THE TEMPORARY WORKSHOPS
Rhard Hodges Karen rans and arah Leppard INTRODUCTION
he constrction of San Vincenzo Maggiore was a massive technical operation Although T columns and other suctural and sculptural elements could be obtained from the sites of derelict Roman buildings located withn San Vincenzos considerable trra (c Castellani 2000), many aspects of the ting out of the new and restructred buildings had to be provided for on si te si te Con sequently, whilst the building work extended slowly eastwards om the apsidal end of the Basilica, the area destined to lie lie below the Atrium was utilized as a seri es ofTemporary Workshops and later, as the work neared completion, as a builders yard complete with an analdriven morarmixer Fig 1 ) The Temporary Workshops complex consisted of a sequence of distct artisanal activities involving skilled crasmen (and perhaps some monks) Specically these volved the manufacture of specialist materials and ttings required for the new church and perhaps associated buildings Fig ) The exceptionally rich archaeology within the Temporary Workshops showed that there were at least four distct phases of industria production in the fo of tilemaking, coppersmeting, glassworking and bellcastg At the end of each phase, once the required quota of materials had been produced, the activities and their associated aces were replaced by new ones directly above the destruction levels Ultimately, the area in question was levelled and enclosed, rst by the walls of the Atrium, probably buit durg Ab bot Ab bot Joshua's period oce ce (792817), and later by the Eastwork, constructed soon aer by either Abbots Talaricus Talaricus or Epyphanius (or both) This unique archaeological sequence was represented by a depth in some places of over 35 m of satigraphy, only partially excavated due to the extant nthcentury buildings These workshops, episodically active for, almost certainly, relatively shor periods of time, have been distinguished from the rst and second Collective Workshops constrcted to the south of the Atrium (Chapter 6) The Collective Workshops appear to have been designed as a nctioning and ongoing sector of the monastery, and such was their perceived importance that they were connected to the claustrum by a vaulted coidor beneath the phase 5 Atrium Francesco DAngelo and Federico Marazzi (2006) have argued that the glassmaking the Temporary and Collective Workshops foed to parts of the same operation The argument is intended to develop the thesis that the Atrium of San Vincezo Maggiore was rst built in the eleventh centry (D'Angelo and Marazzi 2006 452; Marazzi 2006a) This, as we have argued in Chapter 4, is simply ot the case Nor, indeed, does the complex archaeology sustain their thesis that the to dierent sectors for glassmaking belong to the same operation nstead, as will be apparent, the glassmaker was active for a brief period period in the Temporary Temporary Workshops, whereupon, perhaps, he moved his operations to Room C in the Collective Workshops The Temporary Workshops discussed in this chapter are those that were found in the excavations with the area of the subsequent vauted corridor (that is, under the Atrium) and beneath the Eastork, and that precede the phase 5 Collective Workshops to the south of the Atrium (c Chapter 6) The archaeology can be s uarized arized as is shown Tab I PHASES 3C/4Al-4A6: THE WORKSHOP)
PISÉ
BUILDINGS (HE THREEROOM
The excavations within the area of the builders yard show that crasmen and builders inevitably occupied a huge p ar of the monastic complex during the construction of San Vincenzo Maggiore
THE TEMPORARY WORKSHOPS
Rhard Hodges Karen rans and arah Leppard INTRODUCTION
he constrction of San Vincenzo Maggiore was a massive technical operation Although T columns and other suctural and sculptural elements could be obtained from the sites of derelict Roman buildings located withn San Vincenzos considerable trra (c Castellani 2000), many aspects of the ting out of the new and restructred buildings had to be provided for on si te si te Con sequently, whilst the building work extended slowly eastwards om the apsidal end of the Basilica, the area destined to lie lie below the Atrium was utilized as a seri es ofTemporary Workshops and later, as the work neared completion, as a builders yard complete with an analdriven morarmixer Fig 1 ) The Temporary Workshops complex consisted of a sequence of distct artisanal activities involving skilled crasmen (and perhaps some monks) Specically these volved the manufacture of specialist materials and ttings required for the new church and perhaps associated buildings Fig ) The exceptionally rich archaeology within the Temporary Workshops showed that there were at least four distct phases of industria production in the fo of tilemaking, coppersmeting, glassworking and bellcastg At the end of each phase, once the required quota of materials had been produced, the activities and their associated aces were replaced by new ones directly above the destruction levels Ultimately, the area in question was levelled and enclosed, rst by the walls of the Atrium, probably buit durg Ab bot Ab bot Joshua's period oce ce (792817), and later by the Eastwork, constructed soon aer by either Abbots Talaricus Talaricus or Epyphanius (or both) This unique archaeological sequence was represented by a depth in some places of over 35 m of satigraphy, only partially excavated due to the extant nthcentury buildings These workshops, episodically active for, almost certainly, relatively shor periods of time, have been distinguished from the rst and second Collective Workshops constrcted to the south of the Atrium (Chapter 6) The Collective Workshops appear to have been designed as a nctioning and ongoing sector of the monastery, and such was their perceived importance that they were connected to the claustrum by a vaulted coidor beneath the phase 5 Atrium Francesco DAngelo and Federico Marazzi (2006) have argued that the glassmaking the Temporary and Collective Workshops foed to parts of the same operation The argument is intended to develop the thesis that the Atrium of San Vincezo Maggiore was rst built in the eleventh centry (D'Angelo and Marazzi 2006 452; Marazzi 2006a) This, as we have argued in Chapter 4, is simply ot the case Nor, indeed, does the complex archaeology sustain their thesis that the to dierent sectors for glassmaking belong to the same operation nstead, as will be apparent, the glassmaker was active for a brief period period in the Temporary Temporary Workshops, whereupon, perhaps, he moved his operations to Room C in the Collective Workshops The Temporary Workshops discussed in this chapter are those that were found in the excavations with the area of the subsequent vauted corridor (that is, under the Atrium) and beneath the Eastork, and that precede the phase 5 Collective Workshops to the south of the Atrium (c Chapter 6) The archaeology can be s uarized arized as is shown Tab I PHASES 3C/4Al-4A6: THE WORKSHOP)
PISÉ
BUILDINGS (HE THREEROOM
The excavations within the area of the builders yard show that crasmen and builders inevitably occupied a huge p ar of the monastic complex during the construction of San Vincenzo Maggiore
32
TEORY WOHOP
CTER FNE
1/
Axia ine of the Upper Thoroughfare �
I
'·-_
I �- � - - -__--
o
o
-_
o
o
Workshops
Si e
Maggiore
544 1r - - �5406 1r l I \
�-�--
·� 3228
:_ 3208
33
, -_ l ll l/ J J
3330
3330 20m
l
20m
Basiica under consction
FIG. 54. Te addiina rm added e sé bidings and e new aignmen w e Temprary Wrsps. L
FIG. 53. Te pase 3c/4a sé bidings and eir reainsip wi e e axia ine f cnsrucin f f e mnasic cmpex L
added on the east end robably during hase 4a6the eriod eriod o the builders' yard and the constrction o the st hase Atrium These buildings were later remodelled to o ar o the rst Collective Work shos (see Chater 6). The Suor Orsola Benincasa ssion has identied a ossible extension rther west (Marazzi 2008 g 6 (OG OH) g. 42); these rooms are not described here The rst comlex measured about 28m in length and comrised to rooms ring west to east. The weste room measured 14 9 m; the easte room measured c 11 95 m The evidence or these build ings was strongest in the weste room whose southe (3208) and easte (3228) walls were both rather oorly built o rough traverine blocks and tile agments with occasiona lestone agments bonded with yellow
l I iil 11 :: : - :
clay The norhe walls (3237 3149) also were built om travertine blocks and bonded with yellow clay Wall 3237 was bonded to the northe end o wall 3228 The dooray in the northe wall would have been roughly centra t o the room The weste extent o this large room is reresented by wall 3191 The relationshi between this weste wall and the norhe wall (3149) was concealed beneath the later ninth centr butess (10061) (see Chater 2 .47) The easte room was reresented clearly by its weste and southe walls only the latter being a continuation o wall 3208 to the east (and uncovered in the area o later Room D) Wall 3330 rning eastwest was visible or ust over 12m and was then obscured by a later artition wall (4305) However excavations beneath the level o this later
wall revealed a uostone that may rerese nt the t o the early wall to the norh. Furher excavations to the east (in the area o later Room C) showed a ossible strctre o similar build to wall 3330 in the south section. No other evidence was ound o any similar walls rher to the east to dic ate the initial extent o the pis buildings beneath the later Room C. The rst comlex was enlarged in a second hase when a third room measuring aroximately l O m suare was aded to the east o the earlier two rooms but on a dierent aligment (Fig 4) The evidence or this new room was a small ar o its norh wall (5144) mostly removed by a robber cut (5129) and a small art o its east wall (5406) that was later built over by wall 4 722 o the Collective Workshos Room B These walls aear to create the northeast coer o this new hase 3c/4a room. ts new aligment which ollows the line o San Vincenzo Maggiore may suggest that it was built with the new Basilica and
Atrium in mind. Noticeably norhsouh wall 5406 now the easte wall o these these workshos workshos tellingly tellingly aligns with the norhsouth ilastered açade o the rst Atrium. The occuation levels associated with this hase o building were not reached in al areas o the excavation. n the west end the natra! clay (3201) was reached only to the south o the pis building; within the rooms the lowest level o excavation was assoiated with the next hase o occuation. the excavation within the lat er Room D o the Collective Workshos however a oor surace (3366) was uncovered (Chater 6 178) This surace o limestone and clay was ound only to the norh o claybonded wall 3330 The excavations to th east revealed severa! clay levellg deosits (5359 5341 5392) which covered the genera easte area beore the later walls were constrct ed These clay deosits contained glass waste showing how the deosits cleaned out o the
40
CAPER
F
activity A nmber of feature withn the metal workhop were cut nto thi clay, howng that there w ere two ditnct phae here. he pncipal trucre compried the ground-level workngplat fom of to kin, ituated 5 m ap. One of the kin (5768) had been bui up againt the norh wall (5814) of the workhop he econd kiln (5872) wa built j ut north of the erlier reeroir. he two kiln were of the ame contruc tion type, made of roof-tile that had been placed horizontaly onto morar bae. Kin 5768 meaured over l m quare, wile kiln 5872 wa lightly maller. Bo kin were parially encloed by naow wall built of limetone and tile, bonded with morar, probably repreenting the remain of the actual kin cture (Figs 1 1 and 1) he bae of both kin contained channel concted of tile agment et veri IG 513 Reconstuction ofthe coppe-smeting kns t Rocc n ivesto. (Af cally, poibly to fo a kind of ue Da d uc covc 199 65) mechanim or perhap to direct molten metal Depoit of ah, copper-alloy deteine whether i t i om the upper par of the kiln in plahe, lag and crucible were fond n aociation which it wa contained, or om the later demolit ion of with the kiln pricular, the tile platfo of te the Gla Workhop he econd early feate of the metal workhop wa located 2m to the wet of the kin dicued above, and compried a large, globular, cerc veel (SF 1378) that had been tightly inered nto a pecially-dug pit (592) n the grod he ide of the pit were jut wider, 3 m than the pot he pit wa a lightly ova hape, .75 m, and 6m deep deep enough for the veel to it rit nide A mall ceramic bowl (SF 1379) had been inverted over the v ee l to fo a lid (Fig 14) he main veel wa a dometic handled jr, while the lid' wa a coare-we bowl the handle of the jar were broken o and only hown by the car le at the widet point of the veel. he veel tood approxi mately 3 m high and may have ered a a reeroir for water or other liquid ubtnce aociated with the metalworking proce hi telh-cenry treatie, De Diversis Aribus, the monk heophilu decribed the ue of water or une a a quenching and hardenng medi for metal (Dodwel l 961: 74127). he kiln and reeroir were parially concealed by a depoit of clay (5881). hi appeared to be another layer of levellng clay, laid to cover the rt kin and reer IG 5. 14. The cemic esevo 1 378 nd 1 379) found in the voir pit and prepe the area for the next induia Coppeoy Wokshop. J
EMPOAR WORKSOPS
IG. 515 The coppeoykin 5768) showing the now wls enclosng the tie bse. (A
4
tone, clay, copper-alloy lump and lag he pit may have nctioned initially a torage bin and later a wate container for the workhop o the wet of thee pit feature, three identica!, deep pot-hole were uncovered, l ocated together cloe to the outhe kiln. he norheot pot-hole wa the larget of the three, meauring .45 m in diameter and 7 m dee p, with almot vertical ide a nd a at bae wo maller pot-hole (5891, 593) were both about .38 m in diameter and beteen .4 and 5 m in depth. A with the larger pot-hole, thee both had vertical ide and at bae hee pot-hole ugget the exitence of a tripod-baed cture or mechanim, perhap a manually-operated bellow ued to el the ace Finally, a mall metalworking hearh (5881) wa found in the excavation in FF/G, ut eat of, and indeed cut by, the later Aium wall (461). hi mall -haped hearh wa .2 m deep and jut le than l m in lenth It wa cut nto layer 558, the top levelng layer above the earlier tile-kiln. It appear to be contemporary wi the copper-workng kin, though it i outide the main working area. he hearh contaned ah, charcoal and agment of copper, and may repreent a econd working area, though nothing more wa found within thee excavated area PHASE 4A4: THE GLASS WORKSHOP
outheot ace had mall piece of copper alloy and iron aeng to it. A complex erie of feature cutting the clay, ncluding pot-hole, gullie and pit, were aociated with the Copper-alloy Workhop here were two hallow rectangular pit cut to the eat of iln 5872 the rt (5895) wa .97 .87 m n dimenion, and wa about 1 m deep it wa cut by 5932, the econd rectangular pit, which wa lightly maller, at .76 6 1 m. hi appeared to be a re-cut of the origina pit to reue the feature, though it precie ue i not clear e two pit were lled with the ame ne, multicoloured and, which appeared to have been ubjected to heat. Small plahe of copper alloy found ithin the l ugget tat the and had been utilized n the kin, probably a a ux wo large a pit (593, 5964) were cut either ide of the two rectangular pit, and a 593 jut clip the edge of 5932, it mut be lightly later Both pit appear to have been imilar in ize, roughly 79m, although the ll length i unknown a both are truncated by the later phae 4a7a Atrium wall (461) Both contained ne, ahy-and depoit with many bt incluion, including charcoal,
When copper-working had ceaed, the building and it aociated ace were demolihed to foundation level and covered with tip of clay and rubble. he initial demolition of the kiln (588) wa a thick mixed depoit of andy clay with large incluion of ah, charcoal and bronze droplet A erie of mixed andy clay evelling depoit (582, 574, 5783) followed thi demolition A number of copper-alloy rod, heet and wire, derived om the Copper-alloy Workhop, were found within the demolition layer hi demolition and levelling activity wa followed by two thick clay mortar layer (5787, 5785) hee layer may repreent a rudmentary urface for the next phae of indutria activity. A new workhop, intended for the large-cale production of gla, wa buit drectly above the remain of the previou workhop and on the alignment of the new Bailica (Figs 1 and 16) he dimenion of the Gla Workhop are unknown, a it extended below the later Aium t o the wet (cf Marazzi et al 22: plate 18 D'Angelo and Marazzi 26). However, the foundation of the north wall (5694) of the complex have been identied,
42
TEMPORR WORKSHOPS
CHPTER FE
43
IG 17 View of te ss Worksop !
