“Año de la Consolidación Democrática” Democrática”
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL ER! FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA
%ACER LA -R".ICA DE LA .RACCI/N $OLAR DE LA $E0CLA ETANOL1A-UA ETANOL1A-UA VS EL 2NDICE DE RE.RACCI/N C"TEDRA
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TERMODINÁMICA DE LOS PROCESOS QUÍMICOS II
CAT CATEDR"TICO EDR"TICO #
Ing. SALV S ALVA ADOR TEÓDULO TEÓDU LO ORÉ OR É VIDALÓN
ALU$NA
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BRAVO BRAVO VALER VALERO, O, Anibal Ani bal ESTEBAN GARCIA, P!"# LLAC$A MATEO, MATEO, I%abl REMIGIO PALACIOS, Li& RO'AS PAPUICO, Sa(i)
SE$ESTRE
#
VI
%&anca'o ( er) *++,
INTRODUCCI/N El *n+n- ( la !*!a""i+n %) ba%a(- n l "abi- ( /l-"i(a( 01 23!in)a la !a(ia"i+n l")!-agn4)i"a al 3a%a! ( 1n (i- a -)!-, "-- "-n%"1n"ia ( %1 in)!a""i+n "-n l-% )--% # -l4"1la% (l -)!- (i-. Di"5- "abi- ( /l-"i(a( % ani*i%)a n 1na /a!ia"i+n n la (i!""i+n ( 3!-3aga"i+n. Un !*!a")+)!- i( l g!a(- a l "1al la l1& % (%/ia(a 6% ("i! !*!a")a(a7 "1an(% 1/ (%( l ai! n 1na 1%)!a # 1)ili&a(a )83i"an) 3a!a ()!ina! 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n, n ( 1na 1%)!a l801i(a. Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n, ( 1na %1%)an"ia - 1n (i- )!an%3a!n), % la !la"i+n n)! la /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n l /a"8- # la /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n la %1%)an"ia - l (i)!an%3a!n). E%) n9!-, a#-! 01 la 1ni(a( # %in 1ni(a(%, % 1na "-n%)an) "a!a")!8%)i"a ( "a(a (i- # !3!%n)a l n9!- ( /"% 01 % a#-! la /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n l /a"8- 01 n % (i-. El 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n % i( "-n 1n a3a!a)- llaa(!*!a")+)!- n l 01 % "-3a!a l ng1l- ( in"i(n"ia "-n l ng1l- ( !*!a""i+n ( la l1& ( 1na l-ngi)1( ( -n(a %3"8*i"a. C-- l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n % %n%ibl a l-% "abi-% ( )3!a)1!a # /a!8a "-n la l-ngi)1( ( -n(a ( la l1&, (bn %3"i*i"a!% aba% /a!iabl% al 23!%a! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( 1na %1%)an"ia.
L-% al1n-%
RESU$EN El *n+n- ( la !*!a""i+n %) ba%a(- n l "abi- ( /l-"i(a( 01 23!in)a la !a(ia"i+n l")!-agn4)i"a al 3a%a! ( 1n (i- a -)!-, "-- "-n%"1n"ia ( %1 in)!a""i+n "-n l-% )--% # -l4"1la% (l -)!- (i-. Di"5- "abi- ( /l-"i(a( % ani*i%)a n 1na /a!ia"i+n n la (i!""i+n ( 3!-3aga"i+n. La (i(a !la)i/a ( la /a!ia"i+n n)! (-% (i-% )-an(- 1n- *i:- "-- !*!n"ia % l "-n-" "-- 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n n # n gn!al %) 23!%a(- "-n !%3")- al ai!. El in%)!1n)- 3a!a (i! n, % b%i"an) 1n %i%)a +3)i"- 01 b1%"a (i! l ng1l- 01 % 5a (%/ia(- la !a(ia"i+n, l "1al % llaa !*!a")+)!- # n-% 3!i)i+ ()!ina! l-% 8n(i"% ( !*!a""i+n ( %1%)an"ia% "-- l ag1a (%)ila(a, "i(- a"4)i"-, "l-!-*-!-, al"-5-l )8li"- -b)nin(- /al-!% )al% "-- ;.<=>?, ;.<@??, ;.;<, ;.<>? !%3")i/an) )abi4n % -b)1/- l-% 8n(i"% ( !*!a""i+n ( la &"la (l )an-l "-n ag1a n la 3!-3-!"i+n ( =, >, >, = l-% 01 n-% (i!-n 1n 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ig1al a ;.<?, ;.<>=, ;.<F;, ;.< # ;.<>= 3a!a l ag1a (%)ila(a, "i(- a"4)i"-, "l-!-*-!-, al"-5-l )8li"!%3")i/an).
