Verity Cole Verity
IEL TS Introduction Introduction Study Ski I ls· A self-study course for all Ac Aca ademic Modules
- MA MACM CMIL ILLA LANN EX EX SS
Verity Cole Verity
IEL TS Introduction Introduction Study Ski I ls· A self-study course for all Ac Aca ademic Modules
- MA MACM CMIL ILLA LANN EX EX SS
Macmillan Education Between Towns Road,Oxrd Road, Oxrd OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Macmillan Publishers Limited
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• I
Contents Study Skills: Listening
Quiz Section 1
p. 7 p7
Sills: predicting topic vocabulary, understanding letters and numbers, avoiding mistakes, dealing with extra inrmation Question tpes: completing rms, multiple choice, completing notes Section 2
p.10
Skills: listening r ke words, using visual clues Question tpes: completing a low chart, labelling a map Section 3
p.13
Sills: listening r _snonms and detail, identing opinions Question tpes: multiple choice, short answers, matching Section 4
p.15
Slls: recognizing paraphrasing, recognizing dierences in sentence structure, predicting word class, recognizing topic sentences Question tpes: completing a summar, completing notes Study Sklls Reading
Quiz
p.19
Reading Passages , 2 and 3
p.19
Sills: getting a general understanding of the passage, matching headings to paragraphs, understanding the dierence beteen True, False and Not Given, recognizing the claims of the writer Question tpes: matching headings to paragraphs, True, False and Not Given, Yes, No and Not Given Reading Passages 4, 5 and 6
p.25
Skills: using inrmation in a table, using inrmation in a diagram, recognizing word class and snonms, understanding paraphrasing: passive sentences Question tpes: ·completing a table, labelling a diagram, completing sentences, completing a summar Reading Passages 7, 8 an 9
Skills: reading the question, recognizing sonms, recognizing paraphrasing Question tpe�: multiple-choice, matching atures
p.32
Study Skills: Writing
Quiz
p.38
Writing Task 1
p.38
Understanding graphs: choosing the most important inrmation Describin data Structuring a chart description Writing an introduction to a graph description Describing changes over time Comparing data to show change Comparing to sets of data Organizing your writing Choosing beteen the active and passive Describing a map rng as 2
p.50
Analyzing the question and identiing the essay tpe Planning an essa, structuring the essay Writing a good introduction Using a range of language· Being accurate Writing an eective conclusion Study Skills Speaking
Quiz
p55
Pa 1
p55
Getting started Learning key vocabulary Answering the question Using the correct tense Speaking luently Pa 2
p.59
Planning your answer: writing notes Introducing ideas and opinions Organizing your answer Using stress and intonation Pa 3
p.62
Discussing topics Pracce es
63
Answer key
74
Recordng scrps
p.88
Introduction Welcome to IELTS Introduction Study Skills. is is a dierent kind of exam practice book As well as providing you with exam practice materials, this book will: Familiarize you with the dierent question types you wll nd in IELTS and give you guided practice in each of them. Help you to develop the slls you need to be successul. here are ur parts, corresponding to the ur IELTS modules. Each part begins with skills development In these sections you will develop your skills through cused exercises, wth detailed guidance given in the key to each question. Next, in the skills pctice sections, you can put what you have learnt into practice. Finally, the book contains a complete Pctice test. As IEL Introduction is aimed at students starting at around band 3-4, some of the reading and listening texts are shorter or the questions are a little easier than you would nd in ELTS, especially towards the beginning Essential vocabulary is given in a glossary his wll support you as you gradually develop your skills and improve your IELTS score For Writing and Speaking both model answers and sample student answers are given, so that you can start to evaluate your own work. Usel language is also provided. e book is intended to be used r self stud, but could also rm the basis of a short intensive IELTS preparation course. The IELTS Exam
Band 6 - Competent User Has generally eective command of the language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand irly complex language particularly in miliar situations Band 5 - Modest User Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic communication in own eld. Band 4 - Limited User Basic competence is limited to milar situations. Has equent problems in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language. Band 3 - Extremely Limited User onveys and understands only general meaning in very miliar situations. Frequent breakdowns in communication can occur. Band 2 - Intermient User No real communication is possible except r the most basic inrmation using isolated words or short rmulae in miliar situations and to meet immediate needs. Has great diculty in understanding spoken and written English.
IELTS, or the International English Language Testing System, is an exam designed to assess your level of English, on a scale om 19. e score you need will depend upon the course and the university you want to study at, but many students nd they need to get an overall band score of 6
Band 1 - Non User Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly a w isolated words
Each section is weighted equll, but it is possible to get half band scores r the Reading and Listening modules (eg 5.5, or 6.5), but only whole number bands (eg 5, 6, 7 etc) r Speaking and Writing. Overall, therere, you may get a half band score
Band O Did not aempt the test No assessable inrmation provided A summary of each module is outlined below
Band 9 - Expe User Has lly operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and uent with complete understanding Band 8 - Very Good User Has lly operational command of the language with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies Misunderstandings may occur in unmiliar situations Handles complex detailed argumentation well Band 7 Good User Has operational command of the language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning
Listening
e Listening takes about 40 minutes and each section gets progressively more dicult. Part
Number of Number of speakers questions
Situation Example
1
2
10
social/ general
2
1
10
3
24
10
4
1
10
conversation beteen a student and a landlord social/ welcoming talk general r a group of new students academic students in a seminar discussion academic a university leture
Question Types: multiple choice, completing notes or sentences, completing or labelling diagrams, charts or tables, classiing, matchin and wrn s anwes. Exam Tips: You will only hear each section ONCE However, there is time to look briely at the questions bere each part is played During the exam, you should write on the question paper, and at the end you will have 10 minutes to transr answers to the answer sheet It is important to do this carelly, and check grammar and spelling, as mistakes will lose marks
e Reading lasts one hour and there are three reading texts, of increasing diculty, taken om newspapers, magazines, books and journals he topics ae of general interest, so learners do not have to be experts in the subjec t area to understand them Question Types: multiple choice, choosing True/FalseNot Given, or Yes/oNot Given, identiing the view of the writer, completing sentences or notes, completing or labelling diagrams, charts or tables, classiing, matching, choosing paragraph headings and writing short answers here are 40 questions in total Exam Tips: As with the listening module, ans wers are written on an answer sheet, but no extra time is given r this It is important that you practise managing your time (20 minu tes r each section) so that you can complete the whole module within the hour by reading quicly and ecientl
here are two tasks in this mod ule and it lasts 1 hour Task
Time
1
20 minutes
2
40 minutes
Number of Description of task words At least 150 Describe, compare and words contrast inrmation in diagrams, charts or tables, or describe the stages of a process, or explain how something works At least 250 Give solutions to a problem, words or present arguments in vour and against an opinion, or give and justi an opinion
Assessment: In order to do well in Task 1, it is important to answer the question clearl, and organize your answer well his may include grouping data appropriately and describing trends, rather than detailing every piece of inrmation given Your answer also needs to be accurate and include a good range of vocabular
In Task 2 slightly dierent assessment criteria are used Here you need to ensure that you answer the question and include a clear and ogica ae eee o examples whee appropriate Your answer also need s to be well organized and have a variety of vocabulary and grammatical structures used accurately · Exam Tips: It is important to keep to the timings, as Task is longer, and carries slightly more weight than Task It is also important to keep to the word limits, as writing less than the number of words stated is likely to result in a lower score
e Speaing module takes beteen 11 and 14 minutes and is an oral interview between the learner and an examiner h e interview will be recorded Part
Time 4-5 minutes
2
34 minutes
3
4-5 minutes
Description General questions about home, mil, studies, etc You are given a card with a topic and 3-4 prompt questions on it You have 1 minute to prepare, and then have to speak r 1-2 minutes on that topic
At the end, the examiner may ask you a question Further discussion questions relating to the subject in Part 2 his section requires you to give opinions, speculate and express reasons
Assessment: Assessment is based on your luenc, the range, and accuracy of the vocabulary and grammatical structures you use, and your pronunciation Exam Tips: Try to relax during the exam, and give more extended responses to questions rather than just 'yes or 'nd to gain higher marks You can prepare r this module, r example, b y practising speaking r 1-2 minutes on dierent topics However, dont memorize long speeches as examiners can usually spot this, and will ask you to talk about something else
Study Ski11 ris lening .
•
e Listening module is the rst part o the ELTS exam Do this quiz to see how much you ow about it Quiz
7 f f A k B k C f k 8 f A k B k C f k 9 C two 3 4 A ff 1 2 B 1 2 C v 1 2 v f 1 2 10 Y k j f?
f . A f B C 2 f A B f C 3 Y f B C 4 v f f? 5 Y v f f f? 6 I f f A k B k C f k A
Section 1
·
w
Cmplig a frm: prdig pi vabulary Listening module Section 1: Exam informaion Number of people: two (a diaogue) Context: conversation about a social situation Exampe situation: a student applying for a bank account
Remember Read the question carefully before you lsten. Thnk about the meaning of each of the words on the form and the topic Predict which words you will hear for each g ap his wl help you to lsten for key information i.e. the most important information) For exampe Application to join the health centre Previous doctor: ................... . Medical histo ............ ....
Loo at the possible titles - below and read the rm hoose the best title r the rm Underline ey words in the rm which helped you choose the title an account application Job application ccommodation rm
Key words could be health, doctors illness medicne. You wll hear a name of a doctor here. You'll probably hear the title Doctor Dr) and then a surname. This is about past health problems so youll ear descriptions of the persons past illnesses You might hear some names you dont recognize, but the speaker will probably spell them
Marital status
Occupation
4 ...................
No. of bedrooms
Surname: Initials
Preferred location
G omplete the rm using words om the box en listen to Part o the ·conersation and chec your answers
M
Understanding leers and numbers
1 m How do you say these letters in English? Write the leers in the correct goup. Listen and check yor answers.
I 5 6 7 Remember
• You can write numbers like this: 3, or like this three • You can write dates like this October 9 I October 9th, or this 9 October 9 October You can use bbreviations if they are recognized aroun ·the world e.g. the UK but not Sa SatrdaY Oc. for October)
p B F G H L 0 u s R V w z Q //, as in y :J K / i/as in bee: CDET //as in � gg : MNX /a/as n f /;/as in n: //as in too: //as in c r :
2 Listen to three siilar answers A- and nuber the n the order that you hear the. 88 8934 B 88 8934 I A 8 8934 £4 B £4 A £4 B Seteber 83 Septeber3 August3 A h_atkinson@twinkit B h.atnsson@tinkit ha@atnsit N ow listen to Part of the conversation between the student and accoodation ocer and colete the r. Avoiding mistakes
7 ..................................... Monthly ren Staing: Contact - pe m a 10 ...........
1 Read the exa qestion and look at the student's answers. Find three istakes Questions 1-8
Colete the r below. Write NO MORE THN TWO WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER r each answer. Remember
• Use the correct spelling or you will lose points • Follow the instructions in the exam question carefully; if it says 'no more than two words, dont write three • Words and numbers written with hyphens count as oe word - eg thir-three • Contractions count as two words e.g he' I'd etc
Library card application form N m () -P�t.FI<. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gd (2) �!?'··········· A 3 f!C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y f sud 4 rYcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H f sd 5 .{@ ....................................................................... . ubj 6 {(gi'J Tp f d 7 .*............................................ *Shor for Bacelor of As, the ype of qualfication you ge if you sudy a degree subjec like English Hisory or Philosophy. If you sudy a science your degree is BSc (Bacheor of Scence)
Sentence completion: dealing with extra information 1
Match sentences -3 to extracts A-C below om the recording script. Underline inrmation in AC which is similar to inrmation in -3. I've thought about the basketball club, but I'm not sure if I can go to all of the practice sessions One of them, on a Wednesday evening, is at the same time as an evening lab lesson I have B Yes, I know, but the problem is that I don't know which club to join and they all need us to enrol now - in the rst week of term C Yes well that is a problem because one of the rules is that your attendance must be 75% I suppose if you don't go to most of the sessions, it's a waste of mone
A
2 3
Students have to enrol in clubs at the start of club is on a Wednesday evening Students must go to % of the club sessions.
· 2 omplete each sentence -3 with one word om the recording extract Remember Sometimes there is moe infomation in the listening than thee is in the sentence you need to complete. Also, the nfomation in the listening is in a diffeent ode to the wods in the sentence Lsten caefully fo key wods in each sentence and ty to gnoe the exta infomaton.
3 @ Listen and complete sentences 48. If students join more than one club, they get a % discount. Linda thinks aiido is a sport 6 Some of isha's begin at 9 am 7 isha is excited about joining the . 8 The students agree to go to ballroom 4
Sl
Now practise the sills you have learnt by answering questions and 2. 1
@ For questions and 2, listen and choose the correct answer, A, B or C How many people will be going on the trip? C thirteen B seventeen A fteen How old are the students? A over eighteen B over nineteen
2
C
over tenty
For questions 30 complete the rm and the tutor's notes below. Write NO MO THAN TWO WORDS D/ORA NUMBER r each answer.
(
)
.
Pri o Me: B HDd u (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K! I €30 C HDd ( 7 ) £2S I € B�: (8) 00 4 ... C HDd e 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /n o B 1 O 9 to ..
Section2
Skills
development
Listening module Section 2: Exam information Number of peope: one (a monooge) Context non-academc, soca needs Exampe stuaton an informa tak on how to open a bank account
Completing a flow cha: listening for key words
1 Look at the ttle of the low chart below. Do you thnk the speaker wll describe: derent parts of an object? derent stages over tme? derent ponts n an argument? 2 Look at the name of each phase and try to guess what t means. en underlne key words n each sentence n the low chart. Remember • Read the informaton n the flow chat and thnk about what you know about the subject • Lsten for 'sgnposting words and phases, e.g The first phase second phase This is the final phase.
These w hep yo know when to move on to the next pat of the fow chat • The ode of the ponts in the istening s the same as the oder of the qestions
3 @ Now sten and answer the questons I Do you hear the key words that you've underlned? 2 re the stages n the dagram n the same order as they are n the talk? 3 e the words n each sentence n exactly the same order as they are n the talk? 4
Now lsten agan and complete the sentences. Wrte one word r each answer The dierent phases of culture shock Honeymoon phase
A ( perod hch can ast r over o ees Culture shock
Feelig (2) ....... or f ustr ted about living in regn contry oping
Tech peope abot yor ( nd cre 2 By ngredents om oca shops and 4 yor vourte meal. 3 5) thngs you ke about Engand Acceptance
Knog ht t s abot n the UK hch makes you (6) ............
Labelling a map: using visual clues
1 Look at the map of the town and read the directions. Choose the correct letter, A, B or. I Go north, cross Old Street, turn right at the roundabout and continue down the road. What is on your right? A Colmore Row B the cathedral the town hall 2 Go north-west, up Paradise Road, and cross Victoria Square What is in ont ofyou? A the library B the art gallery the town hall Shopping Centre
nswer the questions below. I 2 3 4
What's between the library and the theatre? What's nex t to the shopping centre? What's northeast ofthe art gallery? What's opposite the market area?
ONorh West+East South 08 af ORecpton
Accdent and
1 .
0
A
H
3 ...................
B
C
4 .............
Clinicl G
F
7 ........ .
Look at the map above and answer the questions. I Where are the people in the listening on the map? 2 Find these things on the map: doors, corrido road. 3 0 Listen and tick the words you hear on the map
Remember • There are two main ypes of map labeJJing task. In the first, you label a map with words, in the second you match lettes on the map with labels • The speaker may use compex sentence strctures for instace the passve verb form eg instea of we are h _ere, we are stuated here
4 0. Listen and read the extrct of the recording script below and underlin the nrmation r labels 1-3 on the map. Good morning and welcome to yourrst day of your student placement at our wondeul hospital. I do hope that your time spent here will be interestin. Right, well, as you'll already have seen, the hospital site is enormous, and it quite easy to get lost, so Ill start by showing you a map. t the moment, you are situated here,just inont of the reception in the main entrnce To the north of here are the staapartments where you'l be staying while you work here. you go through the double doors to the right of reception and head east along the corrido you come to te Accdent and Emergency ward or &E for short 5
0 Now listen to the rest o the talk and label the map. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER r each answer.
Skills
!.1lt
Questions 1-4
Now listen to the recording and complete the ow chart below. Write NO MO
THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS r each answer.
New student m�ntor programme: order of events
e sent te Hs Resence. Sho the their roos. Tae sde o o o a So tem te tes e.g. (2) , bray doctors etc Brg es o oet e (3) . ss de e Questons 5-12
For qestion 12 labe the map below.
Norh West+East South
11 . . . . . . . . of Residence
tro
town
8 . .. 7 .. . . .. .. .
/ �
01 .
D
Section 3
Skills development Listening module Section 3: Exam information Number of people: up to our peope Context education or trainng Example situatons a tutor and a student discussing an assignment, or a semnar situaton with several students talking
Mulipl hi lisig fr syyms ad dail Remember Tr not to choose an opton just because you hear one word fom t Thnk about the whole meaning of what you hear.
1 Read I and 2 A-C and write synonyms r the underlined words en listen
to the rst part of the conversation and check your answers I Sue can't do her assignment because (sonym: e. . . . ) A she doesn't think any of the subjects are interesting (synonym f ) B she doesn't know which subect to write about (snonm: t . . . ) C she didn 't ge tgood ades r an y of her essays (synonm: m . ) The lecturer suests A Se writes more about photoraphy B Sue ives a talk in the next seminar (synonym p . ) C Sue looks aain at 20th-centur art (synonym m . )
Now listen aain and choose the correct letter, A, B or C in I and h aswrs: lisig fr dail 1
@ Listenin r detail is important in short answer questions Listen to the conversation aain and match each number (A-D) to what it refers to I subjects studied in a term A hundreds century B nineteenth C sixty 3 mark r photoraphy essay 4 books on modern art D nine
@ Now listen to the second part of the conversation and answer the questions below Write NO MORE TH ONE WORD OR A NUMBER r each answer I What chaned the paintins of artists like laude Monet? . How many male artists can Sue name? . .. . Mahig idifyig piis 1
n matchin tasks, it's usel to reconize dierent ways of expressin opinions omplete the table with comments 15 om the recordin script below Interested in the subject
I 3 4
Has doubts about the subject
Not interested in the subject
prer not to write about the same paintins aain 'm sure you're riht, but 'm havin trouble thinkin of ideas could try that suppose, but it does sound quite dicult Well, miht write about that, but 'm not sure it inspires me 'll denitely research that rther
2 Read the pairs of sentences A ad B. Choose the sentence which expresses the strongest opinion. I A could write about that. B 'll denitely write about that. A like to research that rther. B might research that urther. 3 A You may like to consider modern art. B You should consider modern art. @ Listen to the second part of the conversaton agan an rte te correct letter A, B or , next to topics 1-3. What does Sue decide about each of these subjects? A She wants to write about this. B She has doubts about this. She doesn't want to write about this. I mpressionist paintings Modern art 3 Contemporary art
Now read the exam questions below, then listen to the recordng and answer the questions. For questions I and , choose the correct letter, A, B or . I Claire has had problems because A her students misbehave. B she works too hard. she's suering om stress. The tutor wantsJosh to A take his students to an interesting lecture. B make iends with his students. set work r students to do on their own. For question 3, choose THREE letters, A-F. 3 oth Claire andJosh A have taught teenagers. B talk too much. need to read some books. D get on well with their students. E have diculty getting their students interested. have enjoyed their teaching experience. For questions 4-6, listen to the second par of the conversation and choose one adjective AE r each person. How does each person el about next term? A hopel B angry disappointed D excited worried 4 Josh 5 Claire 6 The tutor
Section 4 Listening module Section 4: Exam information Number of people: one (a monologue) Context education or training Exampe stuatons a ecture. The subject may be quite specc, but remember that you do not need any specast knowedge to answer the questons
Rgzg paraphrasg
1 Read sentences -5 Replace the underlined words with a word om the box unhealthy
work out
put o
disorders
overate
I Young adult women ate too much .......... 2 Mothers ained weight ....... 3 Oce workers didn't exercise ......... . 4 Teenagers have eating roblems ...... 5 Elderly people had a(n) b ad diet ........... 2 @ Listen to extracts om Part of the listening and complete the sentences with key words I Good moing, everyone , and thank you allfor comin to my talk. As you may know, as part o our tinin to become d ieticians e have to d o some r esearch into an aspect o d ietary health. Yu've alr ead y hear d talks om my classmat es on diab et es and eatin or atin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . ' amon g t eena g e
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . .
en 12 and bet we
16 ho ar e iuenc ed ims in 2
My r esearch alls into to parts Therst part consist ed o primary r esearch; coect ed d ata by cond uctin a surv e About ah o the peopl e questioned er e ith youn The y said that they ha d eit d urin pr e nancy and then coul dn 't lose it aain . . . . . . .
. .
3
About one in t en peopl e qu estioned er ent orried about their eiht at al the a e o These t ended to be peopl e nt er estin these peopl e er e aar e that ,atood coul d l ead to eit . . . .
. . . .
4
Around a quart er o peopl e int ervie ed orked t en to t elve hours a d a and in ont o a ical ent a lot o time This oup enerl said that the y at e healthi but d id n't enouh to bu t e calories o
5
.
. . . . .
just over 30% o peopl e thot the y because o ho the y el. in their This oup t en ded to be
Remember
There are usually one or two moe options than you need in a matching task. Befoe you listen, think of diffeent ways of saying the options in the test
3 @m Now listen to Part 1. Match the correct ending AG to each sentence 5. 1 Teenagers have eating probles ... 2 Mothers gained weight ... Elderly people had a bad diet ... 4 Oce workers didn't exercise ... 5 Youn adult woen ate too uch .... A because they thought it improved life. B because they worked long hours. C because they were middle aged D because of issues in their lives. E because tey didn't have active lives. F because they didn't have time to plan meals. G because of the media. 4 Read the recording script on page 92. Underline phrases which relate to the words in bold in A-G. Completing a summary: recognizing diferences in sentence structure
1 Match sentences o the suary below to sentences AD o the listening. en underline te correct word in this sentence: In suary copletion tasks, the order of words in sentences on the question paper is usually the same s/ dierent to the order of words in the listening. Summary How heav you should be
Listening A
relates to your height.
2
3
4
Remember
Thee ae two types of summay completion task: in one type wods ae given on the queston sheet and have to be witten n the coect gap In the othe type you have to listen fo the infomation you need and wite it coectly
Obesity levels tend to be low in sian countries (%) and higher in Western countries (7%). here are several reasons behind the increase in obesit. he older you are, the ore weight you gain.
B
C D
But why is obesity a growing proble? Well, researchers have und a nuber of explanations. When people reach the age of 0 and older, they tend to put on weight. his s used to calulate your ideal weight on the basis of how tall you are. Levels of obesity are at % in China and Japan. In contrast, in England, eran, and the US, up to 7% of the population are obese.
Now listen to Part 2 and coplete the suary. Choose one word o the box r each answer. age
children
city
height
ocation
low
word
Researchers have used the Body Mass Index to easure levels of obesity around the . e BMI relates your weight to your 2) to calculate ow heavy you should be. ey und that obesity levels are () in sia and higher in Western countries. Levels of obesit in () are high in 79 developing countries. ere are several reasons r the increase in obesit. One is to do with () . nother reason relates to 6) . If a person lves in a 7 they are less active and can becoe· overweight.
Completing notes: predicting word class Remember In a note completion task, it is impotant to read the notes frst beoe you isten. This wil give you an idea o the subject o context o te tak You may be able to pedict some o the wods you will hear Look at te wods tat come beoe and aer each gap This wil help you to understand te type o wod which you wi need
1 Read the student's notes taken during a lecture and answer the questions What subject do you think the ecture is on? A geography: the study of the earth and its atures and of life on the eart B history: the study of past events, particularly in human aairs C palaeontology: the study of the frms of li existing in prehistoric or geologic times as represented by the fssils of plants animals and other organisms 2 What type of animal is Samrukia nessovi? How many other animals of the same tpe are mentioned in the notes? 2 Read the students thoughts (a-d) an look at the notes below Which answer (1-10) does each thought rer to?
Samrukia nessovi
T () ... Kz B () ........... l L 00 (3) ... - o Previous research: G (4) ...... l T l l z Nature of discovery:
(5) ..
Size of Samrukia
(6) . l 30 l
Nessovi
Height of bird: more than (7) . metres
W eight of bir d: more than 50 kg - (8)
h
Comparisons
Questions
• El M (9) .. - 500 • G M N Zl 4 U l (0) . ..
ink about the tpe of words you need fr the other gaps 4
© ow listen and complete the notes Write ONE WOR ONLY fr each answer 110.
Recognizing topic sentences Remember
Lecturers often introduce what they are going to say with a sentence which summarizes each part of the talk. These ae caled topic sentences Try to isten out for these sentences as they wil help you to find where you are in the notes
1 Read the headings in bold in the notes on pae 7. Put the topic sentences A-E in the correct order. en listen and check your answers. A So, how big was the ird? B There are many questions surrounding the recent discover. C This doesn't, of course, make it the biggest bird ever to have lived on earth. D Up to now, palaeontologists thought that dinosaurs and large birds did not live at the same time. E Well, it's certainly an exciting time to be studying palaeontology at the moment
Now read the exam questions below, then listen to the recording and answer the questions. @ For questions -6, listen and complete the notes. Write ONE WOR ONLY r each answer 6.
1
Fashion Marketng What does the (1) • • •
want?
Durbiliy - w 2 .......... pruc l Syl I pruc 3 ..? Cmfr
( 4) ............. market:
ic grup f ppl wul buy priculr pruc? Areas tha fashion markeers work in
5 ......., pruc vlpmn brning, pricing, publiciy, l prmin, 6 ... n frcing
2
For questions 2, complete the summary. Write ONE WOR ONLY r each answer 2. Market researchers meet the (7) , conduct surveys and research competitors. Marketing ( 8) sell products to chains of stores. ey consider whether their product goes with other items that the store (9) . hey also research the store's consumers. Fashion marketing isnt (0) because shion marketers have a lot of power. Fashion marketing involves () work and tight deadlines. It's a good idea to get some unpaid work ( ) because this will make you more attractive to ture employees.
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How much do you kow about the IELTS Academic Reading module? Do the quiz below and nd out. Quiz
Complete the sentences with these words. one
three
forty
sixty
1 The Academc Rading module has reading passages 2 There are questions in this modue mark for each correct 3 There is answer 4 You get minutes to complete the readng test 2 You have extra tme to write your answers on the answer sheet at the end of the exam True or fase? 3 Reading passages sometimes have pctures or tables True or false? 4 Choose the correct answer Each reading passage is A between 700 and 800 words ong B more than 1,000 words long C between 400 and 500 words ong 2 Reading passages are from A books ony B books and magazines C books, magaznes, journals and newspapers D books, magazines, journas, newspapers and letters
5 These are some of the common question types n an IELTS exam Match the question types (A-F) to ther descriptions (1-6). A B C D E F 1 2 3 4 5 6
true, fase, not given matchng headings multiple choce matchng sentence endings sentence/ summary/ note completion diagram completon Read the passage and write labels on a picture Chose the correct ending for the begnning of a sentence Read the passage and fill in the missing information ecde f a statement agrees with the information in a passage Choose one or more answers from a number of dierent possbe options Choose the correct heading for each section of the passage
In this section, you will be looking at the sills you need to do well in the IELTS Academic Reading module and practising dierent question tes. Reading Passages 1, 2 and 3 Remember
You need to get a general dea of what a passage is about. The tite of the passage oten contans its man ideas. You can aso ead through the passage quicky or 'scan t, looking for words whch reate to the main deas
Skills development
Geing a general understanding of the passage
1 Read the itle of Reading Passage and answer these questions.
Future of money: a currency that helps people make friends Can you nd another word r 'money in the title? Scan paragraphs A and B of the passage and nd more words that relate to money. Scan paragraphs A and B of the passage again and nd words that relate to technology.
