LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD DISASTER RISK PREPAREDNESS IN SAN AGUSTIN, SAN JOSE, OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
Harold Q. Bautista, MAN Occidental Mindoro State College San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, 5100 Philippines Marciel S. Bautista Occidental Mindoro State College Merlita P. Dela Cruz Occidental Mindoro State College
Mary Yole Apple Declaro-Ruedas Occidental Mindoro State College ABSTRACT
This descriptive study was conducted in coastal barangyas of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro to determine the demographic profile of the; the level of household preparedness of Barangay San Agustin in natural risk and disaster, and the relationship between the profile of the respondents and the household preparedness are considered. Frequency distribution and percentage were used for the profile of the respondents. Mean analysis was used to determine the level of household preparedness. Person moment correlation was use to determine the relationship between profile of the respondents and the level of household preparedness. Findings showed that majority of the respondents were middle aged, with formal education, small household size, short length of residency with below average monthly income. The result also showed they were “occasionally prepared” in terms of preparedness strategy, group preparedness and house preparations. This study revealed that there is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the household preparedness, when respondents profile are considered.
Keywords: household preparedness, source of information, natural dsaster
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Introduction The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world as far as climate Related and other forms of disaster (e.g. earthquake and volcanic eruption) are concerned(World Bank and NDCC,2004;UNISDR,2089,2086). In 2004 alone 25 weather disturbances hit the country, of which four occurred successively in November and the first week of December. These triggered massive landslides and flooding in Southern and Central Luzon, Leading to damages in lives and properties (Duque, 2005) With this the country is considered as one of the most disaster prone, ranking 12 th among the 200 countries most at risk to natural hazards in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR, 2009). Climate-related and other natural forms of disaster in the Philippines stem primary from its unusually high exposure to natural hazards due to its geographic circumstances (World Bank, 2005). The country, an archipelago with approximately 7.100 islands, is situated along a stretch of risk prone areas. It lies near the most seismically active part of the earth, the Pacific Ring of fire, which is located in the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. It also rest at the junction of two large tectonic plates-the Philippines Sea Pacific Plates to the east and the Eurasian Plate to the west, making the country also vulnerable to volcanic eruptions and Earthquake (ADPC, 2001) likewise, the eastern side of the Philippines faces a wide open expanse of Pacific Ocean, considered as one of the world’s major typhoon belts. The archipelagic nature of the country also increases the vulnerability of its coastal areas to storm surges, tsunamis, and sea levels rise (Punongbayan and Tayag, 2001). Natural or man-made disaster constitutes a major threat to the health safety and property of the people in the country.ThePhilippines is one of the most high risk countries in the world for experiencing natural disaster.The list of possible natural disaster includes disaster earthquake, floods, mudslides typhoon and volcanic eruption.The Philippines is considered to be one of the most storm exposed countries on earth. On average eighteen to twenty tropical storm enters in the Philippines water each year’s eight or nine of these storm making land fall. In addition,, the Philippines is the fourth most accident prone country in the world. The institution arrive at this conclusions after finding out that some 5.809,980 Filipinos were killed or injured as a result of disaster or man-made calamities over a ten years period (1992-2001). Further, the Philippines is among the lower middle incomes countries (GFDRR, undated). The high risk due to the hazards above can affect along term economic development and foreign investments. Natural hazards are parts and parcel in the Philippines Environment, but disaster happen because human settlements, infrastructure, people and their Economic activities are placed where hazards happen. Cost of disaster impacts are borne by government, communities, and individual households, thus treating socio-economic development gains. Thus, consideration of natural hazard and related risk institutional programming and policies may be critical in securing sustainable development in a longer Term and insuring the effectiveness of organization individual country strategies (Benson and Twig, 2007). 2