I O34ETIVOS 565 O78eti9o :eneral
a"! la g!*i"a ( la *!a""i+n -la! ( la &"la )an-lJag1a /% l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n !%3")i/an).
56* O78eti9os es;ec<=icos
D)!ina! 23!in)aln) l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( %1%)an"ia% 31!a% "-l ag1a (%)ila(a, "i(- a"4)i"-, "l-!-*-!- # al"-5-l )8li"-.
D)!ina! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n 3a!a &"la% ( (-% %1%)an"ia% 6)an-lJag1a7 n 3!-3-!"i-n% (;??, =, >, >, =, ?.;? !%3")i/an).
Anali&a! "1an)i)a)i/an) la *!a""i+n -la! ( 1na &"la 6)an-lJag1a7 (ian) l 1%- (l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n.
D%)a"a! l-% *a")-!% 01 a*")an l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n
D%"!ibi! l !*!a")+)!- # -(- ( !ali&a! la% (i(a%.
II $ARCO TE/RICO *65 RE.RACCI/N C1an(- 1n !a#- ( l1& 3a%a -bli"1an) ( 1n (i- 5a"ia -)!- ( (n%i(a( (i*!n), %1 (i!""i+n "abia al a)!a/%a! la %13!*i"i 01 l- %3a!a.
a61Re=racción Es;ec<=ica E% la !la"i+n n)! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n # la (n%i(a(.
Tabi4n % "-n-"
"-- la "1a"i+n ( L-!n)& # L-!n)& K= ; ; ! D JJJJJJJJJJ JJJJ = = La !*!a""i+n %3"8*i"a % 1# 9)il "-- (i- 3a!a la i(n)i*i"a"i+n ( 1na %1%)an"ia # "-- 1n "!i)!i- ( %1 31!&a. L-% /al-!% (l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n 3a!a l801i(-% -!gni"-% /a!8an n)! ;.= # ;., in)!a% 01 l-% %+li(-% -!gni"-% *l1")9an n)! ;.< # =..
7> Re=racción $olar P!-3i(a( "1an)i)a)i/a (3n(in) ( la (i%)!ib1"i+n %)!1")1!al ( l-% )--% n la -l4"1la. E% ig1al a la !*!a""i+n %3"8*i"a 1l)i3li"a(a 3-! l 3%- -l"1la!.
c> Dis;ersión Cabi- ( la !*!a""i+n "-n la l-ngi)1( ( -n(a. La (i%3!%i+n % 9)il n alg1n-% "a%-% 3a!a la i(n)i*i"a"i+n ( "-31%)-. L-% 8n(i"% ( !*!a""i+n 31(n %! (i(-% 3-! (-% )i3-% ( in%)!1n)-% l-% !*!a")+)!-% # l-% in)!*!+)!-%.
d> Incidencia ?i> Áng1l- n)! l !a#- ( 3!i! (i- # la 3!3n(i"1la! ( la %13!*i"i (i/i%-!a.
e> An:&lo de Re=racción ?r> Áng1l- "-!!%3-n(in) n l %g1n(- (i-.
=> Le'es de la re=racción Al -)!- la(- ( la %13!*i"i ( %3a!a"i+n l-% !a#-% n- "-n%!/an la i%a (i!""i+n 01 l-% ( la -n(a in"i(n)
Ca(a !a#- ( la -n(a in"i(n) # l "-!!%3-n(in) !a#- ( la -n(a )!an%i)i(a *-!an 1n 3lan- 01 "-n)in a la !")a n-!al a la %13!*i"i ( %3a!a"i+n ( l-% (-% (i-%.
