History Of Architecture Notes For part2 Examination (Indian Institute Of Architects)

Notes On History Of Architecture For indian Institute Of Architects EXamination Part-2) Collection By Atul Saxena

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Contents Articles Chandigarh

1

Laurie Baker

11

Louis Kahn

16

Frank Lloyd Wright

24

Bauhaus

45

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

55

Le Corbusier

67

Hafeez Contractor

80

Antoni Gaudí

82

Achyut Kanvinde

87

Joseph Allen Stein

88

Raj Rewal

90

Philip Johnson

92

B. V. Doshi

99

Anant Raje

101

Walter Gropius

102

Modern architecture

107

Crystal Palace, London

112

Eiffel Tower

118

Woolworth Building

136

References Article Sources and Contributors

141

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

145

Article Licenses License

149

Chandigarh

1

Chandigarh Chandigarh

 ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍  ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍ ਹ   चण् डीगढ़ City Beautiful

 — Union territory  —

Seal

Chandigarh Location of Chandigarh

 ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍  ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍ ਹ   चण् डीगढ़

Coordinates

30.75°N 76.78°E

Country

India

District(s)

1

Established

1953

Capital

Chandigarh

Largest city

Chandigarh

Population • Density

900635 (29) 2 • 7900 /km (20461 /sq mi)

HDI

▲ 0.860 (high (high)) (1st)

Literacy

81.9%

[1]

Official languages Punjabi, Hindi and English Time zone

IST (UTC+5:30)

Area • Elevation

114 km2 (44 sq mi) • 350 metres (1150 ft)

ISO 3166-2

IN-CH

Chandigarh

2 Website

[2]

chandigarh.nic.in/ 

Chandigarh (Punjabi:  ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍  ਚੰ ਡੀਗੜ੍ ਹ , Hindi: चण् डीगढ़) is a union territory of India, that serves as the capital of two states, Punjab and Haryana. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name was coined from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu Goddess Chandi, present in the city's vicinity. [3] It is occasionally referred to as The City Beautiful. Chandigarh Capital Region (CCR) including Mohali, Panchkula and Zirakpur had a combined population of 1,165,111 (1.16 million) as per the 2001 census. Earlier the Chandigarh Capital region was also called 'Tricity' because of Panchkula and Mohali as adjacent cities but with mushrooming of  other towns like Zirakpur, Kharar etc. with considerable population it is better called 'Chandigarh Capital Region'. As the first planned city of India, Chandigarh is known internationally for its architecture and urban planning. [4] Chandigarh is home to numerous architectural projects of Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Matthew Nowicki, and Albert Mayer. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006 – 2007). 2007).[5] As per a study conducted by Ministry of Urban Development, Chandigarh has emerged as the cleanest city in India. [6]

History After the partition of British India into the two nations of India and Pakistan in 1947, the region of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition. After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be infeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as the personal interest of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of  independent India. Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Nehru famously proclaimed Chandigarh to be "unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of the nation's faith in the future." Several buildings and layouts in Chandigarh were designed by the French (born Swiss) architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer who was working with the Poland-born architect Matthew Nowicki. It was only after Nowicki's death in 1950 that Le Corbusier was pulled into the project. On 1 November 1966, the newly-formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi speaking state, while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi language-speaking majority and remained as the current day Punjab. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states. It was the capital of  Punjab alone from 1952 to 1966. [7] Chandigarh was due to be transferred to Punjab in 1986, in accordance with an agreement signed in August 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, with Sant Harchand Singh Longowal of the Akali Dal. This was to be accompanied by the creation of a new capital for Haryana, but the transfer had been delayed. There is currently a discussion about which villages in southern districts of Punjab should be transferred to Haryana, and about which Punjabi-speaking villages should be transferred to Punjab. But analysts believe that now it is not possible as none of the State governments would like to give up their claim and Chandigarh would remain to be the capital of both states and a union territory. On 15 July 2007, Chandigarh became the first Indian city to go smoke-free. Smoking at public places was strictly prohibited and considered as a punishable act by Chandigarh Administration but, according to public opinion and a secret survey done by several prominent citizens of the U.T., smoking still exists in Chandigarh, which is not completely smoke-free zone due to delays in the construction of smoking zones promised to by the administration. Recent developments also showed that Chandigarh had become the hub of drugs and a very spoiled part of northern India. The police are recognised as the most effective police in the region, mostly free from corruption with high-spirited officers first taking the cause to make Chandigarh drug-free, but they failed to do so. The roots of drugs

Chandigarh

3

lie deep and the area is becoming degraded as modernisation, the term used to cover the decaying values and manners for which the area was once famous. That was followed up by a complete ban on polythene bags with effect from 2 October (the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi) in the year 2008. [8] [9] .