Reading Passage 1
Future of money: a currency that helps people make friends who nees it moe, says Bevely Blake of the John S. an James L Knight Founation, the nonpofit goup based in A In one of Ameca's pooest cites, a new use o technology Mami, loa, that fune the game 'hese ae meetngs has been attactng attenton. The 92,000 people who lve an convesatons that mght not happen natually at all,' in Macon, Geoga, USA know each othe a little bette than she sai he games esignes ae hopng Maco Moe they dd, thans o an onne omputer game Since Octobe, will bng membes o the community togethe who wouln't the locals - college students and eldely people alke - have nomally meet each othe. been playing Macon Money, a social impact game' that uses vrual money to bing people om ieent economic D Athough Macon Money s quite a new innovaton, ealy backgounds close togethe by encouaging them to meet signs ae postve The fist oun o the game has seen $65,000woth o bonds given out and 2,688 patcpants B n the game, wnnng playes eceve bons', whch they so fa spending $48,000 n Macon Money Recently, Macon can then exchange o bank notes of Macon Money hese Money's xecutive ouce ati onon accepte the notes can be spent at local shops and busnesses. But the 011 utueveything Awa fo outstaning nnovation in game is not as simple as it sounds Each peson eceives just at, society and technology in Mancheste, UK t snt ust alf a bond and must ind the peson with the othe half so technology o technology's sake, ondon sa n an intevew that they can spen t People often nd thei othe hal by with utueveything ate eceiving the awa, 'ts abou seachng o them on the social netwoking sites acebook putting those tools, that cat, to wok in the community an wtte Matchng playes then meet in peson to edeem the bond and get thei Macon Money The bonds ange in Whethe such a game can bing lasting economic gowth value om $10 to $100 emans to be seen, howeve An inepenent eseach i will now evaluate how much economic actvty the game has C Pais might spen thei money sepaately, o do soethng caused, with esults due late this yea togethe like shae a meal o give the money to someone New game with a social purpos
Remember In the exam, there ae oen moe headings than you need. Before yo start doing the task check how many paragraphs the passage has and how many headings you need Read the headings before you read the passage to help yo focus on the man ideas yo need to look for There is only one correct heading for each paragraph Make sure that the heading you choose smmarizes the whole paragraph
Matching headings to paragraphs
1 How many paragraphs does the passage have? How many headings does i need? 2 Read he lis of possible headings. Underline he mos imporan words in each one List of headings i A ame that makes money Investigation of financial benefits iii Te creation of unsual parnerships iv New game with a social purpose Success at an eary stage of the project
The way he game works Strategies for using social neworking sites viii Charities that benefit fr om the proect x Success at a late stage of the proect vi vii
3 Look a he exrac om he ex below Whch piece of underlined inrmaion in he paragraph ells us abou he purpose of he game?
New ame wih a social urose In one of Americs poores ciies, 'a new use of echnolo has been aracing aenion The 9000 people who live in Macon Georgia USA know each oher a lile beer han hey did hanks o an online compuer game Since Ocober he locals - college sudens and elderly people alike - have been pling Macon one a social ima ame ha uses virual money o brin eole om dieren economic backrounds closer oeher b encouran hem o mee 2
3
4 Read paragraph B and nd inrmaion which maches headings and Which heading maches he paragraph? Why? Why is he oher heading no correc? 5 Read paragraphs CE and choose he correc heading r each one
Tue, False or Not Given: understanding the diference
Tips fr completing ue; False or Not Given tasks
In these tasks, the statements will not be expressed in the same way as the relevant inrmation in the reading passage. Follow these steps to complete these tasks. Read the statements and underline the most important words. en nd inrmation in the reading passage that has a similar meaning. If you can do this, the answer to the statement is True. If there isn't an inrmation in the passae with a similar meanin to the words in the statement, look r inrmation with the opposite meaning. If you nd this, the answer is False e answer is Not Given if only some of the inrmation in the statement is in the passage, but not all of it. 1 Look at the underlined inrmation in statements -3 below. en answer
questions A-Dusing inrmation om Reading Passage 1. e money which people get om playing Macon Money isn't real.
A Which word in paragraph means the same as not real'?
2 People can buy things in shops all over the US with Macon mone
B What adjective in paragraph describes the shops and businesses where you can spend Macon notes?
3 More ouneole play Macon Money online than old eole.
C an you nd another way of describing old and young people in paragraph ? D oes the passage say how many old and young people play the game?
2 o the statements -3 above agree with the inrmation in the Reading Passage?
Write: TRUE ASE NOTI
if the statement agrees with the inrmation if the statement contradicts the inrmation if there is no inrmation on this
Now decide if these statements are True, False or Not Given. computer game has brought the people of Macon closer together than they
2 3 4 5 6 7
were bere. Everone who wins the game receives the same amount of mone. Most people decide to give their money away to poor people. People om dierent areas of Georgia have met through Macon Money. The game's inventor has become very rich with Macon Mone. ll of the Macon Money bonds which have been given out have been spent. More research is needed to see whether Macon Money has created a healthier econom.
Remember
There are different types of Yes, No Not Given questions in the exam. Sometimes the task 1 will ask you i a set o statements relects the claims of the writer and sometimes whether they reflect the wrier's opinion An opinion is a personal eeling Opinions oten start with the words I I beleve I feel I hnk n
Yes, No, Not Given questions: recognizing the claims of the writer
· 1 Read the short texts A-D. Whi�h are claims and which are opiions?
r Do animals have or feel emotion? I cannot tell you the number of times I have been asked that question. My answer without even looking r any specic emotional studies on animals is simply YES Having lived with animals most of my life feel very positive that every emotion that we feel is also felt by our pets
my opnon n my vew
Sometimes the writer uses adverbs to show their opinion, eg luckly - to say that he thinks something is lucky; sadly- to say he thinks something is sad claim is a statement that a writer makes The writer oen uses evidence from scientiic study to support their statement A claim is not necessarily true
( Unrtunatel, some people are over sentimental about animals They've grown up watching cartoon animals with human emotions and believe tht real life animals are the same
I According to researchers, cows enjoy mental challenges and feel excitement when they use their intellect to solve a problem Dr Donald Broom a professor at Cambridge Universit, says that when cows gure out a solution to a problem, he brainwaves showed their excitement; their heartbeat went up and some even umped into the air We called it their Eureka moment
2 Read the rst aragrah of Reading Passage and choose the best title -3. ierences eteen elehats and humans revealed. Similarities beeen humans an monkeys revealed. 3 Similarities beteen elehants and humans revealed ese hrases are used to talk about research, and iters may use them to introduce claims. Scan the assage to nd the words and hrases. argues that claims that conclude that demonstrates detals evdence of conclude that reveals proved that
Remember Sta a Yes No No ven task by inding
important words in each statement Then find words in the passage which relate to the impoant words f you can find inormation which means the opposite of the words in the statement the : answer is probably No. f you cannot find inormation on a pa of the statement the answer is probably No ven
descrbes found to be
4 Read the statements and answer questions hen decide whether the statements -3 relect the claims of the writer in the reading assage. Write: YS if the statement relects the claims of the riter if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NO if it's imossible to way what the writer thinks about this NOTGI lthough we don't look like elehants o ur brains work in a similar wa. Find a word which relates to look like' in aragrah What do we do with our brains? Find a nou that relates to this in aragrah . oes aragrah say that our brains work in a similar way to elehants'? This is te rst study which demonstrates that elehants can el emotis Find three words that relate to elehants' emotions in aragrah B. Find a word in aragrah B which meas to watch or study something'. What has been shown r the rst time: elehants' emotions or the dierent tes of elehant emotions? 3 Elehants communicate with each other sing a range of sounds. What does a range' rer to in aragrah B? What do elehants use to greet one another and show they want to lay? Paragrah C rers to a conversatio'. oes it say aything about the sounds elehants make?
Reading Passage 2 A A 35-year stud, in which approximately 2,500 elephants D The proect also details evidence of elephants higher were observed in Kenya, has collected evidence of thinking skills. When one of the herd was shot with a behaviour that claims that human beings have certain tranquilizer dart two elephants were observed removing characteristics in common with elephants. Whereas the dart and standing either side of the tranquilized our appearance is not unlike that of monkeys, the elephant in order to prevent it om lling over study argues that we denitely share similar emotional Elephants also have the abilit to make and use basic reactions and thought pocesses with elephants tools, such as y killers taken om tree branches, and the knowledge to remember routes through the landscape many years aer they last travelled them They have been B Elephants human-like behaviour, such a showing und to be more intelligent than apes in some areas, sadness when one of their mily (or herd) dies, has been such as route planning, while other exeriments have observed bere However, the study the Amboseli shown them as capable as monkeys in co-operating on elephant research project reveals r the rst time the range of emotions that elephants can sho For instance, tasks Scientists have even proved that their shortterm the study demonstrates that elephants feel upset when memories are better than humans in some respects another elephant is in pain, feel angry over disagreements and can recognize member of their mily E Cynthia Moss started the Amboseli elephant research proect Her ndings published by University of Chicago Press conclude that there is 'no doubt that elephants C The body languge used by elephants is also recognizable to humans The study describes elephants touching tunks display empathy r one another There is considerable or bumping shoulders n greeting while 'playl elephants support r her ndings Iain DouglasHamilton, who moved their heads om side to side to start a game In runs the Save the Elephants poject in Samburu nature reserve in Kenya, welcomed Mosss research 'Theyre addition, the researchers thought they saw evidence of conversation beteen the elehants; when the signal denitely compassionate animals, he said. to move as given, elehants stood side by side and 'discussed which oute to taehen this long exchange Glossary ended, the elephants moved a together in one direction observe to watch or study someone or something wth care and attenton characteristc - a partcular qualty or feature that s typca of someone or somethng trunk an eephant's ong nose tranquiizer da a smal ponted oject wth a drug on it that makes animals camer when they are very worred or nervous ape - a type of anmal wthout a ta that includes chmpanzees and gorillas empathy the abity to understand how someone ees because you can imagne what t s lke to be them
5 Do the llowing statements relect the claims of the writer in the reading passage? Write: YS NO NOTGI
if the statement reects the claims of the writer if the statement contradicts the claims of the riter if it's impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
I Scientists have und that elephants can recognize and mirror human body language. 2 The stud shows that elephants �ork together in order to make a deciion 3 The project demonstrates that some elephants have a good sense of direction 4 The research has und that elephants are cleverer than humans and monkeys in some ways. 5 Moss's ndings dier om the conclusions of all other scientists.
Now prctise the skills you av lan by answrng quon on foing radng passag. Reading passage 3
The mysterious origins of ight A Fght has been the dream of humankind since birds were seen in the sky. But it wasn't until the 1780s that wo Fenchmen ew in a hot air baloon near Paris er that, powered iht became the oal lthouh it was thouht that iht wa possible as eal as the 13th centu, and in the 16th centu Leonardo da Vinci drew desins which looked like aircra, it wasnt until the Wriht rothers made their _ rt successl ights in Kiy Hawk in 1903 that powered iht became a reai That's what historians have alwas elieved However, a sma minorit of researchers and scientsts have re exaned hiorica objects and have und evidence to suggest that humans achieed ht earer than the 20th centu The arue that iht was dscovered lon ao, but te knowledge of the technolo was lost C stange ing object was und in 1898 in a to at Saqqua, Ept and was later dated to aund 200 BE aeplanes had not been inented in the late 19th cetu when the object was und, it was stored in a box arked wooden bid model in the museu of ai The object w later ·re-discovered b Dr Khail Messiha who considered the object so important that a special committee of leadin scientists was estalshed to sud the object. s a result of their ndins, the oject was displaed in the museum of airo as a odel aeroplane The scientists und that the odel w a ver advanced rm of glider which w st n the air alost b ie The cued shape and sze of the ider's wins are behnd i abit to ; a smiar tpe of cuved ca be seen on oncorde and ave th plane maxmum lift thout a reduction in sped
dttedl it is dcult to eieve that a ing device with such advanced features was invented more than ,000 ears ago; historians insist that aeroplanes did not exist in those ties But this object seems to suggest otherwise, despite the resal of unimainative science to cept the evidence Gold trinkes discovered in entral merica and coastal areas of outh merica are rther evidence of earl iht Estiated to elong to a period beween 500 and 800 E, these objects look ve ke modern aircra or even spacecra The archaeoloists who discovered the labeled these objects as zoomorphic, meaning anial shaped' ut it is unclear which animal the represent In ct, the structures on the objects look more mechanica, like the parts on an aeroplane Photos of the objects were ansed b seeral experts One of the was rthur Youn, a desier of Bel helicopters and other aircaft His analsis conrmed that the object contains man atures which would t the aeoplane theoy In other cultures in vehicles are written about in earl texts, such as the Indian epic, the Mahbhrata and other books such as Bhgavata Purna and Rmyana. The in devices were caed vimnas and were discussed in imnika Shstra describin in machines with dierent purposes and capabilities The Book o Enoh not onl describes in machines but aso spacecra There is no shortae of descriptions of ing machines in ancient sources f we exane them in detai we discover to our surprise that in in ancient times seems to be the rule not the excepton
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F Choose the best headings r each paragraph om the list below Lst of headings i ii iii iv
v vi vii
Further evdence of early flght Wrten descrpton of ancent fght The frst powered planes x A bref hstoy of fght
20th centuy flight Refusing to accept the evdence Is t a bird .or a plane? Re-writing hstory
1 Paragraph .
2
Paragraph D
5
4
Paragraph B Paragraph E
3 6
Paragraph C Paragraph
Questions 7-14
Do the llowing statements agree with the inrmation given in the reading passage above? Write: if the statement agrees with the inrmation TRUE FASE if the statement contradicts the inrmation NOTGI if there is no inrmation on this 7 8 9
O 11 12 13 14
Reading Passages 4,Sand 6
Powered ight was invented by the rench in the late eighteenth centu ry Most scientists beieve that ight was discovered earlier than the 20th centur Dr Khalil Messiha und the model aeroplane in an Egptian tomb Scientists compared the Egptian model aeroplane's wings to those of Concorde Science is openminded about the possibility of early ying machines The gold objects were originally believed to be models of animals rthur Young built a lisized aeroplane based on the South merican models Evidence of early ight can be und in old books
Skills development
Ui iformtio i tbl
In some exam questions you will have to complete a table with inrmation om the passage Sometimes the same word in the passage appears in the table Remember In some eam qesons you wl hae to complee a table wth nformaton from the passage. You need to bear n mnd that sometimes the same word n the passage appears n the tabe but at other tmes, synonyms of mportant words are used A different form of a word in the passage can also appear n the table
1 ind the word analysis' in the table b Scan the passage r the same word Note down the word which is bere analysis' in paragraphs BE d Which column of the table names the te of analysis? Which row of the table does each paragraph rer to? Write the tpes of analysis in the table Look at the rst word in bold in the Method column of the table Scan the relevant paragraph r a synonym of the word in bold b Scan the inrmation around the synonym r other words which are in the sentence in the table ook at the gap in the sentence and decide what tpe of word you need d Repeat steps with the other words in bold in the table a Look at the rst word in italics in the dvantages/Disadvantages column of the table b hink of dierent rms of the word eg anaze, analysis anatical. Scan the rel�vant paragraph r a dierent rm of the word in italics d ook at the gap in the sentence and decide what type of word you need Scan the relevant paragraph r this tpe of word
Remember
Scan the passage for key words in the table. and then look for the nformation you need in the same paragaph The answers may not be n the same de as they ae n the text, bt they are generally in the same pa of the text
4
Now complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THN ONE WO om the reading passage r each answer. Te of analysis
Method
Advantages/Disadvantages
Expert
Style of mous artist matched to the (1 of the painting.
Limited: experts can't date (2) or see throug h paint
Looked at (4
Forgers can (5) discovery by using authentic materials
(6 looks through layer of paint
Its quick and (8
(3
Canvas
below Italian painting
(7) and pattern of threads counted. (9) .......
Quantit and
(0) ofstrokes counted by a program
Readi�g Passage 4
The war against fogery Talented artists used to make thousands of pounds om 'rging works of art This involved painting a picture in the style of a mous artist and then selling it as an undiscovered work by that artist Forgery is an illegal practice bu it is very dicult to pove. As a result, many galleries still believe they own geries hey hope that science will help them to identi whether their paintings are the real thing or kes
B In the past, galleries have relied on experts, who used their experience to analyze the look of a painting and decide whether it matched the style of a well-known artist Expert analysis has limitations, however The human eye cannot identi the age of the materials used, or see underneath the paint to the canvas that the artist painted on
C nared analysis, in contrast, can do this This scientic method was used by the National Gallery in London to prove that an talian painting was not created by the mous 15th-century artist Francesco Francia but by a rger By analyzing the painting with inared, scientists discovered that the dawing underneath the painting was done in pencil, a material which wasnt available in the 1th century Of course, its possible r rgers to avoid being discovered by inared analysis They simply use materials which were available at the time that the original painting would have been created
D Another scientic technique makes the rgers job more dicult he method of canvas analysis has been developed by Professor C Richard Johnson He uses Xray to see through the paint layer A computer progrm then counts the number and pattern of threads in the canvas and attepts to match them to a canvas of a mous painting. The reason behind this method is that some well-known painters such as Vincent van Gogh bought their canvas in a roll of material, which means that several van Goghs om the same period should have the same number and patterns of threads in the canvas This type of analysis can be done quickly and is very accurate
E Like Richard Johnson, Eric Postma, Professor of Articial Inteligence at Tilburg University in the Netherands uses computers to �nalyze paintings, but his approach cuses on the painting rather than the canvas He has invented brush-stroke analysis A computer program studies the colours used by a _particular artist and counts the number and combination of brush strokes used across a paintings If the number or style of brushstrokes diered in one painting to other paintings created by the same artist, Postmas team identied it as a ke F Computer analysis of art has been eective in identiing rgeries so r, but its only a matter of time bere the rgers nd a way of avoiding discovery. However,Johnson believes that in the end, the scientists will win
Using information in a diagam Reading Passage 5
How vision works
A
Although the human eye is smal, it is one of the most complicated organs n the body. It has many diferent parts and each one heps us to see; some parts eceve light into the eye and some send electica impuses, or messages, which communicate an image of what we ae looking at to our brains
B
Light fist enters the eye through the cornea. This is the cear part of the eye which bends the light so that it is at the correct angle to pass though the pupil The pupil is a black hoe which alows light into the eye. It is in the middle o a coloured cicle caled the iis he iis maes the pupil reduce in size by contracting and enlarge by relaxing. he amount of ight that goes into the eye is controled by the changing size o the pupi in order for the sensitive parts at the back of the eye to be protected om damage
C
D
2 Pu pi I - 4
7
After passing through the pupil, the light enters the ens behind. he ens works rathe like a camera lens, contoling the direction of the light so that it reaches the right place at the back of the eye This area is called the retina Before the light eaches the retina, however, it has to pass through the viteous humou in the midde of the eye. The etina converts light into electical messages, whic ' are then sent to the brain along the optic nerve. Around the centre of the etina, thee are ight sensitive cels called cones There are between 6 and 7 million cones in the human eye. hey recognie colour and detail and need daylight to work well. Rods are sensitive to dark and light and do not recognie colours They transmit black a nd white
Remembe
• Use the information in the diagram to gve you clues about the nformation you need to find in the text. • Scan the passage for the words which are gven in the diagram and read the text around them. Does it give you any mpotant nformation? • Look at where the parts of the diagram that you have to label are. Then scan the passage for words which describe ocaton n the text e.g. behind, in front o beween etc. • hnk about the function of the parts of the diagram Then scan the passage for verbs which descrbe a functon.
information to the brain Rods outnumber cones there are approximately 120 million of them in the eye: It is the rods whch help us to see in the dark E
he eye does not stay still it needs to move up, down and across to allow us to see a around us Six muscles attached to the sides of the eye and going behind it alow it to move at an angle of 180 degrees but prevent the eye olling backwards. Because the eye is open to te outside word small objects can fly into it. Eyelashes stop this from happening The whte layer around the outside o the eye, called the sclera, protects the deicate insides of the eye rom danger by preventing small objects from getting into the eye
1 Look at the diagram of the eye. How many labels do you have to complete? How many parts of the eye are already labelled? 2 Read the title of Reading Passage 5 and the rst paragraph and answer the questions. I Which verb in paragraph A relates to the word 'vision? What two important jobs do the parts of the eye do? 3 Look at the completed labels on the diagram and choose the correct option in sentences -. Ten scan the reading passage r irmation about these parts of the eye and check your answers. Te pupil is on the outside I in the middle of the iris Te retina is at theont I at the back of the eye c Muscles go behind I inront ofthe eye om the sides Te sclera is on the inside I outside of the eye
4
Match the parts of the eye mntioned in Exercise 3 to their nction A-E. A controls the amount of light entering the eye B stop small objects lying into the eye C allows light into the eye D control the movement of the eye converts light into electrical messages
5 Look again at the labels you have to complete on the diagram and answer the questions. en scan the text to check your answers I How would you describe where the parts of the eye are? 2 What do you think the nction of each part of the eye is 6
Label the diagram above hoose NO MORE TH ONE WO om the passage r each answer
Sentence completion: recognizing word class and synonyms Remember
The exam instructios usually say 'Choose one word only from the passage for each answer or Choose no more than two/three words from the passage... Make sue •- you use the same words as the words used in the passage when completing the sentences • you use no more than the number of words stated • the word you find is the correct word class (noun, adjective, verb etc) so that the sentence s grammatcally correct
1 Read statemets - in the exam question below. One word is missing om each sentence. hoose the correct pe of word r each gap noun: plural or singular verb: past or present
Complete the senences below. Coose ONE WORD ONLY from h passage fo each answe 1 Cnes don' uncio ecienty without 2
Rods infor mation i monoch ome.
3
Tee ae more rods thn on the reta
4 ... to p he eye from oling backwds
5 Eelashes rotec he ee from tn rbone
2
xam questions often use dierent wording to the text Find the phrases in the text that mean the same as the underlined phrases in -. Ten nd the words you need to ll in each gap
3
Look at the example student's answers r statements and re they correct or incorrect heck that your answers to Exercise use the same words as in the text.
Rods �1'0. rmaton moochrome 5 Eeae roect the ee rom tn abore �'! Y!0� 2
...
Summary completion: passive sentences 1
Look at sentence A and the second sentence in the summary below. e subject of both sentences have been uderlined. nswer the questions. I re the subjects of both sentences the same? 2 Which sentence uses the present simple rm of the main verb? Which sentence uses th verb be+ a past participle? 3 Which sentence is active and which is passive?
A
The amount of light that goes into the ee is controlled by the chanin size of the pupil in order r the sensitive parts at the back of the eye to be protected om damae. The process of sight
Light enters the eye through the 1 .....�C0?..... and then the pupi The chanin size of the uil controls the quantity of light which enters the eye and therefore protects its sensitive parts at the back of the eye By 2 .................... and relaxing, the iris vares the size of the pupil From the retina the 3 .................... sends electrical messages to the brain Black and white information is transmitted to the brain by 4 .................... he eye is protected both by our eyelashes and a 5 ................... protective layer known as the sclera
2
Compare sentences -5 in the summary to sentences BE below. Underline the passive sentences or clauses. B The coloured part around the pupil, nown as the iris, makes the pupil reduce in size by contractin and enlare by relaxin. The retina converts liht into electrical messaes, which are then sent to the brain alon the optic nerve. D Rods are sensitive to dak and liht and do not reconize colours. They transmit black and white inrmation to the brain. E The white layer outside of the eye, called the sclera, protects the delicate insides of the eye om daner, preventin small objects om ettin into the eye.
What pe of words (noun, adjective, adverb etc.) do you need r each ap in the summary? 4
Now complete the summary. Choose NO MO THAN TWO WORSfom the passae r each answer.
Remember
• There are two types of summary task. In one type, a list of words you need to fill in each gap are given in a box These words also appear in the passage There are always ore words than you need. • In the other type of sumary task you need to choose words from the passage to coplete the suary • Sometimes only part of a text s summarized. Scan the passage for words in the title or'the first line of the summary to hep you find the section you need • Copletion tasks normaly state the number of words you wil need to copete each gap. You wil lose arks f you use more words than the task instruction states • The order of sentences in the summary is not always the same as the order of inforation in the passage. Look for key words from the summary in the passage to help you find the correct inforation
Now practise the sklls you have learnt b answerng the q esions on Rd Passa e 6. Reading Passage 6
The histor of chocolate A
The history of chocolate staed n South merica and the mazon. ncient man picked the sweet fruit of the trees and ate it, throwing away the seeds T he pod of the cacao tree tasted sweet, like apricots, whereas the beans - or seeds - inside the pod were bitter It's not known when ancient cvilizatons found out how to use the cacaos seeds t might have been by accident when the beans fell nto a fire and roasted reeasing a chocolate ike sme however, the use of cacao beans as a food probably took place during the tme of the Olmecs
B
The Omecs (1200 to 300 C) were an ancient tribe from South Central Mexco They were the first to grow the cacao plant and use the beans. hey had a name for these bitter seeds tha t hed secrets to health and power: kakawa, or cacao.
Foowing the Olmecs, the Mayans treasured cacao as a medicine and a food ut they did not make chocolate bars. nstead the beans were mixed wth corn and favourngs to make savoury meas These dshes were very bitter very dierent from the chocolate we eat now
D
Many years ater between the 14th and 16th centuries, the ztecs used the cacao bean as ther form of currency in other words, bea ns were used ke coins lst of ztec tradng prices looked somethng ke ths 1 smal rabbit = 30 cacao beans 1 turkey egg 3 cacao beans 1 large tomato = 1 cacao bean
E
Christopher Columbus saw how the people of South merca valued the beans but he thought they were a type of nut - an almond. lthough he brought cacao beans back to Spain with hm nobody knew what they were or what to do wth them
Then in 1519, Hernan Cortes arrived at the great court of the ztec king, Montezuma He and hs crew saw how the ztecs used chocolate Coes himself didn't enjoy the ztecs' bi tter brew but he recognized its vaue. He wrote to King Carlos of Spain that chocolate was a drnk that buids up resistance and fghts fatigue
G
fter the Spanish conquered the ztecs and began building settlements in the New World, they adopted many of the foods of the natve peope, including chocolate. uropean immigrants to the New World brought sugar and other foods to South and Centra merica, and the Spanish setters began drnking chocolate hot and sweet.