El ng1l- 01 *-!a l !a#- !*!a")a(- "-n la n-!al 6ng1l- ( !*!a""i+n7 %) !la"i-na(- "-n l ng1l- ( in"i(n"ia n ; %ni n = %n ρ
*6* RE.RACTO$ETRO# Un !*!a")+)!- i( l g!a(- a l "1al la l1& % (%/ia(a 6% ("i! !*!a")a(a7 "1an(% 1/ (%( l ai! n 1na 1%)!a # 1)ili&a(a )83i"an) 3a!a ()!ina! 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n 68n(i" ( !*!a""i+n n7 ( 1na 1%)!a l801i(a. El 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n % 1n n9!-, n)! ;,
La n puesta en letra itálica (n-)a l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n, l 23-nn) in(i"a la )3!a)1!a l-% g!a(-% "n)8g!a(-%, # l %1b8n(i" (n-)a la l-ngi)1( ( -n(a ( la l1&. El 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n % ()!ina "-9nn) "-- 3a!) ( la "a!a")!i&a"i+n ( 1%)!a% l801i(a%, alg- %iila! a l- 01 -"1!! "-n l 31n)- ( *1%i+n ( 1%)!a% %+li(a%. El 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n )abi4n % 1)ili&a "-9nn) 3a!a •
I(n)i*i"a! - a "-n*i!a! la i(n)i(a( ( 1na 1%)!a "-3a!an(- %1 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n a l-% /al-!% "-n-"i(-%.
•
D)!in la 31!&a ( 1na 1%)!a "-3a!an(- %1 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n al /al-! 3a!a la %1%)an"ia 31!a.
•
D)!in la "-n"n)!a"i+n ( 1n %-l1)- n 1na %-l1"i+n "-3a!an(- l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( la %-l1"i+n a 1na "1!/a %)n(a! 6%al, a&9"a!, al"-5-l, )".7
*6*65 TIOS DE RE.RACTO$ETROS a61 Re=ractómetro de A77@ El in%)!1n)- l (i!")an), l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n % (1!abl, !01i! %-l- 1na g-)a ( la 1%)!a # (a 1na b1na a3!-2ia"i+n (l /al-! ( la (i*!n"ia ( 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n n)! la l8na a&1l # la !-:a (l 5i(!+gn- 01 "-n%)i)1# 1na (i(a ( la (i%3!%i+n.
761 Re=ractómetro de Inmersión Da 1na 3!%i"i+n a#-! n %1% l")1!a% 01 "1al01i! -)!- )i3-, 2"3)- l !*!a")+)!- ( in)!*!n"ia. C-- l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n "abia "-n la )3!a)1!a, (b %"-g!% 1na )3!a)1!a 3a)!+n. Mi( "-n"n)!a"i-n% "-n % 3!%i"i+n # *a"ili(a(, ( %-l1"i-n% a"1-%a% # al"-5+li"a%.
c61 Inter=erómetros U)ili&an l *n+n- ( la in)!*!n"ia 3a!a -b)n! 8n(i"% ( !*!a""i+n (i*!n"ial% "-n 3!"i%i+n 1# al)a. La (i"i+n % 2a")a % ba%a n la in)!*!n"ia ( l1&.
*6 2NDICE DE RE.RACCI/N ?n> C1an(- 1n 5a& ( l1& 01 % 3!-3aga 3-! 1n (i- ing!%a a -)!- (i%)in)-, 1na 3a!) (l 5a& % !*l:a in)!a% 01 la -)!a %1*! 1na !*!a""i+n, 01 "-n%i%) n l "abi( (i!""i+n (l 5a&. Pa!a %)- % 1)ili&a l llaa(- 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l a)!ial, 01 n-% %!/i! 3a!a "al"1la! la (i*!n"ia n)! l ng1l- ( in"i(n"ia # l ( !*!a""i+n (l 5a& 6an)% # (%314% ( ing!%a! al n1/- a)!ial7. El *")- ( la !*!a""i+n % 31( -b%!/a! *"iln) in)!-(1"in(- 1na /a!illa n ag1a. S 31( /! 01 3a!" 01b!a!% ba:- la %13!*i"i. En !ali(a( l- 01 %1"( % 01 la l1& !*l:a(a 3-! la /a!illa 6%1 iagn7 "abia ( (i!""i+n al %ali! (l ag1a, (bi(- a la (i*!n"ia ( 8n(i"% ( !*!a""i+n n)! l ag1a # l ai!. S 1)ili&a la l)!a n 3a!a !3!%n)a! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l a)!ial, # % "al"1la 3-! la %ig1in) *+!1la n
C ? =
V
n 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l (i- n "1%)i+n "- /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n l /a"8- 6<2;? %7
/ /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n l (i- n "1%)i+n. E% ("i! 01 % la !la"i+n n)! la /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n l /a"8- # n l (i-. Da(- 01 la /l-"i(a( ( la l1& n "1al01i! (i- % %i3! n-! 01 n l /a"8-, l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n %! 1n n9!- %i3! a#-! 01 ;. En l /a"8- n; , n -)!- (i- n;
III ARTE EBERI$ENTAL 65 $ateriales
> )1b-% ( n%a#-
= 3i3)a%
*!a%"- la/a(-!