Geography and climate Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in Northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 44 sq mi or 114 km². and shares its borders with the states of Haryana in the east and Punjab in the north, west and south. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44 ′N 76°47′E.[10] It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft). The surrounding districts are of Mohali, Patiala and Roopnagar in Punjab and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana. The boundary of the state of Himachal Pradesh is also minutes away from its north border.

Sukhna Lake

Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 °C to 41.2 °C). In winter, pieces of snow sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm [11]. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

Average temperature • Spring: Spring: The climate remains quite pleasant during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-March and then from mid-September to mid-October). Temperatures vary between (max) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min) 9 °C to 18 °C. • Autumn: Autumn: In autumn (from Mid-March to April), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 36 °C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° to 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C. • Summer: Summer: The temperature in summer (from Mid-May to Mid-June) may rise to a maximum of 45 °C (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between 35 °C to 40 °C. • Monsoon: Monsoon: During monsoon(from mid-June to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south-east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigrah during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day. • Winter: Winter: Winters (November to Mid-March) are mild but it can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) -3 °C to 5 °C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters and it is usually a persistent rain for 2 – 3 days with sometimes hail-storms.

Chandigarh

4

Flora and fauna Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense Banyan and Eucalyptus plantations. Asoka, Cassia, Mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem.The city has forests surrounding it which sustain many animal and plant species. Deers, Sambars, Barking Deers, Parrots, Woodpeckers and Peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season. A parrot sanctuary located in the city is home to a variety of bird species.

Sambar in a forest

Architecture and urban planning Taking over from Albert Mayer, Le Corbusier produced a plan for Chandigarh that conformed to the modern city planning principles of  Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne CIAM, in terms of  division of urban functions, an anthropomorphic plan form, and a hierarchy of road and pedestrian networks. This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board Chandigarh Secretariat Building together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: The Capitol, City Center, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighborhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of  Mayer and Nowicki was reorganized into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterized by an "honesty of materials". Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architectural form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks. The initial plan had two phases: the first for a population of 150,000 and the second taking the total population to 500,000. Le Corbusier divided the city into units called "sectors", each representing a theoretically self-sufficient entity with space for living, working and leisure. The sectors were linked to each other by a road and path network developed along the line of the 7 Vs, or a hierarchy of seven types of circulation patterns. At the highest point in this network was the V1, the highways connecting the city to others, and at the lowest were the V7s, the streets leading to individual houses. Later a V8 was added: cycle and pedestrian paths. The Palace Assembly, designed by Le Corbusier The city plan is laid down in a grid pattern. The whole city has been divided into rectangular patterns, forming identical looking sectors, each sector measures 800 m x 1200 m. The sectors were to act as self-sufficient neighbourhoods, each with its own market, places of worship, schools and colleges - all within 10 minutes walking distance from within the sector. The original two phases of the

The Open Hand Monument

plan delineated sectors from 1 to 47, with the exception of 13 (Number 13 is considered unlucky). The Assembly, the secretariat and the high court, all located in Sector - 1 are the three monumental buildings designed by Le

Chandigarh

5

Corbusier in which he showcased his architectural genius to the maximum. The city was to be surrounded by a 16 kilometer wide greenbelt that was to ensure that no development could take place in the immediate vicinity of the town, thus checking suburbs and urban sprawl; hence is famous for its greenness too. While leaving the bulk of  the city's city's architecture to other members of his team, Le Corbusier took responsibility for the overall master plan of the city, and the design of some of the th e major public public buildings buildings including the High Court, Assembly, Secretariat, the Museum and Art Gallery, School of Art and the Lake Club. Le Corbusier's most prominent building, the Court House, consists of the High court, which is literally higher than the other, eight lower courts. Most of the other housing was done by Le Corbusier's cousin Pierre Jeanneret, the English husband and wife team of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, along with a team of nine Indian architects. The city in its final form, while not resembling his previous city projects like the Ville Contemporaine or the Ville Radieuse, was an important and iconic landmark in the history of town planning. It continues to be an object of interest for architects, planners, historians and social scientists. Chandigarh has two satellite cities: Panchkula and Mohali. Sometimes, the triangle of  these three cities is collectively called the Chandigarh Tricity.