Wal460
Robber ut 5851
Kln 5711
G 16.
Wall
5694
l
J Wal4610
Te ss Worksop KS
close to the remains of the norh wall of the Copper alloy Workshop Ts wall remained to 042 m in height and measured 34 m long (though it was trn cated at both ends by the ium walls ) and was 0 55 m wide It was a quite rough consction built with rbble limestone bonded with so white morar; it was also faced only on the south side show g the drection of its terior The wall was built parially aboe the norhe copper alloy-kil n totally destroying its southe half Just oer 7 m to the south a wide linear cut was uncoered (5 51 ) cutting to the earlier copper-alloy-kilns and the demolition layers This eastwest linear cut was just under 09 m wide and was 025 m deep Its alignment was parallel to that of wall 5694 and the leelling deposits that coered the copperallo y kilns appeared to continue to the south of it showing this wall did not coexist with the copper-alloy-kilns This robber cut therefore could represent the location of the south wall of the Glass Workshop low stone bench (5703) built at a right
angle to the north wall extended along the weste side of the build g This was constrcted with lime stone and traere blocks bonded with a pinky orange sandy morar It existed to a height of 045 m and was 45 m lengh although at its south end it appeared to hae been robbed away This constrcti on did not appear to be the weste wall ofthe Glass Work shop as the norh wall was clearly ncated to the west by the later phase 5 trium wall (4603) It was also of a different consction type Two coure s of the wall existed and showed signs ofbut tile and clay adhering to it om where the large main kiln (571 1) at one time extended to this wall This wall was also par ially built oer by one ofthe glasskilns (5 71 7) showing that the height this wall was found at was its orgina built height and therefore suggesting that it was a work benh associated with the kiln actiity The easte wall of the Glass Workshop may hae been remoed for the constrction of the phase 4 trium wall 461 O No wall associated with the Glass Workshop phase
was located rher east in the excaated area FF/G (in the later aulted undercro) so it can only be presumed that its location lay where 46 1 O is now layer of rm dark grey clay and morar (5691) was found to coer the area of the workshop; this appeared to be the working oor associated with the kilns as it had large amounts of ash and charcoal trampled into the surface The Glass Workshop comprised two kilns (Fig . . 17). t the junction of the bench and the norh wall in what may hae been the norhwest coer of the workshop was a semiccular kiln (5717) constrcted of tiles which may hae had a chney (c Dngelo and Marazzi 2006: 4 49 g 3b) nly the oor leel hearh suried measuring 1 5 1 15 m The base of the ki n was constrcted with tiles n its east side were to impressions possibly om tegula rdges which probably represent the outer wall srctre of the ki n Between to existing tiles at the base of the kiln was a 0 6 m wide space where the morar was but pik and no impressions of tiles were isible This could represent the stokeh ole for the kiln sh dposits found withn the centre of the hearh contained glass agments glass waste and copper alloy slag The strct e may hae nctioned as a subsidiary ace possibly used for melting down cullet to make new glass The ma feature of the Glass Workshop was the large centra ace (57 1 1) that consisted of an L shaped or trparite strctre with a centra ring chamber and coect ing ash-pits (Fig . . 1 8) The
IG 5 8 e centr gss furnce 57 l) sowng te centr fìrng cmber nd connecting s-pits.
i
Il:
44
TEOAY WOKSHOS
CHTE FE
ng chambe compised a squa e pit (57 1 ) 07 m bonded with clay and situated slightly above th e wide and O 7 m deep dug into the o o of the building oo level of the wo kshop suppo ted on tile and and lined with tile agments bonded with clay and clay bases. ne la ge cut (54 1) was found to extend mota. B oth the tiles and the mo ta lining of the pit to the south and east of the ing-pit with two oval we e heavily vit ied. ing of but ed clay that shaped segments on each side These two pa s of encicle d the pit testies to the e ce heat that was oval pits wee O. 7 m deep and we e between 0.5 5 m contained withn it when the kiln was in ope ation. and 0. 6 m in length. These pits wee itially thought The clay ing which had a diamete of l 7 m was to be ues fo the kiln though the ll (5 42) which nitially thought to epesent the emains of an ealie appea s to ep esent the nal ng of the kin could crcula kin although its pe fect positi oning a ound suggest they wee ashpits used fo the gene a clea ing the pit implies that the two we e elated The inside out ofthe ash ae each ing These ashpits contaned of the pit contained a thick mixed laye (5726 ) of ash and cha coal as well as a lage quantity of vesselglass window-glass and glasswoking waste (cf Dngelo and Ma azzi 2006: 4 51 ) numbe of delicate vesse lgla ss agments decoated with foliate and lozenge designs n gold leaf (SF 1 51 4) wee found amongst the waste mateial in the pit (c Chapte 7pp. 2 61 6 Fig 738) Sla pieces have been ecoveed om a numbe of eighth- and ninth-centu y sites n Scandinavia and no thwest Eu ope such as Doestad n the Nethe lands ( an Es and Ve we s 1 90) and Helg n Sweden (Homqvist and henius 1964). second smalle motali ned pit (572 ) located in ont of the weste hea th of the cena kiln may epesent a subsidia y ash pit o pe haps a sepa ate ng chambe was a ectangula pit 0.45 m long and 03 m deep o iented nothsouth. The mota lining of the pit was vitie d show ng that it had been subjected to ext eme heat ceamic disc (SF 1 51 3) with a cent a pe fo ation found within the ash ll of the pit may be the cove of a gloy hole (boccarlla) The pefo ation 1 2 m in diamet e ep esents the hole whe e the glass-blowe s ion od was inseted into the kiln n identica disc (SF 15 19) was ecove ed om demolition deb is excavated above the kiln The emande of the ace stcte constituted two squa e platfo ms o hea ths both just unde l m squa e that we e attached to the no the and weste sides of the mo ta lined ng-pit. Thee may have been a thd platfo extending to the south of the pit as suggested by tile imp essio ns on the mo ta IG 5 9 Woodcut sowng te tree-tier soutern'stye gss furnce. lipping ove the top of the pit The wokng (Reproduced rom Agricola in Hoover and Hoover 1950 su faces o f the platfo ms wee made of tiles
immense quantt es o f glass waste in the fo of moiles: the e ants of glass emoved om the blow pipe du ing glassblowing. The m oiles indicate that the diamete s of the blwpipes anged between l O and 15 m in keeping with the holes in the boccarll the gla ss-making deb is included d oplets clippings and t imngs o f glass and eticelli ods used to deco ate glass vessels (at ). glas s ace in some ways si la to that found at San Vincenzo but dating to the fouteenth o eenth cent y was discov e ed in the Genoese pennines (Ma oni 1 972) The main cha acte istic ofthe ace hee as at San Vncenzo was a centa mo ta lined pit suounded by sieges and conected to a single ash-pit Win d was appa ently channelled nat ally into the pit om stone slabs su oundng the ashpit The cicula kin p obably had a domed cove . This type of glass-kiln known as a s outhe ace consisted of a teetieed st ctu e (Chaleston 19 7) The bottom stoey of the kiln contained the e and a single stokehole; the middle chambe contained the ccibles and was accessed by multiple glo yholes and the uppe pa t of the kin was used to cool (aneal) the nished vessels (Fig 9) The southe type of ace equi ed that all t ee p ocesses of itting (the oasting of the aw mate ials: silica and ash) unding (the shaping and blowing of the glass) and annealing we e caied out in the same sct e (Manoni 1 972) Clos e n date to the San Vincenzo kin a la ge ace datng to the seventh cent y is known om excavations of a glassmaking complex at Santa Ma ia ssunta on the Venetian island of Toc ello (Le ciejewicz Tabacz ska and Tabacz ski 19 77) the alteative type of ace own as a no the kiln with which the San Vincenzo kin also sha es some featu es heat om the cent a pa t of the st uct e was tansmitted late ally to subsidia y aces const cted on the same level (Fig 0) this way the late al heaths could be used ntechange ably fo the itting founding and anealng p oce sse s No the aces dating to the ninth cent y ae a e: a poss ible ninth-centu y example is own om Glastonbu y in southe England (Cha leston 1 97) and fou ninthcent y aces we e excavated at Nit a in Slovakia (Hejdov 196 5). The examples contempoay with the San Vincenzo kin have oval g ound-plans although it is possible that the signicant element is the lateal ta nsfe ence ofh eat athe than the actal shape of the kiln The consction and use of the no the' type of ace was descibe d in detail by
145
IG 520 ifeent-century norern' gss furnce. (From The Travls of Si John Mandvill London, British ibrary, Addiional MS
24189, o/. 6r (Reprodced coresy o the Briish Library Board
Theophilus n the second book of his teatise D Dirsis Artibus, w itten in the st half ofthe twelh centu y although he seems to suggest a ectangula g oundplan (Dodwel 196 1 37). The ea liest own visual ep esentation of a medieval glass ace is to be found within the eleventhcenty manusc ipt of Rhabanus Mau s D Rrum Nauris (also known as D Unirso), at Monte Cassno (Cavallo 1994 facsmile p 429) (Fig ) The details of the ace a e athe unclea although it appea s to include an extension to the main st ct e s la to the subsidia y platfoms at San Vincenzo. Pe haps mo e elevant is the desc iption of a t ipatite glass ace contained in a twelh o thrteenthcenty text D Coloribus t Artibus Romanorum, compiled by E aclius (Me ield 19 67) The ace is desc ibed as having a cent a hollow fo the e and tee small compa tments o archa lage cent a ac is used fo founding and woking a smalle ight-hand a ch fo the anealng of nished vessels and a le-hand a ch fo itting and fo the heating o pota ching of the c cibles which the glass was melted is tempting to nd convincing si la ities between the tee compa tments of Eaclius's kiln and the two o t ee subsidia y platfo ms of the San Vincenzo kiln
46
TEOAY WOKSHOS
CHTE F
the Temporary Workshops consisted o f a triplechambered kiln with two add itional or subsidiary chambers, possibly for annealing In sumary, the n uniquely appears to have operated as a combination ofthe two known types: a treetiered, southe type of ace but with heat transferred laterally to a number of subsidiary chambers, as n a norhe ace At San Vncezo, glass appears to have been made n a remarkable range of colours, ncludng pule, che red, cobat blue, trquoise, seaed red n a greenblue backgrond, dark red and dark green Analysis of the glass ag ments has shown at both vessel d wndowglass was beng manufactred (Stevenson 1997; Dell'Acqua 1997a; G. 21 Eleventh-century miniature depicting a gass-kin. Rpdd rm Caal Dell'Acqua and James 2001; Stevenson : fasmi p 42 2001; Dell'Acqua 2003a) The wide range of vessel types includes oil lamps A number of questions suound the San Vincenzo with vertical handles, bowls, jars, botles, asks, l and the way in which it operated It is not dishes and drikng vessels The waste mateal demon known, for example, whether the ingpit was origin strates that a range of decorative tecques was ally covered by a centra platform and one or to upper employed, including asng, festooing of coloured chambers, or whether it remained open essence, did trails and the appication of ailed trea The the kiln operate as a southe or northe type of wndowglass was smilar to Roman glass in some ace? Furhermore, the absence of a ue leading aspects, pariculaly n tes of its composition A into the lower levels of the pit is puzzling It is possible large majority of the wndows appears to have been that air was fed nto the kin a t ground level: the linear made usng the cynder' method, whereby a cylnder cut (5847) that rns om the south edge of the ring of glass was blown, cut open and atened on a slab of chamber for 1 3 m to the south could be the remains stone called a marer Some crown glass , made om a of a possible ue channel this was found to be cut glass cylinder at was quickly rotated to fo a disc, into the clay oor of the workshop. was also madè n the workshop Both methods of Some light may be shed on the S an Vincenzo ki by production owed their ogns to classica! tiquity the discovery of a vrtally contemporary Abbasid Ther presence once agan demonsates the contuation glass workshop at alRaqqa, Syria (Henderson 1999). or rediscovery of ancient tecniques by the crasmen Here, the main glass ace, described as a beehive' worng withn the Temporary Workshops type, comprised a three-tiered stctre with an addi In terms of production, there is no evidence for tional semicircular anealing chamber built on to the glass-makng usng the raw materials of silica (sand) back of the ace The ace, which had an ntea and alkali (plant ashes) at San Vincenzo. This absence diameter of 07 5 m, is almost identica! to the San may be explained y the presence of thousands of Vincezo example when compared in section agments of workng waste and glass cullet, which (Fig ) The San Vncezo kiln differs slightly in were found discarded on the workshop oor Large that it contans to additional side chambers, rather quantities of Roman vessel-glass and coloured, than a single one. Furthermore, the glass workshop at opaque, glass tesserae were also included amongst the waste material The discarded glass was obviously a alRaqqa contaned a centralized system of oorlevel small par of that destned to be recycled and melted ue chanels, which may con the ones at San Vincenzo On the basis of the al-Raqqa kilns, it down in the kilns of the Temporary Workshops, seems reasonable to suggest that the glass ace in whilst some of the material was specically intended
47
its accompanyng clausum The scale of his operation judging om the proigate waste was, by the standards of the age, stpendous, and we srely cannot doubt that by brnging light n various fos to the monas tery the glass-maker was considered to be a sigcant artist and crasman by the commu nity.