; g!a(illa
6* Reacti9os
Ag1a (%)ila(a
Á"i(- a"4)i"-
Cl-!-*-!-
Al"-5-l )8li"-
6 E&i;o
R*!a")+)!-
6 rocedimiento
Alg1n-% lab-!a)-!i-% ala"nan l !*!a")+)!"-n 1n 3(a&- (l ):i(- *in- n l -n)a: (l 3!i%a 3a!a an)n! l 3!i%a ( "!i%)al (l !a%g1H-.
Ab!a l -n)a: (l 3!i%a # 01i) l ):i(- *in-, "-3!1b 01 l 3!i%a %) li3i-.
U)ili" 1na 3i3)a 3a!a a3li"a! %1 1%)!a l801i(a al 3!i%a.
Tnga "1i(a(- ( n- )-"a! l 3!i%a "-n l 2)!- ( la 3i3)a, %)- 31( !a%g1Ha! l "!i%)al %1a/ (l 3!i%a.
Ci!! l -n)a: (l 3!i%a.
En"in(a la l3a!a 1%an(- l in)!!13)-! n l la(- i&01i!(-. 6n alg1n-% -(l-% l in)!!13)-! 31( %)a! n l "abl7
A:1%) la l3a!a 3a!a a%g1!a! l b!illa("1a(- n l 3!i%a ( (i"i+n.
Mi! a )!a/4% (l -"1la!.
Si 1%)( %) "!"a 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( %1 1%)!a 1%)( (b /! 01 la /i%i+n n l -"1la! (1%)!a 1na !gi+n -%"1!a n la !gi+n in*!i-! # % "la!a n la )a3a. Si 1%)( n- / 1na !gi+n "la!a # -%"1!a, (4 /1l)a al )-!nill- (l la(- (!"5- (l in%)!1n)- 5a%)a 01 -"1!!a. An)% ( 5a"! l a:1%) *inal, %! gn!aln) n"%a!i- a:1%)a! la 3-%i"i+n ( la l3a!a # a*ila! la *!-n)!a n)! la% !gi-n% lig!a% # -%"1!a% 1%an(- l (ial (l "-3n%a(-! n l *!n) (l !*!a")+)!-. Una /& 01 1%)( )nga 1na (a!"a"i+n 01b!a(i&a n)! la% !gi-n% lig!a% # -%"1!a%, (4 /1l)a al )-!nill- n l la(- (!"5- 3a!a "-l-"a! la *!-n)!a 2a")an) n l "n)!- ( l-% !)8"1l-% %g9n l- (-%)!a(-. Pa!a l! 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n, 3!%i-n l in)!!13)-! n l la(- ( la an- i&01i!(a (l !*!a")+)!- 5a%)a 01 1%)( / la %"ala a )!a/4% (l -"1la!. La %"ala %13!i-! in(i"a 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n. C1i(a(-%an) in)!3-lan(1%)( 31( l! l /al-! a la 2a")i)1( (l l1ga! ("ial . El :3l- (-%)!a(- a018 )in 1n 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( ;,>?>.
Rgi%)! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n n %1 "1a(!n(l lab-!a)-!i-. D%314% la l )!+)!- # !gi%)! la )3!a)1!a.
D%314%
(
01
l
a"abn,
li3i
l
!*!a")+)!-. P!i!- 1)ili" 1n ):i(- *in- al lng1a(- l:-% % ( %1 1%)!a.