It took a royal wedding to make chocolate a star in urope When the Spanish princess Maria Theresa came to the French court at Versailles to marry King Louis XIV n 1660, she brought her precious cacao beans with her Hot chocoate was served at the weddng an d the brdes guests oved it lthough chocolate was expensive ts popularty spread in France and ngland Hot chocoate was served in chocoate houses not unike the cafs you see on every street corner today The 19thcentury Industrial Revoution saw inventions that changed the nature of choco late particularly n Switzerland For example Swiss chemist Henri Nestl nvented a proce ss to create powdered milk and together with an el Peter, a chocolate manufacturer he created the very first mk chocolate bar in 1879 n the same year, Rudolphe Li ndt invented the conche machine and the process known as conching' which made shiny, smooth and creamy chocolate These advances made the Swiss the leaders of chocolate manufacturng, and throughout the 19th century they produced 12000 pounds of chocolate per Swss citizen per year most of t for export.
1
Complete the low chart. Choose ONE WO ONLY om the psage r each nswe The history of chocolate
outh Aeica ad e Azo: ) ate bu ot es out Ca Mxico (2 he s o use h bea May as used be i (3 dise (bir , o swet ean used as a ty pe of (4 - o buy and e h oubus bougt cao bea o Spi ad Cos ecogized al popeie. Euoeas bougt uga to t New Wod
-
Spai i New Wod taed o dk (5 o choae Cocoate odued to Euope duig a (6 Hot chocae duk i 7 . 2
Compete the sences elow Wrte NO MORE THA THREE WOS r ach answer 1 thog the seeds o e caca plant were tter te pod had a taste smlar t Ancent cvlzatons ma have dscoveed ho to use the cacao' eeds To he on s wth thy aao ean. ara heesa's en joy d hot chocolate when she got mared. Chocolat was poplar n p despte t eng
Complete he smmary o pararaph I wth he lst o wods below A choolate bars B onsumed E mahine F manufaturer
C exported G powdered
The bih of chocolate bars
Sizernd s resons•e for mny of he 6 ............ h redefined hoole nd hey eme leding hoole mnufurers Henri Nesl mde 7 milk He hen ollored ih Dniel Peer mke 8 Choole s mde smooher hrough 9 ... led onhing, inened y Lind Mo of he hoole h s mde in Sizerlnd s 10 .
D
inventions proess
Reading Passages 7,8and9
Skills development
Reading Passage
.
.GREEN CHINA? A Rizhao, in Shandong Province, is one of the hundreds
social staility the government's hoe is toee roducing enough 3 fresh emlomen opotunities for the 4 rowin 5 oulations of the new cities Better jos mean 6reater wealth and eole in the cities are spending their oe on technology The average Shanghainese household already has 19 air conditioners, not to mention 12 comuters Peole in Beijing 20,0 new cars a month As of 2007, hina had 22 cars for every 1,000 eole, comared with 451 in the USA Of course, this means that the dman for ower is increasing.
of Chinese cities preprin to e muc b The road into town is eight lanes wide, even though a the moment there's not much trafic But the ort is very usy; arge quantities of iron arrive every day y shi Rizhao is the kind of lace which environmental scientists are worried aout: China's economic devloment has led to a high numer of new uilding rojects taking lace throughout the count. The growth of cities increases the amount of harmful D hin?'s interests in technology could, however, greenhouse gas released into the atmoshere It's this rovide a art of the solution to te environmental kind of exansion that has increased the roduction of rolem Because its utting u so many new gloal warming gases in hina uildings and ower lants, the country can include the latest environmentallyfriendly technology In time However, cities like Rizhao are taking stes to the technology should reduce the amount of caron ounteract the damage the gases are causing On released into the atmoshere to of 95% of the uildings in the cit, there are solar anels, which use energy from the sun to ower E This reduction will roaly not e enough to sto the citys hotels, shos and houses And its not just dramatic gloal warming thoug Scientists redict Rizhao which is sending money on environmentally that caron levels will continue to rise until the yea r friendly energy, the whole of hina is numer 1 in the 2030, which will cause the earth to heat u enough world for using renewale energy technology to melt the Himalayan glaciers and to cause the seas to rise. Its a dark icture Stoing gloal warming C hina is doing its est t sto using }oi al n needs international collaoration Other large � - which harm the environment - and start countries need to take stes to e more green, the deending only on 'clean' energy such as sun USA for examle. In the end, no one country can take and wind ower This change is not easy to make 2 full resonsiility for saving the environment; we are ecause of the need to dvelop �. hina's all resonsile economy needs to gw at least 8% a !ato ensure 7
Multiple choice questions: reading the question
1 Read questions -3 in the tables below and on page . Where can you nd the corect answer to each question in the passage? Whose thoughts and opinions are important in questions 2 and ? Read question I and options A-: and answer questions i-v on the right Then decide which option A-D is correct. I ccording to i Which ofthese questions is similar in meaning to paragraph , China question ? has environmental 'Why is the environmen improving? problems bcause 'Whyis there damage to the environment? A the city ofRizhao ii Look at the underlined words in the paragraph oes this has recently agree ith statement c oes the paragraph say more expanded about zhas development or Chins development? B the roads are iii Find a rerence to roads in Rizhao. s there a link in the getting bigger paragraph between the roads and greenhouse gases? C its importing raw Find a rerence to iron oes the paragraph say what materis like i;. eect iron has on the enronment? D the development V oes the passage link development and greenhouse gases? ofcities is releasing How does the writer describe the gases? greenhouse gases
L
r
3
Read question 2 and options A-D and answer questions i-v on the right. Ten decide which option AD is correct 2 What is the writer's purpose Which of these has a similar meaning to purpose'? in paragraph B? a reason I an opinion about something to talk about environmental ii Does the paragraph give examples of problems in hina environmental problems? to demonstrate that Rizhao iii Does enronmentally iendly' have a is environmentally iendl positive or negative meaning? What kind of enironmentally iendly energy is mentioned? Does the paragraph only talk about Rizhao? iv How many words connected wth the C to give examples of hinas economy can you nd in the paragraph? economic development How many examples can you nd of hina D to emphasize what hina does to protect the protecting the environment? environment
Remeb er
• Look for key points in the text that match or contradct each f he options, • Read and find out if one optin is the crrect answer befre you read the next option. • Read all the ptions before yu make a final decision about w�ich one is correct.
4 Read question 3 and options A-D and answer questions iv on the right. Ten decide which option A-D is correct 3 According to pararaph E, how does the writer el about the te of the enironment? A optimistic B
hopeless
C pessimistic
D
disinerested
i
Which time word is in the question? Which date is referred to in the paragraph?
Which of these is similar to optimistic' ? excited I worried iii Does the writer oer any solutions to the enironmental problems? iv Fin a sentence in the paragraph which suggests the writer is concerned about the scientist's predictions V Does the nal line of paragraph E suggest that the writer is interested in the poblem of global warming? ii
Recognizing synonyms • Unerlin ley words in the question and look for the same words or wors with $imilar meaning in the passage • When yu've found the pa f the text which relates to the question remember to rea to the end of that pat and consier all f the options.
1 Read the question How many correct answers are there? Which THREE reasons explain why it is dificut to sove China's environmenta probems? A The number of eole living in the countryside is increasing.
not correct. The paragraph says the population of the cities is growng B
Theres a shoae of fossi fuels. The economy needs new jobs to be created.
Chinese with more mone want to buy ener-hun machines E China is deveopin raidl. D
Match the underlined key words in options - to the underlined words which have a similar meaning in paragrap C of the reading passage 3
Look at the phrases in italcs. Which words in bold are they similar to?
4 Read around the words in bold and decide which options are not correct
Reading Passage 8
�OT IHOV o+ r� @UT Dn�moN I
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis. The USA was badly affected, suffering unemployment, greatly reduced industrial production and building, and an 89 percent decline in stock prices Before the depression, in the 1920s, the USA enjoyed a time of low unemployment and economic health, although there was a big gap between the rich and poor. October 29th 1929 marked the start of the Depresson. 'Black Tuesday was the day when stock market shares fell almost 23 percent and the market lost between $8 billion and $9 billion in value But it was just one in a series of losses over a period of time which put stockbrokers and bankers who had bought shares with borrowed money in danger of losing everything
As the depression continued in the USA, the stock market value continued to decline Unemployment rose and wages fell for those who continued to work. Those who had bought homes, cars, furniture and household appliances with borrowed money - on credit had to give them back. As consumers lost buying power industrial production fell, businesses failed, and more workers lost their jobs. The depression also hit farmers hard A dramatic fall in food prices, loss of exports and years of no rain made it impossible to make a prot As people living in cities lost their homes, farmers also lost their land The government did little to help President Herbrt Hoover believed the government should watch the economy carefully and encourage consumer spending bu he did not want to do more As unemployment rose, he efused to offer money or create jobs. By 1932 the unemployment rate had grown to more than 20 percent. Thousands of banks and businesses had failed Millions were homeless Men (and women) returned home from unsuccessful job hunts to nd their homes locked and their possessions and families on the streets Many people lived at the edges of cities in temporary 'towns and had to nd food where they could In 1933, when President Roosevelt was elected, he faced a banking crisis and unemployment that had reached 249 percent. Thirteen to 15 million workers had no jobs. Roosevelt offered a series of emergency actions which were seen as a 'new deal for the American people During his rst 100 days as president, he changed the banking system and improved the stock market, protected home owners, tried to make industrial and agricultural production more stable, set up building projects to create jobs and donated government money to millions of people. oosevelts New Deal removed the worst effects of the Great Depression but e economy in the USA didnt recover completely until 1954
•
Glossary depression= a period of time when there is a lot of unemployment and poverty because there is very litle economic activity crisis= a dificult or dangerous situation decline= to become ess or worse borrow= to receive and use something that beongs to someone else, and promise to give it back to them later e.g I borrowed money from the bank consumers = people who buy and use goods o services temporary= existing or only a limited period of time stable= not changing requently and not likely to become worse recover= to begin to get stronger and return to ts earlier state
7
Matching features: recognizing paraphrasing 1
Underline dates A-E below in the pssage and choose the correct option in this sentence: In matching tasks, the categories are in the same I a dirent order to the order they appear in the passage. 1920s B 1929 C 1932 D 1933 E 1954 A
2
Look at the statements 3 and the matching sentences AC om te passage. Underline words which are the same or have a similar meaning.
l O i i w wiu wk. A
By ... the unemployment rate had grown to more than 20 percent.
2 Nw jb w d d bki ym w d he changed the baning system ... set up building projects to create jobs ...
B
3 T mi iui i USA imvd C ... the economy in the USA didn't recover completely until 1954. How are statements 3 dierent to sentences AC? For each pair of sentenes choose the correct paraphrasing technique i-iii om the box. i
changing a active sentence in the passage into a passive sentence
ii
using synonyms and putting words in a dierent order in a sentence
iii
using a positive statement when the inrmation in the passage uses negative rms
Match each statement with the correct date. You may use any letter more tan once. 6 7
One fth of the population were without work. New jobs were created and the banking system was changed. The economic situation in the USA improved. The stock market crashed. Millions of people lost their homes. Tere was enough money and jobs r people. Farmers suered due to bad weather and lling od prices.
1920s B 1929 C 1932 D 1933 E 1954
Now practise the skills you have lean b ansring qi Rdig Pg 9. Reading Passage 9
Coming to T screens of the future: A sense of sell a bak wad d-a A
Today's television programs are designed to trigger your emotions and your mind through your senses of sound and sight. But what if they could trigger your sense o f smell? What if you could smell or taste the ceesy slices of pizza being eaten by your favourite characters on TV? Is it possible? Would audiences enjoy the experience ? Would advertisers jump on the opportunity to reach consumers in a new way?
B
These questions formed the basis of a two year experiment by researchers at the University of California, San Diego who worked with Sams ung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) i n Korea. n a proof of concept paper published this month in the journal Angewandt Chemie, the researchers demonstrate that it is possible to generate thousands of odors, on demand, using a device small enough to fit on the back of your TV For example, if people are eating pizza, the viewer smells pizza coming from a TV or cell phone said Sungho Jin professor in the deparments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and NanoEngineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of ngineering And if a beautiful lady walks by, they smel l peume Instantaneously generated fragrances or odors would match the scene shown on a TV or cell phone and thats the idea
D
The scent comes from a liquid solution such as ammonia, which forms a smelly gas when heated through a thin metal wire by an electrical current The solution is kept in a silicone comparment As the heat and odor pressure build, a tiny comp ressed hole in the comparment is opened, releasing the odor
E
Whether TV and cell phone audiences and advertisers will respond to such idea a re questions for another phase of the study Ceainly when the idea of smell--vision (known then as scentovision') first hit our ciema screens and noses in 1950s, it was n't very popular with cinema audiences However, the idea of smell--vision has staying power
F
The UCSD team tested their device with two commercially available perf umes, Live by Jennifer Lopez and Passion by lizabeth Taylor n both cases, a human tester was able to smel l and distinguish the scents within 30 centimeters of the test chamber When the pe rfumes were switched, the tester was exposed to coffee beans, which is commonly used to clear a testers sense of smell in perfume development
G
The next steps in the research would include developing a prototype and demonstrating that it is reliable enough to release odors on demand t will also need to be increased and decreased in size in order to fit consumer electronics like TVs and cell phones And there are a few other considerations For example, perume companies might like you to smell their latest scents through TV but scientists have yet to think of a way that these could be transmited to the device Thats a logistics problem, said Jin But in specific applications one can always think of a way'
H
Certainly, if a solution is found adveisers will have yet another means of persuading consumers to purchase their products Films too, could take advantage of the invention, perhaps even matching smells to their characters personality One cant help wondering whether smell--vision would always be desirable, however Whilst it may be enjoyable to smell the recipe created by a TV chef, a nature programme or a horror film may no t produce such pleasant odors One can only hope that the UCSD team will invent a means of switching smellvision off.
1
hoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. I According to paragraph B, what can the device do? · A release a smell when the viewr asks it to B release a smell that atches what the viewer is eating C release a smell which matches the scene on TV D release a smell after a delay of a w minutes 2 What are the siilarities beeen 'odor-generating TV and the development of perme? Both use the chemical ammonia B Both use mous people in their testing procedures. C Both use human testers with a good sense of smell D oee beans are used beteen smells 3 According to paragraph H what is the writers opinion of odorgenerating TV? enthusiastic B mixed C negative D irritated hoose FE letters G Which FE aspects of odorgenerating TV need more research? how to swtch odorgenerating TV o and on B how popular odorgenerating TV will be with consumers C whether the device can be relied upon to release smells instantly D whether the odorreleasing mechanism works E how r away om the TV or cell phone the smell can be detected F whether the size of the device can be changed G how smells can be transmitted om companies who want to market products lassi the llowing stateents as rerring to the proof of concept paper B the concept of smellovision C the odorgenerating TV device D the prototpe I 2 3 4 5 6 7
This will be tested to establish its reliabilit This isnt new and wasnt originally very successful This will need to be adapted r consumer products This is the product of to years of research This works through heating scented liquid This was originally own as scentavision This was recently released in print
Study Skills: Wriing How much do you now about the ILTS Academic Writing modue? Do the quiz beow to nd out Quiz
Cpl ss s f x. 20
250
60
150
E fl l f ppl F sp f p, l
40
1 Ml lss f s 2 Y sl sp s sk 3 Y sl sp s sk 2 s f 4 Y sl ls sk 5 Y sl ls s f sk 2. 2 Cpl l sk ps A ss v ps B sp f v C sp f pp D sp f pss
I
Task 1
ask 2
Cs f ss Y ks f v . B s spll. l f s ss. D s v f vl E s ll ps f s F l s l s pssl. G s l.
Writing Task 1 Udedi ph: chooi he mo impo ifomio Remember When you describe a graph n the exam, think carefully about what informaton you need to nclude. Don't nclude every detal of the nformation - you need to sele ·ct the most important nformation that describes rends dfferences or stages.
In Writing T� you wi be aed to decribe data in a chart grah or tabe Loo at the bar grah and decide i the tatement are True, False or Not Given. The number u the ertica ai are ercentage b The grah how change oer time Peoe in ngand geneay earn more than eoe in Scotand d Peoe in a the UK countrie earned more in 00 than they did 9 year bere Peoe in Wae earned about ten ound e in 00 than in 007 f Weey earning in ngand are the highet out o a the countrie in the UK In the year 00 in ngand the aerage amount earned er wee wa about 00 ound more than the amount earned in Wae in the ame year Which ur tatement - decribe the mot imortant inrmation in the grah? W hich decribe e imortant detai? Avag wkly anings in fs by UK county. soo�-----------------
£s 400
Gssary earning/wage = amount of money that a person takes home for woking
200 0
England
Wale
Northen Ireland hz
Key • 2001 2004
Scotand
2007 2010
Describing data The graph shows the varying levels of satisfaction with leisure facilities in Northe Ireland in 2010. Summarize the information by selecting and repoing the main features, and make comparisons where relevant
Write at least 150 words.
80% 60%
Levels of satisfaction with local leisure facilities in Northern Ireland in 2010 7% 6% 6% %
4% 2% %
A
Spo
Librares
Musems
Neither Sasfed nor Dssaisfed
1 Look at the graph above and read the exam question. hen complete the example answer below with words A-E. You will need to use the words more than once. A level
B percentage
C area
D levels
E percent
This graph shows the different of satisfaction felt by peope in Northern Ireland about art, sport library and museu facilities in their local area Overall, the 2............ of people who were satisfied with their local faciities as high 3• ... of satisfaction with all types of facility were higher than 5 4 5 ........ .... ..... of dissatisfacton ere much lower ranging from the lowest at two 6............ to the highest wth sports facilities at ten 7....... of satsfaction were highest with arts faciites at just over 0 9 ......... The response to ibraries and museus was a little less positive with 0 8 ....
10......... of
Remember When you describe a gaph, suppo mpotant ponts wth numbes om the gaph. Impotant ponts could be the bggest o smallest pece of nomaton, o� in gaphs that show changes ove tme whee a tend eaches ts hghest amount o 'peaks Sometmes graphs use deent smbols to ndcate deent quantites eg % = pecent o£ pounds Hgh numbes ae sometmes used eg. 100000 = one hunded thousand You need to know how to wte these n ul.
people feeling satisfied with these facilities The loest
of satisfaction was with sports facilities with 50 satisfied nterestingy the
13...... of
12 .
11..
of people feelin
people who didn't feel strongly about their ocal
facilties was quite high particuary in the
4
of sport 0
5
of
peope were neither dissatisfied nor satisfied with their spors facilities - only ten 16 ..... fewer than those who were satisfied
2 Look at the words in bold in the description and answer the questions. A B C D E
Which word is a superlative adjective? eg. talest Which adverb means 'a lot? (used with a comparative) Which word is a comparative adective? e.g. biger Which word has a similar meaning to generally? Which three words means 'slightly? (used with a comparative or an adective)
3 Read the example answer again and circle the correct answer. I The example answer includes al I some of the numbers in the graph. Numbers are included before I aer a statement is made about the graph. Numbers support important I al points, r example, the biggest or smallest piece of inrmation.
Structuring a cha description Non-UK students at higher educaton institutions in the UK, 2/10 (405,805 students)
6% North Amerca
42% Asia
1 % South Amerca
31 % European Unon counres excludng K
% Other European Economc Area countries
Remember·
Try to connect 'our sentences with wars su �s • ho ndwhic , . use i ·pronouns inste� of This repeting vprd. mkes our writing esier to red Compre 1 nd 2 below 1 The morit of " students re intetion The mjorit of stdents std fuHime These student$ p high student fees 2 The mority of students e interntionl These re students who stud ful-time nd who p high student fees
1 Look at the chart above. Match the percentages -4 to the places in the chart A-D.
1 ... ranging between six and nine percent 2 Together, these constitute 73 ercent 3 ... at just over 40 percent 4 ... at just over 3 0% Asia and countries of the European Unon B countries of the European Union C the Middle East North merica and rica D sia A
2 omplete these statements with the percentages 4 above.
The percentage of students coming om continents such as rica, North merica and the Middle East was much lower, . The smallest percentage of students come om South merica and ustralia, at %. B This pie chart shows where the international students studying at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom come o. C The majority of students come om sia and countries in the European Union. of just over ur hundred thousand international students who attend British higher education institutions. D The highest percentage of international students in the UK came om sia A
ountries om the European Union contributed the second highest percentage of international students . 3 Put the statements describing the pie chart (AD) om Exercise 2 into the
llowing order: 1 description of the subject of the graph (introduction). 2 The most important piece of data in the graph. 3 More details of the data in the graph, going om bigger to smaller. 4 The concluding sentence, describing the general trend.
Writing an introduction to a graph description
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ttleo 1 te gra� .or te pa of te exam Wen y ou intoduce te subject of a gaph,'s mp otat not to c optHe tQ w ng¥otexa1 q. ' ut on you qµest9n \c dscrs t gap lv· ou' nt od ct9 snc co , l \} \ 1' 1
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wil lose marks.
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l a gddea t use n9nyms ctwors y9µ se 0n gra oµ { 1se)(GRh !J: Non-UK students at higher education insttutions/200910 ·. , ln t oco ;sentence Thispie chart shows where cmeom
Average annual wages for occupations in the USA
Shop assstants Casiers Offce workers Chefs Nuses 0,0
05
1.0
1.5
20
25
30
3.5
40
4.5
Employment (millions)
1 Compare this introductory statement with the title of the graph above. Which words in the title have a similar meaning to the underlined words in the statement? This graph shows the average amount of mone arned by employees with particlar jobs in the USA ever ear. 2 Match the titles of the graph -4 to the example introductory statements D. Graph titles
Opening statements
Proportion of students who is graph shows the percentage of graduated in each discipline in men and women who could read higher education in Brazil. and wite around the world. 2 Percentage of people who B This graph shows the average participated in the arts in Australia amount of electricity needed every in 00. three months. 3 Global adult literacy rate according C is pie chart shows the percentage to both genders. of students who completed their studies of particular subects at university in Brazil. 4 Tical quarterly demand r D This graph shows the number of electricit. people who took part in the arts in Australia in 00. I
3 Underline the wods in the opening statements which mean the same as the words in bold in the titles.
Study the chart and the exam qestion. Write fur seneces o ecbe o Internet users in the world b y geographic regions - 2011
The chart shows the number of Inteet users in continents arund the world in millions in 2011.
Asia Europe Noth Amerca Latn Ameca/ Cabbea Afica Middle East Oceaia/ Ausraia
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant
110.9
4762 I 272.1 259
200 400
0
J 3
600 800
1000
Millions of Users
Describing changes over time Figure I
Figure 2 Improved drinking water sources 19 to 2010
"
>C
=� . 0
=C
E ·� =
C
=
: �
3 = 3I
Milk price (pence/ litre)
50- 5 0 3025 23
C
35
C
g ":
C C ·; 0
0990
27 25 23 21 19 17 5+� � � �* � � � "
1995
2000
2005
2010
(
%
Year Key - Milk prce (pence/ itre)
Year
Figure 3
<
Adult lteracy rate by sex and region, 18
cMae Arab States
100 80 60 40
20 0---------
�Femae Central and Eastern Europe
Central Asia
9 - 10 0 " f 9 9 �9 = J 99 :
�
00
94
96
1 Match sentences A-C to gures -3. A In entral sia and entral and Eastern Europe, there was a slight increase in levels of literacy among women between 990 and 999, then rates overall remained stable. In the rab states, however, there was a steady rise in literacy throughout the 8year period. B The graph shows a steady decline in the number of people in the world who do not have clean water to drink. Between 990 and 995 there was fll of three per cent and the same ll occurred beeen 995 and 2000. C There was a uctuation in the cost of milk over a period of eight years; there was a peak in prices in 2002 then after 2008, there was a sharp rise I
2
Look at sentences AC above and complete column 2 of the table with the language in bold. (Adjective + ) noun
Verb ( adverb / adjective)
a rise / an to rise
/
a / a decline
to ll
I to remain stable )
Remember
Use an adjective+ noun combination with There is/there was eg. In 1990 there was a steady rise in . Ty to var your desciption; use adective+ noun combinations as well as veb advebs/ adjectives combinations
omplete column of the table with the verbs adverbs and adjectives in bold in -G. E The number of people in the world who do not have clean water to drink has declined steadily since 990. Between 990 and 995 the percntage ll by % and the same ll occurred beteen 995 and 2000. F The cost of milk per litre uctuated over a period of ten years but rose dramatically om 2008. G The percentage of women who can read and write in entral sia and entral and Eastern Europe increased slightly beteen 990 and 999, then remained stable, whereas levels of literacy in the ab states rose steadily over the period of 8 years.
Comparing data to show change Leading exporers of clothng Percentage change in wold expos
Key
Key
27% • China
34% • China
31% D EU (2)
3% U (2
4% • Tukey
4% • Tkey
3% • Idia
4% • Ia
3%
Mexico
3%
32% Others
24% Othes
2005
1
Baglaesh
2009
Look at the pair of pie charts above and put sentences A-Din the llowing order: 1 2 4
n introductory sentence to the pie charts. The biggest growth and decrease in the pie charts. The smallest growth/ decrease. Concluding sentence.
A The to biggest changes which took place were in China and 'oter countries. B etween the years 005 and 009, China overtook the EU nations to become the biggest exporter of clothes worldwide in 009. Changes in clohing exports in other contries were small, or there was no change at all. D The o pie charts show how exports of clothing changed worldwide beween o years 005 and 009. Sentences 1- below give inrmation which supports the inrmation in sentences A-D above. Match supporting sentences 1 to sentences A-D. Not all the sentences AD have a spporting sentence, and some have more than one. 1 India, r example, increased its clothing exports om three to ur percent; a growth of one percent only. 2 Chinas share of clothing exports increased the most of all the contries, om 7 to 3 percent. 'Other contries share of clothing exports decreased b eight percent. There were no changes in Turkes clothing exports; these stayed at ur percent. 4 Clothing exports om the 7 countries of the European Union also remained stable, at 3 percent in 005 and 009. Remembe Organize your graph descrption. Group data so that each pararaph in the main body describes a paicular change o paern Usualy the first sentence of each paragraph introduces the change and other sentences in the pararaph spport the frst sentene wth frther detail ro the graph
Comparing two sets of data The pie chart shows the jouey time fom home to work by percentage o the UK workorce. workorc e. The table shows the jouey times frm home to work r workers living in London and those living in the rest o the UK
Percentage of workers by home-towork home-towork travel time, OctoberDec OctoberDecember ember 29, UK 46-60 min
Commuting times for workers living in London and the rest of the UK, in OctoberDecember 2009
60+ min 5%
Percentages
15 mi % 42% 42
Summae the inormation by selecting and reporting the main eatures, and make comparisons where relevant
Londo
Rest of UK
Al UK
1-15 min
18
46
42
16-30
26
34
33
3-45
20
11
12
46-60 mi
20
6
8
60 m
16
3
5
1 Look at the exam question above and choose the best opening statemen statement, t, A-C. A These wo sets of data detail the percentage of the UK population populatio n who travel r diering amoun amounts ts o time in order to reach their place of emploent. data ompare the diering journey times undertaken by B These wo sets of data commuters in the UK in order to reach their their place of work. C These wo sets of data data compare the ourney ourney times of commuters commuters in the UK as a whole to those of commuters living in London. London. Remember • Don't try to inc inclu lude de everything in both graphs; you need to summarize the most important information. • Ide Ident ntfy fy the mos mostt important information eg a genera pattern or a change and describe it in the introduction • Us Use e link linker erss to highlight contrasting information in your writing • Use pron pronoun ounss to avo avoid id repeating information - it makes your writin writing g easier to read, eg: These two sets of data compare the jouey times of commuers in the UK as a whole to � those of commuters living in London.