/� \ -�' l Firing chamber
PHASE 4A5: BELLCASTING
Excavations undertaken 5 m to the southeast of the Glass Workshop, in area FF/C-2 (the South Tower, see Chapter 4, pp. 1 15 17) , revealed substantial evidence of bell-casting in the form of to large pits containing indus tria residues tpically associated with the process (Fig 3) A series of demotion tip deposits covered irng the Glass Workshop, all ch wi but clay, amer tile and many pieces of glass waste and slag. There were no inclusions of bellmould _ within these demolition layers, suggesting that the Glass Workshop was demolished prior to 0cm l B the bell-castng Layer 5675 represented the man demolition of the glassns it consisted of a tick red-brown but clay deposit with a large amount of broken but tile, om the IG. 22 Comparative sections toug the gass-kins at (A) a-Raqqa, yia kiln sctre, followed by a series of mixed (aer Henders 999 fg 3) and B) an Vincenzo SDG morar, clay and waste tip deposits. The soue wall of the Glass Workshop was removed completely, its alignment beng indicated by to colour the window-glass and to colour and decorate a robber cut (5851) Tis removal appears to be drectly glass vessels and lamps (c Whitehouse 2003) associated with the consction of the phase 4 Aium Normally glassmakers were very economica! with wall (5547/4610). The bell-pit was sitated a litle down the waste products and immings, and reused every slope ofthe glassns, rougl 0. 8 m lower in level, due agment. By conast, we may suise that the quan to the teacng of the area. Few sigs of prior activity tities of discarded glass found at San Vincenzo suggest existed here. The earliest layers were idented as that the glass-maker had access to large quantities of orange alluvial clays (5722), as n the other areas The cullet, which were collected and melted down the oly featres here relatng to the ealiest ndustria kilns to make new forms. Recycld ancient glass may activity of the Temporary Workshops were tee post have been impored to the site of San Vincenzo om hole cuts (5715, 5716, 5497), a shallow square pit urban and rral villas within the region Intriguingly, (5664) and a shallow gully (5663) These rather insig Theophilus mentioned the existence of coloured, ncant featres were associated with the copperalloy opaque glass tesserae, found in the mosaic oors of phase, judgng om the inclusions of slag and Roman buildngs Aeatively, ready-made glass crcible withn their lls. Thes e featres were all covered may have been acqured om ports along the coast by a more signcant layer ofyellowbrown clay (5442/ there is evidence that glass for expor was being 549 1 ). This levelling layer was ll of a mixtre of nds, mass-produced in Israel and transpored around the includg iron nails, glass agments and bone but most Mediteanean during this time (itehouse 2 003) . signicantly it contaned 1 2 kg of copper crcibles, The glassmaker, we can argue, was mang pnci markng the end of that kin's activity n the Temporary pally wndows and lamps for the great new church and
148
CHAPTER FN
TEMPOARY WOKSHOPS
W al l 5 1 3 6
Wa1 55 68
ds 5596 5590
Wall 4610
5600
�
Wall 4614
Wall 5089
5505
Wall 4634
FIG. 523
The bell-casting pits and associated features below the South Tower of the Eastwork. (L)
Workshops Interestngly, tis layer also contained tree worked ints, a nt point and a agment of a blade and a agment of a volcanic que-stone (see Chapter 9, p 399, Cat 15). The next series of featres most lely was asso ciated with the preparation of the area for the bell-pit
Cuting the levelling layer (5442/5491) on the weste side of the area was a shallow linear gulley (5461), rnning nortsouth, possibly a drainage ditch It was 02 m deep and sloped downwards to the north On the east side of the area a second brown clay layer (550 3) was deposited above 5442/5491 Into this clay
layer seven post-holes were cut: 5590, 5592, 5594, 5596, 5598, 5628 and 5633. Arranged in a slight curve, the post-holes possibly represent scaffolding related to constrction of the bellpit nother gully was cut into the clay layers at the same level as the postholes This linear cut ( 5489 /5505 ) ran eastwest across the southe side of the area and appeared to contnue under the later wall (4614) to the east; this may have been another drainage ditch. It was cut by the constrction cut (5507) for wall 5089, which ran norhsouth across the centre of this area. Excavation showed that this wall ted just under later wall 5 1 36, and ran eastwest as wall 5568 These walls were built om traverne blocks with grey mortar bonding The walls survived to a height of 0 5 m, though the ll length of wall 556 8 is unknown as it ran beneath later walls in the area. The positionng of these walls suggests that they were related to the bell making process The nal preparation of this area for the bell-pit appears to have been the makng ofworking surface 5562 This was a dark brown clay, 025 m deep, that covers the area, butting up against walls 508 9 and 556 8 This clay surface was cut by the bell-pits and had a large amount of trampled inclusions on its surface, including charcoal, ash and broken tile, along with pot, bone, copper and on pieces There were also eighteen pieces of soapstone, 323 g of bell-mould and a nearcomplete copper-working crcible (SF 1412) found within the deposit. Evidence for bellcasting followed n the form of to pits cut nto the clay surface (5562) sitated either side of wall 5089. The pit on the easte si de of the wall (553 1) was rectangular in shape, measured 115 x 05 6 m and was 095 m deep. This was lined with clean, yellow clay (5540), which lipped over the upper edge of the pit and probably nctioned tially as a water reservoir On the west side of the wall, a small concentration of tiles was found to be part of the cut of a large, oval pit (5677) This was almost cerainly used for the casting of the bell The majority of the pit was hidden beneath a large, later (phase 5al/2) sta block, although it was possble to ascertan that the pitwas at least 1 5 m wide and at least 3 m deep, ahoug the base was never excavated lly The sides of the featre changed from a vertical to a sloping incline and contaned a complex series of lls The earliest ll was grey-green coloured clay (5792), used to line the sides of the pit Pieces of carbonized wood were visible, pressed into the linng. ound the sides of the pit, embedded into the clay, were the remains of a second lining made of travertne, limestone and
49
tile agments (5793) A large number of tiles was concentrated around the upper edges of the pit lining Part of the clay ling was found bt and slumped against the south side of the featre, containing an iron hooklike object (SF 1435), together with an upted strctre (5702), made om imbrex tiles and clay. This feature possibly represents the remains of a vaulted ue channel, similar to the one excavated at Santi Trinita of Venosa (Vidale et al 1992) One nal featre in this area associated with the bellcasting activity was a small stone featre located about l m southeast of pit 553 1 This featre (5600 ) was built om lmestone and avertine blocks with bt tile, and was just one corse igh, measurng 05 x 018 m It was set into e clay (5662) and was heavily but, suggestng it was a smal ace. Due to the diculties in ansporng a nished bell, casting oen took place a short distance om where it was to be housed It is understandable, therefore, that many bell-pits have been discovered below the naves and bell-towers of medieval churches (Neri 2006), such as the Italian examples of Santa Coelia in Lazio (Cristie and Daniels 1 99 1), San Paolo di Valdiponte in Umbria (Blagg 19 74), Sant'Andrea di Sarzana in Liguria and Santi Giova e Reparata in Lucca (Neri 2006) The same consideration possibly applied at San Vincenzo, although the South Tower below which the bell-making pit was found was built some time aer the bell-kins had gone out of use. The excavations did not reveal clearly an earier strctre associated with the bellkins, although it could be thought that the bell they were castng was intended for a prototype of the South Tower that existed above or alongside the rst Atrium (see Chapter 4, pp. 1 21 2) The making of a bell involves tree stages the formation of the mould om cl ay (comprising an inner and an outer shell containng a false bell), the prering of the mould, and, nally, the casting of the bell itsel For the second and thd stages, a large pit was required to contan the heat, and quite oen the same pit was used for both processes. This was obviously the case at San Vincenzo with the larger of the to pits (5677), a claylined, oval hole that had been dug deep into the natral clay The lls within the pit, which measured over 3m deep, suggested that it nctioned parily as the ringpit for the bell moulds and immediately aer for the actal casting using molten copper alloy The methods used to make and re the moulds and to cast the bell were probably similar to those described by Theophilus in De D iversis
ISO
CHTE FE
TEOY WOSHOS
5
Smelting ace
I 5.24. Te formation of a bemould using a ate (Aftr Thophiu De D iversis A tibus, book l h. 85 g 21 (Dodw/1 1961
Artibus (Dodwell 196 1 : 1 508; Neri 2004; Neri 2006). His detailed description is probably the earliest known weste accont of bellmaking Dring the rst stage the iner part of the mold called the core was foed om wellkneaded clay arond a wooden spindle set on a lathe (Fig 4) The actal fo of the bell was then prepared arond the core sing sheets of tallow applied with a hot iron ny decoration reqired on the nished bell was inscribed into the tallow sing sharp tools The San Vinceo bell almost certainly was made sing a false bell of wax or tallow (lostwax casting) rather than of clay or loam (loampatte casting) The laer is probably a post-medieval techniqe that developed response to the high price of tallow and that is described by the sixteenth-centr riter Vanoccio Biringccio (D la Pirotchnica VI: 203 13; Smith and Gndi 1980) The method diers om that described by Theophils in that it reqires the separate ring of the er and oter molds and a false bel made of clay rather than wax. In an archaeo logical context it is possible to assign bellmold resides to one of the to methods on the basis of their coloration: the lostwax method generally reslts in blacker mold agments pariclarly of the cope or oter mold as a reslt of the greater redcg atms phere obtaned dring ng. A preary examinatio ofe San Vncezo bell-mold sggests that perhaps as many as 95% of the mold fragments were redced a qite clear ndication of the se o the lost-wax
method althogh a ll analysis of the material has yet to take place To complete the st process described by Theo phils the oter mold or cope was foed arond the wax bell agan sing well-knead�d clay The wooden spindle was extracted om the centre of the mold and a Ushaped on ting for the clapper was inserted into the pper par of the sctre. The canon molds for hanging the bell were also formed at this time and iron hoops were ted arond the otside of the cope . so close together that there is nt more than a handbreadth between them (Theo phils D Divrsis Artibus 385; Dodwell 1961: 152) Two rher layers of clay wee then applied to the cope to cover the hoops. hen the mold was dry it was ed on its side an the cntre of the ore was partially hollowed ot in order to lighten the mold and to ensre that it wold be red thoroghly Dring the second operation to re the molds the completed bell-mold consisting of the iner core the oter cope and he false wax bell wold have been lowered into a prepared ring pit (Fig ) Becase of its weight the mold had to be lowered slowly and carelly This involved lling the pit with earth and sing for wooden posts as gides to lower the mold as it was tilted om side to side and the earth was removed om nder it At the base of the pit was a stone and clay channel within which the re was to b The re chanel \as not located within the San Vcezo pit de to the in situ staircase
Reonstrution of te prepared bemoud witin te fìring-pit (Af hophlus, e iversis Artib us book /I h. 85, g 23 (Dodw1 1961 I 5.25.