En)-n"% la/ l 3!i%a "-n 1n 301H%-l/n), n-%-)!-% 1)ili&an gn!aln) 1n al"-5-l %i3l )al "-- )an-l 3a!a la% 1%)!a% -!gni"a% ( la li3i&a.
Un -/iin)- %1a/ % bin 01 1n -/iin)- (l *!-)ain)- % 3!*i! 3a!a !(1"i! al 8ni- la 3-%ibili(a( (aHa! l 3!i%a.
D%314% ( 01 1%)( 5a#a a"aba(- l li3ia! (l 3!i%a, "-l-01 1n ):i(- *in- li3i- n l n%abl. C!"i+!% 01 la l1& % 5a#a a3aga(-.
6 Tratamiento de datos a61 Datos 7i7lio:rá=icos J
T3!a)1!a =?C
J
Dn%i(a( (l ag1a (%)ila(a a =?C ; gl
J
Dn%i(a( (l "i(- a"4)i"- gla"ial a =?C ;.?? gl
J
Dn%i(a( (l "l-!-*-!- a =?C ;.@ gl
J
Dn%i(a( (l al"-5-l )8li"- a =?C ?.;? gl
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l ag1a (%)ila(a a =?C ;.<<<
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l "i(- a"4)i"- gla"ial a =?C ;.<@;
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l "l-!-*-!- a =?C ;.@>
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l al"-5-l )8li"- a =?C ;.<>=
J
P%- -l"1la! (l al"-5-l )8li"- >.?@
J
P%- -l"1la! (l ag1a (%)ila(a ;.?;>
761 Datos eF;erimentales J
T3!a)1!a =?C
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l ag1a (%)ila(a a =?C ;.<=>?
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l "i(- a"4)i"- gla"ial a =?C ;.<@??
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l "l-!-*-!- a =?C ;.;<
J
Ín(i" ( !*!a""i+n (l al"-5-l )8li"- a =?C ;.<>?
c61 Determinación del n)mero de moles V-l )an-l 31!-
=
?.F> 2 V-l )an-l F>T
V-l ag1a ( )an-l F>T V-l ag1a )-)al m n
v =
=
=
=
=
?.?A 2 V-l )an-l F>T
V-l ag1a ( )an-l F>T
+
V-l ag1a
ρ S v
m M
/-l1n
a%a M 3%- -l"1la!
AlcoGol et
)an-l F>T =
V-l
)an-l F>T =
U; n;
=
=
?.F> 2 ;? ,l F.> ,l
?.C;? gQ,l 2 F.> ,l = @.@@> g @.@@> A>.?@
=
A:&a destilada
?.;>Fmoles
V-l
ag1a ( )an-l =
V-l
ag1a )-)al =
?.A + ?
V-l
ag1a )-)al =
?.A ,l
U; n;
=
=
?.?A2 ;? ,l
=
?.A ,l
;.??? gQ,l 2 ?.A ,l = ?.A g ? .A
;C.?;>
=
?.?==moles
VOLU$EN
$ASA
NU$ERO
VOLU$EN
$ASA
NU$ERO
NU$ERO
$E0CLA
DE ETANOL
DE ETANOL
DE $OLES
DE A-UA
DE A-UA
DE $OLES
DE $OLES
EtanolH,#a:&a
ml
:
DE ETANOL
ml
:
DE A-UA
TOTALES
;?? = > > = ?;?
F.> @.> .@> <. ;.F= ?
@.@@> >.==? .>>> <.;;? ;.= ?
?.;>F ?.;< ?.;?; ?.?> ?.?< ?
?. =.<= .= >.;> .? ;?
?. =.<= .= >.;> .? ;?
?.?== ?.;=F ?.=< ?.<= ?. ?.
d61 Determinación de la =racción molar f ETANOL f AGUA
=
=
;
n ETANOL nTOTAL −
f ETANOL
AlcoGol et
=
f =
=
?.;>F ?.;F; ?.;A
=
?.CC
=
?.E;
A:&a destilada f ;
=
; − ?.CC = ?.;=
f =
=
; − ?.E; = ?.AF $E0CLA
.RACCI/N $OLAR DEL
.RACCI/N $OLAR DEL
EtanolH,#a:&a
ETANOL
A-UA
;?? = > > = ?;?
?. ?.; ?.