2 In what order do do you think you should describe the data in the graphs? hoose the best answer AC. en en check your answer with w ith the description descriptio n of the graph below. Describe all of the percentages in the pie chart and then compare them to all the percentages in the table. B Describe the key piece(s) of inrmation in the UK and then compare it to the ky piece(s) of inrmation in London. C Describe all all percentages in London travel times and then compare these to the key piece(s of inrmation inrmation in the ret of the K.
A
These two sets of data compare the journey times of commuters in the UK as a whole to those of commuters living in London. Looking at the pie chart whch relates to the UK as a whole, around three in four or 75 per cent of workers take half an hour or less to travel from home to work, and 42% take less than a quarter of an hour However the ourney times of workers n London are very different to those of workers in the rest of the UK People working in London tend to travel longer to get to work, with more than half of them 56 per cent, commuting for more than thirty minutes to get to work every ay In contrast of those working in the rest of the UK, only 20 per cent need to travel this long to reach their workplace To sum up, the maority of workers utside of London live within 30 minutes travelling time of their place of work whereas the opposite can be said of the employees living in Lond0n.
I
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3 Find three linking expressions which signal a contrast beween wo pieces of inrmation. Which o of the expressions go at the beginning of a sentence?
The table shows the amount of time that workers spend getting to work in London and the rest of the UK The bar chart shows the hourly eaings of the same workers. Summae the inrmation by selecting and reportng the main features, and make compasons where relevant.
Hourly earnings by travel time, London and rest of UK October-December October-December 2009 £ 20
Percentages 15
10
Write at least 150 words.
Reee You wll sometmes have to describe a dagram whch sows a cycle n Wrtng Task 1. A cycle s a contnuous process whc doesn't ave a start or an endng You wll need to decde te best startng pont or your descrpton
London
Rest of UK
Al UK
1-15 min
18
46
42
630
6
34
33
15
20
1
12
4660 mn
20
6
8
60+ mn
16
5
Skills development
Organizing your writing 1 Look at the diagram which shows the water cycle and read the description below. Which place in the diagram does the description start fom?
The diagm shows the cycle of water aund the envirnment and its conversion m liquid into gas. Summae the inrmation by selecting and reporting the main features and ake coparisons where relevant
Reeer Use nkg words to connect the dfferent stages of your normaton hey wl make your wrtng easer to read and wll gan you more maks you use them correcty You dont need to have specal knowledge n order to descrbe a dagram·· dagram Any techncal vocabuaryy that you vocabuar need wll be wrtten on the dagram
Commuting times for workers living in London and the rest of of the UK in OctoberDecember OctoberDecember 2009
Condnsion (clouds form) Heat
ii
The diagram illustrates the movement of water around our environment and the way it changes om a liquid, into a gas and then back into a liquid once more. When water is heated by the sun, it evaporates om the ocean oce an into the atmosphere atmosphe re It also rises into the atmosphere om plants and trees Tis process is called transpiration As the water rises into the atosphere it cools and rms clouds. Tis process is called condensation. Eventual, the water in the clouds lls back down to earth. is is called precipitation Some of the water goes into the ground and afer that, runs into the seas and lakes. Tis is called subsurce runo Some of the water runs straight om the surce of the ground into the seas and lakes e rest of the water is used use d by trees and plan planss Once the water reaches the seas lakes and rests, the process of evaporation starts again
2
Read the description again and decide if the statements are
True or False.
I You should use dierent wording in the introductory sentence om the title of the diagram and om the exam question. separ ate stages of the diagram into dierent paragraphs. 2 You shouldn't separate pate rn 3 You don't need a concluding sentence which describes a general patern 3
Match the linking words in italics in the description to denitions A-D below Two words which describe thins happening at the same time. B An expression which means the same as t hen'. C A word which means the same as after'. D A word which has has a simiar meaning to after a period of time'. A
Remember
The most impotant thng in a sentence sentence is nomally the subject of the sentence. In a diagam which esrbes the ocess o making a pizza, the pizza and pizza ingedients ae the most impotant thing NOT the people who make the pizza So the sentence Pizzas are cooked in hot ovens is bette than People cook
Choosing between the active and passive
1 Read sentences -C belo om the description of the water cycle cycle and underline the verbs in each sentence. hen answer the questions. I Which verbs are are in the passive? (verb rm of be+ past participle) 2 What is the subject of each sentence: the sun water trees and plants, or clouds? 3 What is the most important thing in the description: the sun water trees and plants or clouds?
o m the ocean o cean into te When water is heated by the sun, it evaporates om
atmosphere. It also rises into the atmosphere om plants and trees
pizza in hot ovens.
When the subect of· of· the sentence is not the 'doe of the action (eg the people who make the pizza) the passive veb om is needed:
B
th ·e clouds flls back down to earth Eventual, the waer i th ·
Te water is used by trees and plants
Pizzas are cooked in hot ovens.
Glass making process Potash
Molen Gass
F
2 Look at the diagram of the glass maing process and choose the best sentence or I First of all people mix sand potash and lime in a large container First of all sand san d potash and lime are mixed toether in a large container 2
Then a rnace heats the sand potash and lime until they melt melt into molten glass. b Then the snd potash and lime are heated until they melt into molten glass
3
Rollers make the gass into thin sheets which are are then cooled. in to thin sheets which are then cooled. b The molten glass is rolled into
Describing a map
ere are to pes of map tht you my need o decibe in e exm. I A mp tht hows two o moe possle loton somethng. 2 A mp tht hows evelopment of n e. Wth oth tyes o mp, you nee to he the exm ntuton to um up wht the mp shows (.e. ue eent w to the exm queto). • Wth m tht how to posle lotons you ee to ee the mn eene eeen the to lotos. You then ee to ome the two tes detl n how they elte to othe thng o the m. You n tte whh ste woul e ette gve eso why th mght e. • Wth m tht show the evelomet o e, you nee to stte how my hse of eveloment thee e. Te you ee to ent when the most mpotnt o gget evelopment tht hppee. Fnly ese the evelopmets n moe etl. 1 Re the exm questo n look t the mp. en nswe the queto. I 2 3 4
Wht type of mp n you ee: s t tpe o type ? Wht s plne 'the town o St? Wht oes the ght pth of the t te (A) o? Whee s the unwy o the eo te (A)?
The map below is of the town of Stanford and the suounding area. A new airport (A) is planned for the town The map shows two possible sites r the airport Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant
[ Town centre Q Natue reseve D Housng
Stanford population - 100,000
Fght pat M,@ ain road
+ -
Runway
N
- :�f:+:;: rl ± . ......................
.
A
..
...... .. ... .. . . ... ......... ... ..... ... ... ...... ..... .. . ...... .. .... ... . ...... . . .. .. . ... . . . ....... .............. . .: � :� : : : : :: : ::.:....:.:.:.:.:...::::::::::::. .. ....... .... .............. . ... ... .. ...... ... .... . ................ .
•.
.
.
.
t
2 Read a sample answer to the exam question written by a student Does the student fllow the advice on page 48? The map shows two possible locations for a new airport near the town of Stanford. The main derence between the ocatons is that one woul d be near the town of Stanfrd and the other would be in the natre reserve close to the town The ocation of the -rst site (A 1) means that the ght paths of the aeroplanes would cross oer areas of housing on the outskirts of the town Ths may disturb residents of the town, which s a shame In contrast the ight path of the aeropanes from the second ste (A2) crosses oer the nature resere This woud disturb f ewer peope but it may aect animals iing in the resere The runways of the second site would be buit n the nature resere which would mean that some trees would need to be ct down causing terribe enronmental damage whereas the runways of the -rst site are outside the town Luckily it woudn't be necessary to knock down any houses to build the airport Howeer the closeness of the airport to the town might be dangerous f an aeroplane crashes he -rst site is coser t o main roads than the second site making the -rst site easier to reach for tourists Oerall both sites hae disadanages For saety reasons the site in the nature resere would probably be beer r the people of Stanord And afer all people are more important than animals
3 When you descibe a map, its not necessary to include comments which express your opinion. Delete the infrmation in the students answer which isn't necessar Skills practice The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the liquorice making pcess. Summarize the inrmation by selecting and reporting the main features Make comarisons where relevant.
0.
Wheat flour, sga iqorice back jice and other ingredients
8
Lquorice paste
High pressre cooker
e
0
Conveyor belt
•
Packaging
iquorice
Skill s devlopmnt
Analyzing the question and identifying the essay type 1 Read essay questions A-D below Which IELTS subjects 9 do they relate to? Some questions may relate to more than one subject 2 4 5
Technology Family and upbringing Health and obesity Work Education
6 7 8 9
Media and entertainment Success and happiness rt and creativity Transport
Look at the student's notes r topic . en underline key inrmation in topics B, C and an make notes
'dentseusem cars re oen. _ A Gv h wl g ppl k � , ·= b t -acontast ca ses: s i n cost of • l h h ? P " t 1 c ans oo I traexamnta. es s G v snuteern. ea J w kwlg p I h g v y h l yg ppl l v l G v y w l y l v pl y w kwlg p C y h g h ppl g kg ppl wk lg G v y w l y l v pl y w kwlg p u
u
o
o
u
u
u
o
Discuss possible causes for -: c! this increase. What will the eects be? � yu sw iclu y lv xpls f yu r ad 1 1ram
auall .
·
o
sev ice7 nconv enience7'
en ronment a dama ge
o
wnr� • • . , +v ."'=<
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. x %W1Vf7!K l ' J\X
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iFtS{
B
To what extent do you think this is a positive or negative development?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages o f this situation
Remember
Analyze the question and think carefuly about what it asks you to do. Tr to recognze the type of essay ou have to write Is i • An opinon essay: Do I have to argue one side o the argument ony, or do I have to give a baanced view? • A cause-resut essay • A probemsouton essay? You don't need specia knowedge to answer an essay question but you do need to gve exampes to support your main points Read newspapers as much as possbe so that you know more about these topcs and the arguments you can use
D
Th y h l p g l g h pTh lg h hv l ppllygp Gp v y w l y l v y w kwlg p What are these problems and what solutions can you suggest?
3 Match each instruction in bold in notes AD to an explanation 4 I nee to suggest the cause of a problem, and results it will have in the ture 2 I need to give my opinion in a balanced wa, considering both sides of an argument I need to dene the problem, give more details and examples and suggest possible ways of solving the problem 4 I need to give my opinion on this issue, saying whether I think its a good or a bad thing or whether I agree or disagree
Planning an essay
Remember
Always plan your writing. Decide on your main argument, and the ponts you wish to make for each pa of the question Write brief notes for each pararaph you wih to write Separate the points you make into diferent parts or paragraphs. You normally start a new paragraph when the subject you are writing about changes For exampe whn you finish writing about advantages and start writing about disadvantages Make sure each of your paragraphs has a clear focus and that you write at east 250 �ords.
1 Read the essay question and the essay plans below. Which of the essay plans have these problems? Some essay plans may have more than one answer. I Only part of the essay question is answered. 2 The conclusion repeats the introduction. 3 The essay gives inrmation that the essay question doesn't require. 2 Which essay plan do you think is most appropriate? In many countries the age that people can reti is increasing, making people work longe Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this situation.
Give reasons r your answer and include any relevant examples fm your on knoledge or experience.
inod\on incresed etement �e n ln nd ! ( C\Sed skot & on�-te pobems 2 ',dv,ne: koe tes e.� teckesn ( skote etement moe stess ket SS\ 3 ',dv,nge on g ode wo wejobs yo\n� peope f nc\on m of n dA o\tonpy ess hto pensons?
B
C Intro: retirement age increasing in France
& UK etc. unrest; strikes =
Disadvantages
- shor retirement, stress, heath issues · - older workrce (more expensive) wer jobs r young peope
2
3
Advantages
- working peope more active have a socia ife earn oney - experienced, trained workrce Conclusion unavoidabe wi have benets
4
icreased retirement 9e'e.9: France,nd UK has pdvanta9�s and diadvantes Advanta9es workin9 eole more active have a Social life earn mone - exerienced tied workforce Disadvanta9es ' horter reirement;·stre health iue older workfJrce (ore exensive) fewer jobs for on9 eole Conclsion advanta9es and disadvanta9es to the increae in ension a9e
Structuring the essay
Remember
Use a variety of phrases and structures to make yor wrtng more nterestng to read. Use lnkg words and phrases to connect up your deas
1
Number paragraphs A-Din the correct order accordin o eay lan B abov. Whch arts are ma ots ad whch arts are exames? Whch art troduces the ext aragrah? A Oe of these adatages s that eereced workers do ot eed as much trag as ouger workers A adition advante s that oder eoe are rced to be acte, whch ma resut better heath to od age Work so esures that oder eoe socaze ad ear moe, whch aows them to ead deedet es B t seems therere, that worg oger has bee all: e oder workers, comaes a oug emoees though a ater retremet age s a uouar decso ad t has dsadatages, t s erhas ecessar r a ouato who are g oger C Oe dsadatage s that eoe w hae ess tme to ejo Consequently workers coud suer om heath ssues such as stress A further disadvantage of a oder wororce s that the ma d t dcut to ear ew ss, such as how to use ew techoog Alo, the ore seor workers there are a coma, the wer jobs there w be r oug eoe Oder workers, in addition, cost comaes more because the ear more However, there are adatages to hag more exereced workers a coa D The age of retremet a umber of coutres aroud the word has bee creased b the goermet Ths s art because eoe are g oger ad so eed to work r oger to hae eough moe whe the retre Ths has caused urest some coutres For example, Frace ad Egad there hae be strkesThere are rther dsadatages to a creased retremet age, as well as a umber of adatages
2
Match the words a hrases bod aragrahs A-D to categores -4. I ddtoa deas 3 Cotrast 2 Reasos/Cosequece 4 Exames
3 Comete the seteces wth the words om Exercse Sometes more tha oe aswer s ossbe I The age of retremet has creased eoe work oger Oe dsadatage of a ater retremet s the ossbe heath robems t causes s that oder workers cost more oe to emo 3 Worg oger meas that oder eoe ca be deedet t meas that the sta acte r oger 4 There are adatages t "or kg oger t s ot ouar 5 Some comaes beet om a oder workorce, a coa Swede uses ts oder emoees to tra ouger sta 6 Retrg ater has beets drawbacks 7 Oder workers ma d t dcut to ear ew sks : T ss Skills practice
1 Wrte a essa a r questo toc o age 50 Wrte the ma bod of the essa (ot the troducto or the cocuso et) Use the words ad hrases the box to he ou get into debt take out a loan get a ow-pad job be unemployed have no quaifcatons onthejob traning earn money do manual work have good job prospects gan work experence enter a pofession get an appentceshp academc qualfcatons vocatonal qualfcatons
Skills development
Writing a good introduction
1 Read the essay question and choose the introduction whih lows the advice below. Govements aund the world encourage people to ake better use of public transport, yet the nuber of crs on the roads is increasing annuall. Discuss possible causes for this increase What will the effects be? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant exaples your own knowledge or experience
Good introductions should I summarize the topic without paraphrasing or repeating the question. 2 consider both sides of the question. 3 give an idea of the writer's position or opinion. 4 give an idea of how the essay wi e structured. A
Governments around the world encourage people to make beer use of pubic transport, yet te number of cars on te roads is ncreasing annualy One possible reason r tis s tat public transport s expensive. Tis encourages people to use cars. In te ong ter tis wl mean tat governments wl not provide publc transport
B
People are encouraged to use publc transport rater tan cars Howeve, te car is stl a popular mode of transport s as a number of serous consequences bot or pubic transport and fr te environment Tis essay wi discuss te reasons wy peope preer te car and wil talk about te efects ts coce as
Using a range of language
1 Read introduction B above and nd two synonyms (= words with a simiar meaning) of words used in the exam question. Paraphrasing helps you to use a variety of language in your essa, which makes your writing more interesting. Complete the paragraph with a word om e box. Remember
Read your essay after you have written it. Check that you have not epeated words and that you have used a variety of words to mean the same thing. Check your work for spelling, punctuation and grammar mistakes
comfortable
explanations
convenent
quiet
One reason that people might prer the car is that it is more ( ) than pubic transport. When you travel by car, you can go wherever you want at any time of day or night. Tere is no need to look at a timetable. Further ( ) r the car's popularity is that it s ( ) , private and more () You don't have to share your space with other people's noisy children and you aways get a seat
Being accurate
Lk a e numbeed wds ad he eaher' ot. Corct t ite. Fewe peple use e buses and e as s publ asps mpanes nease e pes d a proft. Tey als mae me ney by he reduction f e umbe f ans ad buses ad s pvde a ws seve a bee. Bu increased car use ave wde nsequees. as ae me aml e enven a as. Oe an w s lled w 100 peple eaes lss hal geeuse gas han ne unded as. 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 artice use fewer p eop le use buses and trains 2 uncountable noun 3 verb combination: to ........ a profit? 4 need a verb not a noun here 5 superlative or comparative here ? 6 verb needs to 'agree with subject 7 punctuation 8 relative clause Use 'who when a person is the subect
Remember
A conclusion should summarize the question that the essay has answered and repeat the main point� of the argument. There are a varety of ways to begin your conclusion e.g to conclude, in conclusion, o sum up. It also helps to learn language which helps you to generalize eg overall in general
Writing an efective conclusion
Read nlusns 1 ad 2 belw and se wh e yu h s bee Use ese quesns elp yu dede. W nlusn - sus up e essay ques n deen wds? denes e ms mpa ause f eased a use? bely sums up e ees f neased a use? 1 To conclude, people prefer to use their car instead of public transport because it is usually more convenient quicker and more omfoable, and it is oftn chapr However, inreased car use undoubtedly causes pollution and congestion Tis is a problem which needs to be resolved in the future
2
In conusion I think th rasons or people choosing to use the ar are because its more convenient than public transpot and publc transport isnt cheap or convenient This choice has a lot of serious eects Perhaps the government should pay for more environmentaly friendly cars and encourage scientists to invent better fuel
L ba a e essay pla a yu e n espse e exam ques belw. Read e man bdy f e essay aga. We e ndu ad lusn f e essa. In countries, the rising of attending university has caused a lot of yo ung people to consider alteative rutes to employment T what extent do you think this a positive or negative development? Give for your answer and incude any relevant examples m your own knowledge or experience.
How much do you now about the ELTS Speaing module? Do the quiz below to nd out. Quiz
In the exam, you speak with A your partner B an examiner C your teacher 2 The exam as three parts. Each part lasts for about minutes A four B ten C two 3 Match the statements to the parts. 1 Yo discuss your opinions abot a sbject. 2 Yo answer questions about yourself and your life 3 You speak on your ow for 1-2 miutes 4 You have time to plan your answer. 5 You are given a card with a topic to talk about 6 The subject you talk abot is connected to the sbject in Part two.
Which of these will gan a higher score i the exam? omplete the table 1 only takig about topics that are familiar to yo eg your famiy 2 linking sentences together with words like 'and, 'because and 'so 3 making frequent grammatical mistakes 4 pronoucing words correctly 5 using a variety of vocabulary 6 repeating the same word many times 7 pasing a lot to think about the anguage you need 8 replying to a qestio with a one word answer eg 'yes Higher score
Lower score
A Part 1 B Pa 2 C art 3
Par1
Skills development
Geing sted Remember
Bring the correct form of identfcaton with you to the speaking exam, for example your passport or identfcation card. You must brng the same form of dntfcation that you used on your applcaton form
1 At the beginning of Part , the examiner will check your identit by asking you questions. Choose the best answer r each of the questions below. I Can you tell me your ll name please? A Good morning. Yes, it's Andrea. B Yes, my name's Andrea Popovska. Yes, it's Popovska. 2 Can you tell me where you're om? I'm coming om Russia but m living in London at the moment. B I'm originally om Moscow in Russia, but live in London now. Moscow, in Russia. 3 Can see your identication please? s, sure, here you are. B Yes. No, 'm sorr, don't have any.
Learning ky vocabulary
1
Pat th xamin will ak yo abo ourslf d 'verda sjecs. Comp min map o b bow wi oabay om o. In
Usefl language busy degree delicious eat out heathy food historic m study seconday schoo subjects
faciities fast food graduatio/graduate fro oder popuatio qualificatio/quafy for suburbs/outskts
main cour�e tpical di�he�
2 A o mo o yo own wo o a mi map. T ma min map h o b bow. 1 2
Fi Wo
Hoiay Li
3 4
5 Famiy 6 Co
7 Yo ony 8 Faoi pa
Answring th qution
Ma qio 1-11 wi a opi om Ei a abo. T omp ah qio i o wo. Answer
Question 1
2 3
4
5 6
i yo a ii i pa? o yo o? o yo o o p ? o o yo yo b i? o yo noy yo ob? yo go o a ig, o yo i o o? ion impoa o yo? .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8 .......... popular is this o in yo oy? pa o own o yo i in? 0 i yo a go o oiay? i yo oi oo b?
I wa a og im ago, I in aon 99, w I wa a i gi. I i o b a oo in . I pn on wa. In Smm, I go oggig, b i Win, I go o gy. W o a o y on ba w i o apa, o, abo o o i a ya. Ba i inig. My oi ig o o i o go o ima. My i a I a i oo o i-ion m. No. Yo o pobaby a paa a naioa i! yon a i, mo o y a. I i in iy , o Hig S. I y oin, b an oi. Babao. W, I ay noy ying Gogap.
2 Which answer(s) do you think A is/are too short? B give(s) enough inrmation? C doesn' t/don't answr the question? D give(s) reasons r the answer? Using the correct tense
Look at questions 13 and underline the verbs. Then choose the answer which best matches the verb rm in the question. I Has your country changed much since you were a child? A Denitely. t is very big with a lot of industry now. B Yes, of course. t was small and quiet when was young. C Yes. t's grown om a small town to a·much bigger place. Was it easy r you to get this qualication? A No, not reall. ve worked hard r years. B Actuall, it was quite dicult. had to work ll time and study at night. C No, it's quite a challenge as don't like studying very much. 3 What would you like to do in the ture? A try to live in the present and not think about the future. B pplied r a job at a law rm last week because lawyers are well paid. C like to study to become a teacher and perhaps have children one day. Remember
When the examiner asks a question, listen to the verb form in the question and try to use the same verb form in your answer. Then, when you continue to give more detail in the rest of your answer, you can use different tenses eg Where would you like to go for your next holiday? I'd like to go to Italy I'd particularl like to visit Rome because Ive never been ee before and Ive heard that it beautful. Last ear we went to Puglia in the South of Ital .
2 ts better to use more than one tense in your answer. t shows you can use lots of dierent grammar structures Underline the verbs in the answer below and say what tenses the candidate uses (e.g. present simple, past simple etc). Examiner: Tell me about your home town. Candidate: J live on the outskirts of a smal, historic town in south-east German Um, Ive lived there for twen three years e town has changed quite a lot in this time It used to be much smaller but a few years ago, a ca mancturer opened on the outskirts and this encoued a lot of people to move to the town to look forjobs Choose the correct tense to complete this answer. Sometimes both tenses are posible. Examiner: Tell me about your bestiend Candidate: Hr name is Frida Ive known I I knew her since we were I have been both at school enny thing is that atrst we didn't I don't like each othe but one day I shout I shouted at a gi who was I has been horrible to Frida and we became I becomeiends We see I saw each other about once a month and we always have I had a great time Im going to see I Im seeing her next week for a very special occasion - she getting married Speaking fluently
Read the answer below and choose the correct question . A B C
What's your vourite hobby? What's your vourite photograph? Why do you like photographs? Wel, I think it probab taking photohs Usual I take my came with me when I go ou, and sometimes I lucky and see something which makes a wondel photo At other tmes, Im not so luc I used to go to photoaphy classes but now I don't have enough money to do that and anwa I prefer to teach myse I love photohy because it a way of keeping a moment in time foreve
2 Find ur adverbs of time and equency in the answer, e.g. usually
Remember
You get a higher score in the speakng exam if you can: • use discourse markes like anway, of course wel at other times • use linking words lke bu becEuse; so • use frequency adverbs lke sometmes usuay never This laguage helps you to organize what you say and to add detail to your sentences. It makes what you say sound more fluent
Look at the words in bold below and match sentence beginnings A-C to endings 1-3 Then answer the questions below the table A B
C
I like playing golf I don't have tme to go to an evening class I usually enjoy walking my dog
and anyway, it's too exesve. 2 but I hate tang him out in the rain 3 because it's a good rm of eercise and you get ots of esh air
n e sentence enins, which word in bold introduces a cntrast? 2 introduces a scond idea that supports the rst? 3 introduces a rason? 4 omplete the anser to the question below with words om Exercises and above Examiner: How popular isfootball in your country? andidate: Well, yu could call it a national spor. Matches are () .. on a Sunday and wolefamiles go to watch I real ejoy watchingfootball (2) the players are reall skil It lke an art. I used to play ( 3 ) 1 had to stop ( 4 ) 1 hurt my knee, and (5) I wasn't very good at it. My brother still pl though and (6) when Jm not bus I go to watch his matches He a much better player than me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,
G Listen to two andidates, and B, answering a question, and read the recording script on page 9 Which candidate do you think gives the best answer? Why? ink about the llong questions Which candidate doesnt hesitat too much? 2 uses a better range of vocabulary? 3 uses grammar accurately? answers al pars of the question ly? 5 has pronunciation which is easier to understand? 6 uses connectin words, linkers and adverbs of equency? Look again at the everyday' subjects on page hoose three topcs and write ur questions that an examiner might ask r each topic Practise answering the questions and record your answers if possible Ten listen to your recording ad complete this checist • • • • •
Did you give enugh inrmation? Did you give reasons r your answer? Did you use the ppropriate tenses? Did you use linng words and discourse markers? Did you use a rage of vocabulary?
Pa2 lnning your nswer: wrtng notes Remember You only have one minute to prepare so dont try to write a lot Just note down single words. Your notes are there to help you, but you shouldn't read them out Just use them as a guide Don't worry if the examiner stops you when you are speaking Its better that you say as much as you can.
