(-3* "#+(&"&(-3* )*+ (&$-&-#((&$-&-#(- /*$-3 (#$*&(3)(+ (#$*&(3)(+* * #"$" "6"39"$ *3 *+ &"#)* +" (-+ (-+- -1" 1" &*+ &*++" +"$$, $"& $"&(" (" " *'* *'* (3' (3'$ $* *3' 3'- * #)( #)(*$ *$-3 -3 -* -*$6 $6"$ "$ +" +" *'$&'$" &*++"$*. E3 !, R-*$' H--*, -*$65 +" &7++" *3 3 &-$&;-, *3 , /* L***3;-* >(*3 -*$65 "&'*$(" 8 #$-'-9--, )7&")" % '"$)* -++(*$ *3 !, +-$5 -*$6"$ +" ('-&-3)$(" 8 *3 *'* (- #*$(-)- )* '(*#S&;*+*()*3 8 S&;"33 #+"3'*"3 +" '*-$1" &*++"$.

TEORIA Y ESTRUCTURA CELULAR E3 !, !, R-* R-*$' $' H--* H--*,, "+ -*$ -*$6" 6"$$ "+ (&$(&$-& &-# -#((-,, 3 /$" /$"* *3' 3'- )* &-$&; &-$&;-, -, )*&$* >* *'% &-#*'- #-$ *'$&'$" #"$*&()" " +" &*+)" )* +- #"3"+* )* +" "*<", #-$ +- >* +" ++"5 &7++". P-'*$(-$*3'* *3  S&;*+*()*3 8 *3  S&;"33, #+"3'*"3 +" TEOR@A CELULAR, Y  #$(3&(#(- /3)"*3'"+* -3:

 T-)- T-)- +- -$"3(- 6(6- *'%3 &-3'('()- #-$ &7++". 2 L" 3()")* $*#$-)&'-$", +- "*'- 8 *#-$", -3 '"(73 &7++".  L" &7++" 3- * &$*"3 )* 3*6-, '-)" &7++" #$-6(*3* (*#$* )* -'$" &7++". 4 EJ('*3 *$* 3(&*++"$* 8 *$* #+$(&*++"$*. S*K3 *'" '*-$1", +" &7++" * +" 3()") *'$&'$"+, /((-+5(&" 8 $*#$-)&'-$" )* +- *$* 6(6- #* '-)- *$ 6(6- *'% &-3'('()- #-$ &7++": 3()") "3"'5(&",  "&'(6()") * &-3*&*3&(" )* +" "&'(6()") )*  &7++": 3()") /((-+5(&" 8 * $*#$-)&* " '$"67 )* *++": 3()") $*#$-)&'-$". D* "&*$)- "+ &"$'- #$(3&(#(-, +- *$* 6(6- * )(6()*3 *3 3(&*++"$* >* '(*3*3 3" -+" &7++" 8 #+$(&*++"$* >* *'%3 &-3'('()- #-$ &;" &7++". P-$  *'$&'$" * )('(3*3 )- '(#- )* &7++":

-Procariotas. M8 (#+* 8 #$(('(6". S* &"$"&'*$(9"3 #-$ 3- '*3*$ 3 3K&+*- 8 ")*%  ADN 3- *'% "-&(")- " &(*$'" #$-'*13" &-- +" ;('-3" 8 *'% /-$"3)- 3 K3(&- &$---" -Eucariotas: C7++" &"$"&'*$1'(&" )*+ $*'- )* +- -$"3(- 3(&*++"$* 8 #+$(&*++"$*, "3("+* 8 6**'"+*. T(*3*3 -$%3+- &*++"$* 8 3 3K&+*6*$)")*$- *#"$")- )*+ &('-#+"" #-$ 3" *36-+'$" 3&+*"$. S ADN *'% *'$&'$")- *3 3*$-- &$---".

CLULA VEGETAL S-3 &7++" *&"$(-'", *&"$(-'", &-3'('8*3 &-3'('8*3 +- '*<()- '*<()- 6**'"+*, &"$"&'*$(9")" &"$"&'*$(9")" #-$ *$ )* "8-$ "8-$ '""- >* +" "3("+ "3("+*, *, '*3*$ '*3*$ #"$*) #"$*) &*++" &*++"$, $, #+"'( #+"'()()(- #-$ +- >* -3 "'5'$-/"= 8 6"&-+" % $"3)*. CLULA ANIMAL C7++" >* &-3'('8*3 +- -$"3(- )*+ $*(3- "3("+. S* &"$"&'*$(9" #-$ 3- '*3*$  #"$*) &*++"$, 3- '(*3*3 #+"'()(-, * )*&($ -3  -3 ;*'*$5'$-/".

BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIÓN DE LOS ORGÁNULOS CELULARES

Pared celular : G$*" &"#" >* $*&$* +" &7++" 6**'"+*. E'% /-$")" #-$  &*++-" 8 -'$" '"3&(". S /3&(53 * +" )* #$-'**$ +" &7++" 6**'"+ )* +" "+'*$"&(-3* )* +" #$*(53 -5'(&". Membraa !lasm"tica: D*+")" +%(3" >* $*&$* +" &7++". E'% /-$")" #-$  +1#()-, #$-'*13" 8 -+(-"&%$()-. R*+" +- (3'*$&"(- *3'$* +" &7++" 8 *+ *J'*$(-$. E'$&' '$" $" *3 /-$ /-$" " )* $"3 $"3)* )* 6*1 6*1& &+" +". . A+"& +"&*3" *3"( (*3 *3''- )* Vacuolas# E'$& '"3&(" O$%3 3++- &"$"& &"$"&'* '*$1 $1' '(& (&- - )* +" +" &7+ &7++" +" 6**' 6**'"+ "+* *.. S /3&( /3&(53 53 * Plastidios: O$% #$-)&($ 8 "+"&*3"$ &-#*'- ")- #-$ +" &7++". P*)*3 *$: •

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C+-$-#+"'-: D"3 *+ &-+-$ 6*$)* #(*3'- ++"")- &+-$-/(+"= 8 * $*"+(9" +" /-'-13'*( C$--#+"'-: C$--#+"'-: "+"&*3"3 "+"&*3"3 #(*3'- >* )"3 *+ &-+-$. &-+-$. L- >* (3'*'(9"3 (3'*'(9"3 +" &+-$-/(+" * )*3-(3"3 &+-$-#+"'-. L*&-# L*&-#+" +"'- '-:: "+"&* "+"&*3"3 3"3 '"3&( '"3&(" " (3&-+(3&-+-$", $", #*)*3 #*)*3 *$ "(+-# "(+-#+" +"'- '-,, -+*-#+"'- 8 #$-'*(3-#+"'-.