?.;= ?.F ?.@? ?.< ?.F< ;
IV DISCUSI/N DE RESULTADOS
?.;F; ?.=> ?.<<> ?.; ?.= ?.
V CONCLUSIONES
S l-g!+ !ali&a! la g!*i"a ( la *!a""i+n -la! ( la &"la )an-lJag1a /% l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n !%3")i/an) "-- % 1%)!a n la *ig1!a < ( an2-%.
S l-g!+ ()!ina! 23!in)aln) l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n ( %1%)an"ia% 31!a% "-- l ag1a (%)ila(a, "i(- a"4)i"-, "l-!-*-!- # al"-5-l )8li"-b)nin(- "-- !%1l)a(- a ;.<=>?, ;.<@??, ;.;<, ;.<>? !%3")i/an) ig1al a ;.<?, ;.<>=, ;.<F;, ;.< # ;.<>= 3a!a l ag1a (%)ila(a, "i(- a"4)i"-, "l-!-*-!-,
S l-g!+ ()!ina! l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n 3a!a &"la% ( (-% %1%)an"ia% 6)an-lJag1a7 n 3!-3-!"i-n% ( ;??, =, >, >, =, ?.;? l-% 01 %-n ig1al a ;.<>?, ;.<?, ;.<>=, ;.<F;, ;.<? !%3")i/an).
S l-g!+ l anli%i% "1an)i)a)i/- ( la *!a""i+n -la! ( 1na &"la 6)an-lJag1a7 "-n !%3")- al 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n "-- % 31( -b%!/a! n la% *ig1!a% ;, = # < (an2-%.
C-- % l-g!+ /al1a! n l a!"- )+!i"- 3-(-% n"i-na! 01 l-% *a")-!% 01 a*")an l 8n(i" ( !*!a""i+n %-n la 3!%i+n # la )3!a)1!a l-% 01 (b!n %! )-a(-% n "1n)a al -n)- ( !ali&a! la% (i"i-n%.
S l-g!+ (%"!ibi! l !*!a")+)!- # -(- ( !ali&a! la% (i(a% "-- % 1%)!a n l a!"- )+!i"-, 3!-"(iin)- ( la 3a!) 23!in)al # *ig1!a ( an2-% !%3")i/an).
VI RECO$ENDACIONES
Ubi"a! l 01i3- (lan) ( 1na in)n%a *1n) ( l1&.
Calib!a! l /i%-! (!"5- ( -(- 01 % (i%)inga %-l- (-% "-l-!% (i*!n"iabl%.
Calib!a! l /i%-! (!"5- ( -(- 01 la in)!%""i+n ( la "!1& %a 2a")an) n l 31n)- ( %3a!a"i+n ( l-% (-% "-l-!%.
El 01i3- (b "-n)a! "-n 1n )!-%)a)-, 01 n-% in(i01 la )3!a)1!a (l *l1i(- n %)1(i- # )abi4n 3a!a 01 an)nga la )3!a)1!a "-n%)an).
Rali&a! 1na a("1a(a li3i&a ( la 3la"a (-n( % "-l-"a la %1%)an"ia al -n)- ( 5a"! l "abi- ( %1%)an"ia, #a 01 % 3-(!8a *-!a! 1na &"la # )-a!8a-% 1na l")1!a in"-!!")a.
Al -n)- ( !ali&a! la% &"la% 1)ili&a! 3!-3-!"i-n% 301Ha% #a 01 3a!a l %)1(i- %-l- % 3lan ( ; a < g-)a%, /i)an(- ( %)a an!a (%3!(i"ia! l-% in%1-%.
VII 3I3LIO-RA.IA •
MÉTODOS INSTRUMENTALES DE ANÁLISIS. illa!(, -ba!)5 M!!i)), L#nnl Dan, '-5n. A.. E(i)-!ial C-n)inn)al, S.A M42i"-, ;F@.
•
DICCIONARIO DE QUÍMICA W PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS. E(i"i-n% Oga. S.A Ba!"l-na, ;F@.
•
5))3"1!%b.(1"a(i%.1%-n.23a#ala01ii"aXanali)i"a=R*!a")-)!ia.5)
VIII ANEBOS .i:&ra 5
.i:&ra *
.i:&ra RE.RACT/$ETRO