1 In Part 2 of the Speaking module, you are given a card with a question on it. You will have one minute to read the question and make notes on your answer. Look at to students' notes r the question below. Which notes do you think wou ld be more usel in an exam? Describe your avouite place. You shoud say: •
where it is
•
when you first wet there
•
what it looks like
and expain why you ike it
A
It's in Croatia on the Dalmatan Coast, t's a city caled Dubovnik. When I was vey le with my famly but went back again last yea Its a waed cty and t's unusual because its suounded by sea Its eally beautful
B
Coata Dubovnk Chd, with amily Last year Walled unusual locaton beautu
Introducing ides nd opinions
You can prepare r Part 2 of the Speaking module by learning usel phrases to introduce your ideas and opinions. hese usel phrases often begin with words that link to the question or to the sentences bere. Some usel phrases are: Wat I like about is that Te good interesting best thing about ... is that Te reason that I like is that Te place person thing I like admire the most is Te place where Irst saw was ...
...
..
..
...
..
...
e.g. Wat I like about runnin is that it isn't competitive. e best thing about runnin is that it not competitive. Te reason I don't likefootball, is that it boring to watch. Te person (who) I admire the most, is my siste Te place where Irst saw David was Forence, in Ita
1 G Listen to a students answer to the exam question on page 59 and tick the phrase (a or b) that you hear. One of my vourite paces is in Croatia. Croatia is one of my vourite places. I like Dubrovik because of its location. What I like about Dubrovnik is its location. 3 You can combine a city break with swimming and sunbathing which is good. The good thing about this is that you can combine a cit break with lots of swimming and sunbathing.
2 Complete the sentences with answers which are true r you Use the prompts in brackets to help you The reason I don't like .................. ............... (a place) is that The interesting thing about ................................... (a person) is that he/she is .................................................... What I admire about ............................. (a person) is that he/she is The good thing about ............... an actv y s that it's 3 Read the exam question and the student's notes se the notes to answer the question Try to use the usel phrases r introducing ideas Describe a restaurant that you enjoyed gong to. You should say: •
where the restaurant was
•
why you chose this restaurant
•
what type of food you ate n ths restaurant
and expan why you enjoyed eatng n ths restaurant
'Efs in Istanbul, Turkey - birthday party recomended by hote Turkish od: kebabs meze pilav great atmosphere food deicious
Organizing your answer
1 0 Listen to a student's answer to the question Describe a piece of art you like' and number the parts of the question in the order that the student answers them A who made it B where you rst saw it what the piece of art is why you like it 2 @ Complete sentences A- with one word en listen again and check your answers A ......... of my v ourite art works is called B The ............. where I rst saw David was in n .........................called Michelangelo created the sculpture D The I like the statue is that 3 Read the exam question in Exercise 5 How does the student introduce each point of the question? A He repeats the points on the card using the same words B He uses dierent words to talk about the points on the card 4 e student adds extra detail which is not included in the question Read the answer in the recording script on p9 and underline the extra detail
5 Read the question and a students answer below. Use the phrases in Exercise 2 above to improve the students answer. hen add extra detail om the box below. Descrbe a pece of art you lke. You shoud say: •
what the pece of art s and who made t
•
what t ooks like
•
where you frst saw i t
and expan why you ke t
at is the piece ofart? It caed 'Composition VJ: e kind ofart is a painting. It abstc A artist called Wassi0 Kadinsky painted it Irst saw it in a alery in New Yrk when I was a music studen I lke it because it is deren Kadinsky thouht that art was like music He said that the soul is the piano with many strins o pnng pned n 1923 Russn rs Guggenhe useu, NeYor Pnng u o shpes - res, seres rnges Los o nes
o denson
Using stress and intonation
1 � Listen to two examples of the same answer. Which example A or B sounds more interesting? � Listen to example B again. Underline words in the rst two lines which are 'stressed (emphasized by being said more loudly or with greater rce). Te person I admire the most is my mothe Te reason I think she wondel is that she has always put her childrenrs Remember
After you finish answering the qestion on your card, the examiner will often ask you some more questions. Try to answer them n complete sentences and give more details where possible
3 Its important to vary the tone of your voice so that you sound more interesting. Read and listen to these sentences. en listen again and repeat them. Copy the intonation used ' �
'
'
e PERSON I admire the MOST Is my MOther. ' � , � � , he ASON I think shes WONDERFUL is that she has YS put her ' � ' CHILDREN FIRST. Skils practice
1 Read the question and make notes. Stop after one minute. Descrbe an nterestng historic place n your country You shoud say •
what the pace is
•
where the place s
•
what you can see there now
and expain why the place is interesting
Practise answering the question Ten pr . actise with another student Complete this checklist r your partner and ask them to complete their checklist r you • • • • • • • • Par3
Did you give enough inrmation? Did you give reasons r your answer? Did you use the appropriate tenses? Did you link your ideas togeher? Did you use cusing phrases to introduce your ideas? Did you answer all the parts of the question? Did you use synonyms and organize your answer correctl? Did your answer sound interesting?
Skills development Discussing topics
Remember In Part 3 of the exam the examiner asks you uher questions whch are connected to the topic of the question in Pa 2. These questions encourage you to talk about less personal, more abstract ideas and topics
1 "hich question(s) (A-F) is asking the speaker to
' consider both sides of an argument? 2 make suggestions and give examples? · 3 make a prediction? A Do you think the Internet is a good or a bad thing? B What are the advantages and disadvantages of learning a reign language? Do you think people wl have more or less ee time in the ture? D What kinds of things do you think students should learn in history lessons? E What do you think the consequences of increasing el prices will be? F Which is better: having a lot of money or haing close iends? ©Listen and say which three of the questions AF above the students answer ©Listen again to the rst answer and number expressions A-in the order that you hear them A whereas Overall though, I think B In my opinion D Unrtunately 4 Listen again to the second answer and match expressions A-E with the correct sentence ending
Remember Part 3 is a discussion with the examiner. Lsten carefully to the examiner's questions and answer each question as fully as possible so that the examner can listen and get a good idea of your language level nclude extra detail in your answer but make sure you answer the question - don't include information which isnt relevant
A I dont think that B I believe that
2
It seems that D Real iends on the other hand E Its much better
3 5
C
I
money can actually make you lonel stay with you whether you are rich or poor to have good iends than mone money can buy you happiness its much more important to have good iends than to be rich
Read phrases A-and decide whether they introduce positive negative or neutral inrmation Ten listen and check your answers However Im aaid that A I hope that B ortunately D Realistically � Skills prctie 1 Choose three of the questions AF above and practise answering them Ten nd
a iend to be the examiner sk them to complete the checklist at the top of the page Did you use language to express your opinion?
Practice test Listening
-;'
1
Questions 1-10
Questions 15 @m Cpl h blw. Wr NO MORE THAN ONE WORDAND/ORA NUMBER r ach awr. Details of the car
Age/ mileage: about (1) ....... years od and has done approx 40,000 miles History had (2) ......·... prevous owners Reason for sale selling it because has a (3) ... in London - no car needed Fina price agreed (4) £..... Appontment offered to meet on Saturday at (5) ......... am in the caf
Questons 610 @P Cpl h r blw. Wr NO MORE TH TWO WORDS ANDORA NUMBER r ach awr. WAYNE'S WHEELS INSURANCE
APPLICATION FORM Name: Date of birth: Car make Registration number Address Total anual insurance (incl. admn harg) A"I 2
Mohammed (6) ........................ 21s 7 ....................... . Pugeot (8) .......................
9 78 Acacia Avenue, Sorbridge, Wolverham pon BM56 YLM 10 £.....................
Questions 1120
Questions 11 nd 1 Ch h crrc lr, , B r . 11 l h h cr ar av Egh pakr. B ar a cr. hav jb law. 1 Th b arg cr agh cc r haf f h yar. B agh l cc g. agh cplly wh vral xa.
Questions 13-17 Cmpl h lw char. Wr NO MORE THN TO ORS AN/OR A NUMBER r ach awr. How to use the virtual learning platfrm (VP) Lg h arm Dad h r () : ad y bk (4 r ]dwad hm m VLP fy d h, ca r y (5) , h�. f y rr, ak d r h va h (6) ·:
G ( m r L a k ar. Quesions 820 Ch THREE lr A-F. Wha THREE hg ca d h ldd larg cr? A parcpa mar a ay m B m wh r r a rglar m l lcr a a m f yr chc d a llm a a a dac E ha mr m h a agm F hav ahr yar cmpl yr dgr Questions 21-30 Questions 2-2 @ Cmpl h c lw. Wr NO MO TH ONE OR r ach awr. 2 h r lad ha Ja alway wll r mar. 22 Ja jy h pychlgy mar ad gd a . 23 h lcr crcal hg wa a ag parclar yp f 2 Ja hld h a h pprg hr d' hr. 2 h r ha Ja ma clam whch ar prvd. 2 Ja d mr a vdc r clam h a. Secton
Questions 270 Wha ar h dadvaag fach p frarch? Ch r awr m A-F lw ad wr h lr x q 2730. 27 Ca d 28 arch papr 29 Irv w 0 ar A d' gv r dald rma. B ca crag a parclar awr. d' prvd gh rma. may ma a hry r argm war. E ca prd vr cc rl. F ca da.
Section 4
Questions 31-0
Questions 31-35
@m Coplete the table below. Write NO MORE T TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER r each answer. Te Great Pyramid of Kufu
Reason r interest
Because of the (31) and size of the pyraid
(32)
5.9 illion tons
Height
(33) etres tall
Materials
(3 4) stone blocks
Date
255 0 BC: took (35) to coplete
Nuber of workers
20,000-3 0,000
Mystery
How could workers ove a stone block weighing o tons?
Questions 36-40
Coplete the diagras ite NO MOE THN ONE WOD NDOA NUMBER r each answer.
38 ......... .
39 -metre ramp
1
You should sped about 20 minutes o questions Passage I eow.
1-13,
wic are ased on Reading
Telescope to detect E on his obile A stronomers are planning to build the world's largest elescope - a machine so powerul it could deect adio sigals om a planet up o 50 light years, or 13.5 billion years om Earth. The giant radio telescope is called the Square Kilometre rray (SK) and will consist of 3000 separate radio dishes and other anennae all linked ogether ino one huge machine. It will generate 100 times more data than all the inrmation currently on the Internet and will need he worlds mos powerl supercompuer o analyze he inrmation it collects B The SK will work in a similar way to other large radio telescopes such as ustralias CSIRO Parkes radio telescope also known as The Dish. The telescope ges its name om he bowlshaped reecor called a dish that is used to collec radio wves om spce. The reecor cuses he wves onto an antenna hat changes hem into electric sigals From he anenna he si gals are ransmited down ino the conrol room at the base of the elescope and are picked up by a radio receiver. This receiver makes the signals stronger. The si gals are hen analyzed by a compuer a another location and the inrmaion is used o draw a picture of the ource of he rdio wves. Compared o The Dish however S will be housands of imes more sensitive. This sensiivity is ecause of is size; he larger the dish or the more dishes here are the more powerul he radio signal can be allowing unknown areas of the universe to be discovered. We know that the universe is incredibly vs conining hundreds of billions of sars said Richard Schilizzi direcor of the SK project. However at present we can only see a acion of wht is out here. The SK will enable us to explore some of its rthes reaches Scientists hope to nd lien lfe inteligen enough to inven radio. The SK will be able to detect a mobile phone system within 50 lght years of Earth but will also probably be able o scan star sysems which are much rher awa because any advanced life rm would have powerl radio emters such as radar and radio sations.
ut looking r evidence of exraerresrial life is us one of many tasks r he SK Scientiss also hope ha he telescope will help em o understand how he rs stars and planets were rmed during a period of time clled rst light. The SK is a it like a time machine said Phil Diamond head of the astronomy and space science division of CSRO he ustralin governments research arm It wi gather radiaion emied more than 13 billion years ago allowing us o ge a picure of wha he univer se looked like then. y choosing he type of radiation we look at we can ge similar picures of he universe om any oher era we choose - so we can watch how it evolved. More han 20 countries will share he estimated £1.4 billion cos of the project r he telescope. Two poenil sies have been chosen one in Wesern ustralia and the other in South ica oh are in he souhern hemisphere because this will give he insrument a direct line of sight into the hear of he Milky Way The SK mus be built on a site completely ee of radio intererence - with the host country promising i will preven the construction of any mobil phone radio or TV masts r up to 50 years. his means i will have o be built mainly in a desert - either in he ouback ofestern usralia or the Karoo of South ica.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has ve paragraphs, A-E. Choose the correct heading fr paragraphs BE om the list of headings below. List of headings i Budgeting for the construction of SKA ii Discoveing the secet oigins of our unvese iii Abilities of advanced ife foms iv Potential to see futhe than before Methods of mapping the ocaton of the panets vi Plans for the wod's agest teescope v Location considerations fo SKA v The coection and anaysis of aio waves
Example Paragraph A
Answer vi
Questions 58
he diagram below shows how a large radio telescope works. Label the diagram. Choose NO MO THN TWO WORS o the passage r each answer. Radio waves
8 ... .......... .. . 5 ................
Questions 913
Do the llowing statements agree with the inrmation given in Reading Passage 1? Write: TRUE FASE NOT GI
if the statement arees with the inrmation if the statement contradicts the inrmation if there's no infrmation on this
9 The S will be made om many parts. 0 The SK wll be the world's most powerl telescope. 11 bout one third of the universe has been discovered 12 Scientists hope to get in touch with aliens by mobile phone. 13 Governments have decided where the SK wll be built.
Reading You should spend aout 20 minutes on qestios 14-6, wc are base o Reag Passae 2 eow.
Like many of his Inca ancestor.Juan Apaza spends Admittedl, every day digging r gold Fo 30 days each month gold mines Apaza woks, without pa, deep inside a mine above the do have a few world's highest town, La Rinconada or 0 days he ces advantages the terible danges - explosions, poisonous gases, tunnel can bring jobs collapses to nd the gold that the wold demands technologies, Apaza does all this, without pa, so that he can spend the and development to poor aeas Gold mining howeve, 31st day of the month taking as much ock as he can wastes moe eney per ounce than any other metal cary om the mine himselThis rck may contain a To mine a single ounce of gold the amount in a lot of gold which could make Apaza a vey wealthy man, typical wedding ing requires the removal of moe but it may be completely worthless But unbelievabl, than 250 tons of ockYet the public continue to buy Apaza and his fellow miners want to take that isk It's a it even though the pice of gold is rising dramaticall ' cruel lotter says Apaza ut at least it gives us hope Jewellery shops ae, without doubt, patly to blame For more than 500 years the deam of gold has attracted They are responsible twothirds of the demand people to this place in Peru The rst wee the ·Inca, then gold, and made $535 bilion in woldwide sales last yea Disappointingl, the origin of the gold and the damage the Spanish whose seach r gold and silver led them caused by gold mning doesn't seem to concen them to take over the New Wold But it is only no, as the Despite action goups tying to stop jewelley sho ps price of gold inceases dramatically it has risen 25 pecent in the past eight years - that 0,00 people have om selling gold om mines that cause serious damage, many counties hich rely on the sale of gold to help come to a Rinconada, turning this once quiet village the economy inore the potests into a horribly polluted town on top of the world a Rinconada is not a pleasant place to live in o to visit During my time hee, I feaed my health and safet a Rnconada has w basic services: no piped wate, no pollution contol, no postal sevice, not even a police station It's a dangeous place, whee no law is espected The dirt and rubbish on the ovecrowded streets ae small poblems compared with the tons of poisonous mercury eleased duing the pocess of separating gold om rock According to Peruvian envionmentalists, the mecury released at a Rinconada and the nearby mining town of Ananea is poisoning ives and lakes t t t t
In many ways, people are interested in gold because there's not much of it In all of histor, only 161,000 tons of gold have been mined only just enough to ll two Olympicsize swimming pools Moe than half of that has been taken out of the gound in the past 50 years Now the wold's supplies of gold ae quicky going down and new discoveies are are Most of the gold le is undergound in ro places which ae oen beauty spots It's only a matte of time bee these are dscoveed by the mining companies
Quesons 14-17 Ch th crrct lttr, A, B, C or D 14 Apaza wrk i th gld mi bca A h d a lltim jb. B h ar a lt f my at th d f th mth. h cld bcm vry rich day. D hi mily hav alway wrkd i a mi. 15 Th mt ri prblm dcribd i a Ricada i th icra i th pric f gld. B th vrcrwdd gld miig villag. th pi rlad it th watr. D th lack f ciliti i La Ricada 16 Gld miig ca pvrty ad mplymt. B rgy t b watd. th pric f gld t icra. D acti grp t blam jwllr. 17 Thr i a hrtag f gld bca A th gld i i prtctd ara. B ppl hav't dicvrd whr it i yt. a lt f it ha b mid alrady. D th gld i diclt t rach. Quesons 18-21 D th llwig tatmt agr with th writr' pii giv i Radig Paag ? Writ: if th tatmt agr with th pii f th writr YS if th tatmt ctradict th pii f th writr NO if it' impibl t ay what th writr thik abt thi NOT GI 18 19 20 21
Th bt f gld miig ar gratr tha th drawback. a Ricada i t a plaat plac t liv. Jwllry hp hld't ll gld. Natr hld b prtctd m mir.
Quesons 22-26 Cmplt th mmary ig th lit f wrd, -E blw Gld miig i a vry () ad dirty bi, bth r th mir ad r th (3) Urtatl, it al vry prtabl. A th pply f gld ha dcrad, th pric f it ha g p, rltig i a highr dmad r gld tha vr br. () i particlar, ar rpibl r th icrad dmad. Althgh miig d crat () it al crat a lt f wat ad () which damag tw, watr ppli ad ara f atral bat. jwllr B mplyr dagr mir' mili E rik F imprvmt virmt H jb I pllti
You should spend about 20 miues o queso 7-4, wc re e Reg Passage 3 eo.
History of Silk Production Silk from the moth, Bombyx mori (L.), has a ong ·and colourfu history uknown to most people Silk production was discovered in 2700 BC amost 5,000 years ago Chinese egend tels the story of Si Ling Chi, a Chinese princess, who sat in the shade of her cout garden, sipping tea beneath mulberry trees She heard a tin noise in the leaves above her, ad a white cocoon dropped into her teacup Instead of picking it out of her drink, she watched as the hot water began to dissove it Soo her tea was ful of shining silk threads and Si Ling Chi imagined the beautiful clothes she might create for her husband Si Lig Chi went on to develop sericulture, the science of sik production She learned to keep sik worms, to colect the sik fibes, to test them fo strength, and how to weave them into clothes Si Ling Chi was later honoued with the name Seine-Than, o 'The Goddess of Sik Woms' Sericuture during the folowing centuies spead through China ad soon became a state secret It emained a myster to other counties for thousands of years In 139 BC, the world's ongest highway was opened, from eastern China to the Mediteranean Sea One of the most valuable commodities to tavel along the road was silk and for this reason, the oad was named 'Sik Road'. B the middle of the first century AD, peope in Rome were becoming fustrated that they could not earn the secrets of the valuabe material but the Chinese kept the secets of sericulture so safe that the early Romans never learned it The Chinese finaly lost their secret to Inda Accoding to legend, the egg of the sik moth and the seed of the mulbery tee were carried to ndia hidden in the headdress of a Chinese princess Fom India the silk industry spread ito Pesia and Centa Asia The empeor Justinian gained the secrets of sericutue for the Roman Empire n 522 AD, when Persian monks brought the eggs into the country iegay In 877 AD, the sodie Biachu captued Canfu, the centre of foreign sik trade in China, destroyed all of the muberry trees and silkworms of the region, and put high taxes o a foeign trade These actions stopped China expoting sik and other goods for more than 60 ears Howeve, b this time, silk poduction was practised in Westen Asia and Eastern Euope and the price of sik around the word remained the same During the 8th and 19th centuies, Euopeans also made impotant pogress in sik production England improved silk-weaving .
techiques and roe printing. In 180, A Frenchman named Joseph Jacquard exhibited his new machine for sik weaving and this gadualy spread through the industry These advances intoduced a moe mechaized and scientific appoac o s poduction than existed previously Sericuture has also been attempted in the Unite d States, but has been largely unsuccessfu Hoping to make a lot of money, thousands of individuals bought muber pants and panted arge aeas of vauabe lad The money they spet was more than the money that was made, and bad weather destroyed the pants n the course of a few yeas, man failures and geat disappointments caused the USA to almost give up sericulture Although there were sevea more attempts at sericuture in Califonia from the 1860's through the earl 900's and some sik was produced duing this time, most attempts failed and sericuture never became permanently established i the state Sik poduction today is a mix of the ancient and the modern The fist stage of sik production is hatching the sikworm eggs Larvae ae then fed cut-up muberr eaves and after a period of time they spin their silken cocoons The sik thread comes from the head of each arva and is stuck together with a sticky substance caled sericin Cocoons are ater washed in hot wate to emove the sericin, which fees the silk threads Single threads are then combined to fom yan This yarn is eventual wound onto eels. The yarn is dried, packed accordin� to quait, ad is now read fo sae Silk worm arva
Mulberry eaf
World sik production has appoximatey doube d during the last 30 years in spite of the competition from manmade fibe China during this peiod has been esponsible for ove 0% of the wold poduction of sik each year Consequenty, the county that first deveoped sericulture approximatel 4,700 yeas ago has again become the world's main producer of sik
Questions 27-31
Match each event with the correct nationai A-H. A Chinese B Romans Indians D Persians E Europeans mericans 27 invested money in sik production
28 earned about sik iegay 29 made sik production mechanica 30 make haf of te word's sik 31 were the rst, after the Chinese, to earn about sik Questions 32-35
Choose FOUR etters AF. Which FOUR of the owing statements are true of sik? A It is a entirey man-made bre these days. B Its prodction was discovered by accident. Its production was modernized in the 1th centur. D It was more success in the past than now. E Its production is a combination of od and new methods. F Its production reached Europe om Persia. Questions 3640
Compete the ow chart. Write NO MORE TH ONE WORD om the passage r each answer.
Process of silk production atching
Slwor (36) h eedig
Lre (37) om the berr ree �
Spinning
Larae roce trea om (3) .
Washing
(3) ashed to separte si threas.
Packaging
S ( 40) creted and pacaged r sae.
1
Writing
You should spend about 20 minute on ti tak The graphs below shw the number of inteational tourists by month and by yea and which regions of the world they visit. Summarze the information by selecting and porting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 wods.
Inbound tourism by month in 2010 International Tourist Arrivals (million)
120· 110� 100 90 80 70 60 50
0+--.------�-------
Jan
Feb
March
April
May June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
International ,Tourist Arrivals by region (million
=
1,200 000 00 00 400 200 950
D Middle East Aca Asia and the Paf Amera I Euope
190
190
10
1990 1995 2000
2010
ou oud end about 40 minute on ti tak Write about te fowing toic: Air travel produces 3-5% of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, and is predicted to become the world's largest cause of envinmental damage and global warming. Govements aund the world plan to increase the cost of flying to encourage people to fly less To what extent do you agree with the govements plans?
Give reaon fr your anwer and incude any reevant exame om your own nowedge or exerience. Write at eat 250 word.
Speaking
Part 1
e examiner asks you some general questions about yourself, your home, your job or your studies. For example:
Tel me about your countr Jat do you do in your spare time? How important is your family to you? Jat are your plans for theture? rt2
e examiner gives you a card with questions on a topic. You will have one minute to think about the topic and plan what you're going to sa. ou can make notes i you wish. You should then talk about the topic r one to two minutes. Describe something you own which is very important to you. You should say: •
where you got it fro
•
how long you have had it
•
what you use it for
and explain why it is important to you
Part3
The examiner asks you rther questions which are connected to the topic o Part 2. ese questions give you the opportunity to dscuss more abstract issues and ideas. Example questions
Let' talk a bit more about possessions
.
Jat' more important, possessions or experiences? Jat sort of possessions give people status in your country? Jat object do most young people want to own? Final let' talk about the role of advertising ... Do you think that advertising inuences what people buy?
Quizp. 7 2 3 4
A e listening test lasts r about 40 minutes. B ere are 40 questions and 0 points. B You will hear each part of the listening once rue.You also have time ater the listening to check your answers. 5 Tre.You will have ten minutes at the end of the listening to transr your answers onto the answer sheet. 6 A wo people taling. heir topic of conversation could be about an aspect of student li. 7 B One person talking.n the second section this could be a presentation on something related to study though it won't be about an academic subject.n the urth section the presentation will relate to an academic subject but you won't need specialist kowledge to understand it. 8 C Up to ur people talkng. is could be a seminar discussion or a discussion between students and a tutor. e topic of discussion is academic but you won't need specialist subject knowledge to understand it. 9 A andC he listening module gets progressively more dicult so Sections 3 and 4 are more dicult than Sections and 2. 0 False.You don't need to have specialist subject knowledge to do well in the exam.
Completing a frm: predicting topic vocabulary p 7 1 3 Accommodation frm. Possible key wordsbedrooms location Minguez. Yes it's Minuez: OK, is that MN - GEZ?' No it'sMNGUEZ'. C.J. OK thank you.Ad your rst name?' t'sCarlos Jerez'. so that's initials �.! s Hmm 3 single. nd are you marriedCarlos?'No'm not 4 student. OKWhat do you do fr a livingCarlos?' Sorry don't understand What's your job?' Oh don't have a job. 'm studn at universi at the moment: 5 3three singles. and'm looking fr a house with three bedrooms r me and my two iends OK so that's three sinles: 6 city centre. D o you want to live on the outskirts of town?' No we like to live in the centre.We haven't got cars and we need to get to the shops and the university:
Understanding letters and numbers p 8 1 2 3 5 6 7
/i/ as in p�yJ KA H i as in beeC D E B G V as in ggMN X F L S Z a as in lY as in nQ as in tooU, a as in c�r R
2 3 7
B 2C 3A IA 2C 3B IC 2A 3B IA 2C 3B max. £300 er month OK well our maximum is £300 per month but that must include bills: 8 5OctoberOctober 5th Well we're in September now so if you want the house r nine months your rent will be starting in October: Yes my iends arrive inEngland om Spain on October 5th 9 07788 976364 N o problem 'll be in touch ...Oh nearly rgot.Do you have a phone number?' Yes but only a mobile it's 07788 97636: 0
[email protected] ... d your email?' Um it's c.minezranadino.es
Avoiding mistakes p. 8 obert lack 2 maletoo many words.Contractions count as two words. 3 twentyone 4 rst yearspelling mistake 5 John'sCollege 6 Engineeringspelling mistake 7 BA abbreviations are acceptable if they are widely recognized.
