History of the Electro-Optical Guided Missiles
AIM-9M Sidewinder Seeker head
Edited by Hpasp Version: 1.01 15th of October, 2016
Foreword Little about IR terms and units is universally agreed. Dierent reeren!e books give dierent names and lo!ations or the sub-bands within IR and sometimes use dierent terms" and units or the e#$ressions o radiant $ower. And oten" some o the most im$ortant terms and !on!e$ts are not mentioned at all. IR is a !ontentious $art o the s$e!trum. %
&le!tro-'$ti!al guided missiles are true sel-guiding (ire-and-(orget anti-air!rat wea$on systems" develo$ed due to the $rolieration o ast-)et air!rat" that rendered manually aimed anti-air!rat ma!hine guns inee!tive. Like the develo$ment o other military te!hnologies" the history o IR-guided missiles has the usual measure-!ountermeasure ba!k-and-orth. %" (irst IR missiles used un!ooled Lead Sulide *+bS, dete!tors and S$in S!an o$ti!s. hese were very short legged and stri!tly tail as$e!t only missiles" they needed to look-at and tra!k the hot metal $arts o the targets engine. 2" /ooling the Lead Sulide *+bS, sensor material" its IR sensitivity" lo!k-on and tra!king range in!reased" thus with the use o larger ro!ket motors" their ee!tive range also in!reased. hese were still stri!tly tail as$e!t only missiles" a serious limitation. 0" 'nboard thermal )ammer !ould ee!tively break the S$in S!an missile o$ti!al lo!k" by in)e!ting a modulated heat signal into the tra!king head. 1" Seeker using +hoto /ontrast tra!king instead o inra-red" !annot be !onused by modulated heat signal. " /oni!al S!anning o the seeker o$ti!s ee!tively negated the thermal )ammers" as the missile head is not looking all the time at the target" !o-lo!ated with the onboard )ammer. %
+age %" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
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3" 4sing !ooled Indium Antimonide *InSb, dete!tor" the target engine $lume !ould be tra!ked" resulting an *almost, all as$e!t missile. 5" +yrote!hni! (lare is an o-board !ountermeasure */M," and !ould also break the missile o$ti!al lo!k by introdu!ing a hotter target in the tra!ker ield o view. 6" (lare $osition relative to the target *above or below, !ould be used as a !ounter!ountermeasure *//M, te!hni7ue against lares. 9" (lare lares. energy rise time !ould be used as a !ounter-!ountermeasure *//M, te!hni7ue against %8" arrow instantaneous ield o view tra!ker head !ould also re)e!t lares by its dierent angle rate *de!eleration, o the lare !om$ared to the target. %%" Dual-band seeker !an ee!tively dis!riminate between $yrote!hni! lares and the target by their dierent IR energy levels *tem$erature,. %2" +yro$hori! de!oy has similar IR energy level as the target" so it !annot be dis!riminated by dual band sensors. %0" Imaging seeker !an dis!riminate between the $yro$hori! de!oy" and the target by its energy distribution !hange. %1" Dire!ted /ountermeasure *DIR/M, !an blind and damage the seeker sensor with dire!ted highInrared $ower laser. %" Dire!ted Inrared /ounter-/ountermeasure *DIR//M, e7ui$$ed missile seekers are hardened against laser $ulses" and !an tra!k its sour!e. As missile seekers in!or$orating DIR//M be!ome o$erational on a larger s!ale" targets will in!or$orate anti-DIR//M te!hni7ues" or e#am$le a towed DIR/M. he !ountermeasure" //M" /-//M" DIR/M" DIR//M game will !ontinue...
9:02 Strela-2 *SA-5 ;rail, missile e)e!ted rom the laun!h tube towards a lare target 0
Proportional Navigation o inter!e$t a target in the shortest time and distan!e traveled" a missile must navigate toward a $oint in s$a!e ahead o the target air!rat and must time its arrival to be there at the e#a!t instant as the target.2 +ro$ortional navigation has nothing to do with navigation. It is $urely a guidan!e law used to guide missiles. he reason or this misnomer is that in the early days o develo$ment o guided missiles the vo!abulary o guidan!e literature was somewhat limited" but navigation o shi$s was a well-known s!ien!e. he idea behind $ro$ortional navigation guidan!e initially srcinated rom a !ertain observation made by sailors. hey observed that rom a moving shi$ i another shi$ a$$ears to be stationary and its si
ranslated to the language o L'S rate and !losing velo!ity" it im$lies that the L'S rate is
+age 30" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age %83" avigation" ;uidan!e and /ontrol
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Seeker Hardware
4S +atent 0"020"55 submitted by ;eneral Dynami!s in %93% (ast s$inning parabolic mirror !"# together with a reticle $!# integrated on a permanent magnet $%# used in the see&er !'#. Inrared sensitive photo resistor $(# and a sim$le ele!troni!s *note the blo!k diagram right, dete!t the dire!tional error the seeker has with its target" and a$$ly a moment via precession magnetic coils $"# to this gimballed mirror" to kee$ it $ointed at the target. Sin!e the gimballed ast s$inning mirrors *%5" %6," reti!le *2%," and permanent magnet $%# a!t like a gyros!o$e" it will kee$ $ointing at the same dire!tion i no e#ternal or!e or moment is a$$lied" regardless o the movements o the missile. he voltage a$$lied to the $re!ession magneti! !oils *25, while kee$ing the seeker *%3, lo!ked on the target is also used *although am$liied, to dele!t the !ontrol sura!es sele!ted by the reference coils $)# based on the gyros!o$e *%5" %6" 2%" 2 together, $osition that steer the missile" thereby making missile velo!ity ve!tor rotation $ro$ortional to line o sight rotation.1 Optics
he most !ommon teles!o$e or missiles in!or$orates rele!tive o$ti!s in a /assegrain design. he design uses a donut-sha$ed ob)e!tive mirror *%5," whi!h !olle!ts radiation and dire!ts it to a secondary mirror !)# in the !enter. (rom the se!ondary" radiation !onverges to orm a real image !entered on the o$ti!al a#is o the reti!le *2%,. his image !ontains the target inormation that will be used or tra!king. (or missiles" a /assegrain has advantages over other teles!o$e designs be!ause it is !om$a!t or a given o!al length and be!ause the o!al $oint is lo!ated on the o$ti!al a#is" unlike a ewtonian teles!o$e" or e#am$le" in whi!h the o!us is lo!ated to the side. he whole teles!o$e assembly is $rote!ted by a !urved window !alled an *+ dome $,#. 1
4S +atent 0"020"55 - MISSIL& A4'+IL' +age 3" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
arget infrared signature. and sen sor material sensitivity
em$erature ranges o a )et air!rat that !an be targeted by heat-seeking missiles. 3
arget /spect angle arget inrared signature de$ends on its as$e!t angle.
&ngine hot $arts are visible rom tail as$e!t only. *region %" and 2, &ngine e#haust $lume is visible rom almost all as$e!ts. *region %" 2" and 0, In $hoto !ontrast" or 4= region" the target is visible in all as$e!ts. *all regions, 5 3 5
+age 3" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age 03" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
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0ncooled 1ead 2ulfide Pb2# photo resistor Lead Sulide was used in the irst heat-seeking missiles" whi!h homed on the hottest $art o the air!rat" the internal engine $arts. (or ee!tive tra!king" it was ne!essary or the missiles to a$$roa!h the air!rat rom the rear to a!hieve a !lear view o the tra!king $oint. hese early sensors had no !ooling and as a result were restri!ted in sensitivity.6
he !om$ressor blades inside the engine are the hottest areas"engine and the e#ternal tail$i$e $arts are slightly !ooler. >oth are in the range o %"888?: to 2"888?:" whi!h means that their energy $eaks in the % to 2.@m wavelength range. 9 ail$i$e o an (-%1%8 (irst IR missiles used Lead Sulide *+bS, dete!tors and S$in S!an o$ti!s. hese were very short and stri!tly tail as$e!t only missiles" needed to look-at and tra!k the target enginelegged tail $i$e.
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+age 051" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats +age 052" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats %8 +age 05" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures 9
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Spin Scan tracker (AM logic)
he o$ti!al and reti!le design o most early missiles used what is !alled a s$in-s!an tra!ker. S$in s!an has the ollowing !hara!teristi!sB %. he tra!ker servo loo$ drives to null the signal to
he other hal o a reti!le is oten given a transmission o 8 rather than made !om$letely o$a7ue to $rodu!e a more balan!edasmodulation he band-$ass result is anilter am$litude modulated *AM, !arrier re7uen!y" illustrated.envelo$e. An ele!troni! !entered at this !arrier re7uen!y im$roves the signal-to-noise *SE, ratio and hel$s re)e!t lower re7uen!y !om$onents rom ba!kground sour!es.%2
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+age 5%" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age 58" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
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he result o this iltering is a smooth AM waveorm *blue !urve," in whi!h target dire!tion inormation is !ontained in the $hase o the modulation envelo$e. his envelo$e is re!tiied and iltered to $rodu!e an error signal to !ontrol the gyro $re!ession.
he signal generated by a target lo!ated o o$ti!al !enter. he reti!le modulates the target irradian!e with two re7uen!ies to !reate an AM signal. hen the target image alls on the s$okes o the reti!le" a higher re7uen!y !arrier is im$ressed on the target. An ele!troni! band-$ass ilter that is !entered about the !arrier re7uen!y im$roves target SE ratio and hel$s re)e!t signals rom e#tended ba!kground sour!es with image si
Ater the signal is re!tiied and iltered" the !arrier is removed and the remaining signal is a sine wave at the s$in re7uen!y. he timing or $hase o this signal with res$e!t to a s$in reeren!e signal tells target dire!tion. arget dire!tion is always in relation to the inertial reeren!e established by the gyro" not the missile body. he tra!ker servo !auses the gyro to $re!ess in a dire!tion to null out the signal and $ut the target in the !enter. %0
In real lie" !he!kered reti!le is used *rightmost one, instead o s$okes" as it better ilters large hori
+age 9" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
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/*M-3/45 2idewinder
Develo$ment o Sidewinder began in %98 at the 'S *aval 'rdnan!e est Station, - later renamed as / *aval ea$ons /enter, - at /hina Lake. he idea was to !reate a very sim$le heat-seeking air-to-air missile by e7ui$$ing a %2.5!m * in, ro!ket with a Lead Sul$hide *+bS, $hoto !ell in a hemis$heri!al glass nose to dete!t IR radiation. Another sim$le" yet ee!tive" idea was the use o FRolleronsF *sli$stream-driven wheels at the in trailing edges a!ting as stabili
H, Sidewinder-IA. %1 *Post-16!, desi"nation.