On October 15,a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the provinces of Bohol and Cebu, killing more than 200 people and displacing tens of thousands of residents. At least 797 were reported injured, 692 of them from Bohol. A total of 25 tropical cyclones have entered the country this year, surprising the average 19 to 20 cyclones annually (Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and astronomical services Administration, 2013). On November 8 super typhoon Yolanda (international name Haiyan) slammed Tacloban City, Leyte Samar and other provinces in Eastern Visayas, Occidental Mindoro and Palawan with strong wind and storm surges as high as seven meters, killing more than 6,000 people. While it may seemthat the situation is grim, there is always a calm in every storm, a story that could inspire us, despites our short coming while it may not be the headlines because of the magnitude ofdisaster in tacloban, all residents of TulangDiyot Island in a Cebu town survive even if some 500 houses were destroyed by winds and waves from typhoon Yolanda, Zero casualties in the small island of Cebu. According to Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Office (MDRRMO)of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro on 17 July 2014 as typhoon Glenda hit some areas of municipality of San Jose, for the past initial reporting, damages to agriculture and infrastructure in the municipality of San Jose have reached more than seventy million (70,000,000.00) pesos. Barangay Mangarin has the highest number of affected households with 323 families and 1,615 individuals. Barangay San Agustin has the second highest number of affected households with 300 families and 1,500 individuals. Preparedness refers to activities taken in the context of threats that cannot otherwise be controlled Although it has been defined inconsistently, preparedness generally has two aims: 1) to help people avoid threats and 2) to build capacity and to put mechanisms into place to facilitate an effective response (Twigg, 2004).The findings corroborates with the study of Sattler et al. (2000) and Miceli et al. (2008), that risk perception is strongly associated with disaster preparedness because individuals must perceive a risk to be motivated to initiate preparedness actions. An individual’s previous experience with a hazardous event can heighten perception of risk and promote preparedness actions. Other factors that influence preparedness behaviors vary considerably with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Individuals of different social groups receive and evaluate risk information differently and have unequal resources to carry out preparedness measures. For instance, there is evidence that women and men differ in the types of preparedness activities they take. Preparedness increases with age (Sattler et al. 2000, Mishra and Suar 2005), but the very old are less likely to engage in preparation (Heller et al. 2005). In addition to education, socioeconomic factors including income, home ownership, and length of residence in the same location are also positively associated with disaster preparedness (Lindell and Perry 2000, Eisenman et al. 2006, Reininger et al. 2013).
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Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study were: 1. Determine the demographic profile of the household head (HH), in terms of: a. Age; b. Number of years spent in formal education; c. Household size; d. Length of residency; and e. Monthly income. 2. Determine the level of household based preparedness of Barangay San Agustin in natural risk and disaster, in terms of: a. Source of information; b .Group Preparedness; c. .Preparedness strategy; and d. House Preparation. 3. Determine the significant relationship between the profile of the household head and the household preparedness for natural disaster. Conceptual framework The conceptual framework of the study is best illustrated in the research paradigm presented in figure 1. The first box presents the independent variable which is the profile of the household head (HH) and the second box present the level of household-based preparedness in natural risk and disaster in Barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro as the dependent variable of the study.
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Profile of the Household head (HH)
Preparedness Activity
a.) Age b.) Number of years spent in formal education. c.) Household size d.) Length of residency e.) Monthly income
Fig. 1.Research paradigm.
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a. Source of information b .Group Preparedness →
c. .Preparedness strategy d. House Preparation
Methodology This descriptive study was conducted in barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. It is located in the north western portion of the said municipality. There were 140 respondents in this study, 50 from the community of SitioLamis and 70 from the community of Barrio site and Main barrio, 20 from Barangay officials, tanods and health workers selected using simple random sampling. The study usedthemodifiedHousehold Natural Hazards Preparedness Survey development by University of Oregon (2006). Frequency distribution and percentage was used for the profile of the respondents. Mean analysis was used to determine the level of preparedness. Lastly, to determine the relationship between variables, the PearsonMoment correlation was used.
Result and Discussion Profile of the household heads in San Agustin, San Jose,Occidental Mindoro Results show that most of the respondents are 40-49 years old (35.7 % ), had spent at least 6-10 years (70.00%) in formal education, with small household size (5 and below members), with at least 10 years of residency ( 21.40 % ), and with a monthly income of PhP 7,000.00 and below ( 85.7 % ).