Chandigarh administration Chandigarh Administration is under the control of the Administrator who is appointed under the provisions of Art 239 of the Constitution. The administrative control of Chandigarh is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The  Adviser to the Administrator , a very senior officer equivalent to the Chief Secretary of a state, belonging to one of  the All India Services, is second in command after the Administrator. He generally belongs to the AGMU cadre of  the Indian Administrative Service. • The Deputy Commissioner , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the in-charge of the General Administration in the Chandigarh UT. • The Senior Senior Superinte Superintendent ndent of of Police, Police, an officer officer belonging belonging to the the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the Chandigarh UT. • The Deputy Deputy Conserv Conservator ator of Forests, Forests, an officer officer belonging belonging to the the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, Wild-Life and Pollution Control in the Chandigarh UT.

Chandigarh High Court

The above three officers are generally from AGMU cadre and can also be from Punjab or Haryana cadres of the All India Services.

Demographics As of 2001 India census, [13] Chandigarh had a population of 900,635, 90 0,635, making making for a density density of about 7900 persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. The sex ratio is 777 females for every 1,000 males – which which is the lowest in the country. Chandigarh has an average literacy rate of 81.9%, higher than the national average of 64.8%; with male literacy of 86.1% and female literacy of 76.5%. About 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The main religions in Chandigarh are Hinduism(78.60%), Sikhism (16.1%), Islam (3.9%), and Christianity (0.8%). [14] Hindi and Punjabi and are the main languages spoken in Chandigarh, although these days English is quite popular. A significant percentage of the population of Chandigarh consists of people who had moved here from the neighboring states of Haryana and Punjab to fill up the large number of vacancies in various government departments that were established in Chandigarh.

Chandigarh

Culture The culture of Chandigarh is an amalgamation of cultures neighboring states with an urban tinge. Still it is mostly influenced by Punjabi culture, followed by Haryanavi, Himachali, UP and Bihar. North indian food is popular in the city. Weddings in the region prefer a long lavish menu [15] . Trousers and shirts are mostly popular for gents. Older ladies prefer Punjabi suits and salwars. Young girls and boys are mostly seen in Jeans and T Shirts.

Economy The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here. A significant percentage of  Chandigarh’s population therefore consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a “Pensioner's Paradise”. There are about 15 medium to large industrial including two in the Public sector. In addition Chandigarh has over 2500 units are registered under small scale sector. The important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys and machinery. Other A Shopping mall in the city. industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals and electrical appliances. Yet, with a Per capita income (PCI) (PCI) of 99,262, Chandigarh Chandigarh is the richest richest city in India.[16] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2.2 billion in current prices. Chandigarh has a well developed market and banking infrastructure. Nearly all the major banks in the country have registered their presence in Chandigarh. Most banks with a pan India presence have their zonal/regional offices present in Chandigarh. The Bank Square in Sector 17 in Chandigarh has a large presence of such offices all in one section of the commercial sector. Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh. The defence forces have a significant presence in Chandigarh, apart from the Indian Airforce base in Sector 31 and the nearby Cantonment in Chandimandir, the city is the base for sourcing supplies for the Leh - Laddakh and Siachen region of defence operations. Chandigarh IT Park (also Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the IT world. Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations to the like of  Quark, Infosys, Dell have set up base in the city and its suburbs. According to a recent Global Services Survey conducted by Cyber Media, Chandigarh is ranked 9th in the top 50 cities identified globally as ‘emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations.’[17]

6

Chandigarh

7

Education Chandigarh is known for its quality school education. The schools are affiliated to different types of school curricula. The prominent colleges in Chandigarh include GGDSD College, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh College Of Engineering & Technology(CCET), University Institute Of Engineering & Technology (UIET), DAV College, MCM DAV College, Government College for Girls and Boys and Government Teacher Training College. There are model schools set up by the government in various sectors, originally aimed to cater the needs of each sector. It is a major study hub for students all over Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Punjab, Bihar, Uttaranchal, and also for students from South-East Asia.