More than 9"888 AIM-9> missiles were $rodu!ed until %932. 18"888 by Aeronutroni! *+hil!o-(ord, 18"888 by ;eneral &le!tri! %"888 by the ;erman irm >odensee ;erate!hnik% %1 %
Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder +age %50" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake
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he missile used a 2.F glass dome nose window" trans$arent to inrared radiation" $roviding the gimballed seeker or a 2? ield o view *('=,. he mirror assembly $rovided a 1? instantaneous ield o view *I('=," $ro)e!ted on to a +bS *Lead Sul$hide, un!ooled dete!tor. >e!ause o the design o the o$ti!al system" the AIM-9> was stri!tly a tail as$e!t wea$on" as it was blind to anything !ooler than a tail$i$e. he modest 6?Ese! seeker tra!king rate limited the wea$on to non-maneuvering targets. %3 Seeker ele!troni!s were built rom ourteen va!uum tubes" but only nine o these were used during light. %5 A hot gas generator $rovided a!tuator $ower or the nose !anards" and was limited to 28se! burn duration beore e#haustion. 4nlike other missiles o the day" the Sidewinder did not em$loy a!tive roll stabili was ill suited to knie-ights with Mi;%5s at low level" as its laun!h load a!tor limit was only 2g" and the missile had a ma#imum overload !a$ability o %2g.%9 Mk%5 ro!ket engine had 2.2se! burn time" delivering %5.k thrust 28" and a!!elerated the wea$on %.5 Ma!h above the laun!her s$eed.2% Ma#imum laun!h ranges are %"6km at sea level" and %8"3km at %km altitude. 22 26 Mi;s were or %5 laun!hes %93 and %936" by 4SA( (-1/ED air!rat" an 20 aggregate +JkKkilled *kill $robability, o %3.between
AIM-9> Seeker head21 %3
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile +age %51" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile %9 A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta 28 he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile 2% A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta 22 +age 0" Standard Missile /hara!teristi!s AIM-9> Sidewinder-%A 20 he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile 21 AS /hina Lake aval Armament and e!hnology Museum %5 %6
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+-(2 6-!(/# /rticle (!7/ //-$/ /toll#
In early %96 an e#am$le o the FSidewinderF arrived in the 4SSR rom /hina. his missile was laun!hed by a aiwanese $ilot during a !oastal in!ident" ailed to e#$lode and ell into a muddy ri!e $addy. Another FSidewinderF" in Se$tember %96 hit the side o a /hinese Mi;2
%5 and did not e#$loded" and was brought ba!k saely to the airield inta!t. he a$$ro$riateness o re$rodu!tion FSidewinderF was 7uestioned based on the low !ombat ee!tiveness o these missiles in the air battles over the aiwan Strait. De$uty /hairman o the /oun!il o Ministers D( 4stinov $ointed out the la!k o !ombat e#$erien!e on the side o the aiwanese $ilots as a reason" rather than the !hara!teristi! o this new wea$on. A!!ording to data at the dis$osal o the Soviet Air (or!e" there have been only missile laun!hes.23 In 26 ovember %96" =ym$el design bureau was instru!ted to !o$y the !a$tured Sidewinder" and to sus$end work on its own :-5 missile ty$e. Disassembling the missile illustrated the a!hievement o the Ameri!ans" who !reated an outstanding design. Sim$le light" !om$a!t" easy to o$erate" and stru!turally the missile !onsisted o only 28 moving $arts. It was more dii!ult to reverse engineer the seeker" and the ele!troni! boards having numerous elements whi!h have been s7uee
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he design o the R-0S reused the rollerons on the rear wings" whi!h were intended to ensure light stability. In light these s$in at 18-38 thousand revEmin and be!omes a kind o gyros!o$e res$onsive to the angular roll rate and !ausing aileron dele!tion" !ountering bias. Sim$le and ee!tive design" eliminating the need or dedi!ated roll !ontrol. In (ebruary %938" the :-%0 was laun!hed into serial $rodu!tion at several $lants.26 In a!!ordan!e with the Sino-Soviet agreement o 08 Mar!h %93%" the do!umentation o :-%0 and sam$les o this missile were transerred to /hina. he missile was $ut into serial $rodu!tion under the designation +L-2" and later re$eatedly moderni
ungary ielded over 1688 $ie!es or itsB Mi;-2%(%0" Mi;-2%+(" Mi;-2%M(" Mi;-2%>is" and Mi;-20M( ighters. 26 29
+age 9" OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ +age %%" `QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.2 2882
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36($ 2trela-$ 2/-" Grail#
Soviet 4nion re!eived limited inormation that the 4nited States in %96 began the develo$ment o $ortable SAMs e7ui$$ed with $assive heat seeker. In the late ities Ameri!an = showed a soldier shooting a missile at air targets rom the laun!h tube on his shoulder. his testiied the real $ossibility o !reating a man $ortable anti-air!rat missile.
ork on the !reation o $ortable anti-air!rat missile system FStrela-2F started in 2 August %938. he lead develo$ment o the !om$le# FStrela-2F *9:02," has been assigned to s$e!ial design bureau S:> ;:'" the only one agreed to a!!e$t the task" right ater its earlier 0M3 Shmel *A-% Sna$$er, ML/'S anti-tank missile was a!!e$ted into servi!e. he main dii!ulty in the develo$ment o seeker head was the !reation o a gyro stabili
+age 5%..51" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
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&ast ;ermany ielded %"693 laun!hers" together with 3"%%2 missiles rom %950. ungary ielded the 9:02M Strela-2M version rom %955 or the air deense o its irst e!helon me!hani
+age %26" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa +age %01" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa
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36(! 2trela-! 2/-3 Gas&in#
he develo$ment o this !om$le# began 2 August %938 in a!!ordan!e with the De!ree o the 4SSR. De!ree $rovided or the develo$ment o lightweight $ortable air deense missile system" !onsisting o two $ie!es weighing not more than %8-% kilos ea!h. It was designed to destroy air targets that ly at a distan!e o u$ to 2888m. Driven by the same De!ree another $ortable anti-air!rat missile !om$le# - 9:02 FStrela-2F was being develo$ed whi!h hadwith a greater degree o te!hni!al risk.the Ater solvingarose the about undamental issues asso!iated the develo$ment o Strela-2" 7uestion the uture ate o the !om$le# Strela-%" whi!h had almost the same light !hara!teristi!s. o save the FStrela-%F" the design bureau a$$ealed to the ;overnment with a $ro$osal to !reate a greater range *1288m," sel-$ro$elled missile system.
he $ro$osal was a!!e$ted" and the all as$e!t !a$able SAM FStrela-%F was ado$ted at 2E81E%936.00
In the develo$ment o 9:0% Strela-%" unlike other missiles *su!h as the Ameri!an FRedeyeF," it was de!ided to use +hoto /ontrast dete!tor at the visible $art o the s$e!trum 8.1N8.3@m" not inrared. In those years" due to the low sensitivity o inrared dete!tors" lo!king on in!oming targets were im$ossible" thereore shooting at the enemy air!rat !ould be only in $ursuit" mainly ater it $erormed its !ombat missions. In these ta!ti!al !onditions there is a high $robability o destru!tion o anti-air!rat missile systems beore they !an laun!h ro!kets. At the same time" the use o +hoto /ontrast dete!tor $rovides the ability to destroy targets also on a !ollision !ourse" but only against targets visible on a ba!kground o !lear sky" away rom the hori
+age ..3" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
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Missile was roll stabili
&a!h vehi!le has 1 ready to laun!h missiles on the turret" and 2 reloads at its side 01
+age ..6" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
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ungary ielded the 9:0%M Strela-%M version during %953-55 or the air deense o all me!hani
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+-'7 6-'7# /rticle '$ //-)/ /phid#
During an e#tensive air battle" the identii!ation o the nationality o a target using only the air!rats radio I(( system is almost im$ossible. o avoid shooting riendly $lanes" usually visual identii!ation is also re7uired" but it !ould be $erormed at best" only at ew kilometers. As a result" by the end o the si#ties in the 4nited States" Soviet 4nion and (ran!e" almost at the same time ormed an idea o the need to develo$ small missiles s$e!ii!ally designed or use in !lose !ombat maneuvering.0
Develo$ment started in %935" at the Molniya design bureau and the smallest" lightest *10.kg," and most maneuverable *o its time, Soviet missile was ielded in %6th De!ember %950.
R-38 seeker head03 he un!ooled rear as$e!t only ';S-38I seeker has an e#!e$tional target tra!king rate o 0?Es" and !ould be aimed %2? o the $lane boresight by the ighter radar or inra-red sear!h and tra!k sensor. he +RD-29 dual-thrust engine burn time is 0Ns" $roviding the missile o 5"2km range at %2km altitude" and less than third o this at low alttude. he radio $ro#imity use is triggered 2.m rom the target" the tungsten rod warhead o 0kg.05 0
+age %2" `QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.0 2882 j^\ QPTU " P]cPTUPQ 05 +age %0" `QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.0 2882 03
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8ooled 1ead 2ulfide Pb2# detector /ooling Lead Sulide to -%93?/ *55?: whi!h is the boiling $oint o nitrogen at the atmos$here, is !onsiderably in!rease its sensitivity *%"-2# target lo!k on range, and signalto-noise ratio.
/*M-39 2idewinder N/:;#
he most im$ortant !hange in the AIM-9D was the use o a itrogen !ooling system or the +bS dete!tor element" !ou$led to a redesigned o$ti!al system. he new o$ti!al system retained the tilted /assegrain o the earlier subty$e" but was more !om$a!t" itting into an ogival nose se!tion" and s$un at a higher re7uen!y o %2 <" rather than the 58 < o the >model. he glass nose dome was re$la!ed by a mu!h smaller Magnesium (luoride dome" whi!h $rovides better trans$aren!y to longer wavelength *!ooler, inrared emissions.06 06
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile
28
AIM-9D Sidewinder seeker head09 he itrogen !oolant was !ontained in a 3 liter bottle in the avy LA4-5 laun!her" and $rovided or 2. hrs. o seeker !ool down. he seeker !hanges $rovided a higher target tra!king rate o %2degEse!" assisted by an im$roved a!tuator system" whi!h delivered u$ to %88 lb.t o tor7ue. >oth o these measures im$roved missile maneuverability" while a longer gas generator burn $rovided or a 38 se!ond usable light time. he ro!ket motor was !hanged to a er!ules Mk.03" with more im$ulse and longer burn. /hanges were also introdu!ed to the using" with the o$tion o an inrared use or a radiore7uen!y $ro#imity use" whi!h ired a new !ontinuous rod warhead. /ontinuous rod warheads have a !asing o lengthwise rods welded together at alternate ends" on detonation the rods e#$and into a !ir!le about the missile beore breaku$" u$on whi!h a torus o ragments is $rodu!ed about the a#is o the wea$on. hese rods are like knives whi!h !ho$ into the skin and stru!ture o the target. 18 %"68 AIM-9D missiles were built by Raytheon between %93 and 39" as they underbid the AIM-9> $rodu!er +hil!o-(ord oer. +hil!o-(ord oered 6"888 $er !o$y" while Raytheons bid was 0"88. /hina Lake *designer o the Sidewinder missile, estimated that 3"888 $er !o$y was the reasonable $ri!e" igured that Raytheon $rodu!er o the AIM-5 S$arrow-III was buying in to the business.1%
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AS /hina Lake aval Armament and e!hnology Museum he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile 1% +age %6%" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake 18
2%
M*M-"$/45 8haparral
Starting in %99 the 4.S. Army MI/'M *Missile /ommand, began develo$ment o an ambitious anti-air!rat missile system under their F(orward Area Air DeenseF *(AAD, $rogram" known as the MIM-13 Mauler. In testing the Mauler $roved to have numerous $roblems in %930. MI/'M was dire!ted to study whether or not the avys AIM-9D Sidewinder missile !ould be ada$ted or the ground-to-air role. Sin!e it was guided by an inrared seeker" it would not be !onused by ground !lutter like the radar-guided Mauler. he new !on!e$t" the FInterim (orward Area Air DeenseF *I(AAD, evolved. he /ha$arral was to be a 7ui!k i#" interim wea$on system whi!h would remain in the ield some 2 to 1 years until the MA4L&R be!ame available. S$e!ii!ally" the system would be an unso$histi!ated assemblage o slightly modiied" o-the-shel hardware !onsisting o the M%%0 armored $ersonnel !arrier with stru!tural modii!ations to su$$ort the M1 mount avy LA4-5A laun!h rails and AIM-9D Sidewinder missiles modiied to a!!ommodate iring at oth would be aimed manually" eliminating the delay needed or a ire !ontrol system to develo$ a FsolutionF. either vehi!le !on!e$t had room or a sear!h radar" so a se$arate radar system using datalink was develo$ed or this role. he studies were !om$leted in %93 and the /ha$arral $rogram was begun. he irst /ha$arral battalion was de$loyed in May %939. he MIM-52A missile was based on the AIM-9D Sidewinder. he main dieren!e is that to redu!e drag only two o the ins on the MIM-52A have rollerons" the other two having been re$la!ed by i#ed thin ins. > model or training was identi!al to the A model with the e#!e$tion o a dierent warhead use. >etween %933 and %95%" 203 MIM-52A missiles and 103 ire units were ielded by the 4S Army" %2 were sold to Israel" along with 2%3 missiles. %939 S!hool Su$$ort" (ort >liss 6th In. Div." ;ermany %958 0d In. Div." ;ermany 02d AAD/'M" ;ermanyH 0d Armored Div." ;ermany %st Armored Div." ;ermany %st In. Div." ;ermany
12
+age 01" istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System
22
%95% 2d In. Div." :orea 2d Armored Div." (t ood SRI/'M" (t >liss 2th In. Div." awaii %952 1th In. Div." (t /arson %950 9th In. Div." (t Lewis %951 %st /alvary Div." (t ood H02d AAD/'M ielded si# !om$osite batteries o eight /ha$arral and eight =ul!ans ea!h. All other units had two !om$osite batteries o %2 /ha$arrals and %2 =ul!ans in ea!h.10
he M16 ire unit has 1 ready to laun!h missiles on the turret" and 6 disassembled reloads stored inside o the vehi!le. 10
+age %%8" istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System
20
/*M-3E 2idewinder 02/F#
4nlike the 4S whi!h was o!used on the ta!ti!al air battle" the 4SA( had diluted its resour!es into several AAM $rograms and thus lagged in the develo$ment o their own Sidewinder subty$es. =ietnam saw the AIM-9> $erorm 7uestionably" and the 4SA( sought im$rovements to the design to enhan!e $erorman!e against ighter ty$e targets. he result was the AIM-9&. A Magnesium (luoride dome was ado$ted" a more !om$a!t o$ti!al assembly was used" with a aster %88 < reti!le rate" and a %3.?Ese! tra!king rate. he AIM-9& saw the ado$tion o a similar low drag nose to the avy subty$es" but using a !oni!al rather than ogival $roile" a distinguishing eature o this amily to this very day.