N$cleo# C-3'(*3* +" (3/-$"&(53 &*++"$. Nucleo!lasma: E3 7+ * $*"+(9"3 +" /3&(-3* )* $*#+(&"&(53 8 '$"3&$(#&(53 )* +" (3/-$"&(53 &*++"$. E'- *, +" 13'*( )* ADN 8 ARN. Nucleolo: S13'*( )*+ ARN )* +- $(--". Cito!lasma.E +" 9-3" *3'$* *+ 3K&+*- 8 +" *$"3". S /3&(53 * "+*$"$ +- -$%3+- &*++"$* 8 &-3'$(($ "+ -6((*3'- )* +- (-. Eritrocitos# O ++"")- +5+- $-<-, * *3&"$"3 )*+ '$"3#-$'* )* -J1*3- 8 )(5J()- )* &"$-3- *3 )($*&&(53 (36*$". %eucocitos# O ++"")- +5+- +"3&-, #$-'**3 "+ -$"3(- )* (3/*&&(-3*. C"3)- -3 $"3+")- #*)*3 *$: N*'$5/(+-, E-(35/(+- - B"5/(+-. C"3)-3 -3-3&+*"$* #*)*3 *$: +(3/-&('- - -3-&('-. Pla&uetas# #"$'(&(#"3 *3 *+ #$-&*- )* &-"+"&(53 )* +" "3$*. NOTA: NOTA: S* )*&$(*3 -+- +- +- -$"3*+- &"$"&'*$1'(&- )* +" &7++" -*$6")" *3 +" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(-.

METO'O%O(IA

L" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(- &-3('*3'* *3 +" -$/-+-1" &*++"$, * )(6()(5 *3 )- #"$'*, #"$'*, )*()- " >* *'" *J#*$(*3&( *J#*$(*3&(" " -3 "'"3'* "'"3'* &-#+*<" &-#+*<" 8 *J'*3". *J'*3". L" #$(*$" #$%&'(&" &-3('(5 *3 +" -*$6"&(53 )* &7++" 6**'"+* 8 +" *3)" *3 -*$6"&(53 -*$6"&(53 )* &7++" "3("+* "3("+*, , ")*% )* '*$(3"&(5 '*$(3"&(53 3 )* +" #$(*$" #$%&'(&". #$%&'(&". P"$" ++*6"$ " &"- *'" #$%&'(&" )* -*$6"&(53 )* +" &7++" 6**'"+* 8 "3( "3("+ "+*, *, * '(+ '(+(9 (95 5 *+ (&$ (&$- -&-# &-#((- &-# &-#* *''-,, &"<" &"<" )* P*'$ P*'$(,(, #-$' #-$'""-< <*' *'-, -, &$*-<*'-, &$*-<*'-, &-+-$"3'* &-+-$"3'* &-- +-+, +-+, "9+ )* *'(+*3-, *'(+*3-, $(;' $(;' *3'$* -'$-, ")*% ")*% )* +- -$"3(- #"$" -*$6"$.

.= OBSERVACION DE CLULAS VEGETALES

)*) E+tractos de !a!a , tomate E3 #$(*$ +"$, * "&5 3" *'$" )* *J'$"&'- )* #"#", )* +" #+#" #"$'* &"$3-"=, * &-+-&5 *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'-, * "")(5 3" -'" )* "" )*'(+")", #"$" "8- 3(/-$()"), * &$(5 8 * $*"+(95 *+ -3'"<* )* +" *'$", )*#7 * #$-&*)(5 " -*$6"$ *3 *+ (&$-&-#(-, 3" *'$" (3 &-+-$*"$ &-+-$*"$ 8 -'$" &-+-$*")" *3 '(3&(53 &-3 +-+, *+ &"+ * &"$"&'*$(9" #-$ $*&-3-&*$ "+()-3*.  E3 &"3'- "+ "3*<- )*+ (&$-&-#(- * '6- *3 &*3'" '-)" +" (3)(&"&(-3* #"$" ;"&*$ 3 &-$$*&'- *3/->*, &-- +" (3'*3()") )* +9 8 &"("$ +- -<*'(6- $")"+*3'*, +-$"3)- 3" *3" -*$6"&(53.  I"+*3'* * ;(9- &-3 *+ '-"'*, "&"3)- *'$" )* +" #+#", &-+-&"3)- *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'- 3" (3 &-+-$*"$ 8 -'$" &-+-$*")" &-3 "9+ )* *'(+*3-. D*#7 * ++*65 " &"- +" -*$6"&(53 *3 *+ (&$-&-#(-.

)* E!idermis de tomate S* #$-&*)(5 " *J'$"*$ +" &"#" % *J'*$3" )*+ '-"'* *#()*$(=, +- % )*+")" #-(+* 8 (3 3(3K3 )-+*9, #"$" *<-$ -*$6"&(53, * &-+-&5 *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'-, "")(*3)- 3" -'" )* "" " +" *'$", *'" (3 &-+-$*"$. P"$" -'$" *'$" *

++*65 " &"- +" '(3&(53 &-3 "9+ )* *'(+*3-. A &-3'(3"&(53 * $*"+(95 *+ -3'"<* *3 *+ (&$-&-#(-, +*- * -*$6"$-3 "" #$*#"$"&(-3*

)*. C/lulas de cata0ilo de cebolla cebo lla E3 +" &*-++", &*-++", * "&5 "&5 +" &"#" *J'*$3" *#()*$ *#()*$(=, (=, &"$"&'*$(9") &"$"&'*$(9")" " #-$ *$ )*+")", )*+")", $(++"3'* 8 &"( '$"3#"$*3'*, *'* #$-&*)((*3'- * ;(9- &-3 &()")- )* 3- $-#*$+", *3&(" )* +" *'$" * &-+-&5 3" -'" )* "" 8 * '"#5 &-3 *+ &$*-<*'-. S* #$*#"$"$-3 )- *'$", 3" (3 &-+-$*"$ 8 -'$" &-3 '(3&(53 "9+ )* *'(+*3-=. D*#7 * -*$6"$-3 "+ (&$-&-#(-.