However in one coer an pted strctre made om imbrex tiles and clay was fond which possibly denotes the remains of a valted e chanel. Dring the lost-wax process described by Theophils two holes were made within the base of the mold and the e was set. Pots were placed below the holes to collect the tallow as the false bell meed and a stone ace strctre was qickly bi arond the mold hen the tallow had ained completely e holes were plgged with clay the pit was lled wi wood and covered and the mold was red conally for a day and a night. Theophils describe how whilst the mold was being red the brozesmelting aces were pepared on the grond close to the rg pit (eri 2006) These comprised ron vessels lned with clay which were contaed withn stone and clay ace sctres. Bellows were then atached to the aces sing wooden stes hen the mold the pit was red hot and the rng was nearing completion the bell metal was prepared sing for pars copper one par tn and a qanti of charcoal
The next stage was crcial terms of timg and involved the rippg ot of the temporary ace sctre om the pit a job that . . . do es not reqe indolent workmen bt qick keen ones for fear the mold be broken by carelessness of any kind or some one gets in the way of or hrts another or mes him lose his temper (Theophils D Divrsis Artibus 3.85; Dodwell 196 1: 155) Aer the complete removal of the re and ace strctre the pit was relle with earh which was packed tightly arond the glowing mold in order to sppor it dring the casting opeation The casting of the bell wold have followed imediately and Theophils relates how the smeltg aces were qickly demolished and the molten brone was pored into the mold by hand om the iron crcibles An alteative method which involves chanellng the molten metal directly into the mold om a single large crcible is also described by him The evidence om San Vincenzo sggests that the metal was pored by hand om ceramic crcibles
52
CHE E
rather than channelled into the mould an incredible quantity, almost 2 5 kg, of crcible agments was recovered om the to excavated bell-pits Although the material has not been analysed, some of the pieces have been reconsucted to fo small, bowl-type crcibles, many of which have aces of copper alloy on their inner surfaces. The majority of the crcible agments was contained withn the second pit, located slightly to the east of the bell-casting pit This pit, which was lined with thick yellow ay, probably nctioned initially as a ay quarry and water reseroir during the makng of the mould The featre may have been utilized subsequently as par of the smelting ace The only visible remains of a poss ible ace consisted of a but stone strctre, located on the ground surface ose to the pit The presence of over l O kg of bell mould agments within the pit showed that it had been backlled aer the bell had been cast and that all associated strctures had been destroyed. Theo philuss nal passage recounts how, aer the casting operation was complete, the bell was raised om the pit the earth sounding the mould was quickly removed and the cope allowed to coòl slightly. The whole sctre was then raised from the pit by packing earh below it on alteate sides, the reverse of the process described previously Once out of th pit, the mould was laid on its side and the core was quickly extracted to prevent it expanding and crackng the bell The mould was placed upright and once again allowed to cool Finally, the cope was broken away and the iron hoops were removed A large piece of the bellmould core was recovered some 9 m away om the pit, where it had been le against an early nthcentury wall (4915). A prelim inary analysis of the residue suggests that the nished bell had a diameter of 040 5 m and would have weighe d in the order of 50 kg The mould appears to be made om ne, silty ay with mica inusions and occasiona pieces of organic material usually straw, horse dung and anima hair were aded In summary, th e Sa n Vincenzo bellcastng pit bears ose comparison with the description of bell-making recorded by Theophilus. terms of typology, two principal types of bell-pit are known the horizontal draught ace, where hot air passed below the platfo on which the mould stood, and the circular upaught kin, which was stoked om a hole on one side of the pit. Although the San Vincenzo bell-pit was not lly excavated, it seems more likely that it falls within the second category The distinction
EOAY WOSHOS
seems to be geographical rather than cronological, with most, although not all, of the circular bellpits coned to Italy (cf. Neri 2006). The San Vincenzo bellpit is probably one of the earliest circular examples known n Erope a bellpit o f the horizontal type was excavated at Santa Coelia (Cristie and aniels 199 1 246) dating to 875. •
The bellpits represent the nal phase of indusia activity in the Temporary Workshops before the consction of the Atrium began and the builders yard cae into operation (Fig. 6) Both pits were backlled with a series of tip deposits and genera demolition om the kiln strctre itself pit 55 3 1 the main bacll was a thick deposit ( 553 2), 09 m deep, comprised largely of stone and tile demolition, along with mortar lus and nonlocal stone. This deposit lso contained 350 g of crcible, 1 7 kg of bellmould and l kg of broken potery The top ll of this pit (5527) consisted of a 0. m deep deposit rich n but ay and charcoal, as well as 365 g of rcible and 6.1 kg ofbell-mould The largerbell-pit (567 7) was backlled with a succession o f ve mixed demolition deposits (578, 5725, 5719, 574, 5674) (Fig 7) These deposits were ll of ash, but ay, charcoal, copper slag and tile agments, along with a large number of crcible and bellmould fragments Aer the relling of the pits, the workshop area was levelled with building debris and ay The remains of the kins and their waste products were spread over a wide area. area FF/G excavation revealed tree ay levelling layers 5 579 was the rst levelling layer followed by 5552 and 5553 These layers all contained many bell mould agments, along with dumps of ash and char coal Similarly in FFF a seri es of tipped levelli ng layers covered this area; 5 657 appeared to be the initial levelling of the area, followed by a series of tip deposits, covered nally by 5727/5786 This last level ling layer was cut by 58 32, which was intereted as the constrction cut for the foundation wall (5547) of the east wall of the Atrium. This was early bonded to wall 539, which ran eastwest creating the norh wall of the Atrium This norh wall continued west below the nal phase of the Atrium, wall 518, as shown in the excavations in area FF/I (Fig 8) The southe foundation wall of the phase 4 Atrium was found in FF/C1 as wal147 12 The relationship beteen
undn 531
W518 1
PHASES 4A6/7: THE BULDERS' YARD AND THE ATRIUM CONSTRUCTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ndn 471
FI .26.
153
20m
Are fhe buder yrd
Cnrcn fheArum
Te conscio of e Aim and e ocaion of e bides' yad and moamixe S
Pa 5 aì b
FI. .27. Wesfacing secion og e deosis ing e be i (5677) below e ase 5 sai bloc (4650). SL
5547 and this south wall was not ear. However, the fact that it had been robbed and levelled, as 5391 had been on the norh side, suggests they were contem porary (c Chapter 4, pp. 967) The east wall ( 5547) was early butted by layer 5588; this was a mixed mortar, ay and ash layer, trampled down to create a working surface the socalled builders yard (Fig 9) is the sequence of featres that were cut into this surface that suggests there were two phases to the consction of the Atrium. Post-holes, perhaps for scaffolding posts related to the continued building of the Atrium, were cut into this layer, along with a large mortar-mxer, early associated with the constrction of the Aium The mixer resembled the eleventhcentry mortar mixer found in the Garden by the South Church (iddler 993a 2068). It consisted of a circular feature with a diameter of approximately 35 m and a depth of 02 m (Fig 30); and it had a square pivot hole. The mixer had been cut n halfby the consction ofthe foundations (58 31 ) for wal14 603 . These founda tions earlybued the northe wall (539 1), showing a ear divide between the two principal constrction phases of the Atrium (see Chapter 4, pp 967) This later wall addition shows that the phase 4a7 Atrium was a large open area in ont of the main Basilica, into which the phase 5 vaulted corridor was inserted when the elevated Eastork was added
l 54
EOAY WOKSHOS
CHATE F
DSCUSSON The sequence of acivities associated with the consction of San Vincenzo Maggiore and the new phase 4 monastic city merits some consideration. The Temporary Workshops appear to have made rst tiles, then ne metal obj ects of copper alloy, then glass in prodigious quantities, and then one or more bells, before the area was given over to constrction activ ities. We assume that the tiles were for the roof of the church and perhaps other buildings. Interestingly,
though, the manufactre of copperalloy objects possibly lampchains, decorative atachments and products preceded the huge production of this because the metalsmith aived at San glass.
Vinceno before the glassmaker? Clearly, the bell-maker undertook his activities aer the Glass
Workshop had been demolished. The scheduling is certainly inigung. Quite possibly the operations of the metalsmith and the glass-maker were ansferred into the extant pisé buildings (making up the rst Collective Worksho ps) to the south once their primary tasks had been :lled, and that they remained to take
up residency in the later second Collective Workshops Continuity of these practices canot be rled out, though the operations n the later permanent phases of the Collective Workshops were probably more lited in output than those concentrated in the IG. 28
The standing remains of the north wal of the Atrim 51 81 ) and its fondations 5391 ) (RH I 0 The morta-mixer 5436) ct in haf by the phase a Atrim wa 4603) I
G 29
he iders yard srface in area FF/F looing north showing the constrction featres ct thogh it I
Temporary Workshops Of the sequence o f skilled artisans who operated in the Temporary Workshops area, only the glassmaker merited a masory scture The other artisans occupied either postbuilt timber or pis buildings The masonry building, of course, may have been necessy because the glassmaker required substantial ng sctres including a chiney. Cerainly, the glassmaker's workshop was substantial, most of which, in fact, was occupied by a centra kin Thepis sctres to the south may well have begun life in some cases as postbuilt strctres and contained post-built featres, notably in the case of the west room, a timber porch. Porches in s peri od ae rare in peasant dwellings (Valenti 2004 23, g. 9 .l , 2) but are, of course, known om ecclesiastica! and élite buildings It is tempting, then, to assume that the skilled crasmen who made the ne copperalloy objects, the glassware and, above all, the bell(s) were recognied as special and accommodated accordingly Clearly, the glass maker and the bell-maker were early practitioners of ars that were to be much lauded by Theophilus in the twelh centry These crasmen were probably
l 55
members of small inteational communities who, in the case of glass-making, had extensive mediteanean connections and, in the case of bellmaking, belonged to the rst genera tion to comprehend the dicult process of making bells (cf Neri 2006: 102, 246) seems equally likely that the tilemaker was of a similar standing (c Moran 2000 763). Tile production on this scale required the condence to assemble materials ad re the products effectively. Plainly this had not happened at San Vinceno al Volto in the eighth centry is therefore likely that the arisan was one of the small group of specialists who enabled Abbot Joshua to realie his vaunting ambition All ofthese specialists established procedures in their cras that were to be followed on tre occasions So, in the case of the tile-maker, silar production tecnology was to be employed n making the New Abbey 300 years later (Bowden and Grber 2006). sho, the discoveries under the Aium provide a paradigmatic bencmark for the effective rst use of many cras that were to become the hall marks of monastic life during the high iddle Ages. The inscription above the door of San Vinceno Maggiore, of course, mentions the involvement of the monks in the constrction of the Basilica (cf. Chapter 2 p. 36) The intensity of arisanal activity generated by the demands of Abbot Joshua's plans for the monastery is likely to have provided some of the monks of San Vinceo with a variety of activities to perform during the interludes between the oces. Of course, it is by no means unlikely that within such a large comunity there were to be found individuals skilled in diverse cras, such as smiths, masons and caenters, and other crasmen prepared to lend their experise Equally, monks may have been engaged to carry and fetch the materials needed in these industria activities, especially water and wood. Despite the gradua elimination of obligatory manual work om the lives of later eighth- and ninth-centry moks, numerous sources atest to the activity of members ofmonastic commities n the building sites and workshops that existed in Lombard and Carolngian abbeys at this tme emphasis on the preconception and planing of complex programmes characteries the descriptions of Carolingian-period buildng projects. Of the cons c tion of the Carolingian imperial palace complex at Aachen, Notker the Stammerer, a monk of Saint Gall, wrote: He [Charlemagne] conceived the idea of constrcting on his native soil and according to his own plan a cathedral which should be ner than the ancient buildings of the Romans To help him in
60
ST A SEC CECTE WSHS
CHATE SX
above This wall built om averine blocks and bonded with yellowbeige morar was distinctly different om the pis walls of the earlier buildings; rnning eastwest it foed the southe limit of what was to become Room A of the Collective Workshops. The next wall to be constrcted was 575/4931 (hereaer described as 493 ) which clearly buted up against wall 5649 and its consction trench cut into the beaten earh surfaces This wall was similar in constrction to 5649 and ran norhsouth forming the easte limit of Room A The clay Fi. 6. he rog limesoe ad qar obbed srfae i he elosre of e fs bonded form of what later became Coleive Woksops Room D was completely demolished apar from the west wall as shown by the discovery of the pis wall 3330 below the later le to determine the relationships due to later wall 495 and the eleventh-centry wall (4033) which workshop surfaces and rebuilt as a much larger was also built across this earlier wall. rectangular strcte with mortarbonded walls Wall The new sctre which extended for a total of 3228 remaned ntact as the weste limit of the area and was extended by just over 3 m to the south with 28 m om east to west and was 1 m wide foed an initial yard or enclosure with a separate room at the the addition of wall 322 9 This wall built om rough easte end Inside the yard was roughly paved with averine blocks and bonded with offwhite mortar limestone and quar cobbles (Fig 63) At the weste foed a dooray out to the west with the southe end of the man enclosure sctre the surface (3 366) limit wall (4306) This southe wall appeared to rn associated with the pis buildings appeared to be east for nearly 25 m to b utt up aga nst wall 4 722 though the last 5 m at its east end was robbed away reused and another hard-packed clay deposit was laid beteen the demolished pis wall (3330) and the new in a later phase of the workshop occupation so its southe wall (4306 ) to level this small area up. Laid relationship to wall 5649 can only be assumed. across the east end of the area was a large levelling Contemporary with this southe wall was the consction of wall 4809 foing the norhe limit deposit (5194); a similar level occed in the easte room where a thick deposit (557) was found of this large rectangular sctre This wall again appeared that the land sloped shaly down to the built om traverine blocks and hard morar was east towards the river Volto necessitating the need built over the earlier wall of the pis phase buildng though part of this earlier wall (51 44) appeared to for thick levelling deposits at this end The surfaces laid on these levelling layers were hard-wearing limestone have been kept standing at its easte end to form the and quar cobbles (5882 5086 535); these surfaces northe wall of what later became Room B, where appeared to have been used ding the consction as with the southe wall it was later robbed away phase and were then levelled over with thick deposits At the easte end what remained of the wall was preparing the area for the actal workshop phase of the seen to be bonded with a northsouth wall of the pis sctres These levelling deposits (5 194 583 7) phase. This wall was built over by wall 4722 denng contained heaps of ash and charcoal containing great the easte limit of the large rectangular strctre and quantities of glass crcibles semiprecious stones and divided the area om the far easte room The norh wall may have carried on to the east creating the metal objects which were dumped above the cobbled oor The contents of the ash dumps show that the norhe limit of the easteost room the line of deposits were derived om the Temporary Workshops which is now represented by the slightly later built wall (495) The eastwest rnng wall (5396) that in the Atrium area (çf. Chapter 5). is likely that they were deposited here during the clearing ofthe builders was seen below the later wall may have been the yard for the consction of the Atrium in phase 4a6 continuation of wall 5 144 though not much of it was
The surfaces of the large enclosure scte suggest they were used for storing building materials and the genera working of the materia! needed for the consction. No silar indusia deposits were recovered om the weste side of the yard during this phase The to westemost rooms of the claybonded range (Rooms E and F) were retained n their entirety and it is possible that they continued to be used as accom modation during the consction of the Atrium The Atrium appears to have been completed at this time. The mortar surface (3347) located in the area north of the enclosure building and Room E was seen to butt aganst the norhe wal of the enclosure (4809); it was then cut by a consuction trench (3352) for the phase 4a7 suth Aium wal (4618). The constrction of the st Aium and the Collective Workshops enclosure essentialy created a nao w east west coidor separating the two sctres which presumably foed par of Abbot Joshua's pan ROOMS A D B (PHASE 4A7)
It appears that dng the constrction of the rst Atrium another room was created in the new aligned enclosure building with the inserion of a new wal (Fig 64) This wal (4742) was inseredjus t ove 4 m to the west of 4722; its constrction trench (552) clearly cut through the earlier cobble surface (5086) dividing the large enclose strctre and creating a naow room (om now on refeed to as Room B 1 This room the narrowest of al the workshops measured 5 m eastwest by 1 1 m norhsouth The east wal (4722) which it shared with Room A and the west wal (4742) which stil surives to a height of 0 7 m in places were conscted of limestone blocks and yelow mortar. A narrow dooray was visible in the southe end of the weste wal (4742) providing access to the open room to the west that later became Rooms C and D; this dooray appeared to have been blocked during phase 5a when the room was divided into to wrkshops and in Room C a kiln (43 17 ) was built aganst it There was no evidence of a dooray in the east wal (4722) providng a ccess om Room B into Room A and it is possible that the only access to Room A was om the norh and south sides. appears that in this phase the norh and south walls of Room B were stil intact making it a complete (fourwalled) room initially The cobble oor (5086) that was laid in the origina constrction phase of the workshops was covered
6
with a yelow clay make-up layer ( 40 7) and sered as the working sface of the workshop (40 8/5085). A few pieces of bone glass and potery as well as severa! copperalloy objects including a pin were found ampled nto this surface along with many tiny coperalloy droplets om the smelting. Furher clues to the nction of the room during this phase are provided by the discovery of a number of smal clay hearhs contaning fragments of glass and crcibles located close to the east and west walls In the earliest excavations carred out n the southe p of Room B to hearhs were uncovered. Hearh 4058 was a shallow depression close to the easte wall of the room near its southe end This depression was cut into the yellow makeup ( 40 17) and was relled with the underlying greengrey clay levelng om the earlier levels Set into this clay were several large lime stone rocks that were then covered with the working oor surface othe room (4018/5085). was aer this thatthe buing n e hear took pace A concentration of metal objects was found around this hearh trampled into e oor surface including on keys and cut lead and copperalloy objects Nearby was found a smal wheel-trown nearlycomplete crcible (SF 0680) made om a coarse fabric and heavily ed with residue adhering to the sides (Fig 6) A second hearh (4052) was uncovered to the southwest of the rst one. This hearh was set against the weste wal of the room; althogh it was not excavated lots of but mussel and haenut shels were found concentrated around it possibly suggestng a domestic use rather than an indus ia one Fher but patches were found in ese ealier excavations to e norh of the hears Ahough these patches were not excavated they may have been either other hearhs or dped but deposits om the to working hearhs (Moreland 985 40) The later excavations n the norhe par of this room uncovered o ne er hearh (5094) set aganst the weste wal just over .6 m south of the norh wall. Tis hearh was silar to 4058 nsofar as it was a but deposit set into a shallow depression in the oor surface. The tree ash deposits that were associated with tis hearh (5 43 5 48 51 49) al contaned charcoal and equent bt and broken tiles as we as lots of fragments of glass waste metal slag and crcible agments. Also associated with this hearth were four worked ints three waste akes and one worked bade (see Chapter 9 Cat. 469). One nal patch of bung associated with this phase of acvity was found just nor of Room B in the eastwest corridor beteen the Ai and the workshops This dump of charcoal and ash