Gandhi Bhavan built by Pierre Jeanneret for Punjab University

Transport Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita. [18] Wide, well maintained roads and ample parking space all over the city, make it convenient to use private vehicles for local transport. Public buses run by the Chandigarh Transport Undertaking (CTU), an undertaking of the Chandigarh Administration, provide local transport as well as inter-state transport services.[19] The Chandigarh Traffic Police oversees the implementation of the traffic rules, and is widely credited for a fairly orderly traffic system. The Traffic Park in Sector 23 introduces children, rickshaw-pullers and new drivers to traffic safety.[20]

The new "Green Bus" introduced by the CTU runs throughout Chandigarh

Rickshaws are common for traveling short distances, especially by school-going children, housewives and the elderly. Auto-rickshaws are limited, and most often ply to and from the ISBT. Most heavy traffic roads now have rickshaw lanes, which the rickshaw-pullers must adhere to compulsorily. The city also boasts of a well established network of modern radio cabs . Chandigarh is well connected by road. The two main National Highways (NH) connecting Chandigarh with the rest of the country are: NH 22 (Ambala - Kalka - Shimla - Kinnaur) and NH 21 (Chandigarh - Leh). Chandigarh has two Inter-State Bus Terminus (ISBT), one for the North, East and South located in Sector 17, which is the biggest depot of Haryana Roadways and has regular bus services to most major cites in Haryana,and the national capital Delhi, which is about 240 km away. And a second in Sector 43 for the Western section, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhandand Jammu and Kashmir. Chandigarh has a railway station located about 10 km. away from the ISBT. Regular train connections are available to the national capital New Delhi and to some other junctions like Ambala, Amritsar, Bhiwani, Chennai, Howrah, Kalka, Lucknow, Mumbai, Patna, Sri Ganganagar and Trivandrum. Chandigarh also has a domestic airport located nearly 12 kilometers from the ISBT. Its name is Chandigarh Airport. Air India, Jet Airways, JetLite and Kingfisher Airlines operate regular flights from Chandigarh to New Delhi and Mumbai. The airport is under process of becoming an international airport and is negotiating with several airlines including Kingfisher and SilkAir for international flights to Bangkok and Singapore, among other South East Asian countries [21]

Chandigarh

8

In the near future, the city will also see a Metro Rail, [22] and an international airport. They are both approved by the governments, and are now at the design step to finalize the project design.

Sporting venues and gardens Chandigarh is home to numerous inter state sporting teams in tournaments like PHL and IPL. The city has built upon this achievements a network of sound infrastructure ranging from stadium to training camps. This include the entire gamut from cricket stadiums, swimming pools, shooting ranges to skating rinks and hockey stadiums. Chandigarh also has gardens across the entire city. Chandigarh is home to world famous Rock Garden,built from waste things. The most famous being the Rose Garden. Other gardens are Garden of Annuals, Fragrance Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Chrysanthemum Garden, Botanical Garden and Shanti Kunj

The popular Sector-42 Hockey Stadium

Notable residents • • • • • • • • •

G.S.Vi G.S.Virk: rk:Own Owner er bristol bristol hote hotell and resort resorts. s. Abhinav Abhinav Bindra, Bindra, 2008 2008 Olympic Olympic Gold Gold Medalist, Medalist, Men's Men's 10m Air Rifle Rifle Ashok Ashok Malhot Malhotra, ra,For Former mer India Indiann Cricke Cricketer ter Harmohan Harmohan Dhawan, Dhawan, Former minister minister of Civil Aviation Aviation Jaspal Jaspal Bhat Bhatti, ti, Renown Renowned ed come comedia diann Jeev Milkha Milkha Singh, The The first Indian Indian golfer golfer to become a member member of the European European Tour, Tour, ranked ranked as Asia's best best golfer Kanwardeep Kanwardeep Singh Singh ,Member ,Member of Rajya Sabha, Sabha, Business Business Tycoon(Ow Tycoon(Owner ner Of Alchemist Alchemist Group). Group). Kapil Dev, Former Captain Captain of of the Indian cricket cricket team team Milkh Milkhaa Sing Singh, h, Athl Athlet etee