Table 1. Frequency and Percentage distribution of respondents profile. Profile Frequency (n=140) Percentage (%) Age 10-19 years old 2 1.40 20-29 years old 14 10.00 30-39 years old 12 8.60 40-49 years old 50 35.70 50-59 years old 7 5.00 60-69 years old 37 26.40 70-79 years old 1 0 .70 80-89 years old 11 7.90 90 and above 6 4.30 Years in school 0 years 1-5 6-10 11 and above
2 26 98 14
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1.42 18.57 70.00 10.00
Household size 5 and below 6-10 10 and above
80 56 4
57.10 40.00 2.90
Length of residency 1-9 10-11 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70 and above
18 30 28 23 16 13 11 1
12.90 21.40 20.00 16.40 11.40 9.30 7.90 0.70
Monthly income (PhP) 7,000 and below 7,000-14,000 14,000-20,000 Above 21,000
120 15 3 2
85.70 10.70 2.10 1.40
Level of House hold based preparedness of Barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro on Natural Risk and Disaster Natural disasters cause staggering losses around the world. Although life losses have decreased over time, more and more people are affected each year (FAO, 2003).Table 2 shows the level of house hold based preparedness of Barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in terms of Natural Risk and Disaster. Preparedness refers to activities taken in the context of threats that cannot otherwise be controlled. Although it has been defined inconsistently, preparedness generally has two aims: 1) to help people avoid threats and 2) to build capacity and to put mechanisms into place to facilitate an effective response (Twigg et al., 2000). The indicator with the highest mean is “ source of information “ with a mean value of 3.73 and it has the interpretation of “occasionally prepared“ this is followed by “preparedness strategy“ with a mean value of 3.66 and interpreted as “occasionally prepared.“ Natural disaster with a mean value of 3.45 interpreted as “ sometimes prepared “ however the indicator with the lowest mean is “ house preparation” with a mean value of 3.24 and it has the interpretation of “sometimes prepared”. With group preparedness the items with highest mean value is “attend meetings or received information on natural disasters for emergency preparedness. ( 4.18 ) with interpretation of occasionally prepared.” With natural disaster the items with highest mean value is “ typhoon ( 4.55 ) with the interpretation of always prepared.” Lastly with “house preparation” the items with highest mean value of elevated the house in preparation for” floods ( 3.92 ) with the interpretation of occasionally prepared”. 6
Table 2.Level of household based preparedness in San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro on Natural Risk and Disaster. Items Mean Interpretation Natural Disaster Shoreline erosion 3.08 Sometimes prepared Drought 3.40 Sometimes prepared Earthquakes 3.00 Sometimes prepared Flood 4.52 Always prepared Landslide 2.18 Sometimes prepared Typhoon 4.55 Always prepared Overall mean 3.45 Sometimes prepared Source of information Radio program 3.69 Occasionally prepared News paper 1.65 Seldom prepared Television program 4.25 Occasionally prepared Training and seminar 3.86 Occasionally prepared Neighbor 3.77 Occasionally prepared Barangay captain 4.40 Occasionally prepared Teacher 4.02 Occasionally prepared Barangay health worker 4.23 Occasionally prepared Overall 3.73 Occasionally prepared Group preparedness Attend meetings or received information on 4.18 Always prepared natural disasters or emergency preparedness Talked with members in your household about 4.07 Occasionally prepared what to do in case of natural disaster emergency In last year, been trained in first aid of cardio2.44 Sometimes prepared pulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ). Overall 3.56 Occasionally prepared Preparedness strategy Developed a “emergency plan” in order to 4.17 Occasionally prepared decide what everyone would do in the event of an emergency Prepared a “disaster supply kit” (store foods, 4.20 Occasionally prepared water, batteries and other emergency supplies). Got insurance coverage for food events 2.60 Sometimes prepared (crops, animals) Overall 3.66 Occasionally prepared House preparations Use fires-resistance on roofing materials. 2.45 Sometimes prepared Secured the house to its foundation. 3.45 Sometimes prepared Elevated the house in preparation for floods. 3.92 Occasionally prepared Overall 3.24 Sometimes prepared Grand mean 3.49 Sometimes prepared Legend: 4.5-5.0 -always prepared ;1.50-2.59-seldom prepared; .50-4.49-occasionally prepared; 1.49-never prepared; 2.50-3.49-sometimes prepared
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1.00-
Relationship between the profile of household and the household preparedness for natural risk and disaster The relationship between household head and the household preparedness is determined using Pearson moment correlation and analysis is presented in table 3. The table shows that information is not significantly and negatively related to age (-.015), household ( .099 ),and income group ( .145 ),group preparedness is not significantly related to age ( .015 ), household ( .093 ), also preparedness strategy is not significantly to age ( .032 ), household ( .084 ). Lastly, house preparations is not significantly to household ( .129 ), residence ( -.145 ), and income grouped (.040 ). However, the table also shows that the information is significantly related years in school (.282**), group preparedness is significantly related to years in school (.231**), residence ( .339** ) and income group ( .178 ). Also, preparedness strategy is significantly related to years in school (.279), and residence (.252). Lastly, house preparations is significantly and negatively related to years in school (-.235). The findings corroborates with the study of Sattler et al. (2000) and Miceli et al. (2008), that risk perception is strongly associated with disaster preparedness because individuals must perceive a risk to be motivated to initiate preparedness actions. An individual’s previous experience with a hazardous event can heighten perception of risk and promote preparedness actions (Russell et al. 1995, Lindell and Perry 2000, Tekeli-Yeşil et al. 2010). Other factors that influence preparedness behaviors vary considerably with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Individuals of different social groups receive and evaluate risk information differently and have unequal resources to carry out preparedness measures. For instance, there is evidence that women and men differ in the types of preparedness activities they take. Preparedness increases with age (Sattler et al. 2000, Mishra and Suar 2005), but the very old are less likely to engage in preparation (Heller et al. 2005). In addition to education, socioeconomic factors including income, home ownership, and length of residence in the same location are also positively associated with disaster preparedness (Lindell and Perry 2000, Eisenman et al. 2006, Reininger et al. 2013). Table 3.Pearson Correlation between the Profile of the household head and the household preparedness for Natural Disaster Risk Preparedness of Barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. Variable Activity Pearson Value Interpretation correlation Age Source of -.015 .863 Not significant information Grouped .015 .856 Not significant preparedness Preparedness .032 .705 Not significant strategy House preparations -.068 .422 Not significant OVERALL -.002 .984 Not significant
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Years school
Household size
Length of residency
Monthly income
in Source of information Grouped preparedness Preparedness strategy House preparations OVERALL
.282*
.001
Significant
.231*
.006
Significant
.279*
.001
Significant
-.235* .174*
.005 .040
Significant Significant
Source of information Grouped preparedness Preparedness strategy House preparations OVERALL
.099
.246
Not significant
.093
.274
Not significant
.084
.321
Not significant
.129 .140
.129 .098
Not significant Not significant
Source of information Grouped preparedness Preparedness strategy House preparations OVERALL Source of information Grouped preparedness Preparedness strategy House preparations OVERALL
.326*
.000
Significant
.339*
.000
Significant
.252*
.003
Significant
-.145 .252* .145
.087 .002 .087
Not significant Significant Not significant
.178*
.035
Significant
.078
.361
Not significant
.040 .151
.643 .074
Not significant Not significant
Conclusions Based on the research finding, the following conclusions were presented: 1. Majority of the respondents are in their middle aged, literate, with long length of residency, and with an average monthly income below the poverty threshold. 2. The barangay San Agustin, San Jose Occidental Mindoro is “occasionally” prepared in natural risk and disaster in terms of natural disaster, source of information grouped preparedness and preparedness strategy, while in house preparation is “sometimes” prepared. 3. The profile of the respondents has significant relationship to the household based preparedness.
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Recommendations The following are recommended by the researchers. 1. Develop a model to implement a community based disaster preparedness educational program for the coastal communities. 2. The local government of San Jose has conduct training in first aid of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Barangay San Agustin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro and promote the culture of disaster preparedness at the community level. 3. Encourage community participation in preparation of the village level disaster management plan. REFERENCES Asian Disaster Preparedness Council-ADPC. (2001). The Philippine Disaster Management story: Issues and challenges. Pathumthani, Thailand: ADPC. Benson, C. (2009) Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into the Development: Challenges and Experience in the Philippines. Geneva, Switzerland: Prevention Consortium. Brandlin, A., &Wingard, J. (2013).Philippine Country Prone to Natural Disaster. Retrieved November 10,2014 from http;//www.dw.de/Philippines-a-countryprone-to-natural-disaster/a-17217404.Dillenburg, S. R.; L. S Esteves; and L. J. Tomazelli, 2004. A Critical Evaluation of Coastal Erosion in Rio Grande doSul, Southern Brazil. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.76 (3).611-623. Dillenburg, S. R.; L. S Esteves; and L. J. Tomazelli, (2004). A Critical Evaluation of Coastal Erosion in Rio Grande doSul, Southern Brazil. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.76 (3).611-623. Duque, P.P. (2005).Disaster Management and critical issues on disaster risk reduction in the Philippines (Power Point Presentation) international Workshop on Emergency. Eisemen, D. P., C. World, J. Fielding, A. Long, C. Setodji, S. Hickey, and L. Gelberg.(2006). Differences in individual-level terrorism preparedness in Los Angeles country. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30:1-6. Heller, K., D. B. Alexander, M. Gatz, B. G. Knight, and T. Rose.(2005). Social and personal factors as predictors of earthquake preparation: the role of support provision, network discussion, negative affects, age, and education. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 35:399-422. Ignacio, A. (2011).Philippine disaster risk reduction management act of 2010 Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010.
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