162
CHAPER SIX
FIRST SECOND COLLECTIVE WOSHOPS
5121
o 5127' _
5123
[5125
5JA1
Room B
RooiA
4058
C
0 G. 64.
Room B in phase 4a7 with assocated features in the corridor to the north. SL)
(51415142) was cutby the later robber trench removing the nohe wall of Room suggesting that ognally this deposit would have buted up against this wall. his dump was not a hearh tself but most lkely associated with the cleng out of the hehs n Room . The
ash contaned plentil amonts of glass waste, metal waste and crcible agments lke the other hearths. Excavations imediately north of Room revealed several post-holes of this phase associated with the constrction of three large stone pier bases that may
163
the south side of the new monastery (Fig 66) Additional buildings may have existed to the east and west, suggested by glimpses of walls and more oor sfaces continuing into the ench edges, but these were not excav ated. The formation of these individua workshop buildings belongs to the peod aer the rst Aium was completed and, probably, when the East work was made and the vaulted coidor conected the Upper Thoroughfare to the rear of Room . The Collective Workshops, of course, could have been conscted at any tme aer the rst Aim, or, ndeed, aer the making of FIG. 6 5 Copper-alloy crucible (F 0680 recovered from Room B (BB) the Eastork with its vaued corridor (c Fig 4.1 ). represent the remains of a wooden staircase leading up Two ma pàses of activity were identied within to the southeast coer of the rst Atrium and possibly each room of the Collective Workshops complex to a small bell-tower (possibly a prototype for the later Relatively little is known of the specic activities that South Tower; see Chater 4, p. 121): These postholes took place within the individua rooms during the rst (5119, 5121, 5123, 5125, 5127, 5137) and two of the phase, before the extensive changes to the rooms in phase 52 The principal infoation for the earlier three pier bases (5098, 5167) all cut through the oor ninth centry comes om tip laye rs that represent the surface (5097) associated with the rst industria activity in the new Room . removal of tons of working rese and debris om these early workshops he midden tips, we surmise, were created when the buildings were cleared to THE SECOND COLLECTIVE facilitate major strctral changes, probably in the WORKSHOPS 840s. The second phase of activity withn the Col Aer the surfaces of the rst, large enclosure scte lective Workshops, which relates to the period beteen were covered ver wth the thick levelling deposits of c. 840/850 and 881, began with sctral alterations material om the Temporary Workshops, it appears that included the inoduction of timber paitions and the laying of ne cocciopesto oor surfaces Changes that another division wall was insered before the industria use of the workshops began (Fig' 66) This in access were also made, including the closng of second division wall (4305) was built dividing the entrances that had existed between and through the remaining par of the large enclosure sctre into separate rooms. Emphasis instead was placed on two rooms. I is not clear if this second division wall directing access to and om the south of the workshop was contemporary with wall 4742, but it seems likely range. This was accomplished by the introduction of now that it was constrcted sometime aer Room large doorays, wide enough for cas in some cases, was created. This new division wall (4305) was in the south walls. The changes differ for each room insered another 6.5 m to the west of 4742, stopping and are discussed individually below 12 m ay om the south wall to create a dooray beteen t o rooms, the smaller , Room C, measuring ROOM A 65 m in width and the larger, Room D, measuring l O m wide The resulting complex comprised at least PHSE 5Al four rectangular and square units Progressing om Room A measured 7 m eastwest by 11 m northsouth east to west these are referred to as Rooms A, , C, and was poorly presered on its easte side, its walls and D. Together with the pisé buildings (Rooms E suriving to just above oor level (Fig. 67) Signs of and F) located mmediately to th west, they formed robbe trenches show that the easte wall was partially the nucleus of a range of workshops sitated along removed before it nally collapsed sometime aer the
166
CHAPTER SIX
FIRST SECON COLLECIVE WOKSHOPS
FIG 6.8. The ied pavement (4993/ 51 87) in Room A looking northeast. IW
Phase Sal
167
Phase 5a2 Floor4927 Beam4922
Floor4939
cae om thr ee signicant deposit s. The r st was the occupation layer above the tiled oor (51 71 /569 3), wher e a number of copper -alloy objec ts, including an openended r ing (SF 1 448), a small tack (Cat 1 84), sheet agments and pieces of beaded wir e, was r ecover ed A small ir on chisel (Cat 229 ) was aso found The second deposit (5676/4941) consisted of a r ich, back ayer of char coa and vitried material, which r eates to the r e sustained in 881 . In this deposit, ar efacts such as SF 14 53, a small damaged cel of cloisonné enamel measur ing 490 x l O x 3.5 m (Cat 5. 3 Fig 737 and ate 74), heps to determine the use of the r oom The thir d deposit (5029 ) was a but silty sand deposit that was beteen 50 and l 00 mm in depth This deosit for med par of the demolition deposit s aer the S ar acen atack; signicanty, it contained an ro n arr owhead (Cat 239 Fig 72) Although the nds om Room A ar e too numer ous to i st individually, they include many fagments of copper alloy sheet, sips, beaded wir e, tacks, iron r ods, hooks and ttings; glass :agments, cr ucible sherds and glass caboc hons. More signi cantly, the damaged ay of enamel (Cat 5 3; Fig 737 and ate 74) depicting a ong-stemed ower on a gree n back gr ound, and a Roman gemstone (Cat. 4.2 ; Fig 7.3) wer e r ecovere d The la ter, a white chalcedony, was ney engraved with the gur e of Bonus Evens (Fig 73) Fnally, a second small a nd spectacuar ay of cloisonné enamel (Cat. 52 Fig 737 and ate 7) was discover ed her e Though this enamel, which
has a foliate design executed in blue and yellow on a gr een backgr ound and a multicooure d disc at its centr e, was found in the disturb ed eleventhcent deposits above the r oom, in design, construction and execution it is r elated drectl y to other enamels manu factr ed in Italy in the nnth centr (Mitchell 200 1c below, pp 2 579) The assemblage of nds songy points to Room A beng the workshop o f a emetalwork er and enameler . Notithstding the nds of glass and other debr is om the Tempor ar Wor kshops that became xed n to the sufaces of this r oom, the pr incipal objects sugges t that the special ist was mng the tr ays and beading for such objects as r eliquar ies, book cover s and pr ocessiona cr osses.
ROOM B PHSE 5Al As disc ussed above, Room B appeared to have had an ear ier industria use than the other works hops here In phase 5a the room was atered radically the most signcant aer ation was the r emova of the norhe and southe walls, cr eating a passa ge thr ough the wor kshops to the Aium (Fig 69) The tr ench cut (5 129 ) reveaed the removal of the nor he wall, which cut the oor sur face ( 5097) and the ash deposit (5 14 1/5 142) Above this cut and the eari er oor sur faces a evelling ayer was aid (5077/507 6/50 78). This deposit cover ed the coidor ar ea and spr ead into Room B. This ashy layer contained a most 2,500
FG 6.9.
Room B in phases Sal and Sa2. (SL)
agments of gass and gass-pr oduction waste, together with agments of crcibes and potter. Sever al pieces of int er e found, such as ar etouched ake (C hapter 9, Cat 54) and the broken end of a worked too (Chapter 9, Cat 55 ), alongside an ir on knife bade (Cat. 2 21 ) Ther e were al so :agments of beads, shell and a semipr ecious lapis lazi gemstone (SF 067 8). Tis deposit appeared siiar o the evellg deposits found n and around Room A and is nterret ed best as r esuting om distrb ed deposits om the Tempor ar Workshop s, removed during the consuction of the East wor k At the southe end of the r oom a wide do or ay was created by the remova of the elier south wall The lnt es o f this dooray were suppor ed by two ar ge reued Roman marble door-blocks ( 401 1, 40 12), which were set nt o the weste and easte walls of the room (Fig 610) The weste door -bock (4011) was a ge squar e bock measur ing 0 88 x 0.88 m, in good condition, and with a circular d ooost hole and squar e door-jamb hole clearly visibe n the southwest coer of the bock. The easte door bock (4012 ) was not in as good condition as the weste was wor ked crdey, and rectanguar r ather than square,
though the doorpos t hole and door -jamb hole wer e both cleary visibe in its southeast e coer The new door was almost the width of the r oom, wide enough for a car or wagon to enter . Tr aces of a ar ge wooden door (50 42/ 5043 ) wer e found fallen and but in situ dur ing the excavations inside Room B (Fig 61 l). Inside the roo m, the walls were plas tered and modesty painted, judg g by the tr aces of paster sti l adher ing to the walls and om the agments found n the but rubble (5 025/50 26) that collapsed in om the walls aer the S ar acen attack It was pr obaby paved with ties. I comon with the oor n Room A, this sur face was cleary in a state of disrepair by 88 1, showing it had been used troughout the different activities of this r oom and no t renewed at any time. A new mor ar oor was laid al so in the corridor t o the norh (4927 ), set onto a tie makeup (5068 ) As in Room A, a compact yellow mor ar o or was aid in the ar ea of Room B (4 939 ), cover ing the r st phase of indusia activit. Room B in this phase appears to have been a sout h extension of the vaulted corridor, connecting the claustrum to the Collective Workshops Decorated
168
CHAPTER SIX
FIRST AN SECON COLLECTIVE WOSHOPS
FIG 61O. Two arge reused Roman marbe door-bocks (40 40 12), n the soth entrance of Room B in phase a. IWA
and oored, it belongs to the time when the Eastwork was conscted. PHE 5A2 A Se The use of Room B as a passageway became uneces sary once the vaulted corridor beneath the Atrium went out ofuse and was steadily lled with a midden At this time Room B was altered to become a workshop The norh, wide entrance to the room was narrowed with FIG 6. l Carbonized remains of the soth door (5042/5043) lying in stu above the mortar floor of Room B. IWA
the inserion of a treshold beam (4922), creating a new entrance above the remains of the earlier, remo ved norhe wall (5144) (Fig 6) The main feare associated with this phase ofRoom B was an oval kin or hearh (4641) measuring 1.6 x 05 m (Fig . 61 3) The outer wall of the kin was constrcted with avertine boulders Four inscribed ninthcentry rooftiles, with their anges removed, had been placed within it to create a level working
169
platform. The kin showed signs of intense buing, paricularly in the cene, where the tiles were cracked and but to a deep blue-purple color The evidence om Room B, paricu larly in terms of the nds recovered, suggests that the building was in use until the moment of the Saracen atack The roo appears to have been aban doned quickly and subsequently destroyed, as a result of a erce re The carbonized remains of the south door (5042/5043) provide the most vivid testimony of the event, lyng where it had fallen above the morar oor Part of a lock mechanism, FIG 612 Burnt remains of the threshold beam (4922) at the north entrance to Room hinges, bolts, nails and two keys were B n phase a2. IWA found within the but remains (Moreland 1985: 44). The most telling nd was the discovery of seventeen arrowheads, some of which were still embedded withn the but remains bmt tles of the door (Fig 6 14) Within the room, the evidence for the re was substantial: the painted walls and morar oors were heavily scorched the wooden doorlintel and the possible shelves or benches along l the walls had been destroyed completely; a deep, black deposit of charcoal and silt (5027), contaning the remains of the tiled roof, covered the oor, with l two rher deposits (5025, 5026) ofheavily but lme stone, mortar and plaster agments, lying against the west and east walls respectively. These deposits appeared to represent the collapse of the walls aer ravertine boulder the re A wealth of scatered and broken objects was fond withn the blackened remains, which, once agan, allow us to reconstrct vividly the layout and organization, as well as the messy condition of the room prior to the re Many of the objects were recov eed om within the but remains of the shelves or benches on which they had been stored In paricular, the pottery, which comprised a number of ne, red painted jugs and bowls (Fig 6 l ), seems to have been shelved on the weste side of the room, close to the door On the shelves opposite was kept a lathe ted soapstone jar that may have been used as a crucible (Paterson 2001b: gs 1 1:2, 11 :5, 11 :6) The jar appears to have been stored together with a number of miscellaneous metal objects that included an iron spike, a knife, a ring and a reinshackle A few pieces of copper sheet and strip were found, together with a hammered copperalloy rod with a FIG. 613 Detail of the heah (464 ) at the north end of Room B. SL soldered handle. A few agments of crcibles for the
70
CER SI
7
FRST AND SECO COLLECTE OKSOS
G 6 14 octon ofthe burnt remins of the south oor (042/043) n the rcen rrowhes foun embee in it KFISL
Paition
G 6 17 Cermic cooking pot foun in the phe 2 mien to the north of oom B n the vute corror (55)
G 6
15.