Sentence completion: dealing with extra infrmation p 9 1 B 2A 3C term 2 Basketball 3 75 seventy ve 20twenty. was actually thinking about joining a couple you get a 20% discount if you join more than one 5 dangerous. don't know.t sounds like it could be danerous and it must be dicult to make iends if you're hitting them: 6 lectures. Mmm.'m not sure about the rowing club. mean like exercise but've heard that the rowers get up at six every day. sometimes can't et motivated to get out of bed r lectures that start at 9!' 7 choir. Y eah me too think choir sounds like it could be excitin;'m denitely thinking about joining that: 8 dancing. Ballroom dancin?!YouMUS be jong! Oh come on Linda it would be n and anyway it would make you light on your et a great sll for a basketball player to have: O ou've convinced me 9
1 B ... think there will be about 5 not includin me and another tutor 2 B ... they'r e second year undergraduates so between nineteen and twen ears old 3 3rd September 3 September Sepember 3rd September 3. We'l l tr to book lane tickets on Saturda 3rd and travel back on the llowing Saturday:
4 10th September/ September/ September 10th/ September 10 he tenth of Setember?' hat's right: 5 7 I seven. So we'll need accommodation r seven nights: 6 690/six hundred and ninetyRiht, well, yo could try Charles Bride Hostel; it's riht near the centre and it's quite reasonable, abot 690 koruna or 30 euros er erson per niht: 25/ twenty-ve It's actally a bit cheaper, 25 euros a night so that's abot the same in ounds sterling 8 486 899 666Charles Bride Hostel is on 486 899 666: 9 castlehostel@prahaworldch It's probably better to send the Castle Hostel an email. It's castlehostelrahaworldch 10 12 pm. / midnihtey're open om 9 until late You can rin u to midnight
Completing a flow chart: listening r key words p. IO b he key word here isphase' which indicates a period of time 1 Honemoon phase, period, two weeks 2 Clture shock, ustrated, rein country 3 Copin teach, culture 4 inredients, local, vorite meal 5 thins, like, Enland 6 Acceptance, knowin, li, UK Student's own answers 2 yes 3 no 1 positive he rst phase is the most ositive at's why a lot of people call it the honeyoon phase' 2 anr. is is the second phase of the process, cultre shock' . . When this happens, a lot of rein students el angr or strated and they stay wth other people om their country because it seems sar. 3 lanuae. One student I kow oered to teach an Enlish person abot her lanage and culture. 4 cook Another thin you can do is to cook your vourite dishes usin inredients yo buy locall, and then invite a ll your new iends rond 5 Find Get out there and nd all the things o do like about livin here 6 Happy is doesn't mean that yo understand everythin abot Enland but that you know what makes ou ha
Labelling a map: using visual clues p. 11 2 1 2 3 4 2
B e cathedral C e town hall Millenium Square / New ay New Street Station he car park St Mary's Hospital in ront of reception doors to the riht of reception, east side of the buildin corridor leadin east om the reception doors 3 Students should tick sta, Adioloy, North, Clinical, Reception At the moment, yo are situated here, just in ont of the recetion in the main entrance To the north of here are the staapartments, where you'll be stayn while you work here If o go through the double doors to the right of recetion and head east alon the corridor, you come to the Accident and Emerency ward or A&E r short.
1 main entrance Jt the moment, yo are situated here, ust in ont of the reception in the main entrance 2 apartments.To the north of here are the staf aartments, where youll be stan while you work here 3 emerency.If you trn riht and o throuh the doors, you come to the Accident and Emerency ward or A&E r short:
4 bus stopsTo the soth of the Audioloy Clinic, across the road yo'll nd eiht bus stos 5 school So, to continue, behind the bus stops, on the riht of the map is the Clinical School 6 hospital.Between this and the Rosie Hosital at the other end of the site are the wards, where most of the patients sleep 7 lifts.Between ards D and E is a set of lifts these small sqares here which will take you up to the second loor and wards M-z: 8 car park.If so, yo can leave your car in the sta car ark to the west of recetion I hope that's all clear Has anyone ot any qestions?'
1 Welcome Our rst task is to be at Halls of Residence to welcome them and show them to their rooms 2 Central Hall Yor second task is to show small roups of students the main fcilities like the librar, doctors and the Central Hall 3 student card When the tor is nished, please brin yor students to the main hall. Here, they' ll sin some important rms and pick up their student card: 4 collee canteens ter that, you need to take them to the collee canteens r an evenin meal: 5 Central Hall.Here's a map showin the tor route we like you to take around the universit campus I like everyone to meet here at midda, at the Central Hall: 6 bridehen you leave the hall, please o throh the main entrance and cross the bride across the lake: 7 Central LibraryHave a quick look around the Central Library and then o northeast towards the Science Block 8 Science Block Have a quick look around the entral Library and then o northeast, towards the Science Block: 9 Students' Centre.If you have any science students, show them the laboratories and then turn riht and o south towards the Students Centre: 10 bus stops.While you're there, it's probably a ood idea to show them where the bus stops are across the road so that they can catch the bus into own 11 Halls en, to end the tour, head behind the Central Hall towards the Halls of Residence 12 leisure centre.It's a ood idea to show them the computer rooms and leisure centre to the north of there
Multiple choice: listening r detail and synonms p. 13 1 essay A scinatin B topic C marks 2 B presentation C modern 1 B It's this end of year essay You said that we can write about one of the nine topics we've studied this term, but I don't know which one to choose 2 C But there are hundreds of books on modern art and lots you could write abot:
Short answers: listening r detail p. 13 1 D You said that we can write about one of the nine topics we've sue s erm .. 2 B ... the seminar on 19thcentur art really made me think about what the word modern' means ... 3 C Well, I didn't do very well on the photograh course; I only ot 60% r my essay' 4 A But there are hundreds of books on modern art and lots you could write about industry 2 two
Matching: identiing opinions p.13
Interested in the subject: 5 Has doubts about the subject2, 3,4 Not interested in the subject 1 1 B 2A 3 B 1 C .imressionist ainters, like Claude Monet. I rer not to write about the same aintins aain 2 B Tm sure you're riht, but I'm havin trouble thinkin of ideas 3 A Well, there's lots of 21st-century artists who use unusual materials to make art ' . I'l l denitely research that rther Skills practice p. 14 1 B e thing I did have problems with was m workli balance I und that I had no time at all after rearin lessons and markin homework to relax 2 C Have you tried to et students to nd thins out r themselves? Perhas you could et them to do some roject work, so that they take resonsibility r their own learnin?' 3 C I can lend you a coule of books if you like (Josh) I suest then, you read some books that ive advice about manain time (Claire) D Like Claire, I really like the students and I think they el the same (Josh) Well, at rst I thouht that I have trouble with the students, but actually, they were all really easy to deal with (Claire) F Yeah, they were reat; such an intellient rou of students. I hardly had to encourae them at all (Claire) I really like the students and I think they el the same (Josh) Incorrect otions A = justJosh so r E just Josh B justJosh 4 C Oh, that's a shame But I'm makin some roress with the kids at this school (Josh) 5 E OK, well, it'l l certainly be a challene I'm a bit worried about one of the studets thouh (Claire) 6 A I really think that next term will ive you some valuable exerience I'm sure you'll do very we: (tutor)
Recognizing paraphrasing p.15 1 2 3 4 5
overate ut on work out disorders unhealthy
1 2 3 4 5
roblems, disorders, irls, maazines women children, ained over, 70/seveny sua e sittin, comuter, exercise overate, women,20stwenties G You've already heard talks om my classmates on diabetes and eatin roblems or eatin disorers' amon teenae irls who are inluence by maes in magazines 2 F ey thouht that they ut on weiht because of a bad diet; the spent all their time looin after their children and not enough time thinkinabout their choice of fod: 3 A Interestinl, these eole were aware that suary, ty od could lead to weiht roblems but chose a n unhealthy diet because it ave them, they houht, a better quali of li 4 B ter a lon da in the oce, they lt too tired to work out at the ym 5 D ey said that their weiht went u and down, deendin on whether they were oin throuh a ood or dicult period of their lives A because it gave them, they thouht, a better quali of li. B worked ten to twelve hours a da a lon da in the oce D deendin on whether they were oin throuh a good or dicult period of their lives E didn't exercise enough the spent all their time lookn after their children and not enough time thinkn about their choice of od. G teenae irls who are inluenced b images in magazines
Completing a summary: recognizing diferences in sentence structure p.16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In summary comletion tasks, the order of words in sentences on the uestion aer is usually difrnt to the order of words in the listenin C 2 3A 4B world heiht low children ae location city
Completing notes: predicting word class p. 17 C Key words bons, bird, dinosaurs (and the notes are written in the ast tense) 2 a bird; the text also mentions ostrich, lphant bir, gant moa a5 b c4 d2 Ga 1 needs a noun (after a reosition). Ga 3 needs a number (after a number but bere a n oun) Ga 6 needs a noun (bere a verb and a comliment) Ga 7 needs a number (bere a unit of measurement) Ga 8 needs a comarative adjective (bere than). Ga needs an adjective (after verb to b)As headin is comparisons could be a comarative adjective.
1 A Each reading passage in the exam is beeen 7 and 8 words long. e texts in this book are generally shorter than this. ter you have practised the reading task with short er texts, you can try to read longer and longer texts. C Reading passages are om books, magazines journals and newspapers. Letters are only in the General Training ELT test. 5A B6 CS D E3 F
41 desert belong 3 million 4 birds s chicken 6 head 7 three/3 8 bigger 9 heavier 1 ly
Geting a general understanding of the passe p.19
Recognizing topic sentences p.18
IE
0
3A
C
SB
Skils practice . 18 1 customer. Marketing involves thinking about what the customer wants and needs ..: long. they might think about how long the product will last. his is called its durabilit 3 fshionable Or the customer might think about the syle of the shoes, whether they are shionable key. Marketers need to consider who the typical consumer is r a product and whether this consumer belongs to a bigger group of people who would buy the product. his group is the products key market advertising s you are all consumers, you'll all be aware of advertising 6 selling. But this is just one of the areas that shion marketers work in. hey also work in product development branding pricing, publiciy, sales promotion selling and recasting 2 7 public. he area of shion marketing you choose to work in will depend on your interests and skills. f you enjoy meeting members o the public market research may be r you: 8 managers. other exciting role is marketing manager. magine you want to sell a shirt to a particular chain of stores 9 sells. You have to make sure that the shirt goes with other items of clothing that the store sells 1 boring. ve been woring in this ndustry r wenty years and it's denitely not boring 11 hard. f you decide to train as a shion marketer though, you will need to prepare yourself r hard work 1 experience. My advice to you is to get some unpaid work experience while you are training
Key for Reading module Quiz p.19 1 1 three r 3 one sixty False. You dont have extra time to write your answers on the answer sheet at the end of the exam. 3 True. Questions ask you to label a diagram or a map or complete a table/ low chart.
I currency words that relate to money poorest, virtual money economic bank notes value $1 to $1 3 words that relate to technology online computer game social impact game virtual social neorking sites
Matching headings to paragraphs p. 20 2 ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix
4
e passage has ve paragraphs and it needs ve headings. he question will have more headings than you need. A ame that makes mone nvestiation of nancial benets he creation of unusual fiendshis New ame with a social urose uccess at an earl stae of the roect e� the ame works trateies r using social neworn sites Charities that benet om the roect uccess at a late stae of the roect e third piece of underlined inrmation explains why Macon Money was invented to brin eole om dierent economic backrounds closer toether b encourain them to meet f you are looking r a reason or purpose its a good idea to look r the words in order to or to'. Paragraph B matches heading vi because the whole paragraph explains how the game works. he paragraph mentions social netorkng sites, but only to say that they are used in the game. t doesn't explain how they work. iii Dv E ii
True, False or Not Given: understanding the dierence p. 2
A B 3C D 21 3 1
virtual local college students/ elderly people no the passage doesnt speci how many old and young people play Macon Mone. t just talks about these age groups in general. TRUE. e inrmation in the passage agrees with this statement. FALE. e inrmation in this passage means the opposite of this statement (local means the shops in and around the town, not across the whole country). NO GVEN. he passage does not have inrmation about who has won the most mone. TRUE. A e 9 people who live in Macon Georgia UA know each other a little better than they did thanks to an online computer game LE. B n the game winning players receive "bonds, which they can then exchange r bank notes o f Macon Mone. ... e bonds rane in value om $1 to $1
3 NOTGIN. C Pairs might spend their money separately, or do something together like share a meal or give the money to someone who needs it more, .. 4 FALSE. C 'e game s designers are hoping Macon Money will bring members of the communiy together. 5 FSE. C says Beverly Blake of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the non-rot rou based in Miami, Florida, that nded the game: 6 FASE D lhough o oney is quite a new innovation, early signs are positive e rst round of the game has seen $65000worth of bonds iven out and 2,688 participants so r sendin $48000 in Macon Money: 7 TRUE E n independent research rm will now evaluate how much economic activiy the game has caused, with results due later this year: Yes, No or Not Given questions: recognizing the claims of the witer p. 22 1 A opinion written in the rst person eg I el very positive .. B claim backed up by Darwins scientic theories C opinion adverb such as unrtunately shows what writer els D claim supported by research ccording to researchers .. Dr Donald Broom, a prossor at Cambridge Universiy says . 3 Similarities beween elephants and humans revealed argues that the study argues that we denitely share similar emotional reactions and thought processes wth elephants: claims that: that claims that human beings have certain characteristics in common with elephants: conclude that Her ndings, published by Universiy of Chicago Press conclude that there is "no doubt that elephants display empathy r one another: demonstates: For instance the study demonstrates that elephants el upset when another elephant is in pain, el angry over disagreements and can recognize members of their mily: describes he study describes elephants touching trunks or bumping shoulders in greeting, while "playl elephants moved their heads om side to side to start a game: details evidence of e project also details evidence of elephants highe thinng skills: reveals However, the study the Amboseli elephant research project reveals fr the rst time the range of emotions that elephants can show: proved that Scientists have even proved that their short term memories are better than humans in some respects: ound to be ey have been und to be more intelligent than apes in some areas, such as route planning a appearance b think ( thought processes) c yes we share similar emotional reactions and thought processes th elephants 2 a angr, upset, sadness b observe c the dierent es of elephant emotions reveals r the rst time the range of emotions that elephants can show 3 a emotions b their bodies/body language c no Answers are YES 2 NO 3 OTGIVEN
O e body language that elephants use is miliar to humans, not the other way round e body language used by elehants is also recognizable to humans. 2 S In addition, the researchers thought they saw evidence of "conversation between the elephants; when the signal to move was given, elephants stood side by side and "discussed which route to take. When this long exchange ended, the elephants moved all together in one direction: 3 OTGIV. e passage says that they have a good memory but doesnt say anything about their sense of direction Elephants also have .. the knowledge to remember routes through the landscape many years after they last travelled them ey have been und to be more intelligent than apes in some areas such as route planning: 4 S. hey have been und to be more intelligent than apes in some areas, such as route planning, while other experiments have shown them as capable as monkeys in co-operating on tasks. Scientists have even proved that their short-term memories are better than humans in some respects: 5 O. ere is considerable support fr her ndings:
Skils practice p. 24 A ix Paragraph A includes several dates om dierent times in histor 2 B iv hats what historians have always believed However 3 C iii ... when the object was und, it was stored in a box marked "wooden bird model .. As a result of their ndings the object was displayed in the museum of Cairo as a "model aeroplane: 4 D ii .. this object seems to suggest otherwise despite the resal of unimaginative science to accept the evidence: 5 E v Gold trinkets discovered in Central Aerica and coastal areas of South America are urther evidence of early ight: 6 F vi ying vehicles are written about in early texts... ere is no shortage of descriptions of ying machines in ancient sources: FASE. It wasnt until the Wright brothers made their rst successl ights of Kit Hawk in 903 that powered lght became a realiy 8 FALSE. However, a small minory of researchers and scientists have reexamined historical objects and have und evidence to suggest that humans achieved light earlier than 20th century: 9 FLSE strange lying object was und in 898 in a tomb at Saqquara, Egypt and was later dated around 200 BCE .. e object was later rediscovered by Dr Kalil Messiha .. 0 OTGIV. Concorde is rerred to but there is no mention of scientists comparing it to the Egyptian model aeroplane; the comparison is made by the author e curved shape and size of the gliders wings are behind its abiliy to ly; a similar ype of curving wings can be seen on Concorde and gave the plane maximum "lift without a reduction in speed: FALSE. But this object seems to suggest otherwise, despite the resal of unimaginative science to accept the evidence: 2 TRUE he archaeologists who discovered them labelled these objects as zoomorphic, meaning animal shaped, but it is unclear which animal they represent: 3 OTGIVEN. Arthur Young was a designer of Bell helicopters and other aircra; he may have built a plane but the text does not say so. 4 TRUE .. lying vehicles are written about in early texts .
Using infrmation in a table p. 25 1 a e word'analysis is the heading of the rst column of the table. b word'analysis occurs in each paragraph of the passage. c Words next to analysis: inared, canvas, brush-stroke, computer d Tpes of analysis should all go in the rst column of the table in the same order that they occur in the passage. 2 a First word in bold in column of the table is'mous, in 'Expert analysis row of the table. is tpe of analysis is described in paragraph B of the passage. A synony of 'amous is'wellknown, in paragraph B. b e word'wellknown appears in the llowing sentence:'who used their experience to analyze the look of a painting and decide whether it matched the style of a well-kown artist c e gap in the sentence in the table needs a noun: the sentence aready has a subject and a verb (matches) so it needs an object. e word 'style is already in the sentence in the table, so this cant be the answer. 'the look of the painting is matched to the'style of the artist in the passage, so the answer must be'look. d Limited: Experts cant date () or see through paint. Refers to'xpert analysis: paragraph B Synonym of'date (verb) in passage:'identi the age Word needed in gap: noun (llows verb) words around synonym in passage:'e human eye cannot identi the age of the materials used, or see underneath the paint to the canvas that the artist painted on: answer: materials Looked at (3) below Italian painting Rers to 'nfared analysis: paragraph C Synonym of'below (preposition) in passage:'underneath Word needed in gap: noun ( llowng a preposition at needs an object) words around synonym in passage:'By analyzing the painting with inared, scientists discovered that the drawng underneath the painting was done in pencil, a material which wasnt available in the 5th century answer drawing Quantity and (9) of strokes counted by a program. Rers to'Brush stroke analysis: paragraph E Synonm of quantity (noun) in passage:'number rd needed in gap: noun, probably abstract same class of word as'quantity) words around synonym in passage: computer program studies the colours used by a particular artist and counts the number and combination of brush strokes used across a paintings answer: combination a e rst word in italics is'discovery. It relates to'Expert anaysis, dealt with in paragraph B of the table. b dierent rms of'discovery could be'discover,'discovered (verbs) c 'Of course, its possible r rgers to avoid being discovered by inared analysis.. d Word needed in gap: verb (llows the subject of the sentence 'rgers). Verb in sentence in passage, bere 'being discovered:'avoid
4 look materials 3 Inared 4 drawing 5 avoid 6 Xray 7 number I quantity 8 accurate 9 Brush stroke 10 combination
Using infrmation in a diagram p. 27 1 ere are ur labels that you have to complete Four parts of the eye are already labelled. 2 the verb'to see relates to'vision. receiving light and sending electrical messages: 'some parts receive light into the eye and some send electrical impulses, or messages, which communicate an image of what we are looking at to our brains a e pupil is in the middle of the iris. e pupil . is in the middle of a coloured circle, called the iris b e retina is at the back of the eye.'.. controlling the direction of the light so that it is reaches the right place at the back of the eye is area is called the retina c Muscles go behind the eye.'Six muscles attaced to the sides of the eye and going behind it allow it to move at an angle of 80 degrees but prevent the eye rolling backwards d e sclera is on the outside of the eye.'e white layer around the outside of the eye, called the sclera, protects the delicate insides of the eye om danger by preventing small objects om getting into the eye 4A iris'e iris makes the pupil reduce in size e amount of light that goes into the eye is controlled by the changing size of the pupil . B sclera.'e white layer around the outside of the eye, called the sclera, protects the delicate insides of the eye om danger by preventing small objects om getting into the eye C pupil'e pupil is a black hole which allows light into the e y e: D muscles.'Six muscles attached to the sides of the eye and going behind it allow it to move at an angle of 80 degrees but prevent the eye rolling backwards E retina.'e retina converts light into electrical messages & Students answers will var. 6 Muscles
3 Iris 1 ona
- 4 n 2 Ppi
Sentence completion: recognizing word class a nd synonyms p. 28 1 I a, noun (could be plural or abstract, not requiring an artice) 2 , ver, present 3 a, pura noun ( to match rods) 4 a, pura noun (to correspond with ver 'stop) 5 a, pura noun (to ow adjectives 'tiny, airorne dayight 'They recognize coour and detai and need dayigt to work : 2 transmit 'Rods . do not recognize coours They transmit inration in black and white to the rain 3 cones 'Rods outnumber cones; there are approximatey 20 miion of them in the eye t is the rods w hich hep us to "see in the dark 4 Musces 'Six musces aow it to move at an ange of 80 degrees ut prevent the eye roing ackwards 5 oects. 'Because the eye is open to the outside word, small ojects can into it Eyeashes stop this om happening Bot answers are incorrect ecause tey dont use the words in the passage Sentence 2 shoud use the word ' transmit rater than 'send and sentence 5 shoud use the word 'ojects rather than 'things Sentence 5 aso uses o words where one is required, and 'sma is a repetition of 'tiny Summary completion: passive sentences p. 29 1 No, the suject of the summary sentence is 'The changing size of the pupi the suject of sentenceA is 'The amount of ight that goes into the eye 2 The summary uses present simpe, sentenceA uses be + past participe 3 e summary sentence is an active sentence sentenceA is a passive sentence. C 'wich are ten sent to te rain aon the optic nerve Summary 'Back and white inrmation is transmitted to the rain y 'The eye is rotected oth y our eyeashes and Gap 2 ver in -ing rm as it ows a preposition Gap 3 noun, owing denite artice the Gap 4 noun, oject, owin the ver trnsmitted.As sentence is in the passive, the oject wi e the 'doer of the action ie what transmits the inrmation to the rain? Gap 5 adjective, ere another adjective (protective) and ere a noun (layer) 2 contracting 3 optic nerve 4 rods 5 white Skills
practice p. 30 1 pod(s 2 Te Omecs 3 savoury 4 currency 5 sweet 6 wedding 7 chocoate ouses 21 apricots 2 accident 3 (sma rait 4 (wedding) guests 5 expensive 6D 7G 8A 9H
IOC
Multiple choice questions: reading the question p. 32 Paragraps A, B and E e wrter s toughts and opinions 1 are important in questions 2 and 3 Te second question 'Why is there damage to the 2 environment? ii No, the text says Rizhao is 'rearin to et much ier this is taking aout the tue The paragraph says more aout Chinas deveopment than Rizhaos iii Roads are rerred to in paragrapA 'The road into town is eight anes wide, even tou at the moment theres not muc trac Tere isnt a cear ink eween roads specicay and greenhouse gases in the paragraph iv ron is rerred to in paragraphA '. arge quantities of iron arrive every day y ship Te eect that iron has on the environment isnt specied v Yes 'e growth of cities increases the amount of harm reenhouse gas reeased into the atmosph ere ts this kind of expansion that has increased the produc tion of goa warming gases in China Te writer descries greenhouse gases as 'harm which is a synonym r 'damaging. Option D is therere the correct answer i 'a reason has a simiar meaning to 'purpose. ii Paragrap B doesnt give exampes of proems so optionA proay isnt correct iii 'Environmentay iendy has a positive meaning Soar energy is mentioned The paragraph taks aout the 'whoe of China, as we as Rizhao d its not ju st Rizhao which is spending money on renewae, environmentay iendy energ, the whoe of China is numer in the word r using renewae energy technoogy Option B, therere, is proay not correct iv Tere is ony one phrase connected with the economy in paragraph B 'spending money· This phrase doesnt tak aout the economy in itsef ut species that the money is eing invested in eing environmentay iendy . Option C therere is not correct v 'e whoe of China is numer in the word r using renewae energy technoogy is emphasizes Chinas achievements in protecting te environ ment is is the correct option i 'the tureThe date in te paragraph is 2030 ii 'excited is simiar to 'optimistic. Te writer doesnt seem excited aout the ture He descries the picture of the ture as 'dark. OptionA isnt correct. iii The writer does oer soutions to the environmenta proems, eg internationa coaoration . So the situation isnt hopeess. Option B therere isnt correct iv e sentence 'ts a dark picture indicates that the writer is concerned, or 'pessimistic aout the scientists predictions. This option is therere correct V Te na ine of pargraph E suggests that the writer es personay invoved in the proem of goa warming 'n the end, no one country can take responsiii r saving the environment we are a responsie Option D therere is not correct.
Recognizing synonyms p. 33 1 2
3 4B C D E
ere are three correct answers. Number of people increasing = growing population; ssil els oil, coal and gas new jobs = esh employmet opportuities more moey= greater wealth energy-hungry demand r power rapidly quicky energy power needs to grow eed to develop speding their moey buy not correct e paragraph mentions ssil els but doesn't say that there is a shortage correctChina's economy eeds to grow by 8% a year ad the govermet ees to prouce esh ob opportunities r the growng population correct People with greater wealth' are spening their moey o technology', the demand r power is increasing' correct Rers to the gro�ig populatios of the new cities'
Understanding graphs: choosing the most important inrmation p. 38 1 a SE e numbers on the vertical axis represent moey in pounds sterling b TRUE TRUE d TRUE e ALSE People i Wales earned about 50 pous more in 00 than in 007 f TRUE g LSE n the year 00, i Engla the average amount earne per week was about 60 poun s more tha the amount earned in Wales in the same year 2 mportant, geeral irmation: statements c, d and More detailed inrmation: statements e and g
Describing data p. 39 Matching fatures: recognizing paraphrasing p. 35 1
In matchng tasks, the categories are i the same order as the order they appear in the passage 2 One fth' is similar to 0 percent' without work' is another way of saying unemployed' Setence A rers to the unemployment rate' e same words are used i both seteces but the sentences are costructed ierently. improve' is similar to recover' the ecoomic situation' is similar to the economy' 3 Setence uses technique ii Sentece uses technique i Sentece uses technique iii 4 C D E B C 6A 7B
1 2 3
C D B A,B,C,F,G A , 7 B , 6 C 5
Structuring a chart description p.40 1 2
D,
Key for Writing mdul Quiz p. 38 1 5 2
D B D E D 6 E 7 E D 9 E 0 E A E B C E 6E 2 A lowest B much C higher D overall E just, a little, quite 3 he example aswer includes some of the numbers i the graph Numbers are included afer a statement is made about the graph Numbers support important points, r example the biggest, or smallest piece of inrmation 1
he writing module lasts r miutes You shoud spend 20 minutes on Task You should spend 40 miutes o Task You should write at least 150 words r Task You shoud write at least 250 words r Task Task:D a description of a process, F a descriptio of data in a graph, chart or table Task :A an essay giving opinions or respondig to a problem 3 B,D, E,G You on't get more marks if you: A have neat hawriting However, if the examiner caot read your writing, you will lose marks C write a lot more tha the number of wors suggested he examiner will stop marking your writing after they have rea up to the recommended umber of words F include as much detail as possble i your answers he detail you include needs to be relevat ad help you to explain the main point
C A D B A ranging between six and nie percet C Together, these constitute 7 percent D at just over 0 percet at just over 0% B D A C
3
Writing an introduction to a graph description p.41 1 2 3
amount of moey eared = wages jobs occupations every year anual C D A B graduated completed their stuies discipline subject higher eucatio uiversit participated took part global= around the world literacy rate percentage of me ad women who could read and write tpical average quarterly every three months
Model answer
he bar graph shows the umber of people who used the nternet in ierent areas of the world in 0By r the greatest number of nte"et users were iAsia, at 9 millionJust over half of this number of people used the nternet in Europe, at 76 million Oceaia / Australia had the lowest number ofnternet users at just over 0 millio
Describing changes over time p. 42 A Figure 3 B Figure 1 C Figure 2 and
/
I
(Adjective +) noun
Verb (adverb/ adjective)
a rise / an increase
to rise
a fll / a decline
to ll
a sharp rise (a drmatic rise also possible)
to rise dramatically
a steady decline (a steadyfa also possible)
to decline steadily to remain stable
a slight increase
/
to increase slightly
a steady rise (a gadual increase also possible)
to rise steadily
a luctuation
to luctuate
Note the tense use: past simple to describe a change over time which nished in the past Beeen 1990 and 1995 the percentage by 3% and the same fll occurred beteen 1995 and 2000. Use the present perct to describe a change over time which continues until now: e numer of people in the world who do not have clean water to drink has declined steadily since 1990.