he most signii!ant design !hange was the ado$tion o a !ooling or the +bS dete!tor element" the 4SA( o$ting or +eltier thermoele!tri! !ooling. his arrangement has the advantage o unlimited !ooling time on the laun!h rail" sub)e!t only to the availability o ele!tri!al $ower. he seeker im$rovements e#$anded the wea$ons a!7uisition envelo$e and in!reased its +JkK" although not dramati!ally. 'ver "888 rounds were rebuilt by +hil!o-(ord rom AIM-9>s.11 /*M-3F 2idewinder N/O#
he AIM-9( *also known as AIM-9> (;.2, was a &uro$ean develo$ment o the AIM-9>" o whi!h %"888 were built by >odensee ;ertete!hnik *>;, in ;ermany. It eatured a /'2!ooled seeker" some solid-state ele!troni!s" and a new nose dome. his version entered servi!e in %939" and most &uro$ean AIM-9>s were !onverted to AIM-9( standard.1 11 1
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder
21
/*M-3G 2idewinder N/:;#
AIM-9;" em$loyed S&AM *Sidewinder &#tended A!7uisition Mode," a a!ility whi!h slews the o$ti!s through a sear!h $attern to a!7uire the target allows slaving o the o$ti!s to radar or a helmet sight.13 he very heavy 58s helmet mounted sight was des$ised by leet $ilots and little used. 2"388 AIM-9; were built by Raytheon rom %958 to %952. 15 /*M-3H 2idewinder N/:;#
he otel saw some radi!al !hanges resulting rom e#$erien!e with the DE;" whi!h suered reliability $roblems due the intoleran!e o va!uum tubes to re$eated re!overies on air!rat !arrier de!ks. he AIM-9 was the irst solid state Sidewinder" with the !om$lete guidan!e $a!kage built with semi!ondu!tors. In redesigning the ele!troni!s" the o$ti!al system was essentially retained. hile ew o the AIM-9 were ired in !ombat due shortages o su$$ly" they are re$orted to have s!ored a mu!h higher kill rate $er laun!h than any other Sidewinder in the !am$aign.16 5"588 AIM-9s were $rodu!ed by +hil!o-(ord and Raytheon between %952 and %951. 19
AIM-9 Sidewinder all-transistor seeker head using !ordwood module $a!kaging8 13
Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder +age %65" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile 19 Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder 8 AS /hina Lake aval Armament and e!hnology Museum 15 16
2
/*M-3<4N4P 2idewinder 02/F#
he ollow-on version to the AIM-9& was the AIM-9" whi!h was rushed into the S&A theatre in uly" %952. he uliet model saw in!remental im$rovements to the AIM-9& design" with hybrid ele!troni!s using a mi# o solid state and tube te!hnology" and an im$roved !ontrol system using a longer burning generator were eventually built or rebuiltgas rom AIM-9>s.or a 18 se! light time. 3"588 o this subty$e In %950" (ord began $rodu!tion o an enhan!ed AIM-9-%" later redesignated the AIM-9. he ovember model em$loyed a similar !oniguration to the uliet" but the three main $rinted !ir!uit boards were substantially redesigned. /lose to 5"888 o this version were built" mainly or e#$ort. hile the AIM-9L ulilled the role o the rontline all as$e!t dogight missile" a need still e#isted or a se!ond tier wea$on or use in less demanding situations" and also suitable or e#$ort to less than absolutely trusted allies. his re7uirement was ulilled by the AIM-9+ amily" derivatives o the AIM-9E. he AIM-9+-2 and +-0 were introdu!ed in the mid-seventies and use im$roved guidan!e ele!troni!s" a new ro!ket motor and an a!tive o$ti!al use. he AIM-9+-1 is an in!remental develo$ment o the AIM-9+-0" with an all as$e!t seeker using some o the te!hnology develo$ed or the AIM-9L. In !om$arison with its !ousin" it is less agile but still a very ee!tive missile. he AIM-9+- is urther im$roved by the addition o a !ounter-!ountermeasures !a$ability. 2%"888 o various AIM-9+ subty$es have been built and are in use with the 4SA( and many e#$ort !ustomers.%
%
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile
23
F*M-,(8 +edeye
In %916 the 4nited States Army began seeking new inantry air-deense wea$ons" as ma!hine guns were inee!tive against new ast )ets. In %95 oi!ial re7uirements were ormulated" and in %96 develo$ment started. +rodu!tion o the systems began in May %935.
Redeye missile light se7uen!eB As the missile leaves the tube around 2 mEs" s$ring-loaded ins $o$ out" our stabilietween %935 and %950" than 23888 were0ielded by the 4S" %890 Sweden" %8%6 est ;ermany" 18more Denmark" and 2%3$ie!es Australia.
2 0
+age %13..%16" istory o the R&D&& ea$on System +age %" istory o the R&D&& ea$on System
25
+-!(M 6-!(M# /rticle ()7 //-$8 /toll#
he develo$ment begun in %939 and already ielded in anuary %951.
he moderni
itrogen !ooling o the seeker *;S I-58, has in!reased its sensitivity" while the tra!king rate is doubled !om$ared with the R-0S and rea!hed %2?Es. he motor has in!reased im$ulse o 2688 kg" !ontrolled light time o 1s u$ to a ma#imum o %km laun!h range. he use is re$la!ed by a more reliable one with m radius o sensitivity. Redu!ing the distan!e !om$ared to the R-0S di!tated more a!!urate hits and a new ty$e o warhead. he warhead has a gridhen o 288-mm rods" along the bodygrid andothe ends !he!kerboard $attern. detonating" the unolding 511 rodswelded ormedtogether a large in a e#$anding ring. he radius o ee!tive destru!tion was 5.m.1 Laun!hing R-%0M was $ossible maneuvering overload u$ to 0.5g
ungary ielded over 288 $ie!es or itsB Mi;-2%>is" Mi;-20M(" and Su-22M0 $lanes. 1
+age 21" OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ +age 15" OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_
26
+-$( 6-$(# /rticle ('7 //-"5 /pe=#
In res$onse to the 4S (-1 +hantom" on 0 De!ember %930 Resolution p %%99-11 F'n !reation o ta!ti!al ighter-inter!e$tor Mi;-20 and its main wea$on" the :-20 missileF initiated the develo$ment by the =ym$el design bureau. (or the irst time in Soviet history" the missile was designed with solid state elements. Mi;-20M *(logger->, with the radar R+20" and :-20 missiles *R-20R and R-20, was ado$ted on 9 anuary %951. 3
/om$ared to the $rimary wea$on o the Mi;-20M" the all as$e!t" semi a!tive radar guided 25km ranged R-20R Arti!le 018 *AA-5A A$e#," the R-20 Arti!le 038 *AA-5> A$e#, li7uid nitrogen-!ooled *;S-20, seeker had ('= 38?" and was limited to rear as$e!t atta!ks only with %3km lo!k-on range. he two rows o rods in the 23kg warhead are aligned to orm a 6m grid" by the detonation o 3kg e#$losives.5 he 2%5kg missile has 0s light time. 'verload during laun!h !an be g. 6
ungary ielded %85 $ie!es or itsB Mi;-20M( ighters. 3
+age 2%..20" `QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.9 2882 +age 0%..02" OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ 6 +age 15" OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ 5
29
Onboard thermal >ammer Develo$ment o )ammers began in late %938s as IR threats started to $rolierate. he ho$e or )ammers was that they would solve the $roblem inherent with de!oysB the need or a reliable missile warning" and the limited 7uantity available in air!rat dis$ensers. A )ammer !ould be turned on all the time.
he irst !hallenge was a sear!h or high-intensity modulated sour!es in IR with *ideally, long lie and high reliability. wo dierent ty$es o9 thermal sour!es evolved and eventually made their way into o$erational systemsB
Me!hani!ally modulated element heated to in!andes!en!e - ALq-%11 9
+age 91" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
08
+ulsed !esium va$or ar! lam$ - L-%33=-%%& he thermal )ammers are highly ee!tive against S$in S!an *AM logi!, missiles and still have utility today be!ause o the wide $rolieration o these older missile ty$es. >asi! )ammer strategy is to in)e!t a signal into the target tra!ker that resembles that o a valid target air!rat. he waveorm !reated by the )ammer must $ass through the missiles ele!troni! iltering" )ust as a target signal does. ammers may have dierent waveorm sha$es" de$ending u$on the method used to !reate the IR sour!e" but the most ei!ient waveorm in terms o )amming inluen!e or the amount o irradian!e re!eived is one that resembles the waveorm !reated by the reti!le modulation o a real target.
>e!ause IR missiles are $assive" and there is no $resent o$erational method o getting eedba!k rom the missile" )amming must be done o$en loo$. he )ammer modulation envelo$e must be swe$t through the known re7uen!y range o the missile. During $art o the !y!le" when the )ammer signal is in $hase with that o the target" the )ammer will add to the targets irradian!e. As a result" a )ammer will usually e#$and the range at whi!h a target !an lo!ked onto.38 38
+age 93" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
0%
he )ammer is lo!ated onboard the target air!rat but" when the $hase o the )ammer modulation is o$$osite that o the target" the net envelo$e o the !ombined )ammer and target waveorm makes the target a$$ear as i it were in the o$$osite dire!tion rom the boresight. he result is to $ush the tra!ker toward the alse target and away rom the real target.
he a$$arent target $osition is the ve!tor sum o the target and )ammer signals. As a )ammer is swe$t in re7uen!y and !onse7uent $hase" the a$$arent dire!tion to the target rotates" thus !ausing the missile tra!k $oint to nutate" or wobble" about the true target $osition. he nutation will !ause an outward s$iral that !an walk the tra!k $oint and missile ('= o the target and a!hieve what is known as an o$ti!al break lo!k. I an '>L !an be a!hieved" the )ammer has won the engagement be!ause most IR missiles do not have the ability to sear!h and rea!7uire a target on!e the missile is in light.3% 3%
+age 95..96" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
02
8onical 2can trac&er FM logic# arget tra!kers with a single IR dete!tor re7uire me!hani!al s!anning o the target s!ene. he tra!ker that has been des!ribed earlier is what is known as a s$in-s!an design. A s$in s!an is highly vulnerable to )ammers be!ause the tra!ker o$ti!s is always looking at the target and" !onse7uently" alse $osition inormation !an be in)e!ted at any time during the s!an rotation. he ne#t ste$ in tra!ker evolution was the !oni!al-s!an design. /oni!al-s!an tra!kers borrowed a !on!e$t that ire !ontrol radars had used or de!ades. Instead o staring straight ahead" the I('= o a !oni!al s!an is oset and" as it s!ans" the I('= swee$s out a !ir!ular $attern. A !oni!al s!an !an be im$lemented by sim$ly osetting the se!ondary mirror in a /assegrain teles!o$e" as shown.