)*1 Placa de ra2ces de cebolla E'" #$%&'(&" 3- *'% (3)(&")" *3 +" 1" )* +"-$"'-$(-, #*$- * $*"+(95 &-3 3 -<* -<*'( '(66- *#* *#*&( &("+ "+.. L" #+"&" +"&" )* $"1&* "1&* )* &*-+ *-++" +" /*$*$-3 3 #$* #$*#"$" #"$")" )" 8 #$-#-$&(-3")" #-$ +" )-&*3'* "('*3'*=. S* ;(9- *+ -3'"<* )* +" #+"&" *3 *+ (&$-&-#(- 8 * #$-&*)(5 " +" -*$6"&(53, *3 )(/*$*3'* "*3'-, &-3 *+ /(3 )* )('(3($ &(*$'" *'$&'$".

)*3 Cloro!lastos de Elodea* P"$" $*"+(9"$ *'" #$*#"$"&(53, * &-+-&5 3 &-$'* )*+")- )* +" ;-<" )* E+-)*" *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'-, * ")(&(-35 3" -'" )* "" )*+ (- +1>()- >* +" &-3'*31" 8 * &-+-&5 *3&(" *+ &$*-<*'-. S* $*"+(95 *+ -3'"<* )* +" *'$" *3 *+ (&$-&-#(8 * -*$65 " #$*#"$"&(53, *3 )('(3'- "*3'-, &-- *3 '-)" +" -*$6"&(-3* "3'*$(-$*.

)*4 Corte de tallo de !lata moocotiled5ea* E3 *'" -*$6"&(53, * '(+(95 3 '"++- <-6*3 )* "19 #"$" ;"&*$ +" *'$". E+ -3' -3'"< "<* * 8 #$*# #$*#"$ "$"&( "&(53 53 3- * $*"+( $*"+(95 95 #*$#*$-3" 3"+ +*3 *3'* '*,, (3(3- >* >* * -*$ -*$65 65 *3 *3*$"+, *3*$"+, *3 3" #$*#"$"&(53 #$*#"$"&(53 8" ;*&;" #-$ +" )-&*3'*. )-&*3'*. S* #$-&*)(5 #$-&*)(5 " -*$6"$ 3 &-$'* +-3(')(3"+ )*+ '"++'"++- )* "19 8 -'$- '$"36*$"+ )*+ (- '"++-.

)*6 Obser7aci5 de u corte de corc8o* S* '(+(95 3 &-$&;-, *+ &"+ * +* ;(9- 3 )*+")- &-$'*, +- % /(3- #-(+* #"$" /"&(+('"$ +" -*$6"&(53 )* +- '*<()-, * &-+-&5 -$* *+ #-$'"-<*'-, * ")(&(-35 3" -'" )* "" 8 * &$(5 '(+(9"3)- *+ &$*-<*'-, *6('"3)- >* +" /-$"&(53 )* $<". C-3 +" $*"+(9"&(53 $*"+(9"&(53 )* *'- (*'* (*'* #$-&*)((*3'- #$-&*)((*3'- * &+(35 &+(35 +" #$(*$" #"$'* )* +" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(- )* -$/-+-1" &*++"$.

E3 +" *3)" #$%&'(&", * &-3'(35 -*$6"3)- '*<()- 6**'"+*, ;"&(*3)- *+ K+'(#$-&*)((*3'- )* +" -*$6"&(53 )* '*<()- 6**'"+*, &-3('*3'* *3:

)*9 Obser7aci5 de u corte tras7ersal de ua 8o:a P"$" *'" #$*#"$"&(53 * '(+(9"$-3 &-$'* '$"36*$"+* )* 6"$(- '(#- )* ;-<", #-$  *<*#+- )*+ +($(- ""$(++- 8 3" *#*&(* )* ;-<" -$")". E3 #$(*$ +"$ * $*"+(95 *+ &-$'* &-$'* +- % % )*+ )*+") ")- #-( #-(+ +*, *, #"$" #"$" "8-$ "8-$ */(& */(&"& "&(" (" *3 +" ()*3' ()*3'(/(/(& (&"& "&(5 (53 3 )* +" +" *'$&'$" &*++"$*, * &-+-&5 *'" *'$" *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'-, * ")(&(-35 "" 8 * &$(5, $*"+(9"3)- *+ (- #$-&*)((*3'- &-3 +" -'$" ;-<". D*#7 * ;(9- *+ -3'"<* *3 *+ (&$-&-#(- 8 * #$-&*)(5 " -*$6"$, 3" " +" 6*9.

2.= OBSERVACIÓN DE CLULAS ANIMALES

*) C/lulas de la mucosa bucal C-3 +" "8)" )* 3 &*#(++- #*>*-, * *J'$"<- "'*$("+ )* +" &"$" (3'*$3" )* +" *< *<(++" (++",, /$-' /$-'"3 "3))- "6 "6* **3 *3''*, *' *'* #$-& #$-&*) *)( (((*3' *3'- +- $*"+ $*"+((95 &")" &")" $# $#(3)* (3)*#* #*3) 3)(* (*3' 3'* **3 *3'* '*.. E+ "'* "'*$( $("+ "+ -'* -'*3( 3())- * *9& *9&+5 +5 &-3 3" -'" -'" )* "" "" #$*6("*3'* &-+-&")" *3 *+ #-$'"-<*'-, * #$*#"$"$-3 )- *'$", 3" (3 &-+-$*"$ 8 -'$" &-+-$*")" &-3 "9+ )* *'(+*3-, *3&(" * &-+-&5 *+ &$*-<*'- 8 * $*"+(95 *+ -3'"<* )* +" *'$" *3 *+ (&$-&-#(-. F(3"+*3'* * -*$65 +" #$*#"$"&(53.

* C/lulas sa;u2eas de 8umao E3 *'* #$-&*)( #$-&*)((* (*3'3'-,, -+- * ++*65 " &"- *+ -3'"<* -3'"<* 8 +" -*$6" -*$6"&(53 &(53 )* +" *'$", #* 8" * ;"1" ++*6")- " &"- #$*6("*3'* +" #$*#"$"&(53 )* +" #+"&", $*"+(9")" #-$ +" "('*3'* )* +"-$"'-$(-.