ml pinte jug foun ose to the oor n oom
wokin of ass and co-allo, ics of lad and window-lass comlt t ist of ds stod b t doo. I no alf of t oom, t objcts w al connd to t ast slvs, s to t k. T nclud two on sks, ossibl two avs of a calli-t too, a cut-toat ao, of a m sat, ums and amnts of co-alo and ion, and a it mod ot A concntation of ot fond aonsid t walls witin t but timbs of faln doo ma sust tat w slvs o
Bumt tibers 5042/5043
wokbncs alon t wals of is oom om wic tis ot f T nction of Room B duin its nal as is at ad to dtmin du to t divsit of t nds Howv, to jud om t a, oval kin, t co-wokin ccibl and t soaston ja, it is lik tat t oom was utilid fo sma-scal mtal wokin, as fo t icat isin o a of objcts. T sam activit is sustd b t on toos, b t mtal objcts and b t discov of co lums found tamld into t oo T snc of ossib slvin o wokbncs, and, aicua, of a ock on t doo, bas wiss to t imoanc of t activit tat wnt on in t
s
Middendeposit 17 2m •
Saacn aowads
2 6 1 6 Westfcing section cross the corrior re north of oom , showing the mien epost (46 17) SL
76
CHE S
FS AN SECO COECE WOSHOS
IG 622 Roo C ookng south showng the foor surfaes and the ne of the partton ddng the two sa roos fro the passageway aong ts west sde. The efhand wa (4735) beongs to the ater eeenth-entury loster) (IWA)
FIG 624
ort room cratd by t astwst part masurd 45 4. 5 m; t was covrd by t sam cocciopeso surac 3322) T cor pt stl appartly us appars to av b s olatd by a wckr scr. A larg pc o plastr 5096) oud ac dow t pt 51 14) ad groovs o ts surac p lacs sowg somtg ad b mbddd t. Aotr pc o ts plastr sowd t trlacd atur o latg suggstg t ad b plastrd oto a wckr scr ratr ta a sto strctur Dstctv carcoal lvls rlatg to t atack o 881 wr locatd across t tr room abov t morar oors Dpost 3321 covrd t surac t two rooms o t ast sd o t buldg ad cotad may objcts rlatd to t us o t rooms A tck dmolto dpost 3293) cosstd o but tmbrs ad tls mxd wt but avrt blocks ad scorcd wallplastr T tls rprstd t collapsd roo o t buldg A umbr o ds was rcovrd om Room C Wt t xcpto o a sgl dscovry om t sout room o a larg ro pckax (Fig. 6.3), all t objcts wr rcovrd om t or room o t buldg. Tr a cosdrabl assmblag was oud cludg coppr-alloy ad lad sts lad ad ro strps ad ro ooks ad als. T room also cotad a larg umbr o tools cludg awls csls ad a ormous par o ro orgg togs S 3486) tat ad b avly but to a pkrd colour d o t togs was bt aroud t otr so ty could grp arrow objcts
The ron forgng-tongs found n Roo C. (WA
asly (Fig. 6.4). your ro pots oud groupd togtr S 3484) rprst t dcayd rmas o a l ckl a comb usd t prparato o wool or ax (Fig. 6.) Brodrbb Hads ad War 2005 3757). ally t dscovry t ort room o a doorlock mcasm ad a ky S 3543) smlar to t os oud Room B glgts t mporac o t buldg ad ts cotts s pp 237
x
Bo 1979 I xxv buldgs 256) T cambrla was rsposbl or t moks clotg ad bddg ad or all t moastrs tools ad ut sls Gv t atur o Room C ad ts cotts w av trtd ts as t ous o Sa Vcos cambr la A ocal ovrsg t cra worksps s dscrbd at t Lombard moastry o Bobbo; tr was amd as t camerarius primus. H workd wt t camerarius abbais ad a iuior preposius Dstas 2002 51) As otd Captr 4 pp. 11 920) a corrdor xstd btw t back walls o Rooms C D E ad ad t sout wall o t Aum T rar door o Room C probably cratd pas 5 a2 ld to ts corrdor ad t drctly to a arcway 3243) a wall closg a starcas ascdg t sout sd o t Aum s pp 1 1 820) T wall collapsd t latr t ctry ad was oud prsrd t xcava tos
.8)
l O FIG 623
4cm
The arge ron pkaxe found n the southern part of Roo C )
Room C was obvously dvdd to a rcpto ara or lvg room t ot sout) part o t buldg ad a room wt a possbl lavator solatd by a wckr scr ad a tool stor at t rar A wood c may av surroudd a yard outsd rprstd by a lar carbod atur 4524) ucovrd 7 m to t sout o wall 4306 (Fig. 6.8), ad t rot o t buldg blow t avs may av b dcoratd wt laborat trracotta corbls (Fig. 6.6) T dcorato ad orm o t buld g dcat tat t prso wo occupd t was somo o stat wt t moastr sms lkly tat t was dsgd to ous o o t mastr crasm or ocals closly assocatd wt t Collctv Worksops Strkgly t Pla o Sat Gall dpcts just suc a aparmt t collctv worksops at t c o t complx or t moastrys cambrla Ho ad
77
IG 625 Reonstruton of a nen heke. DG ar Broibb, Hans and Waer 2005 g V67, p 377
180
FST SECOND COLLECE WOSHOPS
CHPTER SI
intersected each other at right angles to fon a cross shaped oor A similar building to the one proposed here can be seen in the fon of the Brewers' Granary of the Plan of Saint Gall (Fig 630).
- - O
IOcm
FG. 629 One of the quen-stones associate with the Room D granary (V)
and disibuting the grain The interior of the buildi ng, we sunise would have comprised four coer bays bui oftimber, n which the grain was stored B etween these to mortar ed treshing lanes would have
PHASE 5B At some time prior to the Saracen attack the granar was desoyed by re The evidence is nequivoca l: the morar and earth oor was reddened and contained the charred remains ofthe timber bays and the container of grain The bt timbers were then covered by a trampled clay srface (3324), which was later buried beneath the 88 1 destrction levels (3278 33 1 1 ). The e may have begun accidentally and spread quickly trough the roof ofthe complex, which almost certainly was thatched Room E, in which remains of the same event were disceible and Room F were also probably roofed with thatch Though it is not clear what caused the re, it is evident om the laying of the trampled cla y surface that Room D was reused aer this event, perhaps as a storeroom or byre up until the attack n 88 1 PHASE 5c The ampled clay (3324), which was heavily compacted with agments oftile and averine crshed into the surface, contained over l kg of potter
including a colander or cheese-strainer together with fragments of glass, an ron buckle (Cat. 2 1) and an iron clapper (Cat. 2.6 1 ; Fig 726) om a small bell Curiously, a second smilar iron bellclapper (Cat 2.60) was discovered in the black desction deposit (3278) that covered the room aer the atack n 881 Four large wooden posts appear to have been inserted into the walls n order to support the damaged roof The excavations revealed a number of masonry cuts with post-shaped morar nners, one each located in walls 4809 and 4305, with to more cuts located in the south wall (4306). The ont of the building may have been re-roofed with tiles, as one ofthe destrction levels (3311) which appeared to be the rst collapse aer the atack, consisted mostly of broken but tile fragments and appeared to be conned to the southe third of the room The nal desction of Room D in 881 was disceible in the fo of the collapsed roof and the destrction layer (3278) that contained the but remains of the workshop door. Con tained within the remans of the door were eleven identical round-headed bots, tree iron dome-headed nails and
Phase 5al
Aeh
Postpad
� Wall 3159
A
FIG 6.30.
Pit 3295
B
5m
Comparative plans of granaries: (A) at San V incenzo, Room D; B) on the Pan of Saint Gal l. (KF fe Horn and B om 9 79: I f g. 436)
o FIG 631
a nber of iron nail agments along with pierced iron strips (Cat. 269) that may have been par of the door itre There was also a lock mechanism (Cat. 2.66) All the pieces were sitated on the easte side of the new south dooray. A prehistoric stone axe (Chapter 9 Cat. 70) of igneous rock, reddened and broken as a result of the re, was discovered on the west side of the door. The discovery of this axe in this position and its signcance wil be discussed rher in Chapter 9 (p 398).
ROOM Room E, together with Room F was one of the oldest surivng buildngs in the whole workshop complex. The phase 3c or 4a building, which measured 60 x 9 5 m was integrated into the Collective Work shops ding the ninth centr (Fig 631 ) (see pp. 12935) The origina was of the buildng were buit randomly of stone and tile, bonded with clay. The unique alignment on whih Room E and its parner Room F were constrcted, meant that the
Phase 5a2
Atrium wall461 8
Room E in phases al and a2. (SL
8
Atriumwall461 8
182
CHAPER SI
FST SEON COLLECTE WOSHOPS
183
FIG. 6.33. Reconstruction of the east-facing elevation of Room E (SG)
Atu
Thoroughfae
FIG 632
Room E in the foreground and Room D behind, showing the dierent aignments of the two rooms. (WA)
two strctres encroached westwards towards the south wall of San Vincenzo Maggiore (Fig. 6. ) To the east, tey converged at an angle with Room D (Fig. 63) PHASE 5A1 During the rst phase of the Collective Workshops, Room E was largely retained in its origina form, although the origina south wall (3208) was demolished to oor level and a new wall was built (3 18 8) to the imediate south of the earlier one. This wall was built of random, un-coursed avertne rbble and occ asiona tile agments bonded with a greywhite mortar This rebuilding of the southe wall of the room may have been the result of weakness caused by the alterations made to Room D and the demolition of the pisé wall (3330) to the east Room E retained its two origina entrances during the st phase: one located at the east end of the norh wall (32 37), measuring 1 3 m in width, led into the thoroughfare; a second, l m wide, led om the southe end of the west wall (3091) into Room F. The charred remains of a wooden threshold were visibl e in the north doorway The roof of the building was supported by a cena post set on a mortar postpad (3294) that was inserted the earlier phase ofthe room in pit 3295 (Fig. 6.33) This pit measured 075 x 0.8 m, and the possible remains of the post-support were
found in the shape of an iegularlyshaped morar base (3394) As the excavation in Room E was not completed, litle is known of the building dring its rst phase The earliest oor reached n the excavations (3364), consisting of a layer of brown silt clay containing occasiona traverine and tile agments and ecks of mortar and plaster, was expose d partially n a narrow slot measurng 1 3 m in width excavated on the easte side ofthe room against wall 322 8 A slight depression this surface just 1 1 m south of the doorway in wall 3237 suggests the area was heavily wo. As the excavations did nt uncover more of this room at this earlier level, the relationship of this surface to the other walls is not known I is unclear, therefore, to which phase this oor belongs, though as the layers above can be assigned to the second phase of the Collective Workshops, i t can be assumed that this surface was in use dring the rst phase Excavations to the north of Room E, n the coidor between the Atrium and the workshops, provided more insight into the constrction of the Atrium and the overall plan of the monastery The constrction of the Aium on its new alignment caused the Room E and Rom F sections of the eastwest corridor to naow considerably the area to the north of Room E was 2. 9 m wide, while that to thenorh ofRoom F measured only l . 7 m This foed a new corridor to allow acc ess
to and om these weste rooms to the other work shops Two new arches created the entrances to this new corridor (Fig 6.34). The foundations ofthe weste arch comprised two well-dressed averne blocks (3 15 7) that were placed against the Atrium wall (461 8); the opposg footing was provided by similar stoe blocks morared onto the norhe end of wall 309 The easte arch utilized par of wall 3005, used later for the stairay to the raised Atrium, as its norhe foundation; the staway wall (3076) was bui abutting this. The southe foundation for this
arch comprised a dressed avertine block sitated at the junction of walls 3228 and 3237. Both arches would have been approxately 1 .6 m wide PHASE 5A2
During the second phase, a third dooray, 1 1 m wide, was created n th e southwest coer of the room with the partial removal of the weste end of the southe wall (3 18 8) The eastfacng termus of the new walls in Room F formed the opposng door-jamb for this dooray. The intea surfaces of the walls had FIG 634 The piers of the western arch in the corridor to the north of Room E (IWA)
CHT S
FST N SCON COCT WOKSHOS
face of wall 309, iectly opposite the southe enance, an covein the ealiest wall (3208). n the noh an east sies, the platfom was etaine by a low sinlecouse wall (31 64) built of limestone an taveine mason. The emains of plaste enein wee visible on the oute faces o f the wall, which stoo to a heiht of 0 2 m The staiay built on the bble platfom consiste of thee steps constcte om wellesse avetine blocs with tile teas. The uppemost step compise a small plat fom 0 9 m squae The com plete scte measue 02 m lon, 0.9 m wie an ose to a heiht of O.72 m A paition wall may have existe beeen the southe oo an the steps a few but timbe feates wee notice within the oo, althouh thee was no opponit to investiate them Within the southwest ooay of the oom wee the emains of a tile suface (31 78) measuin 0.6 8 05 8 m This tile suface was bee on a laye of cocciopesto an ovelay pa of the staiay platfo (31 7) an pa ofthe southe wall (3 18 8). iinally this suface may have extene acoss the platfom fom the ooay to the staiay. Simi la sufaces wee eveale in the excavations in Room F, an wee pobably contempoay The steps may have povie access to a secon stoey o 1o, pehaps by way of a lae om the platfo at the top of the steps The ose poxt of the steps to a lae feate, sitate in the nohwest coe of the buil, suests th at the to wee elate some way A less liely teetation, which was consiee on excavation, is that the platfo at the top of the steps epesents a eae's pulpit, ivin access, via a winow in wall 3091, to Room F (Mitchell 1996a: 54) The (unexcavate) feate consiste of a ectanula epession measuin 25 6 m, pobably epe sent a tank o ciste; its epth is unow. A lae, hollowe bloc of stone was foun ose by, an toethe the two ae povisionall teete as the tank an counteweiht of an olive pe ss n fom, the tank is a lmost ientica! to a numbe of Roman olivepessin taks foun in Volubilis, Moocco (Fig 636) (Behel 1996) Alteatively, this miht have been a ain silae b, associate with the ana