(or a target !entered on the o$ti!al a#is" the I('= swee$s out an overla$$ing !ir!le. he target image alls on the edge o the reti!le rather than in the !enter. /oni!al-s!an tra!kers use a dierent reti!le design with s$okes all the way around rather than in only onehal o the disk. his !oniguration $rodu!es a dete!tor waveorm with !onstant am$litude. (or tra!king near the o$ti!al a#is" the target image is slightly oset" thus resulting in a re7uen!y !hange as the image !rosses s$okes at dierent distan!es rom the !enter. (or this !ase" the ele!troni!s use re7uen!y modulation *(M, rather than am$litude modulation *AM," a a!tor that results in a tighter tra!king loo$.32
32
+age 50" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
00
Iatthe target is arther o this !enter" thethe image alls o the reti!le during $artradiation o the s!an" shown times t2 and t0. During time" target is outside the I('= and no is re!eived rom the target. he im$li!ation or !ountermeasures is that no inormation !an be in)e!ted into the tra!ker when it is not viewing the target. 30
In theory" !oni!al s!an is im$ossible to be deeated with an onboard thermal )ammer" be!ause the missile does not look at the target during the time the )ammer needs to be in)e!ting a signal to $ush the tra!k away. In $ra!ti!e" it might be $ossible or a strong )ammer to deeat !oni!al s!an be!ause oB %. '$ti!al s!attering and rele!tions are always $resent in real lie o$ti!s that are never $ere!t" and a strong )ammer signal rom outside o the I('= !an still get through. 2. +erturbations that are indu!ed in missile light. &ven i there is no '>L" the )ammer modulation disturbs missile light" thus s!attering the hit $attern at the target and resulting in a miss by some $er!entage o shots. 31
hen the target *, is !entered in the tra!ker *i.e." at the o$ti!al a#is," the reti!le $rodu!es a !onstant re7uen!y s7uare wave o energy into the sensing !ell" i its o a#is" the signal is re7uen!y modulated *(M logi!,.3 30
+age 51" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age %88" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures 3 +age 033..035" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats 31
01
36(, 2trela-( 2/-!, Gremlin#
Develo$ment o $ortable SAM FStrela-0F *9:01, with 9M03 missiles has been set to the same De!ree" under whi!h work on SAM FStrela-2MF were de$loyed in %936. Among the new te!hni!al solutions and high !ombat and o$erational !hara!teristi!s o the !om$le# wereB -the new dee$-!ooled $roviding a sensitivity twosignii!antly orders o magnitude than sensitivity o thehoming seekerhead" o !om$le# FStrela-2MF" whi!h e#$andedhigher the lo!kon range. - automati! laun!h mode" allows the system to automati!ally laun!h the missile" when the target is in the engagement
33
+age 51..5" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
0
36(% 2trela-!72: 2/-!(/ Gopher#
ork on the !reation o sel-$ro$elled air deense system FStrela-%8F began under the De!ision o the /entral /ommittee o the /+S4 and the 4SSR /oun!il o 21E85E%939. Des$ite the a!t that at the same time develo$ment o anti-air!rat gun-missile system FunguskaF was ongoing" the !reation o a sim$le !hea$ SAM" based on the urther develo$ment o the !om$le# ty$e FStrela-%F" was !onsidered a$$ro$riate rom an e!onomi! $oint o view. During %951" the system was $resented or state trials but ailed and only a!!e$ted into servi!e in %3 Mar!h %953. 35 During light" the 9M05 missile o the Strela-%8S= used one o the two *beore laun!h, sele!table !hannelsB - he $hoto !ontrast !hannel *also used by the Strela-%M, did not re7uire !ooling" and !ould be used against in!oming targets *besides re!eding," but was not $rote!ted against natural o$ti!al intereren!e. *heavy !louds with strong !ontrast" hori
=ehi!le has 1 ready-to-laun!h missiles on the turret" and another 1 missiles stored inside 35 36
+age 9" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 +age 38..3%" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
03
Cooled Indium Antimonide (InSb) detector
ith !ooled Indium Antimonide sensor" it was $ossible to tra!k the air!rats $lume. >e!ause the $lume !an be seen rom most o the ront or the side o the air!rat" the missiles !ould tra!k rom almost any angle" making these all-as$e!t missiles.
&ngine +lume and hot $arts o an (-%139
Indium Antimonide *InSb,
+lume si
39 58
+age 0" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age 09" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
05
/*M-31 2idewinder
he AIM-9L is essentially an AIM-9 with a new o$ti!al system" new use and new !ooling system. he /assegrain system o the was retained" but a new (M reti!le was ado$ted" ne!essitating some undamental !hanges to the guidan!e ele!troni!s. A new Indium Antimonide *InSb, dete!tor was used" en!losed with an o$ti!al ilter in an Argon !ooled !ontainer. his o$ti!al system allows a!7uisition and tra!king o targets rom all as$e!ts" due the longer wavelength sensitivity o the InSb" with the ilter em$loyed to re)e!t shorter wavelengths. 5%
he seeker has a 18? ield o view" with 25.? o the $lane boresight targeting !a$ability 52
he !ontrol a!tuators o the AIM-9 were retained 5% 52
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta
06
he double delta !anards gave mu!h better maneuver $erorman!e o 0g50 laun!h load limit is 5g. Above the gas generator *$roviding % minute o energy during light, is the ele!tri! !onne!tor to the air!rat. >ehind it" is the DS4-%> A'D *A!tive '$ti!al arget Dete!tor, a!tive laser $ro#imity use using solid state ;allium Arsenide laser $aired to a Sili!on $hotodiode" with %8m o dete!tion range.51
he 9.1kg D4-%5> warhead has a double row o %91$!s titanium rods" and +>G-0 ty$e e#$losive.5 50
+age %9" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta 5 A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta 51
09
Last two thirds o the missile has the er!ules->ermite Mk-03 solid uel engine. he 25kg (le#adyne !harge has 3s o burn $eriod" a!!elerating the wea$on 2. Ma!h above the laun!her s$eed. At high altitude" the ma#imum kinemati! range is %5km. +ra!ti!al range is %8km or in!oming" and less than hal or re!eding targets.53 +rodu!tion started in %956" and more than %3888 AIM-9Ls have been built by +hil!o-(ord" Raytheon" >; *;ermany," and Mitsubishi *a$an,.55 During the %962 (alklands war" it s!ored %5 kills by 2% hits rom 23 laun!hes" a!hieving 68 hit rate. (our missiles were ired out o range one was ired in error during a bombing run. 56
ungary ielded the AIM9LEI% Sidewinder in 2883 or its AS-09&>S 4 ;ri$en ighters. hese are older AIM9L missiles reurbished with AIM-9M !om$onents" rom the ;erman Diehl >odenseewerk ;ertete!hnik *>;, Deense and is !onsidered an o$erational e7uivalent to the initially F4S onlyF AIM-9M. 53
A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder 56 +age %30" (alklands Air ar 55
18
M*M-"$8 8haparral
he guidan!e se!tion $hase o the $rodu!t im$rovement $rogram was dire!ted toward the develo$ment o an im$roved seeker to $rovide the /ha$arral a ull head-on dete!tion !a$ability" to redu!e the dead
he basi! /ha$arral wea$on was !on!eived in %93 as a sto$-ga$ system that !ould be ielded in a relatively short time to hel$ ill the void in orward area air deense !aused by the delay o the Mauler $rogram. owever" light test results dis!losed a number o limitations re7uiring design im$rovements.
' $rime !on!ern was a smoke $roblem with the ro!ket motor i.e." the smoke signature obs!ured gunner visibility" lengthened the time between iring the irst round and engaging a se!ond target" and betrayed the ire unit to artillery !ountera!tion. he test irings in %956 used a new smokeless motor" whi!h greatly im$roved visibility ater iring and made it mu!h easier to ire ollow-u$ rounds. 68 &#isting missiles were u$graded with the new motor to be!ome the MIM-52&" while newbuild versions *otherwise identi!al, were known as the MIM-52(. 59 68
+age %%5" istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System +age %%%" istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System
1%
F*M-3$/ 2tinger 5asic
he most signii!ant $roblem with Redeye was that it was ee!tive only in s$e!ii! engagement !ir!umstan!esB the soldiers on the ground had to ire the missile dire!tly at the e#haust o the target air!rat in order to allow the wea$ons inrared *IR, seeker to establish a lo!k. his meant that the missile !ould only be ired at the target ater it had $assed over and" $resumably" had already delivered its munitions in the area. Redeye was reerred to as a revenge wea$on or this reason. he Army began advan!ed develo$ment on a re$la!ement or Redeye" dubbed Redeye-II and later renamed the Stinger" in %935. he !ontra!t to develo$ Stinger *oi!ially designated (IM92, was awarded to ;eneral Dynami!s in %952. Stinger >asi!" used an im$roved reti!le design" !alled !oni!al s!anning develo$ed by ;eneral Dynami!s. In this ty$e o seeker" the reti!le was i#ed in $la!e and the s$ot image was s!anned in a !ir!le by s$inning mirrors" and $i!ked u$ by the argon !ooled Indium Antimonide *InSb, dete!tor. I the target was on the o$ti!al a#is the !ir!le would be !entered on the reti!le i it was o-a#is" the !ir!le would be o the reti!le !enter. he on-!enter $attern $rodu!ed a symmetri!al s7uare wave signal be!ause the amount o time s$ent on the reti!les trans$arent vanes was the same as that on the o$a7ue vanes. I the !ir!le was o-!enter there was varying time s$ent on the two ty$es o vanes" $rodu!ing a modulation o the re7uen!y o the signal. 4nlike the sort o s$inning reti!le used by Redeye" errors do not in!rease as the deviation rom true alignment de!reases. he Stinger a!hieved initial o$erating !a$ability in %96%.6% A total o %"339 (IM-92A *>asi! Stinger, missiles were $rodu!ed between %956 and %965.
6%
+age 6..%8" /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems
12
36(!7 *gla-! 2/-!' Gimlet#
he develo$ment o the Igla short-range man-$ortable air deense system began %2 (ebruary" %95%.
he main goals were to !reate a missile with better resistan!e to !ountermeasures and wider engagement envelo$e than the earlier Strela-2E0 series. e!hni!al dii!ulties in the develo$ment 7ui!kly made it obvious that the develo$ment would take ar longer than anti!i$ated" and in %956 the $rogram s$lit in twoB while the develo$ment o the ull!a$ability Igla would !ontinue" a sim$liied version *Igla-%, with a single band itrogen !ooled Indium Antimonide *InSb, seeker would be develo$ed to enter servi!e earlier than the ull-!a$ability version !ould be inished. 62 he 9:0%8 Igla-% system were a!!e$ted into servi!e in the Soviet army on %% Mar!h %96%. Igla-% is mu!h su$erior to Strela-2M in essentially all res$e!ts. Seeker head $roved many times more sensitive than old Strela seeker" now rontal as$e!t atta!ks against )ets were $ossible. Seeker also had ability to ilter out )ammers. ;uidan!e had an interesting eature - unlike Strela" it did not guide dire!tly to the hottest $art o the target *i.e. )et e#haust," but slightly ahead o it" thus hitting more vulnerable $arts o the air!rat instead o e#haust $i$e. 60
he missile eatures an aeros$ike mounted on a tri$od" whi!h redu!es the sho!k wave" thus $roviding less dome heating and greater range. he name Igla is derived rom this devi!e. 62 60
+age 53" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 +age 223..225" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa
10
(inland ielded it in %963" around %38 laun!hers *938 Ruble $er laun!her - 90% &uroH, and over %88 missiles. *06888 Ruble $er missile - 03618 &uroH, 082 missiles were e#$ended in training" $rodu!ing only 18 misses. it rate was thus around 65. 61 *in 200
&ast ;ermany started Strela-2M swa$$ing in %966. 258 laun!hers were ielded with 8 missiles. /
ungary ielded it rom %963" e#!hanging one-to-one the Strela-2M at 0 o its irst e!helon *%1th" %th" 00rd, me!hani
+age 225..226" 205" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa
11
+-'7M 6-'7M# /rticle '$M //-)5 /phid#
Almost simultaneously with the ado$tion o R-38" work began the moderni
R-38M missile rangeEheight envelo$e63
ungary ielded 26 $ie!es R-38 and R-38M or itsB Mi;-2%>is" Mi;-20M(" Su-22M0" and Mi;-29 $lanes. 6 63
+age %0..%1" `QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.0 2882 +age %12" PTTVTUP [WUYP P[^V %910-%990 ..