*. C/lulas sa;u2eas de sa!o E3 +" 1" )* +"-$"'-$(-, 3- * *#*&(/(&" -*$6"$ &7++" "313*" )* "#-, #*$- *'" -*$6"&(53 * $*"+(95 &-3 *+ /(3 )* *'"+*&*$ )(/*$*3&(" &-3 +" &7++" "3 "31 13* 3*" " )* ;" ;"33-.. S(# S(#+* +** *3' 3'* * * ;(9;(9- *+ -3' -3'"< "<* * )* +" #+"& #+"&" " *3 3 (&$-&-#(- 8 * -*$65 *'" #$*#"$"&(53 *3 *3*$"+.

RESU%TA'OS

E (#-$'"3'* )*'"&"$ >* &-3 +" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(- )* -$/-+-1" &*++"$ * -'6(*$-3 $*+'")- 8 #-('(6-, *3 &"3'- "+ *3$(>*&((*3'- )* &-3-&((*3'- '*5$(&-#$%&'(&- "&*$&" )* +" )(/*$*3'* *'$&'$" &*++"$*, 8 +" ()*3'(/(&"&(53 )* )('(3'- -$%3+- &*++"$*. A &-3'(3"&(53 * *'$"3 +- *>*" $*+'"3'* )* +" -*$6"&(53 )* -$"3(- 6**'"+* 8 "3("+* *3 +" #$%&'(&" &-3  )*()" )*&$(#&(53.

Extracto de papa sin colorear

Extracto de papa coloreado

. E3 +" #$*# #$*#"$ "$"& "&(5 (53 3 )* *J'$ *J'$"& "&''- )* #"#" #"#" * -* -*$6 $6"$ "$-3 -3 &7+ &7++" +" 6** 6**'" '"+* +*, , $*&-3-& $*&-3-&(*3 (*3))- +- #+"'( #+"'()()(-, , *#*&1 *#*&1/(& /(&"* "*3'* 3'* +*&-#+" +*&-#+"''-. . E3 +" *'$ *'$" " (3 &-+-$*"$, *$"3 (3&-+-$-, #-$ +- >* * &"$"&'*$(9"3 8 *3 +" *'$" &-3 '(3&(53 '(+(9"3)- +-+ $*&-3-&* #$**3&(" )* "+()-3*=, ;- % &-3'$"'* 8 * +-$5 -*$6"$ *<-$ +" *'$&'$" 8  /-$", $*)-3)*")" 8 -6"+")". E3 *+ &"- )* +" #"#" #"#",, +- +- +*& +*&-# -#+" +"' '- - * &"$" &"$"&' &'*$ *$(9 (9"3 "3 #-$ #-$ (3' (3'*' *'(9 (9"$ "$ "+( "+()5 )53, 3, 8 * ++" ++""3 "3 "(+-#+"'-. 2. E3 +" *'$" )* *J'$"&'- )* +" #+#" )* '-"'*, *3 +" &7++" 6**'"+* -*$6")" * ()*3'(/(&"$-3  #"$'* 8 +- &$--#+"'-, 3 '(#- )* #+"'()(-, >* * -*$6"3 -*$6"3 &-- 3- #3'- #3'- $-<(9$-<(9- )*3'$)*3'$- )*+ &('-#+" &('-#+"", ", *'- *'- '*31"3 '*31"3 3 #(*3'- 3"'$"+ $-<-, 8" >* *'- -$%3+-, * &"$"&'*$(9"3 #-$ #$**3'"$ 3"

&-+-$"&(53,  #$(3&(#"+ /3&(53 * (3'*'(9"$ 8 "+"&*3"$ #(*3'- )* *'"&"$-'*3-. E3 *+ &"- )*+ '-"'* +- &$--#+"'- * -$((3"3 )* &+-$-#+"'- <56*3*, )$"3'* +" ")$"&(53, #-$ *- ")>(*$*3 *+ &-+-$ $-<-.

. Extracto de pulpa de tomate -Aumento 40X

Epidermis de tomate

. A+ -*$6"$ +" *#()*$( )* '-"'*, * $*&-3-&(*$-3 +" &7++" 8 * ()*3'(/(&"$-3  #"$'* &-- #"$*) &*++"$, 3K&+*- 8 &('-#+"", "3>* 3- &+"$"*3'*, #* +" &7++" -3 3 #-&- *+'", * )*&($ +" #"$*)* -3 % -3)+")". E'* '*<()*#()*$(=, * *3&"$" )* )"$ $*('*3&(" 8 #$-'*&&(53 )*+ (3'*$(-$. A)*% &#+* +" /3&(53 )* (3'*$&"("$ "* &-3 *+ *)(- "(*3'*, +(('"$ +" '$"3#($"&(53 8 *&$*'"$ "+3" '"3&(". 4. E3 +" -*$6"& -*$6"&(53 (53 )*+ &"'"/ &"'"/(+(+- )* &*-++ &*-++", ", *3 +" * *'$ '$" " (3 (3 &-+&-+-$* $*"$ "$,, * )(' )('(3 (3 (* (*$$-3 3 +" +" *'$&'$" &*++"$*, #*$- "+ -*$6"$ +" *'$" &-3 '(3&(53, * ()*3'(/(&"$-3 *<-$ +" #"$'*, #* *+ &-+-$"3'* +* )" 3 *<-$ &-3'$"'*. L" &7++" -3 -3 )* /-$ /-$" " "+"$ "+"$" ")" )",,   #"$* #"$*)* )* -3 -3 % % $*&'" 8 '(*3*3 % )*/(3()"  #"$'*, 8" >* * #*) #*)*3 *3 "#$* "#$*&( &("$ "$ *<-$ *<-$ >* >* *3 +" *#()* *#()*$ $( ( )* '-"'*.