• Nek Chand, Chand, Artist, famous famous for designi designing ng The Rock Garden Garden • Pawan Kumar Bansal, Bansal, Member Member of 15th 15th Lok Lok Sabha Sabha & Union Minister.R • Poonam Poonam Dhillo Dhillon, n, Hind Hindii Film Film Actr Actress ess [23] • Rajeev Bedi , Cancer Specialist, Oncologist, Best cancer researcher in 2002 by Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam - the then President of  India • Rajpal Rajpal Singh, Singh, Captain Captain of Indian Indian Nation National al Hockey Hockey Team. Team. • Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria, Nibhoria, Winner Winner of Ashden Ashden Award Award also also known known as Green Oscar • Dr.Rati Dr.Rati Ram Sharma Sharma,, Former Former Head of Deptt, Deptt, BioPhysics BioPhysics & Nuclear Nuclear Waterfall at Rock Garden, Chandigarh Medicine,received the 1989 Albert Schweitzer Prize and in 1996 was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Medicine. • Satya Pal Pal Jain, former former Lok Sabha Sabha Member, Member, Senior Senior Advocate Advocate and and Politician Politician • Yograj Singh, former Indian Indian cricketer cricketer,, Punjabi Punjabi movie movie actor actor • Yuvraj Singh, Singh, Member Member of the the Indian Indian national national cricket cricket team, team, son of Yograj Yograj Singh Singh

Chandigarh

See also • • • • •

Chan Chandi diga garh rh Cap Capit ital al regi region on Mohali Panchkula Rock Garden Zirakpur