1
Pyrotechnic Flare In the 4nited States" a number o agen!ies and laboratories were involved in lare develo$ment in the early %98s. he ma)or resear!h and testing were initially done at what was then the 'S *now A/D," /hina Lake" /aliornia" and" rom the late %938s" were !arried on by what was then the aval Ammunition De$ot *now the aval Sura!e arare /enter JS/K," /rane" Indiana. A $yrote!hni! does not de$end u$on e#ternal o#ygen or rea!tion and" !onse7uently" the rea!tion tem$erature is not greatly ae!ted by altitude or airs$eed. he most energeti! !om$osition in terms o IR emissions $er mass was ound to be a !om$osition o magnesium" elon" and =itron. he $rodu!t o a magnesiumelon rea!tion is a stream o $arti!les o amor$hous !arbon that are heated to in!andes!en!e by the !hemi!al rea!tion. /arbon gives the $yrote!hni! lare its !hara!teristi! s$e!tral sha$e" very !losely a$$ro#imating that o +lan!ks !urve. In the airstream" a burning magnesiumelon lare has a !omet-like a$$earan!e as the hot !arbon $arti!les $rodu!e a trail behind the lare. >e!ause the rea!tion tem$erature is very stable with altitude and airs$eed" the intensity is $ro$ortional to the number and rate o the !arbon $arti!les $rodu!ed.65 (lares must !ome u$ to an ee!tive energy level while they are within the tra!king area o the atta!king missile. De$ending on the design o the lare and the s$eed o the target air!rat" the aerodynami! de!eleration o the lare may be as mu!h as 088mEsx. >e!ause the diameter o threat ield o view is ty$i!ally less than 288m at the time the lare is de$loyed. his !al!ulates to a little over a hal-se!ond or the lare energy to e#!eed the target energy by enough to assure that the missile transers its tra!king rom the target to the lare. ote that this energy level must be a!hieved in this time $eriod at all o the wavelengths at whi!h the threat missile may be tra!king.
Se$aration o a ty$i!al lare" rom the air!rat dis$ensing it" rom an altitude o 0km. *let, =erti!al and hori
+age 61" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age 056..059" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats
13
I the lare irradian!e is greater than that o air!rat target" the tra!k $oint will bias toward the lare. As the lare se$arates rom the air!rat" the target will be $ushed over the ma#imum $oint o the stati! gain !urve. he lare will remain within the well. At that $oint" the lare has won.
>eore lare is dis$ensedtra!ker servo holds target at !enter o ('=.
Ater lare is dis$ensedservo tra!ks !entroid o weight images as de!oy se$arates.
+oint at whi!h wins lare se$arated rom air!rat 69 target image moved over ma#imum $ointlare o stati! gain !urve lare remains in well.until
69
+age 6%..62" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures
15
Flare filtering by position
>e!ause a laun!hed lare will all below the laun!hing air!rat" the tra!ker !ould $la!e a ilter over the lower $art o the tra!king window or in the lower rear 7uadrant i tra!king rom abeam. his will redu!e energy re!eived rom the lare and thus allow the tra!ker to see the intended target as the more attra!tive target.98
36(%M 2trela-!7M 2/-!(5 Gopher#
De!ision o Ministry o Deense in %955 started the !om$le# FStrela-%8S=F moderni
he ;S o the 9M05M missile !ould dierentiate the target rom the lare based on their dierent tra)e!tory. All other !hara!teristi!s remained the same as the Strela-%8S=. During %956" the state trials were !om$leted" and in %959" the Strela-%8M was a!!e$ted into servi!e.9%
98 9%
+age 060..061" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats +age 3%" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999
16
&ast ;ermany was the irst arsaw +a!t ally to ield it in %960 at one o its 6th tank regiment o its 6th me!hani
/
ungary ielded )ust 1 vehi!les in %963" or its irst e!helon %th me!hani
+oland ielded also )ust 1 vehi!les" at the 21th tank regiment. 19
Flare filtering by energy rise time
A lare !an de!elerate at 088 mEsx and the tra!king window is only about 288m wide at a!7uisition. he lare must thus rea!h its ma#imum energy in about hal a se!ond. his re7uires that the !hemi!als !hosen or lare !onstru!tion must7ui!kly. build u$his their energy e#tremely !reates a mu!h higher rate o energy rise" !om$ared to a )et engine !a$able o. hus" i the energy in!rease rate rom an ob)e!t in the tra!king window over a $reset time interval is above a !ertain threshold" the tra!ker sto$s tra!king. hen" when the energy in the tra!ker ield o view dro$s to its $revious level *as the lare leaves the tra!king window," the tra!ker !an start tra!king again. 92 /*M-3M 2idewinder
AIM-9M is essentially an im$roved AIM-9L. It has im$roved ba!kground re)e!tion" !ounter!ountermeasures !a$ability *//M, and a low smoke motor to redu!e the visual signature o the inbound wea$on.90 (lare re)e!tion !ir!uits were u$graded ollowing the %99% ;ul war" as Soviet lares had too slow energy rise time" to a!tivate the //M !a$ability o the missile.
AIM-9M Sidewinder seeker head91 AIM-9M version entered $rodu!tion in the 4S in %962" and more than 5888 missiles have been built by Raytheon.9 92
+age 06%..062" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile AS /hina Lake aval Armament and e!hnology Museum 9 Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder 90 91
8
+-"( 6-"(# /rticle "$. +M9-! //-!! /rcher#
he 4SSR /oun!il o Ministers ado$ted a de!ision on 23 uly %951 two new ighters *Mi;-29 and Su-25, will be develo$ed" along with their new air-to-air wea$ons.
=ym$el design bureau $ro$osed the enhan!ed version o its :-%0M" but the new :-%1 design had inerior $erorman!e !om$ared to the Molniya design bureau :-50 *based on the :38M," so the latter was ada$ted. he missile has a similar aerodynami! design as o the R-38. o ensure e#!e$tional maneuverability" a thrust ve!toring steering system was used irst time in the world. he develo$ment was delayed when the Molniya design bureau was a$$ointed or the >uran s$a!e shuttle design" and all $lans and test results had to be transerred over to =ym$el to !om$lete develo$ment in une 22" %961. 93
93
A< R-50 lgihar! rakta
%
he ro!kets nose has our angle o atta!k sensor used by the auto$ilot" to limit the intensity o the maneuvering. he M:-68 FMayakF itrogen !ooled Indium Antimonide *InSb, seeker has 5? ('=" target tra!king rate o 38?Es" and !ould be laun!hed 1? o the ighter boresight" slaved to the Sh!hel-04M head mounted sight having target a!7uisition !a$ability 38? o the ighter boresight" limited only by the two sensors lo!ated under the 4D had to see all three inra lam$s mounted on the $ilots helmet. he radio $ro#imity use has 0.m o ee!tive range" where it detonates the 5.1kg rod warhead.
he kg engine burns or 1.5N3s $roviding %2N%3k thrust" trailing dense white smoke" and a!!elerating the missile to Ma!h 2.. During engine o$eration" the thrust ve!toring steering system allows the missile to $ull 18N38g. *all three de$ends on laun!h altitude,95
95
A< R-50 lgihar! rakta
2
R-50 missile rangeEheight envelo$e 96
&#$ort started in %966" irst deliveries o the R-50& was re!eived by &ast ;ermany.
ungary ielded the R-50& missile with its Mi;-29 ighters in %990.
96
+age %13" PTTVTUP [WUYP P[^V %910-%990 ..
0
Crossed inear Array !racker
he !rossed linear array has our narrow linear sensors. he se!ondary mirror is nutated to move the I('= in a !oni!al s!an. As the target $asses through ea!h o the our sensors" an energy $ulse is generated. he lo!ation o the target relative to the o$ti!al a#is o the tra!ker is determined rom 99
the timing o the energy $ulse in ea!h sensor. he !rossed array seeker simulates the a!tion o a reti!le in a !on-s!an system through the $hysi!al layout o the dete!tors themselves. /lassi!al $hoto!ells are normally round" but im$rovements in !onstru!tion te!hni7ues and es$e!ially solid-state abri!ation allows them to be built in any sha$e. S!anning is !arried out identi!ally to the !on-s!an" whi!h !auses the image o the target to s!an a!ross ea!h o the dete!tors in turn.
%88
(or a target !entered in the ('=" the image !ir!les around the dete!tors and !rosses them at the same relative $oint z. his !auses the signal rom ea!h one to be identi!al $ulses at a !ertain $oint in time. owever" i the target is not !entered {|}" the images $ath will be oset" as beore. In this !ase the distan!e between the se$arated dete!tors !auses the delay between the signals rea$$earan!e to vary" longer or images urther rom the !enterline" and shorter when !loser. /ir!uits !onne!ted to the mirrors $rodu!e this estimated signal as a !ontrol" as in the !ase o the !on-s!an. /om$aring the dete!tor signal to the !ontrol signal $rodu!es the re7uired !orre!tions. he advantage o this design is that it allows or greatly im$roved lare re)e!tion. >e!ause the dete!tors are thin rom side to side" they ee!tively have an e#tremely narrow ield o view" inde$endent o the teles!o$e mirror arrangement. At laun!h" the lo!ation o the target is en!oded into the seekers memory" and the seeker determines when it e#$e!ts to see that signal !rossing the dete!tors. (rom then on any signals arriving outside the brie $eriods determined by the !ontrol signal !an be re)e!ted. Sin!e lares tend to sto$ in the air almost immediately ater release" they 7ui!kly disa$$ear rom the s!anners gates. he only way to s$oo su!h a system is to !ontinually release lares so some are always !lose to the air!rat. 99
+age 058" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats wo-!olor inrared /-/M based on the signal ratio between two dete!tion bands or a !rossed-array tra!ker
%88
1
Mistral
In %955" a te!hnology grou$ ormed by the (ren!h oint /hies o Sta and the Dlgation ;nrale $our lArmement *D;A" (ren!h ea$ons +ro!urement Authority, began a study o dierent short-range gun and missile $oint deense sura!e-to-air systems to meet a triservi!e re7uirement or a =ery Low-Level Air Deense *=LLAD, system. >y %959 the !hoi!es had been narrowed to buying a new third-generation missile system to be known as the Sol-Air-r~s /ourte +orte *SA/+" sura!e-to-air very short range,. Subse7uently" the SA/+ has be!ome known as the Mistral" an a!ronym o trans$ortable light anti-air!rat missile in (ren!h. *Missile rans$ortable Antiarien Lger, In Se$tember %968" ollowing urther te!hni!al and easibility studies" Matra was named as the !om$any res$onsible or develo$ing and $rodu!ing the Mistral. Mistral a!hieved initial o$erational !a$ability with the three (ren!h servi!es in anuary %998.%8%
An trans$arent theIRdrag a!tor. magnesium luoride $yramidal-sha$ed seeker !over was used to redu!e Mistral is larger than shoulder-laun!hed missiles. Missile is aster" had large warhead *%kg e#$losive and %88 tungsten balls, and laser $ro#imity use with 0m o sensitivity. Missile seeker !ontained our se$arate dete!tion elements and was more sensitive than in smaller missiles. A$$roa!hing )et air!rat without aterburner !ould be tra!ked at distan!es o 1-km and light heli!o$ter at 0-1km" this was beyond even the new Iglas $erorman!e. Seeker was $rogrammed to re)e!t lares based on their angular movement however it was not as insensitive to lares as Igla. (inland ielded it in %99%.%82
MISRAL Seeker%80 %8%
+age %8" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% +age 21..23" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa %80 Asso!iation $our le souvenir de la SA - Autodire!teur MISRAL %82
In A$ril %995" %88 million !ontra!t was signed between the ungarian MoD and the then Matra >A& Dynami!s *now M>DA, or Mistral missiles" 1 ALAS two round iring $osts mounted on ;erman Mer!edes->en< 4nimog *1•1, light tru!ks *ea!h vehi!le has 2 ready to laun!h missile on the ALAS iring $ost" and 3 reload missiles inside," and 9 M/+ *Mistral /oordination +ost, also on 4nimog" having a 26km ranged $ulse Do$$ler G-band radar. %81
ALAS two round iring $ost
ungarian ALAS on 4nimog" ALAS dismounted" and M/+ *Mistral /o-ordination +ost, %81
+age %8..%2" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288%
3
"ual #and Seeker
'ne o the issues a!ed by heat-seeking missiles is to dis!riminate against lares and other high-tem$erature distra!tions rom the target. /onventional distra!tors are mu!h hotter than the targeted $arts o the target air!rat. Magnesium lares are 2"288?: to 2"188?:. his !auses the distra!tor to emit mu!h higher energy than the target. hereore" a very hot magnesium lare will !a$ture a missiles tra!ker and lead it away rom the target. owever" i the dete!ts its target two wavelengths" !an"aintarget ee!t"at!al!ulate tem$erature o missile the targeted ob)e!t. his at allows the missile to ittra!k a !hosenthe tem$erature" or at least to dis!riminate against alse targets that are mu!h hotter than the real target.