Cataflo de cebolla sin colorear

-Aumento 40X

Cataflo de cebolla coloreado -Aumento 100X

Cataflo de cebolla coloreado -Aumento 400X

!. S* ;(9- +" -*$6"&(53 )* #+"&" )* $"1&* )* &*-++", C-3 *+ -<*'(6- )* ()*3'(/(&"$ *3 *'" &7++" *$('*% &", *+ 3K&+*-, 3&+7-+-, *$"3" 8 &('-#+"". E/*&'( 6"*3'*, * )(/*$*3&("$-3 &+"$"*3'* *'" #"$'*. E'"  C7++" * &"$"&'*$(9"3 #-$ 3- '*3*$ #+"'()(-,-3 ;-5 +-" )* +" &7++" ")$*, #* )"3 +"$ "+ &$*&((*3'- *3 +-3(') 8 * +-&"+(9"3 *3 *+ *J'$*- )* +" $"19.

Placas de raíces de cebolla

Corte de la hoja de elodea -Aumento 40X

Corte de la hoja de elodea -Aumento 100X

. E3 *+ &-$'* )* +" ;-<" )* E+-)*" * -*$6"$-3 *3 +" &7++" 6**'"+*, +- &+-$-#+"'-, *'- -$%3+-, * (&"3 *3 +" #*$(/*$(" )* +" &7++". U3 ;*&;- >* ++"5 +" "'*3&(53 /* /* >* +- &+-$-#+"'- * )*#+"9"3 "+$*)*)-$ )* +" &7++", *'* -6( -6(( (*3' *3'- * )*3- )*3-(3 (3" " &(&+ &(&+- -( (.. C-C-- 8" * "* "* +- +- &+-$&+-$-#+ #+"' "'- - -3 -3 +- +- *3&"$")- )* $*"+(9"$ +" /-'-13'*(, 8 * "&*+*$" *'* #$-&*-, *)("3'* " &(&+-(, #* *<-$" *+ (3'*$&"(- )* '"3&(" "+ )*#+"9"$ +- &+-$-#+"'-.

Corte trans!ersal de un tallo de maí

Corte longitudinal de un tallo de maí

. A+ -*$6 -*$6"$ "$ *+ &-$'* &-$'* '$"36*$ '$"36*$"+ "+ )*+ '"++'"++- )* "19, * ()*3'(/( ()*3'(/(&5 &5 +" &"#" )* +" *#()*$(, *+ #"$73>(" C-3 3 "8-$ "*3'-, * +-$5 )(/*$*3&("$ +- 6"- &-3)&'-$* &-3)&'-$* J(+*" 8 /+-*"= 8  *'$&'$" * +" ((*3'*: ((*3'*: +" *#()*$( *#()*$( * (&" *3 +" #"$' #"$'* * % % #*$ #*$/(/(&( &("+ "+,, +- +- ;"&* ;"&* 6"& 6"&+ +"$ "$* * * *3& *3&*3' *3'$" $"3 3 #-$ #-$ '-)'-)- *+ #"$73>(", #"$73>(", +- &"+ (3)(&" >* * 3" #+"3'" -3-&-'(+* -3-&-'(+*)53*". )53*". E+ J(+*" J(+*" 8 /+-*" /-$ /-$"3 "3 3 (' ('* *" " )* '$"3 '$"3##-$' $'*, *, >* >* &-3)& &-3)&* * "+( "+(*3 *3''-,, "", "", "6( "6(" " - "+* "+* (3*$"+*. E3 *+ &"- )*+ &-$'* +-3(')(3"+, * ()*3'(/(&5 ("+*3'* +" *'$&'$", #*$- "+ *$ 3" 6('" )(/*$*3'*, +" *'$&'$" *'""3 )(#*'" )* -'$" "3*$", #-$ *<*#+-, * -*$65 +- 6"- 6"&+"$* " +- +"$- )*+ #"$73>(".

Corte trans!ersal de una hoja de lirio Corte trans!ersal de una hoja . S* -*$6"$-3 -*$6"$-3 6"$(- &-$'* '$"36*$"+* '$"36*$"+* )* )(/*$*3'* )(/*$*3'* '(#- )* ;-<", &-3 *+ /(3 amarillo morada

)* )(/*$*3&("$ +" -$"3(9"&(53 )* +" 9-3" (3'*$3". E3 *+ &-$'* )* +" ;-<" )* +($(""$(++-, * -*$65 &+"$"*3'* +" -$"3(9"&(53 )*+ '*<()- *#()7$(&-, * -*$6"3 +" &7++" "+"$")" *3 +" *#()*$(, 8 3()" *3'$* 1, "3>* * "* >* *3 *'" &"#" * *3&*3'$"3 +- *'-", 3- * +-$5 -*$6"$+-, ")*% * )(/*$*3&(5 *+ #"$73>(" )* *#"+(9")" 8 *#-3<--.

Corte de corcho

-Aumento 40X

Corte de corcho

-Aumento 100X

. E3 +" &7++" )*+ &-$'* )* &-$&;- -+- * -*$65 #*>*" &*+)" 3()" *3 /-$" )* #"3"+ 8 +" K3(&" #"$'* ()*3'(/(&")" * +" #"$*) &*++"$, #* #-$ *$ &7++" *$'" 3- '(*3*3 3K&+*-, 3( 3(3K3 -'$- -$"3*+-.

C"lulas de la mucosa bucal sin colorear

C"lulas de la mucosa bucal coloreada -Aumento 100X

0. L" &7++" )* +" &-" &"+ -3 &7++" "3("+* *&"$(-'", (3&-+-$", 3 #-&- ($$*+"$*, #-$ 3- '*3*$ #"$*) &*++"$, &-- * -*$6"3 &"( '$"3#"$*3'*, (*3)- '*<()- *#('*+("+*. S* '(+(95 3" '7&3(&" )* '(3&(53 #"$" *<-$ -*$6"&(53. S* ()*3'(/(&"$-3  #"$'*, &-- &('-#+"", 3K&+*- 8 *$"3" #+"%'(&". E3 +" #$*#"$"&(53 &-3 "9+ )* *'(+*3-, * -*$65 )* /-$" % +" *'$&'$" )* +" &7++". S* #*)*3 )('(3($ '(#- )* &7++" "3("+* &-- "&$5/"-, ;('(-&('- - /($-&('-. E3 -'$" #+"&" -*$6")", #$*#"$")" #-$ +" )-&*3'*, * -*$65 "K3 *<-$ +" &7++", 8" >* * 5 &-+-$"&(53 )* /+*3 >* $(3)" )- &-3'$"'*, (*3)- 3" '7&3(&" )(/*$*3&("+ )* &-+-$"&(53.