1 D 2 B 3C 4 A Sentence A is supported by infrmation in sentence 2 Sentence C is supported by inrmation in sentences 13 and .
Comparing two sets of ata p. 45
Skills practice p. 46 Model answer
ese two sets of data compare the time taen r commuters in the UK and in Londo to travel to work with the average amount of money earned by the same commuters per hour A large proportion of London commuters (40 per cent) travel r between half an hour and an hour to get to work, comp ared to just 17 per cent of commuters in the rest of the UK In contrast46 per cent of worers outside London travel r less than 15 min utes whereas only 18 percent of London commuters have such a short journey time. e second graph shows that there is also a dierence beteen the amount of money earned by London employees and those workig in the rest of the UK, with those working in Londo earning beteen approximately £2 and £5 more. Overall, the graph shows that the longer the journey timethe more an employee earns; employees in Lodon who travelled r more than an hour earned around £18 whereas those who travelled r a quarter of an hour earned approximately half of this sum e same applies to commuters living in the rest of the UK.
Organizing your writing p. 46
1 2
Comparing data to show change p. 44
e best answer is B. To describe every piece of inrmation in each graph will take too much time. You nee d to choose the most pott p. however, in contast whereas. However and in contast often go at the begining of a sentence.
Te best opening statement is C because it mentions both
sets of data in the graphs (UK and London) and paraphrases the title of the graph.
3 A B C D
e description starts at the 'Evaporation poit of the diagram - when water evaporates om the sea his is a good place to start as the reader will understand where the water comes om originally. TRUE FALSE You should separate stages of the diagram into dierent paragraphs TRUE. As this is a diagram of a cycle there isnt really a general patter to describe. Whenas Ater that Once Eventually
Choosing beween the active an passive p. 47 A Wen water is heated y the sunit evaorates om the ocean into the atmosphere. It also rises into the atmosphere om plants and trees B Eventual the water in the clouds lls back dow to earth C e water is used by trees and plants 1 is heated is used 2 e water is the subject of all the sentences 3 e water is the most important thing in each of the sentences and in the description 1 2 b 3b
Describing a map p. 48 1 Type 1 a map that shows to or more possible loctions r something 2 A new airport 3 e town of Stanfrd In the nature reserve
2 3
Yes. s may dsturb resdents ofthe town, i . some trees woud need to be cut down, g l , For sat reasons, the ste n the nature reserve woud probaby be better r the peope of Stanrd A , i .
Model answer
hs daram ustrates the process ofman and packan quorce Lquorce s a sweet made om wheat our, back juce, anseed o, suar and sat. Other nredents are aso used Frst ofa, the nredents to make quorce are put nto a hh pressure cookerey are then mxed toether and cooked n order to make them nto a paste e heated paste s taken out ofthe cooker and bere t has cooed, t s pushed throuh a n extruder so that t's made nto a on, thn ece ofquorce s on pece ofquorce s then put onto a conveyor bet to coo Once the quorce strand has cooed, t passes aon the conveyor bet and s cut up nto peces by a cutterter that, the quorce peces are panted th a qud, caed a aze Fnay, the quorce peces are packaed n pastc n order to be sod to consumers
Skills development: analyzing the question and identifing the essay tpe p. 50 1 2
9 B 5 C 4 D , Exampe notes B In some countres - which? aternatve routes to emoent - some alteatves:
Exampes: For exampe, n France and Enand there have been srkes Lnk to next pararaph: ere are rther dsadvantaes to an ncreased retrement ae, as we as a number of advantaes C Man pont: One dsadvantae s that peope w have ess tme to enjoy Consequenty, workers coud suer om heath ssues such as stress urther dsadvantae of an oder workorce s that they may nd t dcut to earn new sks, Exampe: such as how to use new technoo Man pont: so, the more senor workers there are n a company, the wer jobs there w be r youn peope Oder workers, n addton, cost companes more because they earn Lnk to next pararaph: However, there are advantaes to havn more experenced workers n a company key ponts 4 B key ponts 2 n addtona advantae; n addton; so; rther dsadvantae; as we as Consequenty; therere However; thouh 4 For exampe; such as 3 Consequenty/ therere rther dsadvantae aso 4 However 5 For exampe 6 as we as 7 such as
apprenticeships, start at the bottom of a company and work up
To what extent do ou thnk ths s a ostve or neatve deveoment? - how far do I aree or disaree that this is positive?
C ae that eoe can retre s ncreasn' -nish work later advantaes keep active, more experience stay independent. dsadvantaes' - tired/stressed dcult to learn new skils expensive for employers
D behavoura robems - eg becomin withdwn believin reali and virtual word the same soutons' - limit to computer time? censor unsuitable material? discussions in lessons at school?
3
C
D
4B
Planning an ess p. 51 1 Pan ony dscusses the dsadvantaes o ater retrement In Pan C, the concuson repeats the ntroducton In Pan , the essay ves nrmaton that the essay queston doesn't requre: the concuson oers soutons 2 Pan B s the most approprate
Structuring the essay p. 52 1 D Man ponts: ae ofretrement n a number ofcountres around the word has been ncreased by the overnment hs s party because peope are vn oner and so need to work r oner to have enouh money when they retre hs has caused unrest n some countres
1 Exampe pan: Introducton: costs more to o to unversty - schoo eavers try to nd another way to et a job - postve and neatve aspects Postve thns: - Good r more practca peope - tran to earn how to become a pumber / mechanc Earn money straht away: ndependence - vods hue student oans and debt Neatve aspects: - Not sutabe r those who want a more academc job - Can't compete wth raduates - shortshted: doctors I scentsts/ teachers ofthe ture? Concuson: Neatve aspects outweh postve
2
Model answer
One advantage of not going to universit is that young people can start earnin mone immediatel. is helps them to become nancially independent quicky and to start saving r important things, like a house. is is impossible r graduates because many of them have to take out a loan to pay their way through university A rther advantage of going straight into work is that it provides practical people with good on-the-job training. is aroac is erct r tose who nee to learn sille manual work such as plumbing However, r other people, there are many disadvantages to missing out on university A disavantage r some students is that it limits their jo prospects Without a degree, its very dicult to enter into an academic eld such as research or medicine, particularly i f there's competition om graduates is has consequences r the ture; with wer grauates, there's likely to be wer octors, scientists and teachers in the ture.
iting a good introduction p. 53 1
Introduction B llows the guidelines. Introduction A repeats the exam question, and introduces arguments that elong in the body of the essay (eg possile causes and eects).
Conclusion: In conclusion, on balance I think that the disadvantages of not attending university ou . o nts can avoid getting into debt, they ma y have a disappointing career because they do not have good qualications, an in sociey as a whole the result might be a shortage of qualied people in highly skilled academic elds.
Key for Speaking module Quizp. 55 1 2 A Part 3 Part 1 3 Part 2 4 Part 2 5 Part 2 6 Part 3 Higher score: 2, 4 and 5 Lower score: 1, 3 6, 7 and 8
Using a range of language p. 53
Getting started p. 55
1
1 e best answer is B because she gives her rst name and surname. The other answers don't give the candidate's ll name 2 e best answer is B: it uses correct grammatical structures and gives more detail. Answer A has some grammatical mistakes and answer C is too short. One or two word answers will lose marks. 3 e best answer is A: it shows that the candidate has good conversational English. C is grammatically correct but i f the candidate does not bring identication with them, they can't do the speakng exam
21
2 3 4
eects = consequences, causes reasons convenient explanations quiet comrtae
Being accurate p. 54 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
fewer people use buses and trins
transport to make a prot reucing worse has Cars wich
Learning key vocabulary p 56 1
Home Tow: bus, cilities, historic, modern, population,
2
suburs/outskrts, Education: degree, graduation/graduate om, qualication/quali r, secondary school, study, subjects Food: delicious, eat out, main course, st o, healthy od, typical dishes Student's own answers
Writing an eective conclusion p. 54 1
Conclusion 1 llows the guielines. Conclusion doesn't sum up the eects of using the car an it introduces a new idea, not discussed in the main body of the essay
Skills
lUP!" 'tro
p.
1 Mode answer Introduction: In countries such as the UK and the USA, its ecoming increasingly expensive r school leavers to study at university is has led many young people to ecide not to atten university and to nd a jo in a dierent wa. In my opinion this situation has a w advantages but it also has a number of rawacks.
nswering the question p. 56 1 Favourite places ; Work and 5 Leisure 3 and 6 Friends 4; Clothes 7; Food / Your country 8; Home town 9; Holidays
10 Education 11
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9
10
When What What How Why When, what Is How Which/what When What
2
A: , 5, 7, 0 and B: ,,4,6,8,9 C: e question asks about your job now not your job in the future. D: 4,6
Using the correct tense p. 57 1 Has your country changed much since you were a child? C Yes. It's grown om a small town to a much bier place. Al options answer the question but Option C uses the same verb rm Was it easy r you to et this qualication? B Actually, it was quite di cult. I had to work ll time and study at niht. AnswerB is best as it uses the same verb frm AnswersA and C are rammatically correct but don't directly answer the question. What would ou like to do in the ture? C I like o study to become a teacer and perhaps have children one day. Answer C is best as it uses the same verb rm Answers A andB are rammaticlly correct but don't answer the question 2 Candidate: I live (present simple) on the outskirts of a small, historic town in south-east Germany Um, I 've lived (presen perct) there r tentythree years e town has changed (present perct) quite a lot in this time. t used to be (used to) much smaller but a w years ao, a car manucturer oened (past simple) on the outskirts and this encouraged (past simple) a lot of people to move to the town to look r jobs 3 Candidate er name is Frida I've known her since we were both at school. e nny thin is that at rst we didn't like each other, but one day I shouted at a irl wo was horrible to Frida and we became iends We see each other about once a month and we always have a reat time. Im going to see I I seeing her next week r a very special occasion she's ettin married Speaking fluently p. 57 1 A What's your vourite hobby? 2 usually, sometimes, at other times, now 3 A B C 1 but anyway 3 because usually because 3 but 4 because 5 anyway 6 sometimes Skills prctce p. 58 1 CandidateB ives a better answer CandidateA esitates more thanBAnswerA also has vocabulary and rammatical mistakes (t an interestedjob; we are ettin very tired at the end ofterm). heir pronunciation is very dicult to understand because of their accent. ey don't use connectin words
2
3
Possible questions r some every day topics: Family:Do you have a bi or a small mily? Is mily iportant to you? Why/hy not? Which is more important, mily or iends? Clothes:Do you ever buy clothes online?Do you spend more money on clothes or on other thinsDo you fllow shion? Your country: Tell me a bit about your country. What would you suest a tourist visits in your country? Model answers: Is mily important to you? Wy/why not? Yes, denitely. I 'm very close to my mily and they have supported me when thins in my li were dicult My mily also helps me to remember who I am We share important memories toether and we all come om the same place and ave similar beliefs. Do you ever buy clothes online? Yes, sometimes Internet soppin is very usel when I don't have time to o shoppin or if a particular sop is online but not in my town I think I probably shop online about once a month What would you suest a tourist visits in your country? ere are so many thins to see! First of all, I suest that they o to the capital city, Rome. ey can see the Roman ruins there and perhaps visit the Vatican Cit ey should also o to the coast wile they are there; teAmal coastline is very beautiful and very mous. Of course, they shouldn't o home without visitin lots of ood Italian restaurants!
Planning your answer: writing notes p. 59 1 e notes inB would be more usel Notes inA are written in ll sentences ere won't be time to do this in the exam Aso, it's temptin to read ll sentences out loud, which isn't a ood idea. Introducing ideas and opinions p. 59 1 la 2b 3b 2 Students' own answers 3 Model answer A restaurant I ve really enjoyed eatin at is Es. e restaurant is in Istanbul, wich is the place I visited last year, on holiday with my iends We decided to o out r a meal because it was my birthday and we wanted to celebrate it. e reason why we chose E's was because the hotel sta recommended it to us ey said that the od was ood, but not too expensive and a lot the locals ate there didn't want to eat in a restaurant l of tourists. We ate lots of dierent ods that niht, but I remember delicious kebabs, meze and pilav, particularly One of the thins I liked about te restaurant was the atmosphere It was very iendly and te sta wanted you to ave a ood time. other thin was the od it_ was the best meal out I've ever ad Organizing your answer p. 60 1 C B A 4D 2 A One B place C artist D reason 3
B
4
5
Extra deail: It's made om Italian marble,
taken om the mountains near Carrara, in Tuscany. It's a very big sculpture; about ve metres tal I learnt later that ts is only a copy of the original statue. he original is in the cademia' gallery in Florence. He lived and worked in the 15th century e's a very mous artist He made lots of amazing sculptures and he painted the Sistine Chapel in Rome, too. Model answer
One of my vourite art works is called Composition VII'. It's a painting and it was created by a Russian artist cled Wassily Kandns It was panted n 923. It's cut to describe the painting because it's abstract. It's ll of shapes, such as circles, semi-circles and trianles e shapes don't look like a potograph, they aren't threemensional. t all looks very lat and very colourl. e place where I rst saw Composition VIII' was in the Guggenheim Gallery in New York when I was a music student e reason I like the painting is that Kandins was trying to do something derent to other artists. He was trying to paint abstract ideas on canvas, not just to copy objects om real li. Kandinsk tried to represent the sounds of music in a painting. nd that really interestin Using stress and intonation p. 61 Example B sounds more interesting because the speaker uses a variety of intonation and stresses particular words e erson admir the most is my mother e reason I think she's wonderl is because she has alwas put her children rst. 1 Mdel answer
Well, a place in my country which I nd scinatin is Stonehenge. Um, it's a circle of huge stones which have been standing r centuries in the southwest of England Nowadays, you can still see the stones but you can only walk near them on particular days, r example, a day called the summer solstice'. e reason why I nd Stonehenge interesting is because it's mysterious. Nobody really knows how or why it was built all those years ao. Lots of people have dierent beliefs thouh ... Discussing topics p. 62 A, B, 2D 3 C, E 2 CandidateA answers questionA. Candidate B answers question F. Candidate C answers question C. B 2A 3D C 4 A B C D2 E 3 5 A positive B positive C negative D neutral
del answers
B What are the advantaes and disadvantages of learning a rein lanuae? Well, I think the advantages actually outweih the disadvantaes, particularly nowadays In many countries, it's necessary to ow how to communicate in a reign lanuae in order to do business and of course, a rein lanuage is really usel if you want to travel on business and on holiday Um, I suppose one disadvantae miht be that you don't el yoursel, mean, f you speak a lanuae whch sn't yours a lot, you sometimes lose a bit of who you are D What kinds of thins do youthink students should learn in history lessons is is a dicult question to answer because it depends very much on your country. Um, when I was at schol, we learnt a lot about history which happened in the last century, r example, the orld Wars I und it interesting but I think history should actually tell you about your countr, so you et a good idea of where you live and why you should be proud of your country.Also, I like to learn about history which goes back rther, you ow, who was the rst ng or queen of my country I sometimes el embarrassed because I don't know anything like this.
Key fr Pacti s Listening 1 nine/ 9 2 one/ 1 3 job/ work £500/ ve hundred pounds 5 1130 half past eleven 6 Al-Shari 7 October 199 8 205Diesel 9 3 GGB 10 £1,250/ one thousand, two hundred and ty pounds 11 C 12 B 13 assinment/ readin list or reading list / assinment 1 (the) Internet/ internet 15 email 16 student rum 17 rade Questions 1820: C, E and F 21 prepared 22 listening 23 questions 2 evidence 25 concerned 26 data 27 C 28 29 D 30 B 31 weiht 32 mass 33 16/ one hundred and rty six 3 2.3 million/ 2,300,000 35 80 years/ eight years
36 straight 37 stone 38 buildings 39 60 I sixty 40 internal
Reading 1 B viii 2 Civ 3 Dii 4 E vii 5 dish / relector 6 antena 7 (radio) receiver 8 computer 9 TRUE 10 TRE NO GIVE 12 FSE 13 SE 14 C 15 C 16 B 17 C 18 19 YES 20 YES 21 OT GIVE 22 C 23 D 24 A 25 H 26 I 27 F 28 B 29 E 30 A 31 C Questions 32-35: B, C, E, F 36 eggs 37 leaves 38 eads 39 cocoons 40 yarn
Writing Model Aswer fr Task I
he two graphs detail how many millio tourists arrived i particular countries around te world. e rst chart shows tourist arrivals by month, ov er a period of oe year In 2010 ubers of tourists started at just uder 60 iio ad rose steadily until the y reached a peak of just over 110 million i July ter that numbers ll sharply until they reached around 68 million in oveber e second grap sows that in 2010 te total number of tourist arrivals reached its peak at 94 0 millio. Overall te greatest number of tourists lew into Europe, increasing to just under 500 million in 2010. e nuber of tourists visiting Asia shows a draatic growth, om around 20 million i 1980 to 200 million in 2010, whereas the icrease in tourists visiting the Americas was steadier, icreasing om around 50 million in 1980 to approximately 100 millio in 2010. e number of tourists in the Mddle East and Arica as also grown over the period, peakng at around 30 million in 2010 Overall, despite slight luctuations i numbers the number of tourists travelling aroud the world is increasig. Model Aswer fr Task 2
Aeroplaes cause up to 5 per cent of the global amout of carbon dioxde, which damages te ozone layer his as led the governet to try to decrease te aout of air travel by increasing its cost. I think there are both disadvantages ad advantages to the governmet's plans I ll begin with the disadvantages Bec ause of the popularit of lying, airports are getting bigger My local airport, r example, has doubled in size over ve years. e expansion of airports creates jobs. If the number of passegers decreases, jobs ay be lost. Another disadvantage is te negative impact tat decreased trav _el will ave on busiess Bsiness n owadays is global ad people y in order to make deals. If this isn't possible because lying gets too expensive it may have a negative impact o the economy, althoug wit the Interet, it's sometimes possible to do business oline ere is one major advantage to wer peo ple yg; it will help to save the environent. If we ca reduce the amount of carbon dioxde released into the atmosphere, global warming will slow down ere are also more local advatages. Fewer plaes means less noise pollution ere will also be less dager of our natural enviroment being damaged by t e building of new roads and ruways If wer people y, it also ay ea tat te national tourist trade benets Overall, I think tat the advantages of raising te cost of air travel outeigh the disadvantages We need to nd a way of saving the environent and reducing air travel would do this both globally and locally It may also benet our ational economy Although sectors o f business ay suer business can be done over the Interet
L: 75%! at's a lot. Still it's probably worth it; you must meet a lot of nterestng peole. What club were you thnkng about joinng? A: I was actually thinking about joining a couple - you get a 20% dscount if you join more than one. One of the clubs I think I lke to jon is Akido L: Isn't that the one where people hit each other wth long sticks? A: Well ... sort o L: I don't know. It sounds like it could be dangerous and it must be dcult to make ends if you're hitting them. L: How about rowing A: Mmm. I'm not sure about the rowng club I mean, I like exercise but I've heard that the rowers get up at sx every day I sometimes can't get motvated to get out of bed r lectures that start at 9! L: Good pont. I personally like clubs which allow me to relax a bt and have a bt of fun. A: Yeah, me too I think chor sounds lke t could be exciting I'm denitely thinng about joining that. L: Really? I don't thnk I can sing and anyway, are you sure t would be that much n? A: Well, how about this ... L: Ballroom dancing?! You MUST be jokng! A: Oh, come on Lnda it would be n and anywa it would make you ight on your et a great skill r a basketball player to have. OK ouve convinced me. But I'm only going to enrol r this term at wa, if I hate it we can change we'll go rowing instead Recording 06
[TO= Tourst ocer Tu Tutor] TO: Czech Tours', can I help you Tu: Oh ys, hello I hope so. I lke to bring a grou of music an raa students to Prague in a w months' ti me and I need some hel organizng some trips r them. TO: O I'll try to help you. But I need to take some detals about the group rst O? Tu: Yes, that's ne. TO: Rght, rst of all how many people are there in your group? Tu: Well, I've still got to conrm numbers. Not everyone is sure that they can come But I think there will be about 15, not includng me and another tutor. TO: O and how old are they? Tu: Oh they're all adults they're second year undergraduates, so between nineteen and tenty years ol TO: at's ne r now, but I'll need exact ages and names if you decde to book wth us, O? O So, when would you like to vist Prague Tu: Um we think it'll be the second week n September r a week .. uh, let me look at a calendar. TO: So that's the fth of Setember to the eleventh? Tu: e fth is a Monday sn't t? Um, no I thnk we want to ly at the weekend so that we have the ll week in Prague. We'll try to book plane tckets on Saturday the 3rd and travel back on the llowing Saturday. TO: e tenth of September? Tu: at's rght. So we'll need accommodation r seven nghts We're hoping to stay in a youth hostel to keep costs as low as ossible. TO: at shouldn't be a problem but I don't organz� accommodaton mysel only actvtes. I can gve you some usel numbers though.
Tu: Yes please TO: Right, well you could try Charles Bridge Hostel it's right near the centre and it's quite reasonable, about 690 koruna or 30 euros per person per night If you don't have any luck with that, you could try the Castle Hostel. It's not as central and t's at the top of a very steep hill, but it's very nice. Tu: It's good to have a second opton. How much is that TO: It's actually a bt cheaer 25 euros a night, so that's about the same n pounds sterling. Tu: O can I have the numbers of both hostels TO: Charles Bridge Hostel is on 486 899 666. Tu: Great that's 486 899 666. TO: Yes and don't rget to dial 00 420 om England bere the number. Tu: O. TO: It's probably better to send the Castle Hostel an email. It's
[email protected], that's CASTLEHST EL AT PRAHAWRLD dot, CH. Tu: Great. ank you, I'll try the Charles Bridge Hostel now. TO: at's ne, but there's no rush. ey're open o 9 until late. You can ring up to midnght. Recoding 07
Good afternoon. I'm eo Onassis, your social services ocer. I'm here to make your time in England as easy as possible. I've had over eight years' experience of working wi th students who come here to study om other countries and I was once a student mysel. I have to warn you that although there will be wonderul moments in your time here you will also have times when all you want to do is to go home. You can deal with these times by understandng that this s a process that you, and every other student is going through. It's called culture shock' and I'm going to explan the dierent stages to you. e rst phase s the most positive. at's why a lot of people call it the honeymoon phase'. You've just come to Engand, everything is new and exciting and you are looking rward to havng lots of new exeriences. Tyically this phase lasts about to weeks, but t can last r a couple of months. It may be that aer a few months your elings change. is is the second phase of the process, culture shock'. It could be that something bad happens. For example, you might meet an English person who isn't as helpl as you hope W hen this happens, a lot of reign students el angry or ustrated and the stay with other people om their country because it seems sar Try not to do ths it wll only make you el lonely and less at home in the long run. he third phase of culture shock s learnng how to live with it, or copng'. ere are a number of things you can do to ma ke you el better. One student I kow oered to teach an English person about her language and culture. e English person learned some Arabic and the student's English improved a lot. ey are now good iends. Another thing you can do s to cook your v ourite dishes using ingredients you buy locally, and then invite all your new iends round Most mportantly, try not to sit at home all day elng down Get out there and nd all the things you do like about living here. When a student has stopped suering om culture shock, they begin to accept the way of li here in England and get used to stang here. is doesn't mean that you understand everhing about England but that you know what makes you happy here. is s the nal stage of the culture shock process. Of course by the time you do this your three years of study here will probably be over and it'll be time to go home
Recording 1 2 3 4 5
sta Audiolog
North Clncal Reception
Good mornng and welcome to your rst day of your student placement at our wonderl hosptal I do hope that your tme spent here wll be nterestng. Rght, well, as you'll already have seen, the hosptal ste s enormous, and t's qute easy to get lost, so I' ll start by showng you a ap. At the moment, you are stuated here, just n ont of the recepton n the man entrance. To the north of here are the sta apartments, where you'll be stayng whle you work here. If you go through the double doors here to the rght of recepton, and head east along the corrdor here, you come to the Accdent and Emergency ward or A&E r short.
[contnues om 09] If you contnue to go east, you come t o the Audology Clnc, r patents wth bad hearng; you'll be spendng about a week of your placement here. To the south of the Audology Clnc, across the road, you'll nd eght bus stops You can take a bus nto town om here, along Keth Day Road, f you have some spare tme. So, to contnue, behnd the bus stops, on the rght of the map s the Clncal School, where you wll have most of your lessons when you're not vstng patents wth our doctors Beeen ths and the Rose Hosptal at the other end of the ste are the wards, where most of the patents sleep. You'll see that the wards are named wth letters of the alphabet Ward A s next to Ward B and to the le ft of that s Ward C etc. Beteen Wards D and E s a set of lfts - these small squares here - whch wll take you up to the second loor and wards M-Z. Rght, now I'll take you to have a look at your apartments. Bere I do, can I ask f any of you have car s? Yes? If so, you can leave your car n the sta car park, to the west of recepton. I hope that's all clear. Has anyone got any questons?
Good afternoon everyone. ank you very much r volunteerng on our new student mentor programme Now, the rst year students wll begn to arrve n o weeks' tme and we need to be ready r them Our rst task s to be at halls of resdence to welcome them and show them to ther rooms. You'll each have about tent students to meet and greet, so you'll be very bus. Once the students have seen where they'l l be stayng, they'll need to vst the rest of the campus. Your second task s to show small groups of students the man cltes lke the lbrar, the doctors and the Central Hall Please don't worry about explanng how everythng works n detal to students t's best to keep t smple on ther rst day. When the tour s nshed, please brng your students to the Central Hall. Here, they' ll sgn some mportant rms and pck up ther student card, whch wll allow them n and out of all the buldngs. As you now, securty s qute hgh
er that, you need to take them to the college canteens r an evenng meal. e rest of the evenng s yours to do what you want wth, but you g k ) d be elng a bt lost. OK, now, wth 1,000 new students out and about on the same da, we need to make sure that everyone knows where they're gong and when. Here's a map showng the tour route we' lke you to take around the unversty campus I lke everyone to meet here at mdda, at the Central Hall. We're then gong to splt nto ur groups and one group wll leave the hall every ten mnutes, so that the campus doesn't get too crowded. When you leave the hall, please go through the man entrance and cross the brdge across the lake. Have a quck look around the Central Lbrary and then go northeast, towards the Scence Block. If you have any scence students, show them the laboratores and then turn rght and go south towards the students' centre Whl e you're there, t's probably a good dea to show them where the bus stops are across the road so that they can cat ch the bus nto town. en, to end the tour, head behnd the Central Hall towards the Halls of Resdence. It's a good dea to show them the computer rooms and lesure centre to the north of there.