wo hot ob)e!ts" a flare at $.777?6 and a target at !.'77?6" measured at two se$arate wavelengths *2 @m and 1 @m,. flare emits times he $.777?6 energy at 2 @m thatatit 2does at 1it @m. emits%@( only " as mu!h energy @m as does at 1 @m. !.'77?6 target (@! the times
I only the tra!king waveorm or ob)e!ts with the $ro$er energy ratio range are in$ut to the missiles $ro!essor" the missile will ignore the lare at the wrong tem$erature and tra!k the target at the right tem$erature.%8
%8
+age 05" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats
5
36() *gla 2/-!) Grouse#
he develo$ment o the Igla short-range man-$ortable air deense system began %2 (ebruary" %95%. he main goals were to !reate a missile with better resistan!e to !ountermeasures and wider engagement envelo$e than the earlier Strela-2E0 series.
e!hni!al dii!ulties in the develo$ment 7ui!kly made it obvious that the develo$ment would take ar longer than anti!i$ated" and in %956 the $rogram s$lit in twoB while a sim$liied version *Igla-%, with a single band IR seeker entered servi!e earlier" the develo$ment o the ull-!a$ability Igla !ontinued.%83 he 9:06 Igla system were a!!e$ted into servi!e in the Soviet army on 20 Se$tember %960. Most im$ortant eature was the new itrogen !ooled dual band seeker" whi!h was about twi!e as sensitive as Igla-%s. Its ability to avoid !ountermeasures was su$erior to other similar missiles. Seeker !om$letely ignored all IR lares. he !ountermeasure avoidan!e was %85
also ee!tive against IR )ammers.
he s$inning reti!le is lo!ated between the two dete!tors. 'n its window" there is an IR ilter" whi!h is trans$arent or the engine plume while rele!ting signals o the flares. %83 %85
+age 53" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 +age 211..21" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa
6
he missile eatures an aeros$ike atta!hed dire!tly to the seeker dome" whi!h redu!es the sho!k wave" thus $roviding less dome heating and greater range. he name Igla *Russian or eedle, is derived rom this devi!e.
Igla was not ielded by arsaw +a!t nations other than the 4SSR" as it !leared or e#$ort )ust ater the /old ar ended. (inland ielded 9%2 missiles in %991. /ost o a laun!her was %0"68" and missile !osted 33"368. /om$ared to older ty$es" relatively ew Iglas were e#$ended in training. 35 missiles were ired" and only seven missed *%8,. it rate was thus around 98.%86 36(() *gla-2 2/-$, Grinch#
Laser $ro#imity use were added" to in!rease hit $robability" and ma#imum ee!tive range. State tests were !om$leted in De!ember 288% and the system entered servi!e in 2882. Series $rodu!ed by the Degtryaev $lant sin!e De!ember %" 2881
%86
+age 213..215" Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa
9
+-"(M +M9-$ //-!! /rcher#
Develo$ment o the e#tended range :-50 was started by the Resolution o the 4SSR /oun!il o Ministers on De!ember 26" %961. It was irst dis$layed in %995" at the MA:S air show.
he dual band seeker o boresight laun!h !a$ability was in!reased to 38?" so it !ould ully utili
R-50M missile rangeEheight envelo$e %89 %89
+age %15" PTTVTUP [WUYP P[^V %910-%990 ..
38
8admium 2ulfide 8d2# detector /admium Sulide is a near ultraviolet *4=, dete!tor *8.0N8.1 @m, material or sensing radiation blanked by the air!rat skin rom the generi! 4= ba!kground. Its !ondu!tivity in!reases when irradiated with 4= light *leading to uses as a $hoto resistor,. It is also a !ore !om$onent o $hotovoltai! *solar, !ells one o the irst !ells rom %91.
/dS
(-1 target in negative 4=
(IM-92> Stinger +'S seeker
3%
$osette scan tracker (pseudo imaging seeker)
Rosette s!an has very narrow instantaneous ield o view *I('=, !om$ared to s$inning reti!les. his $rovides mu!h more a!!urate target dis!rimination.%%8
%%%
he rosette seeker uses mu!h o the me!hani!al layout o the !oni!al s!an system" but instead o a reti!le" it uses $risms to !reate a more !om$le# $attern drawing out a rosette. A ma)or advantage is that the rosette seeker s!ans out a wider $ortion o the sky" making it mu!h more dii!ult or the target to move out o the ield o view.
%%2
Rosette s!an $rodu!es a very !om$le# out$ut. 'b)e!ts within the seekers I('= $rodu!e !om$letely se$arate signals as it s!ans around the sky the system might see the target" lares" the sun and the ground at dierent times. In order to $ro!ess this inormation and e#tra!t the target" the individual signals are sent into a !om$uter memory. 'ver the $eriod o the !om$lete s!an this $rodu!es a 2D image" whi!h gives it the name $seudo imager. Although this makes the system more !om$le#" the resulting image oers mu!h more inormation. (lares !an be re!ogni
+age %8" /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems +age 0" Re!ognition o the Real arget in the Rosette +attern %%2 Slide 19" AI +roessional Develo$ment Short /ourse Sam$ler" DIR/M +rin!i$les %%%
32
F*M-3$5 2tinger PO2 Passive Optical 2ee&er echniAue#
In mid-%955" ater a our-year advan!ed develo$ment $rogram and )ust beore the basi! Stinger was released or $rodu!tion" ;eneral Dynami!s was awarded a ull-s!ale engineering develo$ment !ontra!t or the ne#t generation o Stinger. his involved the itting o a mi!ro$ro!essor-!ontrolled +assive '$ti!al Seeker e!hni7ue *+'S, homing head whi!h uses a dual Inra-Red *IR, and 4ltra-=iolet *4=, rosette-$attern image s!anning guidan!e te!hni7ue to enhan!e the missiles target dete!tion !a$abilities. %%0 he seeker e#$loits the low 4= rele!tan!e o air!rat !om$ared to the Sun lit sky ba!kground" and guides the missile on to the 4= hole in the sky re$resented by the target. he !on!urrent use o 4= and IR allows unambiguous re)e!tion o lares. %%1 Another ma)or im$rovement in Stinger+'S was the in!or$oration o integrated digital !ir!uits *two mi!ro$ro!essors, to $erorm the seeker signal $ro!essing un!tions" ele!troni!
%%
$a!kaging and $erorman!e im$rovement over the analog !ir!uitry ound in >asi! Stinger. 388 (IM-92> *Stinger-+'S, missiles were $rodu!ed between %960 and %965.
F*M-3$8 2tinger +MP +eprogrammable Microprocessor#
his design *as the name Re$rogrammable Mi!ro$ro!essor indi!ates, enabled the onboard mi!ro$ro!essor to be u$dated with new sotware as new inormation on threats and !ountermeasures be!ame available. +ro$erly $rogrammed" the $ro!essor !an re!ogni
%%0
+age 0" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% MA +'RA>L& S4R(A/&-AIR MISSIL&S +age %8..%%" /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems %%3 +age %%" /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems %%5 +age 03" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% %%1 %%
30
F*M-3$94E 2tinger 5loc&-*
In (92" an u$grade !ontra!t was $la!ed to im$rove the (IM-92AE>E/ $erorman!e against the latest !ountermeasures. :nown as the (IM-92& >lo!k % rounds" modii!ations were made to the RM+ sotware to tra!k low-signature targets su!h as 4A=s" !ruise missiles and light heli!o$ters" in even more !luttered !ountermeasures environments. A ring-laser gyro roll sensor and a lithium battery were also itted.%%6 he roll re7uen!y sensor uses laser ring gyros to measure the roll rate. he missiles orientation to true verti!al is set beore and is then used !om$ute the relative $osition o the missile during light. hisiring inormation is used to to syn!hronilo!k I entered $rodu!tion in %99 and is also still being manua!tured. he $rogram in!luded u$grading all the remaining (IM-92A and (IM-92> missiles in the inventory as (IM-92D" involving u$ to 6"88 rounds $lus.%28
2tinger 5loc&-**
his variant was a $lanned develo$ment based on the (IM-92& Stinger >lo!k I version. he im$rovement in!luded an imaging inrared seeker head rom the AIM-9G. ith this modii!ation" the dete!tion distan!e and the resistan!e to )amming was to be greatly in!reased. /hanges to the airrame would urthermore enable a signii!ant in!rease in range. Although the missile rea!hed the testing $hase" the $rogram was dro$$ed in 2882 or budgetary reasons. %%6
+age 03" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% +age %0" /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems %28 +age 09" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% %%9
31
M*M-"$G 8haparral
o !o$e with the threat through the mid %968s" the $ro$osed im$rovement $rogram o %951 in!luded a new guidan!e se!tion using the rosette s!an seeker develo$ed by ;eneral Dynami!s or the Stinger missile. his new guidan!e se!tion would $rovide an all-as$e!t engagement !a$ability with inrared !ounter-!ountermeasure to deeat the $ostulated threat.%2% In %955 (ord and e#as Instruments started a $ro)e!t to give the /ha$arral a limited allweather !a$ability through the addition o a (LIR !amera. he (LIR devi!e enables the gunner to a!7uire" tra!k" and engage targets during !lear weather" at night" and during some adverse weather. he (LIR re!eiver images the thermal emission *radiation, rom the target. his energy is !onverted to a video signal" and subse7uently dis$layed on the video dis$lay !ontrol $anel. (LIR u$grades were !arried out in %961. (ord was !ontra!ted to deliver MIM-52; starting in %962" and all e#isting missiles had been u$dated by the late %968s. ew-build ; models ollowed between %998 and %99%. >y this $oint in time the system was already being removed rom regular Army servi!e" and being handed over to the ational ;uard.