C"lulas sanguíneas de humano -Aumento 100X

C"lulas sanguíneas de sapo -Aumento 100X

. S* -*$65 +" &7++" "313*" )*+ *$ ;"3-, )('(3(*3)- +- +5+- $-<- - *$('$-&('-, * &"$"&'*$(9"3 #-$ 3- '*3*$ 3K&+*-, -3 &53&"6-, )*()- " >* "3'* )* "+($ " +" &($&+"&(53 *J#+"3  3K&+*-. S #$(3&(#"+ /3&(53 * *+ '$"3#-$'* )* (3'*$&"(- )* O 2 Y CO 2, &-3'(*3*3 *+ #(*3'- $*#($"'-$(-, >* * +" ;*-+-(3" 8 * /-$"3 #-$ *+ #$-&*- )* ;*"'-#-8*(. A)*%, * -*$65 &7++" )* "#-, &-3 *+ /(3 )* )(/*$*3&("$ +" *'$&'$", #* *'- *$('$-&('- ( '(*3*3 3K&+*- 8 ('-&-3)$(". P*$- '(*3*3 +" (" /3&(53 >* *3 +- *$* ;"3-.

'ISCUSIÓN 'E RESU%TA'OS D* "&*$)- " +" #$%&'(&" $*"+(9")" 8 -*$6"&(53 )* +- '(#- )* &7++", * $*&-3-&(5 +" )('(3'" *'$&'$" &*++"$* 8 * *'"+*&(*$-3 +" )(/*$*3&(" "

'$"67 '$"67 )*+ "3%+( "3%+(( ( '*5$(& '*5$(&-#$ -#$%&' %&'(&(&- *3 *+ +"-$" +"-$"'-$ '-$(-. (-. D('( D('(3( 3(*3)*3)- +" #"$'* #"$'* 8 /3&(53 *#*&1/(&" )* &")" -$%3+-. E (#-$'"3'* )*'"&"$ >* ;"8 3" $"3 )(/*$*3&(" *3'$* &7++" *$'" 8 6(6", *3 &"3'- "  #"$'*, 8" >* *3 +" &7++" *$'" -+- #*$('* +" #"$*) &*++"$, #* 8" 3- ;"8 3K&+*-, &('-#+"" 8 *$"3", * )*&($ 3- ;"8 "&'(6()") &*++"$, >* * +- >* )('(3* " +" &7++" 6(6". G$"&(" " +- *>*" $*"+(9")-, )* +" &7++" "3("+* 8 6**'"+*, * -*$65, >* "3>* "" -3 *&"$(-'", )(/(*$*3 *3 &"3'- "  #"$'* 8 -$"3(9"&(53, )*()- " >*  -$"3*+- &#+*3 /3&(-3* )(/*$*3'*, #-$ *<*#+- +" &7++" 6**'"+* 6**'"+* -3 "'5'$-/" "'5'$-/" 8 $*"+(9"3 $*"+(9"3 +" /-'-13'*( /-'-13'*(,, #-$ +- >* &*3'" &-3 -$"3*+-, &-- +- #+"'()(- #"$" $*"+(9"$ *'- #$-&*- 8 +" "3("+* 3- '(*3*3 *'- -$"3*+-, 8" >* -3 ;*'*$5'$-/". A)*% +" 6**'"+* #-**3 #"$*) &*++"$ >* +* )" $(()*9 8 "3'(*3*  6-+*3 8 *3 &"(- +" &7++" "3("+ -+- '(*3* *$"3" #+"%'(&". E'- )*()- " >* +" &7++" "3("+ *'" $-)*" )* +1>()(3'*$&*++"$, >* +" #$-'** )* +- &"(- *J'*$3-, * #-$ *- >* +" &7++" 6**'"+ &*3'" &-3 #"$*) &*++"$, >* +* $(3)" #$-'*&&(53. L" &7++" 6**'"+ &*3'" &-3 3" $"3 6"&-+", 8 +" &7++" "3("+ +" '(*3* % #*>*", #*>*", *'- )*()- " >* *3 +" &7++" 6**'"+ * 3*&*('" 3*&*('" % "+"&*3"(*3'"+"&*3"(*3')* "" #"$" $*"+(9"$ +- #$-&*- 8" )*&$('-, #-$ *- *+ $"3 '""- )* +" 6"&-+", " )(/*$*3&(" )* +" "3("+ >* -+- $*>(*$* &(*$'" &"3'()") )* "", #"$" "+3" /3&(-3*. D*#7 )* *'"+*&*$ +" )(/*$*3&(" *3*$"+* *3'$* +" &7++" "3("+ 8 6**'"+, * (#(#-$' $'"3 "3'* '* )*' )*'"&" "&"$$ >* >* &")" &")" 3" 3" * )(/* )(/*$*3 $*3&( &(" " *3  *'$& *'$&' '$" $" (3'* (3'*$3" $3",, )*#*3)(*3)- )*+ -$"3(-. E3 *+ &"- )* +" &7++" 6**'"+* -*$6")", * ()*3 ()*3'('(/(/(&5 &5 >* >* '-)" '-)" '(*3 '(*3*3 *3 #+"' #+"'() ()((-, , #*$#*$- )* )(' )('(3' (3'- - '(#- '(#-,, #-$ *<* *<*#+ #+- +- +- #+"'()(- )* +" #"#" -3 +*&-#+"'- "(+-#+"'-=, +- )*+ '-"'*, &$--#+"'-. C"$"&'*$1'(&" >* * )** " >* &-3'(*3*3 )(/*$*3'* '"3&(", #-$ *<*#+- +- "(+-#+"'- &-3'(*3*3 "+()53 8 +- &$--#+"'- &-3'(*3*3 *+ #(*3'- >* )" *+ &-+-$ *'"&"$-'*3-=. D* ("+ "3*$" * -*$65 >* +" &7++" )* +" *#()*$( 3- -3 ("+* *3 '-)- +- -$"3(-, #*$- * "**<"3 *3  /-$" "+"$")" 8 >* * /-$"3 #-$ &*+)".  A+ &-#"$"$ +" *#()*$( )* '-"'* 8 &*-++", * -*$65 >* +" &7++" )*+ #$(*$-, 3- '*31"3 3" /-$" $1()" 8  #"$'* 3- *'""3 (*3 *'$&'$")", * )*&($ 3- * ()*3'(/(&""3 &+"$"*3'*, *3 &"(- *3 +" *#()*$( )* &*-++", +" *'$&'$" )* +" &7++" -3 % 6((+* 8  /-$" * % $1()". E3 +" ;-<" )* *+-)*", +- &+-$-#+"'- *'%3 ('")- *3 +" #*$(/*$(" )* +" &7++", )*()- " >* * )*#+"9"3 #-$  "+$*)*)-$, ;"&(*3)- 3 -6((*3'- ++"")-