x
F 3
Tie steps agaist wal 309 on te west side of Room
E. I
emains of plaste enein ahein to them that may have been applie in this phase The excavations uncovee fou simila feates (3346) set aainst the easte wall (3228) These eaine only as yellow bown patches on the suface (3301), measuin ouhly 1 .05 m lenth an 0 5 m in with out om the wall, an place ouhly 1 3 m apat om each othe. These may be the emains ofwobenches alon sie the wall The oo of the buil was ebishe above the ealie oo (3364) with cocciopesto an tiles (33 0 , 3 1 7). At the southe en of the oom the cocciopesto suface (3 7) was lai ove a bbe platfom (33 1 0). This platfo, mae of small le stone an aveine bble in a a ebown silt ay maix, aise the suface an foe the base fo a set ofwellconstcte tile steps (3098 ) om the oo (31 7) to the southe ooay (Fig 63). The platfom (33 1 0), which measue 0. 2 m hih, 4 7 m lon an 1 1 m wie, was constcte aast the east
x
PHAE SB Se At some time pio to 881 the tak was lle with bble. The osue of the tak may be associate with evience in the oom fo an ealie e, as
A
m
FIG 3 Comparative pas of olive-pessg tanks fom: (A) a Vcenzo, Room E SL; (B) Volubis orocco SL fe ehel / 996
oom, assoc iate with the use of the tank feate (Fig 637) An ion slieey (Cat. 2.64) was foun within this eposit, toethe with seveal pieces of but pote, om pots that may have been stan on the benches at the time of the e Taces of the atac in 88 wee ealy evient om the ebis covein the oom: to eposits of a eyblac but ay an silt (3099 , 3 12 0) ovelay the staay an the oo in the suthe hal f of the oom; these eposits, between 02 m an 0 3 m epth, containe tile, moa, chacoal an plaste aments alon with but boen potey. The oo (33 01 ) the emaine of the oom showe sins of scoch an buin, an it was covee by the fallen ebis om the walls of the oom estoye by the e Room E appeas to have been evisite ae 881: a mixe context ( 323 7) above the oo pobably epesents a somewhat faile attempt to salvae lost o valuable items. This appeae to be mae up of istbe but ash an chacoal eposits xe with ay an faments of tile an moa These eposits i not appea to be but in situ, suestin that this was just a laye of istbe mateial, eeposite as the salva occue This was covee with the bble collapse of the walls (such as 3228, 3235 an 3239) acoss the easte half of the oom The many objects ecovee om the oom inue a st cent Roman coin, aments of ile lass (SF 3452) an lass vessels, a 1oom weiht, a coppe alloy in an melte lea. A lae numbe of ion objects was also foun, u a wellpesee hine om a chest (Cat 270) with to nails still atache, a slieey (Cat 2.64), a illbit (Cat 233), a (Cat 280), the blae of a fe (Cat 22 5), a stapslie (Cat. 2 12) , thee laeheae tacs an a bolt (Cat. 2903) (see Chapte 7) As the objects ae so wieanin, it is icult to place any secue inteetation on the use of the oom at the time of its esction nce aain, the evience points to the expeient use of a pooly maintae buil in the late nth cent
obsee in the ajacent ooms A blac eposit of
ROOM
feate in the nohwest coe, an covee the oo suface (330 1) to a epth of 0.1 5 m This eposit extene noh om the bac of the steps fo 3 8 m alonsie wall 309 1; it then te to exten fo 25 m alonsie wall 3237. Thee wee obvious sins of but timbes within the eposit, which may epesent two he benches this coe of the
PHAE SAl Room F is the secon of two ooms ceate om the lae weste en oom of the pisé builins (cf Chapte 5, pp. 1325). Thee of the oiina walls of the oom suive to be inteate in the st phase of the Collective Woshops The main oom appeas to have been etaine mostly in its oina fo, but
in situ bt mateial (3269) suoune the ectanula
CHTE X
86
FT ECO COECTE WOKHO
87
W 149
Cetri
11
t FG. 637
Rm E king t the suth with the tank feature in the nrhwest rner (bttm right)
with a modication inoing th rmoa o its south wa and th addition o two smar rooms xtnding to th south (Fig 638) h modìcations mad to crat ths south rooms must b associatd with th rmoa owa 3208 in Room E as this wa was th south wa o th arg wst room o th origina pisé buiding In Room 2. 6 m o this wa was rtaind (31 59) to crat th diision wa btn th southast room and th main room with a shortr part o it (3220) standing to o th norh nd o th nw cna diision wa o th to south rooms (3 160) and th doorjamb or th norhast ntranc to th southwst room h rst o th dmoishd south wa (3221) o th pisé buiding was obsrd in th xcaations bow th oor imdiaty wst o th rmaining wa (3159) h nw pan consistd o on main room masurng 85 9. 5 m with cay-bondd was and a cna supporting post mountd on a hay morar postpad that was insrtd in th arir phas o th room h norh nanc om th pisé phas into th main room was rtaind as was th southast nanc into Room E. B oth o th south rooms had an ntranc nto th main room: th ntranc to th southast room was cratd by th rmoa o just or m o th od south wa whi th ntranc to th south wst room was ocatd in th norh nd o its ast
x
wa his attr room had on mor dooray in th south nd o th wst wa possiby insrtd in phas 5a2 o th occupation. his suggsts that thr wr mor workshops or yards associatd with th octi Workshops rhr to th ws h sma southwst room masurd 4 45 m and was od by th constrction o wa 31 70 as its south wa 3 17 1 as par o its wst wa and 31 65 as its north wa (Fig 638) Its ast wa (3 16 0) was shard with th scond sma room h rst o its wst wa was ormd by th insrion o a thinr tapring wa (3 19 2) that may ha bn a bocking wa ing in a dooray. A th was wr buit om trarin bocks with occasiona imston incusions. Most wr bondd with a hard whit morar though wa 3 16 0 was bondd with a yow morar his room was constrctd or and byond th in o th origina pisé south wa o Room F h smar ast room masurd 2.5 3 m. Its north wa was par o th od pisé wa (3159) with a short stch o wa 3 1 50 bui buting th south sid o 31 59. his part is probaby th continuation o wa 3 1 88 th nw south wa o Room E Its ast wa (3 1 51 ) was buit om trartin bocks bondd with hard yow mortar whi its south wa (3 1 7 6) was bondd with hard whit morar h thr arg post-hos om th potntia timbr porch atr
x
Surfce
W159
166
150
Srfce 16
W 176
m
x
FIG. 638
Rm n phases al and 5a2. L
in its arist phas appard to b part o th consc tion o ths was suggstng that th posts o th porch wr sti standing and wr incooratd into th was at ach cor junction aong th south sid o ths two sma rooms h oor suracs o ths rst phas rooms may ha bn just batn
arth judging om th pit cut (3 17 9) against th ast sid o wa 31 60 and th comparab idnc obsrd bnath th harh or on (31 63) in th southwst room and bnath th ti suracs in th main room. Pit 3 17 9 rad a stri ay bnath th atr nr oor surac ( discussd bow in phas
188
FST D SECO COECTE WOSHOS
CHTE SX
5a2) that may have been used as a surface in the rst phase of the room, though so itte of it was seen that this is not concusive Siiary, in the southweste room a rm cay deposit was seen beow the ater oor surface where it was cut by the inserion of a hearh or oven Lasty, in Room F itsef the entire area was covered with a yeowbrown sandy sit deposit (3 11 5/31 82) that was ater covered by a tie oor This sit deposit may have been used during the rst phase of occupation of the room These ayers were not excavated. PE 5A2 the sma southweste room the excavation stopped at the ne cocciopesto oor surface that covered the room. This surface (3 1 66) was aid for the ast occupa tion of this room and was made om a pinish white morar set with crshed pot and tie agments was a very hard durabe surface that unduated ony where the demoished pisé wa ran beneath it. the southeast coer of this room a tied featre (3 16 3) was uncovered that appeared to have been trncated by the constrction of the eeventhcentry wa that was buit across this end of the site. This tied featre was buit into the coer of the room against was 3 1 60 and 3 1 70, and consisted of a traverine boc and irreguar broen bits of inscribed ninthcentry ties F 39 he phae a2 tie hearth feature i the mal outhwet set into a hard yeow morar, a set in a semicircuar room of Room F shape surrounding a hoow of but cay, suggesting an oven or hearh (Fig. 639). This caused some desc ayer (3 1 15/ 3 18 2) The patches of tie oor were tion to the cocciopesto oor, so it may be a ater add ocated just south of the norhe doorway, by the ition to the room athough sti predating 88 1. entrances to the southe rooms and just west of the pposite this featre, against the weste wa (3 17 1), centre of the main room (Fig 640) They, too, were was a step made om traverine bocs and cocciopesto a heaviy wo and showed signs of buing om roughy bonded to the wa. This step (3 1 75) was O 2 m the re that destroyed the worshops. high and was a ater addition to the room, as it sat on oor surface 31 66. must have ed out tough the entrance in the weste wa suggested by the remains of a carbonized pa (3222) covering par of the weste wa at this point. The smaer room to the east had a simiar cocciopesto surface (3 162 ), which covered the entire room was heaviy abraded in the areas by the dooray and n the southeaste coer, an indication of equent use The main room appeared to have been surfaced with a tie and cocciopesto oor, shown by tree remaining patches FI .40 Oe of the remaiig pathe ofthe phae a2 tie foor i Room F (3114, 3174, 3181) aid over a sit
The was ofthe two south rooms were pastered and painted. The coers of the rooms were mared with a broad red band extending some 90 m aong each wa; this was bordered by a 30 m verica band of grey, and the remainder of the wa was covered with a pae grey wash Gi ven the extensive use of painted decoration to aricuate the socia hierarchy of spaces troughout the compex at San Vincenzo, it seems iey that these simpe decorative schemes were designed to mar these rooms off om the other sections of the worshop range as domestic spaces of some distinction The man room of the buiding aso appears to have been pastered during this second phase. PE Se The desction of the worshops in 881 is evident in the southweste room and the main room, where thic ba but deposits (31 68, 31 67, 3 158 ) covered the oor surfaces These deposits contained smashed but ties, though not of the concentration that woud suggest the coapse of a tied roof. Strangey, the sma southeaste room, athough there were some signs of buing on the oor surface itsef, contained no but �estrction materia!. Deposit 3 16 1, overying the oor, contained penty of broen tie and morar agments, but no charcoa or ash. Very few objects were recovered om these destrction eves; indeed, the sma southeaste room was competey devoid of nds and the arge room to the norh contaned ony two or three scraps of iron and copperaoy, athough agments of poter were found that may have had an industria use. The most compete evidence cae om the southweste room, where the distinct ive bac destrction ayer (31 67) contained a singe arrowhead. A arge ro n ring, a quantity of potery and ana one and a but agment of a marbe nerary inscription (Cat 929) were aso discovered here In sumary, the sma number of nds recovered om Room F maes it impossibe to associate the buiding with any specic cra activit, during either the st or second phases o fthe Coective orshops. The ac of nds in itsef may be a signicant factor The presen of the ne tie and morar oors and of the decorate was suggest that the room may have had some ind of domestic/residentia nction in its atest phase The inseion of the repace and its ocation near Rooms D and E, each with evidence of agrarian use, may suggest its occupant was nvoved in the organization and ainistration of the monas tery's agricutra sector. Ateativey, the possibe
189
association of the potentia pupit steps in Room E suggest that the main room may have been used as a refector for the arisans woring in the rest of the worshops (Mitche 1996a: 1535) does bear some simiarity to the main Refector in the claustrum (Hodges et a 1995). CONCUSIONS The rst Coective Worshops were probaby estab ished in phase 4a7 and their successor, the second Coective Worshops, were erected in phase 5a1 ; the ater comprised two principa phases, once the range was conected by the vauted coidor to the nuceus of the monastery The rst phase of the second Coective Worshops dates approxatey to the second quarer of the ninth cent, when the peanent worshop range was constrcted above the piay demoished remains of the cay-bonded buiders yd compex. Lite is nown of the nction of the indi vidua buidings at this time The rooms, which were intercoected, appear to have been ished sparsey, with cay and cobbed oors. Each room was utiized for a variety of sma-scae activities, rather than for a singe, paricuar cra Deposits contaning a mtre of gass, one, potter and metas occur troughout the compex. This initia, ightindustria phase contrasts greaty with the heavyndustria production that too pace in the preceding Temporary Worshops (see Chapter 5) Neverheess, the vauted coidor joining this area to the claustrum strongy suggests that the products were made principay for the monas tery itsef. During the second phase, signicant aterations were made to the whoe of the worshop compex, probaby in the 840s (see above, p. 159). The changes invoved the maing of either one or two dweings in the range, as we as associate weished worshops The reorganization suggests a strong impets towards organized production, paricuary within the monas tery's cra and agricutra sectors, which seem to have been ocated respectivey on the east and west sides o f the Coective Worshops range In paricuar, an ocia a chamberain or camerarius (Schwind 198 4 1 13) may have been instaed within Room C to contro! production within the cra worshops and to ensure the repenisment and maintenance of the monastery's materia! suppies and too s. Simiary, a highstats individua may have been based in Room F, to oversee the agricutra range that may have been estabished on the west side ofthe Coective