%2%
+age %28" istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System
3
Pyrophoric decoy he !ounter to a s$e!tral dis!riminant !ounter-!ountermeasure *//M, is a thermal de!oy that is a better s$e!tral mat!h to the air!rat. A better s$e!tral mat!h !an be a!hieved with $yro$hori! rather than $yrote!hni! materials. A $yro$hori! material rea!ts with o#ygen in the air" and !onse7uently" the intensity is ae!ted by altitude and airs$eed. %22
Modern missiles em$loy !ounter-!ounter measures *//M,. heir more reined seeker heads use two or more s$e!tral bands in an attem$t to distinguish between the lare and the air!rat. >oth IR and ultraviolet *4=, band may be used. ra)e!tory or energy level rise dis!rimination may also be used by some seeker heads. +yro$hori! de!oy devi!es are sometimes !alled !ool lares" but are not $ro$erly !alled lares be!ause they do not burn. hey a!tually o#idi
+age 69" Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures +age 06" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats
33
Imaging seeker
Imaging tra!kers o$erate in the atmos$heri! window at about 1 mi!rons" whi!h is where the )et $lume signature $eaks. (o!al +lane Arrays *(+A, use Indium Antimonide *InSb, sensors !ooled to 55?:.
umber o $i#els !overing the target air!rat" as un!tion o the missile distan!e. At an a!7uisition range o %8km" the target is in % or 2 $i#els. At km the target !overs 1 • 1 $i#els" at %km it !overs 28 • 28 $i#els" at 88m it !overs 18 • 18 $i#els" and at 28m it !overs 68 • 68 $i#els.
arget +yrote!hni! lare +yro$hori! de!oy During mid-!ourse" the tra!king (+A will ty$i!ally have 5 • 5 or 9 • 9 $i#els on the target air!rat. ote that the target $resents a !om$le# $attern o $i#els re!eiving energy. he hot lare is $hysi!ally small and thereore $uts *lots o, energy into a single $i#el. he gray-body de!oy $uts the amount o energy e7uivalent to a valid target into multi$le $i#els" as this ty$e o de!oys uses ra$idly o#idi
+age 066..09%" & %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats
35
/*M-!($ /2+//M
he Advan!ed Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile $rogramme started in %962" as $art o a Memorandum o 4nderstanding or a amily o air-to-air missiles signed by (ran!e" ;ermany" 4: and the 4SA. his Mo4 $rovided or AMRAAM to be develo$ed by the 4SA and !o$rodu!ed in &uro$e" while ASRAAM was to be develo$ed by &uro$e and !o-$rodu!ed in the 4SA. ASRAAM was given the $rovisional 4S missile designator AIM-%02.%2
he ;ermans e#ited the ASRAAM $rogram" de!iding that mu!h greater maneuverability was re7uired to !om$ete with the R-50. 4S de!ided that they too desired better turning $erorman!e" while the strengthening &uro made the ASRAAM less inan!ially attra!tive" so the 4S Air (or!e began its own $rogram the AIM-9G. he (ren!h also de!ided to develo$ MI/A instead. his let >ritish Aeros$a!e *now Matra >Ae Dynami!s" $art o &ADS, in sole !ontrol o the $rogram. ASRAAM is heavily o$timised or the best $ossible $re-dogight $erorman!e" as in theory whoever gets the irst shot o is likely to win. hereore the missile is built rom the outset to a!7uire an o$$onent and su!!essully engage it at ma#imum $ossible range.
%23
he key to the missiles a!7uisition range $erorman!e and high o-boresight !a$ability is the itrogen !ooled %26 # %26 element ughes (o!al +lane Array *(+A, seeker manua!tured as a single Indium Antimonide die. he (+A is immune to lares as well as inrared )ammers. he only robust !ountermeasure is a laser with sui!ient $ower to blind it or burn it out. %2 %23
anes Air-Laun!hed ea$ons 2882 Matra->Ae AIM-%02 ASRAAM
36
he missile !an be ired in Lo!k-'n-Ater-Laun!h *L'AL, mode. he ele!troni!s se!tion !ontains an inertial $a!kage" whi!h is 0-a#is solid state a!!elerometerEibre o$ti!al gyro $a!kage with sui!ient navigational a!!ura!y to ly the missile blind into the a!7uisition basket" where the seeker a!7uires the target. his is !on!e$tually the same model as is used by radar guided missiles su!h as the AMRAAM. he ASRAAM Daimler->en< Aeros$a!e *now L(: $art o &ADS, warhead is a !om$a!t blast ragmentation design" ired by a horn-&MI laser $ro#imity use. he missiles R&M4S $ower$lant manua!tured by Royal 'rdnan!e Summerield" with a 3.F e#ternal diameter" !ontains roughly 58 more $ro$ellant in !om$arison with the F Mk.03 Sidewinder motor. 4sing a low smoke" low lame $ro$ellant" the motor is designed with a boost only burn $roile" $roviding a range in e#ess o 2km" and s$eed over Ma!h 0..
he irst 4: ASRAAM was delivered to the RA( in late %996. It e7ui$s the RA(s ornado ;R1 and y$hoon. It was also used by the RA(s arrier ;R5 or!e until its retirement. In (ebruary %996 ASRAAM was sele!ted by the Royal Australian Air (or!e or use on their (EA-%6 ornets ollowing !om$etitive evaluation o the ASRAAM" the Raael +ython 1 and the AIM-9G. 6 uly 28%1 India € 4: signed a deal to $ro!ure 061 ASRAAM rom M>DA to re$la!e the ageing Matra Magi! R8" to be integrated onto the S&+&/A aguar strike air!rat.
39
/*M-3B 2idewinder
During the %968s the 4nited States had let short-range missile develo$ments to its A' $artners" and o!used on the medium range AIM-%28 AMRAAM. >y about %998s it be!ome obvious the &uro$eans were ar rom ielding their $romised ASRAAM. Ater testing &ast ;erman R-50 *AA-%% Ar!her, missiles" the 4S de!ided to develo$ another Sidewinder. ughes Air!rat beat Raytheon or the %39 million develo$ment !ontra!t" shortly ater that" Raytheon bought ughes.%25
he AIM-9G retains the er!ules->ermite M: 03 motor and the D4-%5E> warhead o the AIM-9M. he rest o the airrame is new" however" and has mu!h smaller ins and i#ed !anards or lower drag and higher light $erorman!e. he guidan!e se!tion is !om$letely new" and eatures an IIR *Imaging Inrared, seeker *the same ty$e used by the ASRAAM,.
he new +4-%5E> $ro$ulsion se!tion has a thrust ve!tor steering system or signii!antly enhan!ed agility. he missile is !om$a!t enough to it into the internal wea$ons bays o stealthy ighters like the (EA-22 Ra$tor and the (-0 oint Strike (ighter" but !an also be used on e#isting AIM-9 laun!hers. he AIM-9G !an be !ued 68? o the ighter boresight with the M/S *oint elmet-Mounted /ueing System,.%26 (ielded in 2880" as o une 28%0" Raytheon has delivered over "888 AIM-9G missiles. esting work on the AIM-9G >lo!k II version began in Se$tember 2886. >lo!k II adds Lo!k-on-Ater-Laun!h !a$ability with a datalink" so the missile !an be laun!hed irst and then dire!ted to its target aterwards. %25 %26
+age 281..28" Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder
58
9*+8M Dire!ted Inrared /ountermeasure !an blind or burn out the missile seeker sensor.
DIR/M beore" and ater a!tivation
AEAAq-21*=, Missile A$$roa!h arning - Missile seeker Laser blinding !om$onents 5%
Imaging seeker wit% "I$CCM
4S +atent 3"%93"195 submitted by >odenseewerk ;eratete!hnik ;mb" in %996 Missile e7ui$$ed with Dire!ted Inrared /ounter-/ountermeasure *DIR//M, !an divert the DIR/M laser beam away rom its sensitive IR imaging sensor" towards a laser dete!tor with redu!ed sensitivity" and use it to !ontinue tra!king the target.
4S +atent 3"%93"195 submitted by >odenseewerk ;eratete!hnik ;mb" in %996 During infrared mode of operation Fig@"# the IR light rom the target goes through a pair of prisms "'. ")#" and the target image is generated on the *+ imaging sensor array ",#. An *+ transparent semiconductor layer ))# is !oated on the second prism ")# inclined surface ),#" having non-linear absor$tion behaviour with a high transmission to the low intensities o the inrared radiation" but heavy absor$tion o IR laser with high intensities. hen a high intensity laser is detected Fig@)#" pieCo-actuators 37# orms a narrow *in the order o the wavelength o IR light, air gap 3'# between the two prisms "'. ")#. his air gap 3'# leads to a total light rele!tion o!!urring on the inclined surface )$# o the first prism "'#" and the somewhat deo!used laser beam is dire!ted towards a redu!ed sensitivity four-Auadrant laser detector 3,#. %29 %29
4S +atent 3"%93"195 - Inrared seeker head or target seeking missile
52
*+*2-
Inra-Red Imaging System ailEhrust =e!tor /ontrolled Ater ;erman reunii!ation in %998" the ;erman Air (or!e ound itsel with a large sto!k$ile o =ym$el R-50 missiles" and had the o$$ortunity to ly the Mi;-29 with its helmet-mounted sight" and $ro$erly evaluate it. It $roved to be ar more dangerous than had been assumed $reviously. It was !learly able to out$erorm all A' IR tra!king missiles" $arti!ularly in the ability to guide in high o-a#is atta!ks" but also in terms o ield o view" a!7uisition range" maneuverability" o target and target lo!k-on. was he re7uired ;ermansto e#ited the ASRAAM $rogram"ease de!iding thatdesignation" mu!h greater maneuverability !om$ete with the R-50.%08 In uly %993" the 088 million &uros develo$ment started by an international !onsotium.
Germany ,'D#
- Diehl >; Deen!e ;mb € /o. :; *$reviously >odenseewerk ;ertete!hnik ;mb" >;, the main !ontra!tor" guidan!e se!tion integrator" imager and !ooling unit *taly !3D#
- M>DA-I *ormer Alenia-Mar!oni, a!tive radar u
- Saab >oors Dynami!s image $ro!essor unit" air!rat intera!e unit and shi$$ing !ontainer Greece 3D#
- Intra!om $ower su$$ly unit" ield test e7ui$ment - +yrkal E +owder and /artridge /om$any warhead and saety e7ui$ment - AI - elleni! Aeros$a!e Industries umbili!als" and training missiles 8anada ,D#
- oneywell Aeros$a!e *ormerly Allied Signal /anada, light !ontrol se!tion Norway ,D#
- Rauoss E AMM' ro!ket motor develo$ment %08
anes Air-Laun!hed ea$ons 2882
50
he IRIS-s design !on!e$t is to re$la!e the Sidewinder !anards with i#ed vorte# generators or high-angle o atta!k agility.
(i#ed high-lit wings were added to the middle o the airrame" and the Sidewinders large tail ins were re$la!ed with small !ontrol ins that are me!hani!ally !ou$led to )et vanes or hrust =e!toring /ontrol *=/,. he motor has low thrust initially so that the missile is able to make shar$ turns at low s$eed or o-boresight laun!h" than a!!elerate or the inal $hase o atta!k. In its initial !oniguration the missiles rear se!tion was signii!antly wider than the main body se!tion" but the design was !hanged in %993 and the rear se!tion diameter is now the same as the main body" with e#tensions to $osition the =/ vanes in the motor elu#.%0%
%0%
anes Air-Laun!hed ea$ons 2882
51
he >; &LL seeker has been test lown against the Mi;29 (ul!rum" Su-22 (itter" and the (-%3 (ighting (al!on during !a$tive light trials. ;uidan!e is by an advan!ed me!hani!al s!anning imaging IR seeker with a 98? ('=. It uses a !ooled s!anned linear Indium Antimonide array with 1 • %26 dete!tors. A mirror s!ans the image onto the dete!tor.%02 he high dynami! a!7uisition is !ued mat!hed with the range missileseeker kinemati! range. Itrange !an be by radar" helmet mounted dis$lay" inrared sear!h and tra!k sensor" missile a$$roa!h warner or data link. It has unmat!hed resistan!e against IR/M and DIR/M. Destru!tion o targets *in!luding in!oming AEA and SEA missiles, in the rear hemis$here !an be a!hieved with lo!k-on ater laun!h !a$ability.%00 ;erman Air (or!e took irst delivery o the missile on De!ember 288. IRIS- is em$loyed in ighter air!rat o the ollowing !ountries - &uroighter *;ermany" Italy" S$ain" Austria" and Saudi-Arabia, -- AS-09 ;ri$enorway, *Sweden" South Ari!a" and hailand, (-%3 *;ree!e" - &(-%6 *S$ain, - ornado *;ermany, In all" a$$ro#. 1"888 missiles were ordered. IRIS- !an su!!essully engage lying targets at a distan!e o u$ to 2 kilometers" rea!hes a s$eed o more than 0 Ma!h" weighs nearly 98 kg at a length o 2.91 meters and a body diameter o %2.5 !entimeters. he missile is ully !om$atible with e#isting Sidewinder intera!es and warrants a high re)e!tion rate against inrared and laser !ountermeasures.%01
%02
anes Air-Laun!hed ea$ons 2882 IRIS-" &uro$ean Short Range Air-to-Air Missile %01 Sub)e!ts in the (o!us IRIS- %00
5
echnical 2ummary
/ir to /ir Missiles
y$e AIM-9AE>%0 Sidewinder R-0S *:-%0, Arti!le 0%8%03 *AA-2A Atoll, AIM-9DE;E Sidewinder%05 R-38 *:-38, Arti!le 32%06 *AA-6 A$hid, R-%0M *:-%0M, Arti!le 068%09 *AA-2/ Atoll, R-20 *:-20, Arti!le 038%18 *AA-5> A$e#, R-50 *:-50, Arti!le 52%1% *AA-%% Ar!her, AIM-9LEM Sidewinder%12
eight
Missile (light Laun!h time limit
&ngine
Seeker ra!k ('= Rate
'verload
hrust
>urn time
%2g
%5"0k
2"2s
2?