&(&+-(, >* "&*+*$" *+ #$-&*- )* +" /-'-13'*(, &-3 *+ )*#+"9"(*3'- ($"'-$(- )*+ &-3'*3()- &('-#+"%'(&-, >* ++*6" +- &+-$-#+"'-. L- '*<()- *#()7$(&-, +- ;"&* 6"&+"$* 8  -$"3(9"&(53, )(/(*$*3 ( +" #+"3'" * -3-&-'(+*)53*" - )(&-'(+*)53*", *3 +" -3-&-'(+*)53*" +- ;"&* 6"&+"$* *'%3 )(#*$- 8 *3 +" )(&-'(+*)53*" *'%3 -+- *3 *+ #*$1*'$- )*+ '"++-, #*$- *+ J(+* J(+*" " 8 /+-* /+-*" " &# &#+* +*3 3 +" ( (" " /3& /3&(5 (53, 3, >* >* * *+ '$"3 '$"3# #-$ -$'* '* )* "" "" 8 3'$ 3'$(* (*3' 3'* *.. E3 &"3 &"3''- "+ '*<( '*<())- *#() *#()7$ 7$(& (&- * -*$ -*$65 65 +" +" )(' )('(3 (3'" '" &"#" &"#" 8 +" -$"3(9"&(53 )* +" &7++". E3 &"3'- " +" &7++" "3("+*,  *'$&'$" 8 /-$" * )(/*$*3&("3 #-$  /3&(53, #-$ *<*#+-, *3 +- +5+- $-<-,  /-$" * &53&"6", #"$" ")"#'"$* " 3" "8-$ #*$/(&(* )* (3'*$&"(- )* O 2 Y CO2, #$*&("*3'* #-$>* -3 +- #-$'")-$* )* -J1*3- " +" &7++". P-$ *'" $"953 * $*+"&(-3" +" /3&(53 &-3 +" /-$" )* +" &7++". &7++". S* ()*3'(/(&5 ()*3'(/(&5 -'$" )(/*$*3&(", )(/*$*3&(", +" &7++" &7++" "313*" "313*" &-- +- *$('$-&('-, 3- -3 ("+* *3 '-)- +- -$"3(-, "3>* &#+*3 +" (" /3&(53, #-$ *<*#+- +- *$('$-&('- )* "#- ( '(*3*3 3K&+*- 8 +- )*+ *$ ;"3&"$*&*3 )* 7+.

CONC%USIONES

C-3 *'" #$%&'(&" )* +"-$"'-$(- )* -$/-+-1" &*++"$ * ;" &#+()- " &""+()") &-3 '-)- +- -<*'(6- #$-#*'-. P$(3&(#"+*3'* *+ $*&-3-&((*3'- )* +" &7++" &-- +" 3()") *&*3&("+ *3 '-)- *$ 6(6-. S* ;(9- *+ $*&-3-&((*3'- )* +" )(6*$()") *'$&'$"+ 8 -$/-+5(&" )* +- )(/*$*3'* '(#- )* &7++", &7++", ()*3'(/(&"3 ()*3'(/(&"3))- >* +" &7++" "3("+ "3("+ 8 6**'"+, '(*3*3 '(*3*3 3-'"+* )(/*$*3&(" *3  *'$&'$" 8 /3&(53 *#*&1/(&", (3 *"$- "+ -$"3(9"$* *3 '*<()-, 5$"3-, 8 ('*" &#+*3 +" (" /3&(53.   L- #$(3&(#"+* -$"3*+- )* +" &7++" -3 +- >* )*/(3*3  &"$"&'*$1'(&" *#*&1/(&", &-- *3 +" &7++" 6**'"+ +- #+"'()(- 8 #"$*) &*++"$, &-3'('8*3 +" $"3 )(/*$*3&(" &-3 +" &7++" 6**'"+. S* -*$65 +" *'$&'$" #+$(&*++"$ )* 3 5$"3- 6**'"+, )('(3(*3))('(3(*3)-  /-$" 8 * ()*3'(/(&"3)-  #"$'*. S* )(/*$*3&(5 +- )('(3'- '*<()- &*++"$*, -*$6"3)- +" -$"3(9"&(53 )* '*<()*#()7$(&- 8 +- ;"&* 6"&+"$*.

E (#-$'"3'* '(+(9"$ '7&3(&" )* '(3&(53, 8" >* *'- #$-&*)((*3'- /"&(+('"3 +" -*$6"&(53 8 *+ $*&-3-&((*3'- )* +" #"$'* )* +" &7++". T-)- *$ 6(6- *'% /-$")- #-$ 3 '(#- )* &7++" "3("+ - 6**'"+=, #*$- (*#$* ;"8 3" &-3'"3'* (3'*$$*+"&(53 *3'$* *++" #"$" *+ #$-&*- )* +" 6()".

RECOMEN'ACIONES

E3 #$(*$ +"$, * )* $"3 (#-$'"3&(" *($ +" (3)(&"&(-3* )*+ )-&*3'*, #"$" >* +" #$%&'(&" * ++*6* " &"- )* 3" "3*$" -$"3(9")" 8 &+"$". P"$" $*"+(9"$ +" #$*#" #$*#"$"& $"&((-3* 3* ;"8 >* >* *$ 8 */(& */(&(* (*3' 3'* *,, #* #* )* *++*++- )*#* )*#*3)* 3)* 3" *3 *3" " -*$6"&(53. H"8 >* '*3*$ *3 &*3'" * &-$$*&'- "3*<- )*+ (&$-&-#(-, 8" >* "+ ;"&*$ 3 *3 *3/->*, ()*3'(/(&"- *<-$ +" *'$&'$" -*$6")". L- % $*&-*3)"+* * -*$6"$ (*3)- "3"+1'(&-, * )*&($ '*3*$ 3" *3" &-3&*3'$"&(53 8 &"#"&()") )* "3%+((, &-3 *+ /(3 )* )('(3($ +" *'$&'$" 8 -$"3*+- )* +" &7++".