Academic works • Eve Evenso nson, Nor Norma ma.. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966. • Jos Joshi, Ki Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry and   Jane Drew . Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999. ISBN 1-890206-13-X • Kalia, Ra Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City . New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999. • Maxw Maxwel elll Fry Fry and and Jan Janee Dre Drew. w. Chandigarh and Planning Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol.CIII, pages 315-333. I. The Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II.  Housing, by Jane B. Drew. • Nang Nangia ia,, Ashi Ashish sh.. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial . PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008. • Perera, Perera, Nihal. "Contestin "Contestingg Visions: Hybridity Hybridity,, Liminality Liminality and Authorship Authorship of the Chandigarh Chandigarh Plan" Plan"  Planning  Perspectives 19 (2004): 175-199 • Praka Prakash sh,, Vik Vikra rama madi dity tya. a. Chandigarh’ s Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India . Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002. • Sari Sarin, n, Madh Madhu. u. Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience . London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Indian Indian Censu Censuss (http://ww (http://www. w.censusindia. censusindia.gov. gov.in/) in/) http:/ http://cha /chandi ndigar garh. h.nic. nic.in/  in/  The Official Governme Government nt Website (http://chand (http://chandigarh igarh..gov.in/knowchd_general. gov. in/knowchd_general.htm) htm) Business Business Portal Portal of India India (http://busines (http://business. s.gov. gov.in/investment_incentives/chandigarh. in/investment_incentives/chandigarh.php) php) "Front "Front Page News : Monday, Monday, July July 26, 2010" 2010" (http://www. (http://www.hindu. hindu.com/2008/09/17/stories/2008091755600800. com/2008/09/17/stories/2008091755600800.htm). htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [6] "India's cleanest: cleanest: Where does your city stand?: Rediff.com News" News" (http://news.rediff. (http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/11/  com/slide-show/2010/may/11/  slide-show-1-chandigarh-cleanest-of-all.htm). slide-show-1-chandigarh-cleanest-of-all. htm). News.rediff.com. 2010-05-13. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [7] "Official Website Website of of Chandigarh Chandigarh Administration" (http://chandigarh.gov. (http://chandigarh.gov.in/admn_index. in/admn_index.htm). htm). Chandigarh.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [8] TNN, Oct 2, 2008, 04.09am 04.09am IST (2008-10-02). (2008-10-02). "Smoke out smoking smoking violations - Chandigarh - City - The Times Times of India" (http://  timesofindia.indiatimes. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Chandigarh/Smoke_o com/Cities/Chandigarh/Smoke_out_smoking ut_smoking_violations_/articlesho _violations_/articleshow/3551323. w/3551323.cms). cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [9] "Chandig "Chandigarh arh Administr Administration ation"" (http://chan (http://chandigar digarh. h.nic. nic.in/WriteReadData\notification\n in/WriteReadData\notification\not_env684_ ot_env684_300708. 300708.pdf) pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [10] Falling Falling Rain Genomics Genomics,, Inc - Chandigar Chandigarhh (http://www. (http://www.fallingrain. fallingrain.com/world/IN/5/Chandigarh. com/world/IN/5/Chandigarh.html) html) [11] [11] http:// http://cha chand ndiga igarh. rh.nic. nic.in/knowchd_general. in/knowchd_general.htm htm [12] "Census "Census populatio population" n" (http://sampar (http://sampark. k.chd. chd.nic. nic.in/images/State_2006/StatisticalAbstract2004/Areapopulation/area_pop_tab2. in/images/State_2006/StatisticalAbstract2004/Areapopulation/area_pop_tab2.1.pdf) 1.pdf) (PDF). Census of India. http://sampark.chd. http://sampark. chd.nic. nic.in. in. . Retrieved 2008-06-04. [13] "Census of India 2001: 2001: Data from the 2001 2001 Census, including including cities, villages and towns towns (Provisional)" (http://web. (http://web.archive. archive.org/web/  org/web/  20040616075334/http://www.censusindia. 20040616075334/http://www. censusindia.net/results/town. net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5= php?stad=A&state5=999). 999). Census Commission of India. Archived from the original (http://www.censusindia. (http://www.censusindia.net/results/town. net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5= php?stad=A&state5=999) 999) on 2004-06-16. . Retrieved 2008-11-01. [14] Indian Indian Census Census (http://census (http://censusindi india. a.gov. gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-0401. in/Dist_File/datasheet-0401.pdf) pdf) [15] [15] http:// http://tas tastyt tytou ouch. ch.co. co.in/menus/make-my-menu/  in/menus/make-my-menu/  [16] Chandiga Chandigarh's rh's the richest richest of 'em all (http://www (http://www..ibnlive.com/news/chandigarhs-the-richest-of-em-all/12571-3. ibnlive.com/news/chandigarhs-the-richest-of-em-all/12571-3.html) html) [17] The Hindu Hindu Business Business Line Line (http://www. (http://www.thehindubusinessline. thehindubusinessline.com/2007/10/03/stories/2007100351450400. com/2007/10/03/stories/2007100351450400.htm) htm)

9

Chandigarh [18] [18] (http: (http://www //www..deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun1320 deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun132006/national18123 06/national181232006612. 2006612.asp) asp) [19] [19] CITCO CITCO (http: (http://www //www..citcochandigarh.com/how_to_reach/index. citcochandigarh.com/how_to_reach/index.php) php) [20] Chandigarh traffic police, police, promoting road safety, safety, traffic safety, India road signs & rules, safe responsible driving, driving, first aid India (http://  www.chandigarhtrafficpolice. www.chandigarhtrafficpolice.org/) org/) [21] City Beautiful to get its first international flight flight in August - ExpressIndia.Com ExpressIndia.Com (http://www.expressindia. (http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/  com/latest-news/  City-Beautiful-to-get-its-first-international-flight-in-August/297421/) [22] Deccan Deccan Herald - Metro comes to Chandig Chandigarh arh (http://www. (http://www.deccanherald. deccanherald.com/Content/Jan1820 com/Content/Jan182008/national200801 08/national2008011747237. 1747237.asp) asp) [23] Dr Rajeev Bedi, Bedi, Oncologist Oncologist - Official Official Website (http://www (http://www..drrajeevbedi.com) drrajeevbedi.com)

External links • Chandi Chandigar garhh travel travel guid guidee from from Wikitra Wikitravel vel • Chandigarh Chandigarh Administrati Administration on Officia Officiall Site Site (http://chan (http://chandigarh digarh.. gov.in/) gov.in/)