6?Es
26?
3?Es
5%kg
2%s
2g
5kg
2%s
%2g
%"k
2"1s
69kg
38s
%6g
%0k
s
%2?Es
11kg
20s
5g
08g
"5k
1s
0?Es
66kg
1s
0"5g
%0k
1"s
2%6kg
0s
g
28g
%8kg
23s
6g
18N38g
63kg
38s
5g
0g
%0
he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile %06 OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ %09 OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ %18 OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ %1% A< R-50 lgihar! rakta %12 A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta %03 %05
53
%1k
18?
%2?Es
38?
%2?Es
3s
5?
38?Es
3s
18?
Man Portable /ir 9efense Missiles
System y$e
Missile
arhead
Missile Sel Range S$eed Destru!t 188m 68mEs
eight %10
(IM-10/ Redeye%0.0kg 6.0kg %kg 9:02M Strela-2M%11 %kg 9.%kg %.%5kg *SA-5> ;rail,
%%N%1s
1288m
108mEs
1%88m
188mEs
%1
9:01 Strela-0 %3kg %8.0kg %.%5kg *SA-%1 ;remlin, (IM-92A Stinger %.5kg %8.%kg %kg *>asi!, %13 9:0%8 Igla-% %5.9kg %8.6kg %.25kg *SA-%3 ;imlet, %15 9:06 Igla %6"6kg %8.3kg %.25kg *SA-%6 ;rouse, (IM-92> Stinger %.5kg %8.%kg %kg *+'SERM+E>lo!k-I, Mistral%16 21kg %5kg 0kg %1s
%5s
%5s
‚1888m 288m
388mEs
288m
388mEs
1688m
3888m
688mEs
2hort +ange /ir 9efense Missiles
y$e 9:0% Strela-%%19 *SA-9 ;askin, MIM-52AE>E/E&E(%8 /ha$arral 9:0 Strela-%8%% *SA-%0 ;o$her,
/ontainer
Missile eight
arhead
kg
08.kg
0kg
1288m
65kg
%%kg
9888m
18kg
0kg
888m
58kg
%10
+age %13..%16" istory o the R&D&& ea$on System +age 5" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 +age 5" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 %13 +age 68" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 %15 +age 68" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 %16 +age %8..%2" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% %19 +age 6" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 %8 +age %53-%55" anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% %% +age 30" f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 %999 %11 %1
55
Missile Range S$eed 128mEs
%5mEs
+esources All the materials !om$iled into this do!ument are rom o$en sour!e and available to the $ubli!. I strongly en!ourage the reader to !ontinue dee$en his knowledge o this to$i!" by reading the reeren!ed materials. 5oo&s
& %81" & Against a ew ;eneration o hreats David L. Adamy Sidewinder - /reative Missile Develo$ment at /hina Lake Ron estrum anes Land->ased Air Deen!e 2888-288% ony /ullen" /hristo$her ( (oss anes Air-Laun!hed ea$ons 2882 Robert ewson (alklands Air ar /hris obson Ilmator)untaoh)ukset Suomen +uolustuksessa Ahti La$$i OPQTUV WQVWXVPYYZ [WUZ QP\]^_-QP\]^_ VUP[ j`Oƒ„" PYTWYVY … †UT‡[VY PTTVTUP [WUYP P[^V %910-%990 .. `.. W[‡YUP OWYU-[ˆ^[ %990 MagaCines
`QVWXV V PTcPYWQVUW o.2" o.0" o.9 - 2882 f_YVUW V PP[^YV o. -3 - %999
56
P9F material downloaded from the E5
Air!rat Inrared +rin!i$les" Signatures" hreats" and /ountermeasures A=AL AIR AR(AR& /&&R &A+'S DI=ISI' +'I M4;4" a!k R. hite www.dti!.milE!gi-binE;etRDo!‰ADŠADA33081 Standard Missile /hara!teristi!s AIM-9> Sidewinder-%A >y authority o the Se!retary o the Air (or!e" an 52 htt$BEEwww.alternatewars.!omESA/EAIM-9>‹Sidewinder‹%A‹SM/‹-‹anuary‹%952.$d istory o the /A+ARRAL Air Deense System istori!al Monogra$h DAR/'M 62M www.dti!.milE!gi-binE;etRDo!‰ADŠADA101069 istory o the R&D&& ea$on System istori!al Monogra$h AM/ 56M htt$sBEEas.orgEasm$E!am$aignsEMA+ADSE288Eredeye.$d /riti!al e!hnology &vents in the Develo$ment o the Stinger and avelin Missile Systems +ro)e!t indsight Revisited" ohn Lyons" Dun!an Long" and Ri!hard /hait www.dti!.milE!gi-binE;etRDo!‰ADŠADA11865 IRIS-" &uro$ean Short Range Air-to-Air Missile htt$BEEwww.diehl.!omEileadminEdiehl-deen!eEuser‹u$loadElyerE%38321‹IRIS‹e‹&uroighter‹Layout.$d
Presentations
avigation" ;uidan!e and /ontrol Debasish ;hose ;uidan!e" /ontrol" and De!ision Systems Laboratory" De$artment o Aeros$a!e &ngineering Indian Institute o S!ien!e" >angalore" India wo-!olor inrared !ounter-!ountermeasure based on the signal ratio between two dete!tion bands or a !rossed-array tra!ker S+I& Digital Library Re!ognition o the Real arget in the Rosette +attern 4sing >lind Sour!e Se$aration and idden Markov Model ossein &brahimi Dinaki" Shahriar >aradaran Shokouhi" adi Soltani
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ebpages
4S +atent 0"020"55 - MISSIL& A4'+IL' ;eneral Dynami!s" %93% htt$sBEEwww.google.usE$atentsE4S002055 Raytheon *+hil!oE;eneral &le!tri!, AAM--5E;AR-6EAIM-9 Sidewinder htt$BEEwww.designation-systems.netEdusrmEm-9.html he Sidewinder Story" the &volution o the AIM-9 Missile htt$BEEwww.ausair$ower.netE&-Sidewinder-91.html /arlo :o$$ A< AIM-9L Sidewinder lgihar!-rakta htt$BEE)ets.huEnews‰idŠ%22 A< R-50 lgihar! rakta htt$BEE)ets.huEnews‰idŠ%%8 Asso!iation $our le souvenir de la SA - Autodire!teur MISRAL htt$BEEwww.satsouvenir.rEinde#.$h$‰$Š1-€idŠ/2828A/I=I&S28A&R'A4Iq4&"28&S+A/&28&28D&(&S&E/22828A/I=I&S28SAE/2-8128A4'DIR&/&4RSE/2-81-8.+; Matra->Ae AIM-%02 ASRAAM htt$BEEwww.ausair$ower.netEA+I-ASRAAM-Analysis.html /arlo :o$$ MA +'RA>L& S4R(A/&-AIR MISSIL&S htt$BEEwww.ausair$ower.netEm$sam.html /arlo :o$$ Sub)e!ts in the (o!us IRIS- htt$BEEwww.diehl.!omEenEdiehl-deen!eE$ress-mediaEsub)e!ts-in-the-o!usEiris-t-the-shortdistan!e-missile-o-the-latest-generation.html 4S +atent 3"%93"195 - Inrared seeker head or target seeking missile >odenseewerk ;eratete!hnik ;mb" %996 htt$sBEEwww.google.!omE$atentsE4S3%93195
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8ontents (oreword ....................................................................................................................................2 +ro$ortional avigation .............................................................................................................1 Seeker ardware.................................................................................................................... '$ti!s...................................................................................................................................... arget inrared signature" and sensor material sensitivity........................................................3 arget As$e!t angle.................................................................................................................... 3 4n!ooled Lead Sulide *+bS, $hoto resistor...............................................................................5 S$in S!an tra!ker *AM logi!,................................................................................................... 6 AIM-9AE> Sidewinder.......................................................................................................%8 R-0S *:-%0A, Arti!le 0%8A *AA-2A Atoll,...........................................................................%2 9:02 Strela-2 *SA-5 ;rail, ................................................................................................. %1 9:0% Strela-% *SA-9 ;askin,.............................................................................................. %3 R-38 *:-38, Arti!le 32 *AA-6A A$hid, ...............................................................................%9 /ooled Lead Sulide *+bS, dete!tor.......................................................................................... 28 AIM-9D Sidewinder *A=, .............................................................................................. 28 MIM-52AE> /ha$arral ......................................................................................................22 AIM-9& Sidewinder *4SA(, ............................................................................................... 21 AIM-9( Sidewinder *A', .............................................................................................. 21 AIM-9; Sidewinder *A=,.............................................................................................. 2 AIM-9 Sidewinder *A=,.............................................................................................. 2 AIM-9EE+ Sidewinder *4SA(,........................................................................................23 (IM-10/ Redeye ...............................................................................................................25 R-%0M *:-%0M, Arti!le 068 *AA-2/ Atoll,......................................................................... 26 R-20 *:-20, Arti!le 038 *AA-5> A$e#,.............................................................................29 'nboard thermal )ammer ........................................................................................................08 /oni!al S!an tra!ker *(M logi!, ................................................................................................ 00 9:01 Strela-0 *SA-%1 ;remlin, .........................................................................................0 9:0 Strela-%8S= *SA-%0A ;o$her,..................................................................................03 /ooled Indium Antimonide *InSb, dete!tor.........................................................................05 AIM-9L Sidewinder ...........................................................................................................06 MIM-52/ /ha$arral..........................................................................................................1% MIM-52&E( /ha$arral....................................................................................................... 1% (IM-92A Stinger >asi!.......................................................................................................12 9:0%8 Igla-% *SA-%3 ;imlet, ............................................................................................. 10 R-38M *:-38M, Arti!le 32M *AA-6> A$hid, ..................................................................... 1 +yrote!hni! (lare......................................................................................................................13 (lare iltering by $osition ..................................................................................................... 16 9:0M Strela-%8M *SA-%0> ;o$her, ...............................................................................16 (lare iltering by energy rise time ........................................................................................8 AIM-9M Sidewinder .........................................................................................................8 R-50 *:-50, Arti!le 52" RMD-% *AA-%% Ar!her,.................................................................% /rossed Linear Array ra!ker ............................................................................................... 1 Mistral .............................................................................................................................. Dual >and Seeker ................................................................................................................. 5 6%
9:06 Igla *SA-%6 ;rouse,.................................................................................................. 6 9:006 Igla-S *SA-21 ;rin!h,..............................................................................................9 R-50M RMD-2 *AA-%% Ar!her, .......................................................................................... 38 /admium Sulide */dS, dete!tor .............................................................................................. 3% Rosette s!an tra!ker *$seudo imaging seeker,....................................................................32 (IM-92> Stinger +'S *+assive '$ti!al Seeker e!hni7ue,.............................................30 (IM-92/ Stinger RM+ *Re$rogrammable Mi!ro$ro!essor, ............................................. 30 (IM-92DE& Stinger >lo!k-I ................................................................................................ 31 Stinger >lo!k-II..................................................................................................................31 MIM-52; /ha$arral.......................................................................................................... 3 +yro$hori! de!oy......................................................................................................................33 Imaging seeker ..................................................................................................................... 35 AIM-%02 ASRAAM.............................................................................................................36 AIM-9G Sidewinder........................................................................................................... 58 DIR/M....................................................................................................................................... 5% Imaging seeker with DIR//M...............................................................................................52 IRIS-.................................................................................................................................50 e!hni!al Summary .................................................................................................................. 53 Air to Air Missiles.............................................................................................................. 53 Man +ortable Air Deense Missiles ..................................................................................55 Short Range Air Deense Missiles..................................................................................... 55 Resour!es .................................................................................................................................56 >ooks ................................................................................................................................56 Maga........................................................................59 +resentations.................................................................................................................... 59 eb$ages.........................................................................................................................68 /ontents ...................................................................................................................................6%
(EA-%6& Su$er ornet de$loys lares 62