RESPUESTA RESPUE STA A %AS PRE(UNTAS 'E %A (UIA . E3 *+ &-$'* )* &-$&;- >7 '(#- )* *'$&'$" &*++"$* ;"3 #*$('()- *3 *+ '*<( '*<())-Q Q P-$ P-$ >7Q >7Q C% C%++ *  /3& /3&(5 (53Q 3Q.. RTA RTA# #-$ *$ &7++" *$'" -+- * -*$6" +" #"$*) &*++"$, 3- ;"8 3(33" *'$&'$" )*3'$- )* +" &7++", #* * ;"3 *J'(3()- 3K&+*-, &('-#+""=. Y +" /3&(53 )* +" #"$*) &*++"$ * )*+(('"$ )*+(('"$ +" &7++" 8 $(3)"$ #$-'*&&(53 " +" &7++". 2. C-#"$* #"$*) &*++"$ &-3 *$"3" #+"%'(&" RTA# +" #"$*) &*++"$ )*+(('" +" &7++" 8 +" *$"3" #+"%'(&" * (&" *3'$* +" #"$*) &*++"$ 8 *+ &('-#+"" . E3 *+ &"'"/(+- )* &*-++" 7 &+"* )* *'$&'$" -3 6((+*Q>7 )(/*$*3&(" ;"8 &-3 *+ &-$'* )* &-$&;-Q  RTA# +" *'$&'$" >* -3 6((+* )*3'$- )* +" &7++" -3 *+ 3K&+*-, *$"3" *$"3" 8 &('-#+"" &('-#+"" #-$ *$ 3 '*<()'*<()- 6(6-, " )(/*$*3&(" )(/*$*3&(" )*+ &-$'* )* &-$&;-, >* -+- * -*$6"" #"$*) &*++"$, ")*% )* >* +" &7++" *3 *+ &"'"/(+- * -$"3(9"3 +(3*"+*3'* 8 -3 "+"$")", *3 *+ &-$&;- -3 *3 /-$" )* #"3"+. 4. E3 +" *#()*$( )* 3" ;-<" C%+ * +" /3&(53 )* +- *'-" 8 &-- * -$"3(9 -$"3(9"3Q "3Q RTA RTA#  /3&(53 * $*+"$ *+ (3'*$&"(- "*-- 8 +" '$"3#($"&(53, *'%3 *3 *+ '*<()- *#()7$(&- *3 $#- )* )- - % &7++". !. E3 *+ &-$'* '$"36*$"+ )* 3" ;-<". I)*3'(/(>* +" #"$'* 8 +" /3&(53 >* &#+*3 RTA# * -*$65 '*<()- *#()7$(&-, ;"&* 6"&+"$* J(+*" 8 /+-*"=, #"$73>(" )* *3 #"+(9")" 8 #"$73>(" *#-3<--. L" /3&(53 )* +" *#()*$( * $*6*'($ +-

5$"3- 6**'"+* #"$"  #$-'*&&(53, *+ J(+*" 8 /+-*" '$"3#-$'"3 *+ "" 8 3'$ 3'$(* (*3' 3'* * "+ (3'* (3'*$( $(-$ -$ )* +" #+"3' #+"3'", ", *+ #"$73 #"$73> >( (" " "+" "+"&* &*3" 3" "+( "+(*3 *3''- 8 -'$" -'$" '"3&(". . *3 +" *+-) *+-)*". *". D*& D*&$( $(" " +" -$" -$"3( 3(9" 9"&( &(53 53 *3*$" *3*$"++ )* +- +- &+-$&+-$-#+ #+" "''- RTA RTA# * -$"3(9"3 *3 +" #*$(/*$(" )* +" &7++", )*#+"9%3)-* "+$*)*)-$ )* *'", *3 3 -6((*3'- ++"")- &(&+-(. . E3 +" &7++" "3("+*, )*&$(" +" *'$&'$", -$"3*+- 8 /3&(53. RTA# * -*$6"$-3 *$('$-&('- *3 +" &7++" "313*", &"$"&'*$(9")- #-$ *$ &53&"6-, #* ;"3 #*$)()-  3K&+*-,  /3&(53 * '$"3#-$'"$ -J1*3- " +" &7++" 8 *+ (3'*$&"(- &-3 )(5J()- )* &"$-3-. CUADRO COMPARATIVO DE CLULA VEGETAL Y ANIMAL CARACTERISTIC  A M*$"3" &*++"$ NK&+*C(+(- - /+"*+- V"&-+" P+"'()(- &+-$-#+"'- P"$*) &*++"$

C.VEGETAL

C.ANIMAL

U(&")" *3'$* +" #"$*) &*++"$ 8 *+ &('-#+"" E % $"3)* S-3 $**#+"9")- #-$ +- #+"'()(- T(*3* 3" $"3 6"&-+", #-$>* 3*&*('" 3*&*('" "+"&*3"$  "+"&*3"$  % "" O$%3+- > >* #$ #$-)&*3 8 "+"&*3"3 &-#*'- E'$&'$" > > * &&-3'(*3*3 &+-$-/(+", * $*"+(9" +" /-'-13'*(. L* )" $(()*9 " +" &7++"

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BIB%IO(RA
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. STRA STRASB SBUR URGE GER, R, E. *' "+. "+.  .. T$"'") "'")- )* B-'% B-'%3( 3(&" &".. ". ". *). *). M"$1 M"$13, 3, B"$&*+-3". C"#. . 4. ;''#:*.*)&"'$.#$(3&"'.*#$-8*&'-(-*--62BCH(3)*J2&.;' !. ;''#:+"& ;''#:+"&(*3&(" (*3&("**++ **++".+- ".+-#-'. #-'.&-20 &-2004 04&(&+&(&+-(&+ (&+-$-#+" -$-#+"'-)* '-)* #"*-.;'+.