90
CHTE S
TABL 6.2. The workhop ctivitie in the Coective orkhop Ft C/ctv Wkhp Phases 4a6-7/5a
FST SECO COECTE WOSHOS
l
j
Rooms
E and F and an enclosure; no production debris
Sc C/ctv Wkhp Phase Sa l
A (enamels and fìnemetalwork), B (fìnemetalwork), (glassworking) D (unknown: worked bone and ivory?), and (accommodation)
Phase 5a2
A (enamels and fnemetalwork), B (fìnemetalwork), (chamberlain's apartment), D (granary), press?), (accommodation)
Phase Sb
A (enamels and fnemetalwork), B (fneetalwork), (chamberlain's apartment), D (out of use), and (accommodaton)
E
F
F
F
Workshos comlex The signicance ofthe two dwell ings and their occuants is highlighted y the resence ofthe adjacent enamel and metal workshos within the cra sector, and of the granary and ossile olive ress as ar of the agricultral range. The wealth of cra and domestic material recovered om the midden deosits in the corridor is an excetional legacy to the skill, crasmanshi and organization in this comlex during the thd quaer of the ninth century However, efore the cataclysmic desction wreaked in the Collective Workshos in 88 , several rooms were in a state of disreair. Lke the etterknown shos found at Sardis, aarently desoyed in a Persian attack dated to 613 (Crawford 1990; Ellis 2007: 2969), the 88 sack levels om these uildings at San Vincenzo rovide a Pomeian remise' snashot of the uildngs and their activities on the eve of the catasohe (Binford 98; May 999) In addition, the alsest of levels datg ack to the late eighth centry throws much light on the uildig history The est arallel for a ninth-centry uilding of this tye is the socalled collective worksho deicted on the drawing of the Carolingian monastery of Sant Gall dated to c 830. n this lan, the collective work sho is a roughly square sctre, sudivided into a numer of searate ut interdeendent rooms occui ed y diverse crasmen: shield-makers, sword-grinders, saddlers, shoemakers, curriers, ters, llers, lack smiths and goldsmiths (Ho and Bo 1 979 : II, 89 99; Schwnd 984 : 1 062) The lanis a controversia! document; neverheless, some corrooration for the existence of monastic uildings of this kind comes om the author ofthe Chrnica Mnasterii Casinensis, the late eleventh-centry chronicle of San Vincezo's sister aey, Monte Cassino, which refers to the work shos that once stood eier side of the nth-centry
E (olive E
church of San Salvatore, in the brg elow the monastery (Citarella and Willard 1983: 42). n the asis of the industra waste om the tee entirely different comlexes, the worksho activities are s arized in Tab 6 Tuing to the architectre of these uildings, ost uilt sctres, with the excetion of the orch added to Room , are largely asent, although most of the uildgs had timer featres Postuilt constrction was very much the veacular no at this time in the countryside; indeed, most of the uildings in San Vincezo's brg were ost-uilt (Bowden and Grer 2006: 15962, 703). Instead, two tyes of strctres occur here: morared rle scres, similar to most of the monastic uildings erected in hases 4 and 5, and simle variations of isé strctres with consicuous use of le in the lower reaches of the walls as well as timer detailing. The romiscuous use of lime morar in the consction of the hase 4a4 Glass Worksho is reminiscent of the lavish lime moar rendering used in San Vcenzo Minore hase 3c, following the re-troduction o lime morar to the site in the later eighth cent (Hodges and Mithen 1 993 : 34) Aer this, lime moa was used sargly Rooms E and F uilt in a variant of isé, merit secial atention Common in classical constrction even in great villas such as Setenese (Carandini 985: 65) isé is kno elsewhere at San Vincezo Possily t is is ecause these are the oldest uildings om this sector of the monastic s ite rigin ating in either hase 3c or 4a, the roosed lne o ìve rooms, including E and , eg many questions In the wet uland climate of San Vincezo, isé was an unusual consction method, whic needed to e rotected y a go od roo Given the later nthcentry evidence of tile and morar surfaces in E and , and the resence of ainted laster in Room (ossily
u
elongng to hase 4), it is temting to interet these two and the last tree rooms as accommodation for the crasmen involved n the constrction and ishing of Aot Joshua's new monastery More ver, eing a consction fo largely alien to the uer Volto valley, it is no less temting to interet them as the work of an architect who, like the crasmen, was not om the immediate area Tug to the details, reused Roman ieces were used to make the south door of Room A om the 840s onwards, just as teacota corels (modillions) featres hithero associated with church oamenta tion were emloyed to decorate the southfacing elevation of Room C, the room of an ocial, erhas a chamerla (Mitchell 200 : 1 79, cat. 2 69, ìgs 3:22932). Slia, it should e noted, were commonly emloyed n the main monastic rooms and churches in hases 4 and 5; if anytng, the asence of slia n the workshos is noteworhy (Castellani 2000) Mdillions, on the other hand, were found elsewhere at San Vincenzo only the Refectory. In his sdy of the modillions, Mitchell (200 : 1 7) descried them as extremely simliìed versions of antique marle acanthus modillions and consoles'. Nthcentry arallels are known om San Salvatore in Brescia, though the concet is est illustrated y the reused consoles deloyed to decorate the crown of the ase of San Marino ai Monti in Rome These emellisments may have een made ecause aro riate slia were not availale That said, although the modillions and ainted walls of Room C merit our atention, the overall décor of the room was modest y comarison with the grandiosity of the decoration in the rstoor alatial hall of the South Church at San Vcezo (Hodges and Mithen 1993: 869) or indeed the utative Aot's House found in area W/A ofthe Suor rsola Benincasa excavations (Marazzi et al. 2002: 263, l 17, g. 35)_ The anted decoration om Room C elongs to the moment when the worksho was aered to accomodate an ocial If it dates, as we argue elsewhere in this vole 429), to the 840s, it is some of the latest nnthcen anting found at S Vncezo, showng the contuity of the adition of decorating morant saces The aces of decoration in Room E roaly elong to the same hase, ut could e earlier Here, e decorated room was smaller, ut none the less the atng would seem to estalish some satial ierarchy, distin guishing the room om other ars of tis comlex With the changes made in the 840s, timer aritions as well as makeshi timer urights and even a timer
9
threshold (n Room ) were uiquitous troughout the Collective Workshos All the signs are that the monastery could no longer maintain its uildings as efore, and exedient measures were necessary The oors are no less interesting. Ninthcentury San Vincenzo oasted a range ofooring, including marle, us sectile, teacotta tiled oors, ccciest, simle morar surfaces, coles and earhen surfaces Room A, the enameller's worksh, had a tiled oor. Traces of tiling were found also Rooms B, E and Lke the wellused corridors and rooms of San Vincenzo, these were laces that, erhas ecause they were visited y San Vincenzo's atrons, were afforded good ooring. Equally, the ccciest ooring in Room C, the administrator or chamerlain's aarment, is surely an index of stats an dex that in the case of Rooms E and suggests that the crasmen, imor at individuals in the rhythm of the monastery's life, were accommodated here. Elsewhere, coling or earhen oors, as in the undercros of the distinguished guests' quarters (in the South Church), were erfectly noal (Hodges and Mithen 1 993 185 ). The ishing of the rooms evidently was varied Traces of ossile chimneys were found in Rooms C and The use of chneys is understood oorly at this time, d rher research is necessary as usually hearhs were located, like raziers, away om the wall ? The ossile chiney in e norhwest coer of the hase 4a4 Glass Worksho may have een a roto tye for the featres fond n Rooms C and F The ossile laine n Room C, like e one found n the Distnguished Guests' Refectory, was smly conscted with tie, le and moar, yet can e intereted as an index of the rivate stats of this uilding (iddler 1993: 212, 25; cf Ellis 2007: 297) Rooms A, B and C were roaly single storeyed with low-itched roofs Room D had a higher itched roof of thatch suored y urights set on ost-ads a common feare in mode Molisano veacular architectre (Marino, Gueizio and Liecci 200 ) Room E amost ceainly had a rstoor o latform Fig. 633 The roofs are no less nterestg Rooms A, B and C were tiled; D was ceranly thatched, while E and F were os sily roofed with either thatch or, le ss roaly, reeds or shgle. Tile roduction aears to have een revived in Italy during the later eighth cen, as the élite egan to uild n stone once more with the renoduction of le morar Thatching was undoutedly the veacular no. Indeed, the moks ' Refectory was thatched, even though it was aved with tiles Clearly, tiling most of the Col lective
1 92
CHAPTER SX
Workshops, just as the principa monastic buidings were tied, signaed their paricuar signicance. Equay, the thatching of Room D sh ows that the room was remodeed om being a workshop with kins or braziers into a granary at east for par of its ife. Room C, the accomodation for a prominent member of the monastery, merits comparison with known éite dweings of the age. was ceary not comparabe to the ninthcentry stonebuit, poricoed ha house with an associated storage buiding as found n the Forum of Nerva n Rome eneghini and Santangei Vaeziani 2004: 340) or Napes Sker 994: 259). Nor does it resembe the nthcentry Poggibonsi onghouse, with its curved sides, measurg 7 m ong by m wide Francovich and Vaenti 9 96 Vaenti 2004). This, though, had two rooms, and associated with it was a postbuit granary. Lke the dweing in the Form ofNe ra, the onghouse at Poggibonsi Tuscany) had a simpe timber porch resembing the south porch of Room F. A coser parae for Room C is perhaps a town house in Feara, which, ke Rooms C, E and F, consisted of spaces subdivided by timber parition was Gadd and Ward-Perkins 9 9 ) The association with the granary is particuary noteworthy, as it is not at a unique. The nth-centry grain sios associated with the main dweing at Santa aria in Civita oise) iustrate a simpe variant of this arrangement Bowes and Hodges 2002) A coser parae is the onghouse and granary at Poggibonsi, and the ninthcenry granary found in the se igneuria nuceus at ontarrenti Tuscany) Cantini 2003). each case the granary has been intereted as evidence of a curtis settement, a proto-feuda manor, receiving gra om its dependent estates c Francovich and Hodges 2003 76 05) Perhaps an even coser parae is the tfa-buit south east compex in the ninthcentry papa farm at Santa Coeia Lazio) The tree rooms there had morar oors, and a Roman treshod ay at the entry to room 2. Nei Christie and Chares Danies, in their repor on the excavations, ventured as foows Though the evidence is scanty, one can tentativey hypothesize that this zone formed the administrative cene ofthe domusculta and that areas for workshops, storage and for accomodation of the estate workers ay cose by Christie and Danies 99 : 5). The debris associated with the Coective Workshops shows that their occupants were making prestige goods that are found rarey in archaeoogica excavations, but are isted n the inventories of church and monastic treasuries The arisans who constrcted the Temporary
FIRST D SECOND COLLECTIVE WOKSHOPS
Workshops were probaby skied crasmen atacted to San Vincenzo by its growing stats The ater Coect ive Workshops may have housed those who chose to remain at San Vincenzo, producg enames, ivories, nemetawork and gassware Aer the earthquake of 4, notwithstanding the high-quaity ename and metaworking in Rooms A and B, production ceary decined, and the creation here of what amounted to a manoria compex in the west haf ofthe range teingy reveas the changing conditions of the age The rher deterioration of the compex by bady iustrates the decine of San Vincenzo as a success payer a regiona and interregiona economy.
No
l The new wall had seveal contxt numbes assined to it duin the yeas ofexcavation foease it will be efeedto as 4742 in this epo 2 See hapte l fo a discussion of this buildin 416 3 Maco Valenti 16 67 descibed an example at Poibonsi; and Gian Pieo oiolo and Sauo Gelichi 17 : s 27, 35 discussed examples found at Piadena and Feaa 4 f the econstction of the Fom of Nea buildins by Robeo Menehini and Riccado Santaneli Valenzani (2004 25 5 On tile poduction, see: Gelichi andNovaa 2000 on mota mixes Gutsche 181
1 93
458
PPENI
l
References
STRAGALUS, greatest ength of the atera! haf (GLI) phase
number of cases
midden
6
Sb
range
mean
standard deviation
S2.S-66.3
S9.9
4SS6
71.S
-
S8.6
-
606
2.S91
6712
range
mean
standard deviation
variance
S 8
s
S8.4642
variance 207S9
Abbreviation
METATARSAL breath of the proximal end (Bp phase
number of cases
mdden
7
423-S0.2
46.1
3.193
10.193
Sb
s
38.349.S
46.1
4.626
21 .402
44.4-47. 1
3.64S
S
2
6a
8
4
43.27.7
4S.8
1.909
48.0
-
-
44.S
2.12S
4. S I 6
METATARSAL, greatest breadth at the dista sion point phase
number of cases
range
mean
standard deviation
variance
midden
IO
43.3-S6.7
49.4
3.S03
12.269
S06
-
-
46.8S3.S
49.3
3.028
9.169
S44
-
4S.3SS.8
49.6
4.436
Sa2
Sb
4
6a
8
4
19.683
CC: Chrnica Monasterii Casinensis (see Hofann 1980) CEP: Codex Carolinus (see Gundlach 1892) C Chronicon Vultuense (see Feder§i 192538) HL Pau! the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum (see Waitz
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