Recording 12 [S = Sue, DL Dr Llle S: Oh, hello Dr Llle. anks very much r agreeng to see me. DL: No problem at all Sue You sounded a lttle worred on the phone. How can I help? S: It's ths end of year essay. You sad that we can wrte about one of the nne topcs we've studed ths term, but I don't know whch one to choose. DL: Oh yes, I remember. Well, I hoped that you would wrte about the topc that nterested you the most S: But the trouble s, I've enjoyed everythng we've studed ths year. I und the module on Vctoran photography scnatng, and the semnar on 19thcentury art really made me thnk about what the word modern' means.. DL: Well, I'm very glad you el so enthusastc. Let's look at ths n another way. Can you remember whch subjects you got the best marks fr? S: Hmm. Well, I ddn't do very well on the photography course I only got 60% r my essay. I thnk you sad I needed to look more at how photography nluenced pantng DL: hat's rght, I thnk I dd ... but you dd very well n the assgnment on modern art ddn't you 90%! d your semnar presentaton was also excellent S: ank you! ough I'm not sure I have much more to say about art n the late 19th and 0th century. DL: But there are hundreds of books on modern art and lots you could wrte about, perhaps you should look nto t a bt rther?
Recording 13 [S Sue, DL Dr Llle S: I'm sure you're rht, but I'm havng trouble thnng of deas. If you remember, I wrote about how ndus try changed the art of mpressonst panters, lke Claud e Monet. I prer not to wrte about the same pantngs agan L: Yes, I ee you need another angle.Let's see .. have you thought about the role that women artsts played n mode art?
S:
I could try that I suppose, but it does sound quite dicult . I can't think of many 19th-century male artists Um, let's see . there's Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt . I can only think of to DL: Well, that's because women of that time didn't really have a role in public li ey stayed at home and looked after the mily S: So that's why artists like Morisot painted rooms in her house and her children, not scenes om the outside world DL: Exactly S: Well, I might write about that, but I'm not sure it inspires me DL: Well, if you're not sure about that, you may like to consider more contemporary artists S: I haven't really studied contemporary ar t yet but I did read an article recently about an artist called Karla Black who used makeup like lipstick and nail varnish in her art DL: Well, there are lots of 21st century artists who use unusual materials to make art. Look at Marc Quinn who used his own blood to make a sculpture of his head, or Chris Oli who used elephant dung! S: Gosh! . that's really interesting I like to ow more about why they chose to do that I'll denitely research that rther
Recording 14 [C =Claire,]=Josh, T =Tutor T: So, now that you've completed one term at your schools, we need to look at the subject of your rst assignment I think that each of you should cus on an area which you had diculties with at your schools. So Claire, tell me about your experience. C: Well, at rst I thought that I have trouble with the students, but actually, they were all really easy to deal with T: at's good. I should warn you though that you might nd teaching teenagers more dicult. C: OK I hope not though e thing I did have problems with was my workli balance I und that I had no time at all after preparing lessons and marking homework to relax is worries me a bit T: Did this aect how you were in the classroom? C: Yes, I think so I was less patient with some of the students. so, I don't think I could work that hard r long periods of time without a rest I think I go mad! T: Well, yes, teaching is demanding, but it's important to nd a balance. I suggest then, you read some books that give advice about managing time; you might nd some usel tips in the business books in the library. C: OK, thank you. T: And what about you Josh? I've had some positive edback ro our school J: Yes, I've enoyed this term a lot. Like Claire, I really like the students and I think they fel the same T: Well, a good relationship is very important But do you think that the students are actually learning anything? J: Yes and no e trouble I have is that I think I talk too much. T: I can't believe that, Josh! J: Yes, well . I want to tell them everyhing I kow, but they just seem to lose interest after a while
T: Well, don't you remember how dicult it is to concentrate on lectures at university? Have you tried to get students to nd things out r themselves? Perhaps you could get them to do some project work, so that they take responsibility fr their own learning? J: at's a good idea T: I suggest looking at rerences on independent study and guided learning I can lend you a couple of books if you like
Recording 15 [C =Claire,=Josh, T Tutor T: So let's talk about what's happening next term Josh, we're suggesting you move to Summer High r a term J: Oh, that's a shame. I've really enjoyed teaching the classes at Elm Grove T: Yes, well, I ow you've built relationships with students at this school but we think you need experience of an inner-city school, with children with a wider range of backgrounds J: But I'm making some progress with the kids at this school T: Try to remember this is just training ere will be time to build lasting relationships when you get your rst permanent teaching job. Sorry Josh, my decision is nal on this one Claire, how do you el about teaching year 10s nex t year? C: Hmm. It depends on which set T: Well, you've taught the top set of students in Year 11 C: Yeah, they were great; such an intelligent group of students. I hardly had to encourage them at all T: Exactly I think now you need to teach people who nd learning dicult in some cases C: OK well, it' ll certainly be a challenge. I'm a bit worried about one of the students though; he can be a trouble-maker T: Make sure you tell a senior member of sta if you get into real diculties C: OK T: Well, Im very pleased with how you've done so fr, and I really think that next term will give you some valuable experience I'm sure you'll do very well
oin 16 1 Good morning, everyone, and thank you all r coming to my talk As you may now, as part of our training to become dieticians, we have to do some research into an aspect of dietary health You've already heard talks om my classmates on diabetes and eating problems or eating disorders' among teenage girls who are inluenced by images in magazines 2 My research lls into two parts. e rst part consisted of primary research; I collected data by conducting a survey. About a fth of the people questioned were women with young children. ey said that they had gained weight during pregnancy and then couldn't lose it again 3 About one in ten people questioned weren't worried about their weight at all hese tended to be people over the age of 70 Interestingly, these people were aware that sugary, ty od could lead to weight problems. 4 Around a quarter of people interviewed worked ten to twelve hours a day or more and tpically, spent a lot of time sitting in ont of a computer his group generally said that they ate healthily but didn't exercise enough to burn the calorie o. 5 Just over 30% of people thought they overate because of how they lt. is group tended to be women in their twenties.
Recoring 17 Good mornng, everyone, nd thnk you ll r comng to my tlk A yo may know as part f our training to become dieticn, we hve to do ome reerch nto n pect o detry helth You've lredy herd tlk om my clmte on dete nd etng prolem or etng dorder mong teenge grl who re nuenced y mge n mgzne. I ve choen to cu nted on people who et too much nd ecome overweght Beng medcll overweght or, oee', growng prolem worldwde nd I wnted to nvetgte the reon ehnd th ue M reerch ll nto wo prt. he rt pr t conted o prmr reerch; I collected dt condctng urve out th o the people quetoned were women wth oung chldren ey d tht they hd gned weght durng pregnncy nd then couldn't loe t gn ey thought tht they put on weght ecue o d det; they pent ll ther tme lookng ter ther chldren nd not enough tme thnkng out ther choce o od out one n ten people quetoned weren't worred out ther weght t ll. ee tended to e people over the ge o 70 Interetngl, thee people were wre tht ugr, tty od could led to weght prolem ut choe n unhelth det ecue t gve them, they thought, etter qul o l round qurter o people ntervewed worked ten to twelve hour or more nd typcll, pent lot o tme ttng n ont o computer group generlly d tht they te helthly t ddn't exerce enough to urn the clore o ter long dy n the oce, they lt too tred to work out t the gym Jut over 30% o people thought they overte ecue o how the lt. h group tended to e women n ther twente. ey d tht ther weght went up nd down , dependng on whether they were gong through good or dcult perod o ther lve
Recording 18 Now to come onto the econd prt o my reerch cued on glol oey. Oe meured ung the BMI or the Bod M Index ed to clculte your del weght on the o how tll ou re Ung th meurement, reercher hve und tht level o oety re t 5% n Chn nd Jpn In contrt, n Englnd, Germn, nd the US, up to 75% o the populton re oee Level o oety n chldren re worrng; t etmted tht world-wde, n 79 developng countre, over 22 mllon chldren under the ge o ve re overweght But why oety growng prolem? Well, reercher hve und numer o explnton. Frtl, there reltonhp etween ge nd weght; when people rech the ge o 50, the tend to put on weght here lo lnk etween weght nd locton People lvng n the countryde tend to hve ctve lve o t' more dcult to put on weght thn you lve n the ct. Unrtuntel, more people n developng countre re movng nto cte to lve nd work.
Rcoding 19 H, everyone hnk r comng Well, t' certnly n exctng tme to e tudyng pleontology t the moment mny o you my hve herd on the new, there h een dcovery n Kzkhtn whch queton our ele out wht lved on the erth 100 mllon yer go Two one whch hve een dcovered n the deert elong to huge rd, nmed Samrukia nessovi tht lved t the me tme dnour
Up to now, pleontologt thought tht dnour nd lrge rd dd not lve t the me tme Reerch uggeted dnour lved on the erth rt, ded, d e e d e og qe long tme ter tht Untl now, pleontologt thought th t rd lvng longde dnour were only the ze o chcken So, how g w the rd? Well, the one dcovered re 7cm long nd re prt o the rd jw, whch men tht t hed w prol out 30cm long It lkel, then, tht the rd w t let three metre tll, nd over 50kg n weght I the rd lved tod, t would e gger thn n otrch. doen't, o coure, mke t the bgget rd ever to hve lved on erth he elephnt rd o Mdgcr, whch w relted to the otrch, w mch hever, t round 500kg e gnt mo o New Zelnd w tller t nerl ur metre But nether o thee rd re old the one und n Kzktn here re mn queton urroundng the recent dcover y e mot gncnt one , o coure, could t ly? Unrtuntely, only the jw one hve een dcovered, t mpole to nwer tht queton. We jut hope tht more dcovere tke plce I t dd ly, the wdth o t wng w prol over ur metre I hvent mentoned yet tht th n t the rt dcovery o th knd nother lrge rd, nmed Gargantuavis, tht lved n outhern Frnce 70 mllon yer go, w dcvered n the lte 1990 he dcover o Samrukia nessovi prove unquetonly tht lrge rd nd dnour lved de y d e
Recoring 20 Good ternoon, everyody. nk r ttendng th tlk mn o you my lred e wre, creer n hon degn very exctng But, ou m lo kow tht on degn doent lw py the ll To mke more mone, t my e necery r ou to move nto lghtly derent re o the une. I'm here to tlk to you out the re o hon mrketng In prtculr, I lke to gve you n de o wht hon mrketng I 'll lo decre the tpe o jo hon mrketer doe I ll end y tlkng out chllenge n the jo nd gve you ome ggeton out how you cn ecome uccel hon mrketer So, to trt wth, denton o mrketng. Mrketng nvolve thnkng out wht the cutomer wnt nd need. W hen cutomer, or conumer uy pece o clothng, pr o hoe r exmple, they mght thnk out how long the pr oduct wll lt clled t durly. Or the cutomer mght thnk out the tyle o the hoe, whether they re honle coure, the conumer wll lo need the hoe to e comrtle Fhon mrketer need to rememer tht there re derent tpe o conumer; ome m pend £200 on pr o degner hoe nd ome my pend £50 Mrketer need to conder who the typcl conumer r product nd whether th conumer elong to gger group o people who would y the p rodct group the product key mrket you re ll conumer, ou'll ll e wre o dvertng But th jut one o the re tht hon mrketer work n ey lo work n product development, rndng, prcng pulcty le promoton, ellng nd rectng he re o hon mrketng you chooe to work n wll depend on your nteret nd kll I you enjo meetng memer o the pulc, mrket reerch m e r you You wll conduct rvey, wtch how your compettor re dong nd whether the y hve gger hre o the mrket thn your compny h ot her
exciting role is marketig manager Imagine you want to sell a shirt to a particlar chain of stores. Yo have to make sure that the shirt goes with other items it ems of clothig that the store sells You also need to think about the tye of consumer that shops at the store and you need to convince the store to buy the shirt You may be thikng, 'but Im a shion desiger Im creative and Im not interested in business at all: Yo may see shion marketing as rather boring Ive been workg in this industry fr twenty years and its denitely ot boring Fashion marketers have a hge amount of power ter all, we choose what thosands of people around the world wear I you decide to train as a shion marketer though, you will need to prepare yourself r hard work and tight deadlines Lots o people will have more experience than you and yo may ot be able to d jobs working with with cothes in the rst w years My advice to you is to get some paid work experience while you are training is is will mae yo more attractive r futre employers employers I hope that gives yo a idea of Fashion Marketing I you think that yo might be interested in workng i n this area, please come and collect oe of my business cards I be very interested in receiving your CVs
Recording 23 One o my vourite art works is called David and its a sculpture Its made om Italia marble, taken om the montains near �arrara, in Tuscany Its a very big sculpture; abot ve metres tall e place where I rst saw David was in in a big square square in Florence, Florence, called Piazza di Signoria I leart later that this is only a copy of the original statue he he origial is in the Academia gallery in Florence artist called Michelagelo Michelagelo created the sculpture He lived and worked i the 15th century Hes a verymous artist He made made lots of amazing sculptures and he paited the Sistine Chapel in Rome, too he reason I like the statue is that it says somethig interesting It shows a yong man who has klled the bad giant Goliath his means that its possible r a good perso to beat a bad perso, eve if the evil person is stronger
Recording 24 Example A
[E= [E = Examiner, CA= Candidate A, CB= Candidate B]
e person I admire the most is my mother e reaso I thik shes wonderul wonderul is that she has always put her children c hildren rst W hen we were young, young, she didnt have much moey at all, but we were never never hungry and and she eve managed managed to take us o holida Shes now an old lady but she still tries to look after me She always tries to give me od whe I visit her
Candidate A
ExampleB
E Tell me a bit abot your ob CA Well, um, its it s an interested job I work in in a school e other teachers ad I work very log hours We are getting very tired at the end o um, er, the I do dot t know the word oh yes term e students students are good In general, general, I like it
(as above)
Speaking module Recording 21
CandidateB E Tell me a bit about your ob CB Well, I dont dont have a paid ob, but I do work very hard every da Um, Im a Im a mother and I look after my childre at home My childre are two two and ur years old and I gave up my job when my eldest was one It was too much, yo know, workig full-time ad then then rshig rshig home to see them Ad aywa it made me el bad Im much happier ow Usually the start of the day is busy because my children need to eat breakast and get dressed ad my husband husband is tryng try ng to get to work e rest rest o the day is more relaxed though
Recording 22 ere are lots of places I like but one o my vourite places is i Croatia Its a city called Dbrovnik I rst visited Dubrovnik when I was very little, so I do dott remember remember that much I remember that I went with my mily and it was my rst holiday abroad Ive since been back to t o Dubrovnik lots of times Last yearr I went with my husban yea husband d and we we had a lovely lovely time, as as usual usual What I like abot Dubrovik is its location Its right next to the sea Yo can stand on the old city walls and look out over iles of blue ocean e good thing about this is that you can combine a city break with lots of swimming and sunbathing My husband likes art so we sometimes go to art galleries in the city i the mornings During the afternoons, we take a boat out to one of the little islands nearb Its perct
Recording 25 [CA= Candidate A, CB= Cadidate B, CC= Candidate C, E Examiner]
Candidate A CA is is a diclt question to answer because Ive always had the Interet, so I cant imagine li without it E Yes, I see what you mean CA But, um, in my opinion, the Internet has many advatages advatages For example, it brings people together Its possible to talk to someone living on the other side of the world with an internet program It also saves a great dea of time Bere, if a person wanted some inrmation, it was necessary to go to the librar, libra r, whereas wherea s now, now, yo ca just look it up online i ve minutes Unrtuately, there are some disadvatages, like people can nd inrmation about you online and use it to steal your idetity or even take money om your bank account Overall, though, I think there are mor moree advatages than disadvantages
CandidateB
CB: I believe that it's much more important to have good iends han to be rich Um, I don't think that money can buy you happiness. Tere are examples of people who have won the lottery and then given the money away because it didn't improve their lives It seems that money can actually make you lonely. Perhaps people want to be your iend just because you have money not because they are interested in you Real iends on the other other hand stay with you whether you are rich or poor and help you through the hard times. It's much better to have good iends than money E: Thos Thosee are all interesting points but what if someone doesn't have any money at all? Won' Won' t that cause unhappiness? CB: Yes I agree with you Money is important to live but I don't think you need lots of it anae
CC: Well I hope that we will have more spare time in the ture Tis should be the case because we have a lot of time saving machines now that we didn't have in the th e past For instance my grandmother used to spend a whole w hole day each week doing the washing by hand . E: Really? Tat long? CC: Yes absolutely But rtunately nowadays we can just put the washing in a machine and go o and and have some n. In the ture scientists will probably invent more time-saving time-savin g machines which will mean less work r us However I'm aaid that we won't have more spare time because these days everything happens more quickly qui ckly so people expect work to be done in a shorter time. Tis puts people under a lot of pressure and means that sometimes um um people work longer hours and an d actually have less ee time Realistically Realistically I think that it's unlikely that people will have more ee time in the ture.
Ma: Not reall when you think think it hasn't hasn't done many miles miles I can take £100 o the nal nal price but that's it I'm aaid Mo: OK that seems ir Could I come and see the car this evening? Ma: Um well tonight's not great but I could manage tomorrow. Mo: Fine. Shall we say around am? Ma: OK Shall I drive the the car to you? Mo: That's really kind thanks I live on campus: we could meet in the ca; I'l l buy you a coee to say thanks. Ma: Sure I'I'llll be there around half past eleven. eleven. Mo: Great see you there Recording 27 I Insurance broker Mo Mohammed I: Good afternoon Wayne's heels can I help you? Mo: Um hello yes I've just bought a car and I need some insurance I: OK I'l I'lll ask you some questio questions ns and see what we can do to help Mo: l right I: So let's start with your full name Mo: My name is Mohammed A-Shari. I: I'm sorr sorry y can you spell your surname? Mo: Yes it's it's A-L hyhen SHA-RI-F-. I: Tanks and when wer weree you born Mohammed? Mo: I was born on the 21st of October 1994. I: So you're 19 Great Great.. d what what sort of car have you bought? bought? Mo: It's a Peugeot 205 Diesel I: Mmm Have you got the registration number? Mo: Yes it's it's 34 GGB. I: OK can I have your address? Mo: Yes it's 78 Acacia Avenue Stourbridge Wolverhamp Wolverhampton ton BM56LM. Is that A-C-A-C-IA? I: Mo: Tat's right. I: Wll the good news is that the computer is saying that Stourbridge is a sa area so this will keep the price of your insurance down Mo: Tat Tat's's good. Do you now how much it'll be? I: Well the system is quoting me a price of £100 Mo: Per year? I: No per month I'm aaid and you'll need to pay an extra £50 in the rst month which is the administration charge. Mo: OK so that's that's £1250 £1250 in total r the year? I: Tat's right ow how would you like to pay? .
[Ma= Magda Mo Mohammed] Ma: Hello. Mo: Oh hello can I speak to to Magda please? Ma: Yes this is Magda here Mo: Hi Magda my names Mohammed I'm phoning about the car advertised on the college notice board. Is it still available? Ma: Yes it is A w people have come to see see it but they all want Recoding 28 Hi there everybody Thank you so much r coming comin g In the newer ster cars room here today we have student students s om Japan ghanis tan ghanistan Mo: That was my rst question actually actually How old is the car? Europe and North America. Some of you have English as your Ma: It's nine years old .. but it doesn doesn't't look it rst language but the majorit don't You all have some something in Mo: Mmm that's good. good. And And how many miles miles has has it done? common though everyone here works in the eld of law and Ma: Well the mileometer says 40000 40000.. you are all here r our new blended learning course which Mo: at seems quite low r a car of that that age. I think maybe the allows you to get the qualication you need without leav�ng your mileometer is broken! country or your job Ma: No I think it's because the previous owner was was an old lady So this twoday conrence is one of only wo chances that you and she didn't use it that much will get to meet your tutors and your classmates cetoce in Mo: Right great Can I ask why you're selling the car? your rst year of study Te next time we meet it'll be r a lot Ma: Yes sure I'v I'vee just got a job in London I can take take the tube so longer our three-month summer intensive course which ends I don't need a car. with your endoyear exams Mo: Tat's great congratulations m could I just check the price? h h the advert says £600 which seems quite a lot r an old car
You'l l be doing all of your online learning on or Virtual Learning T: Yes, its actually connected to the idea of critical thinking I'm a Platrm, or VLP r short his is a set of online tools which help little concerned that the essay makes some statements which you to study and allow your work to e assessed. I'm not sure yor research completely proves For example, you make the claim that people who have diculty with their make So, how will yo use the VLP? Well, rst of all, when you return to speech proably had an accident when they were young your country, country, you need to log on to the VLP and then download J: Yes, that's because my case study had a very ad car accident your rst assignment assignment and the reading list as a child and since then he has not een able to speak hen you will need to nd the books on o n the reading list Some of roperly the ooks wll be available to dowload om the VL, ut yo T: OK, that's interesting But But I think yo need a greater quantity may have to buy some on the Interne of data to support your ndings Yo can't really rely on case While you are studng r your rst assignment, assign ment, if you have any studies alone heyre a great source of indepth inrmation questions, please please el ee to write yor y or ttor an email If yo aout indivduals, but they don't really provide provi de s with the prer, yo can arrange to have a phone conversation wth your quantity of inrmation needed to make general claims Have tutor instead you checked whether there are any research papers which talk If yo've asked asked your ttor r help and you don't want to contact aout the connection eteen accidents accide nts and speech? them again, you you can ry the student rum ere will e lots of J: Not yet, no, ut I wll. other students who will be happy to help Ater you've smitted T: Yes, do hey might analyze what happens in the rain after your rst assignment, you you can expect to wait wait aot a week ere an accident and why this might aect speech Rememer to your tutor uploads your grade onto the VL check the date the article was written wri tten though; research research tends Assignments are a irly small part par t of the course, however. A lot to go out of date quickly. Have you also interviewed experts exper ts more time will be spent participating participat ing in seminars and listening who argue against the connection eteen eteen speech prolems to lecures lecures here here is one seminar per week, which you'll be able and accidents? to participate in on the VL We try to t o choose a convenient time : No, I thoght that that wod weaken my argument. r everyone t you may nd that yor seminar is very early in T: Well, it may well do Bt it doesn't really matter what you the morning or late at night here are also als o ve lectres per week believe in the end, yo jst need to think aout the evidence ese are recorded and uploaded ont9 the VLP and you can listen on oth sides and make a reasoned jdgement to them at a convenient time J: OK, I think I see what you mean. I was also thinking abot Now, No w, I think yo all know that alancing a ll-time job with getting a higher quantity of inrmation through sending this studying studyi ng isn't easy It may may e that, om time to time, you can't questionnaire out to medical institutions. Would you mind meet a deadline If this this happens, let your tutor know and they t hey will having a look at it r me discuss discu ss how much extra time you need. here's also the option, opti on, in T Yes, sure, let's see .. Well, on the whole, whole, it's ne, I think Bt the most serious cases, to extend your degree, to give you yo u another you need to be very carel ao aott asn asngg leading questions' questions' year of study time. time. We don't encorage encorage you to do this However, it W hat I mean mean y that is some of your qestions may actally actal ly is an option and we can discss it with you if necessary necessa ry suggest what answer yo yo are looking r. So, that that brings me to the end of my talk tal k Has H as anybody got any J: hat's helpl hank you I'll change those qestions questions? I know it's a lot to take in . T: Good So, when do yo think yo'll have a rst draft r me to look at? {T = Tutor,J Jane] T: Morning,Jane, thanks r coming to see me, take a seat J: hank o Dr Coulson. Coulson. T: Now, you're probably wondering wondering why I wanted to talk to yo J: Well, yes, it has een worrying me a it T: o need to worry I just wanted to have a chat aout your progress this term and in particular, discuss your research project J: OK T: So, I should start y saying that yo're a very active memer of the seminar group You have always prepared well r the seminars by reading around the sject, which is good J: hank you. I nd the seminars seminars very interesting. I tr tryy to listen to the grop's ideas as well T: Yes, you you very good at lstening, ut I feel that you accept the ideas suggested in the group a little too easily. J: I'm sorry, sorry, I'm not sure sure what you mean T: Well, do you rememer rememer the lectre on critical inking I gave? J: Um, yes, Ithink so ItIt was all about asking qestions. T: Well, that's partly right, ut it's the tpe of qestions yo ask that is important For example, if one of the people in yor grop grop expresses an an idea, idea, you need to ask ask yorself what evidence there there is to support this idea J: OK, I'll try t ry to do do that. You mentioned my research project as well? are
Recording 30
Hello everybody So, as part of our stdy programme this term, we've researched an aspect of archaeology which whic h has some kind of mystery attached to it I'm going to talk about the mysteries of the Great Pyramids Pyrami ds of Egyp In particular part icular,, I'm going to concentrate on the theories surrounding how the pyramids pyr amids were built I'm going to start y putting pyramids into their historical context. hen I'm going to look at the dierent ideas srronding the building of the pyramids At the end there will be the chance to ask questions So, why are we so scinated with the building of the pyramids? Well it's to do with their enormous size and weight. e Great Pyramid of hu, r example, at Giza in Egypt, has a mass of 5 million tons and it is around 146 metres tall Approximately 23 million stone blocks were used to uild it Today's architects would have diculties bilding a pyramid of this size and weight in the middle of a desert, even with the help of powered powered machinery For the architects of 2550 BC, who didn't have modern technology to help them, ilding a pramid mst have een almost impossible here's no dot that they t hey had a big work rce. Dring the 80 years of uilding this pyramid, eteen 0,000 and 30,0000 workers helped with its constrction However, this doesn't explain how workers could li and move a stone block which weighed over to tons. ere have been several theories theori es about this om leading archaeologists
One common theory staes that a straight ramp o sl ope wa bult outsde the pyramd and wokers cold walk p th ramp, uling the stone blck hs dagam at the to illtates t theoy. As you cn see oe poblem s the sze of th ramp In order t get i o rach rgh to the op of t pamd the rmp woul ave to be around 1 km ong Tere wasn't the space r ths so of ramp; pyrmids wee bult on a high platrm wth ohe bulngs aond them as shwn i the dagram h ec gam ow nohr hry ch een suggested by Fench archtect Jean-Pere Houdin oudn eleves ha shorte 60me long ramp as usd on th outside of te pyramid Wores w p the son bocks up the ramp n ordr to buld the base f h pyramd As the bottom of he pyramd wa beng bu using the xtenal rmp secon mp was ng bul nsde he pyramd he n ternal rmp begins at the botom s bou 6 e wde and s much s step than a large extern straight mp would b So Iv oulned w of h man heores ascaed wth te uilding of the pyramids I personally think that Houd's theory s the mot beievabe Howeer I lke to know your pnons Wol anyone ke to sy what hey think or ask a queton? [