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Laurie Baker

11

Laurie Baker Laurence Wilfred Baker Personal information Nationality British-origin, Indian Born

March 2, 1917Birmingham, England

Died

April 1, 2007 (aged 90)Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Work

Buildings

Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum), Literacy Village (Lucknow), Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) (Coimbatore), Chitralekha Film Studio (Aakulam), The Indian Coffee House (Trivandrum), Attapadi Hill Area Development Society (Attapadi), Dakshina Chitra ( Chennai), Chengalchoola Slum dwelling units (Trivandrum), Nirmithi Kendra (Aakulam), Tourist Centre (Ponmudi), Mitraniketan (Vellanad)

Awards

Padma Shri, MBE

Laurence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker (March 2, 1917  –  April 1, 2007) was an award-winning British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and for his unique space utilisation and simple but beautiful aesthetic sensibility. In time he made a name for himself both in sustainable architecture as well as in organic architecture. He went to India in 1945 in part as a missionary and since then lived and worked in India for over 50 years. He obtained Indian citizenship in 1989 and resided in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala, since 1970 , where he later set up an organization called COSTFORD (Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development), for spreading awareness for low cost housing. In 1990, the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri in recognition of his meritorious service in the field of architecture.

Education and missionary work Baker was born into a staunch Methodist family, the youngest son of Birmingham Gas Distribution Authority's chief  accountant, Wilfred Baker and Emiley. [1] His elder brothers, Leonard and Norman, were both studying law, and had a married sister, Edna. In his teens Baker began to question what religion meant to him and decided to become a Quaker since it was closer to what he believed in. Baker studied architecture at Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe. During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma. [2] His initial commitment to India had him working as an architect for World Leprosy Mission, an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy in 1945. [3] As new medicines for the treatment of the disease were becoming more prevalent, his responsibilities were focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers". Finding his English construction education to be inadequate for the types of issues and materials he was faced with: termites and the yearly monsoon, as well as laterite, cow dung, and mud walls, respectively, Baker had no choice but to observe and learn from the methods and practices of the vernacular architecture. He soon learned that the indigenous architecture and methods of these places were in fact the only viable means to deal with his once daunting problems. Inspired by his discoveries (which he modestly admitted were 'discoveries' only for him, and mere common knowledge to those who developed the practices he observed), he began to turn his style of architecture towards one that respected the actual culture and needs of those who would actually use his buildings, rather than just playing to the more "Modern-istic" tunes of his paying clients.

Laurie Baker

Gandhian encouragement and initial work After he came to India Laurie had a chance encounter with Mahatma Gandhi which was to have a lasting impact on his ideology and also his work and building philosophy. [4] After India gained her independence and Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated, Baker lived in Kerala with Doctor P.J. Chandy, from whom he received great encouragement and whose sister he would later wed in 1948. [5] Herself a doctor, Elizabeth Jacob and Laurie were married and moved to Pithoragarh, a small village in Uttarakhand, where they lived and worked for the next 16 years. Elizabeth's medical training was put to use aiding the afflicted in the village while Laurie continued his architectural work and research accommodating the medical needs of the community through his constructions of  various hospitals and clinics. It is here that Baker would acquire and hone those skills from the local building community which had so fascinated him during his missionary work. In 1966, Baker moved south and worked with the tribals of Peerumed, Kerala, and in 1970 moved to Thiruvananthapuram. [6] Baker sought to enrich the culture in which he participated by promoting simplicity and home-grown quality in his buildings. Seeing so many people living in poverty in the region and throughout India served also to amplify his emphasis on cost-conscious construction, one that t hat encouraged local participation in development and craftsmanship an ideal that the Mahatma expressed as the only means to revitalize and liberate an impoverished India. This drive for simplicity also stemmed from his Quaker faith, one that saw indulging in a deceitful facade as a way to fool the 'Creator' as quite pointless. Instead, Baker sought to provide the 'right' space for his clients and to avoid anything pretentious. Eventually, he was drawn back to work in India as more and more people began commissioning work from him in the area. The first client being Welthy Honsinger Fisher, an elderly American woman concerned with adult illiteracy throughout India, who sought to set up a 'Literacy Village' in which she intended to use puppetry, music and art as teaching methods to help illiterate and newly-literate adults add to their skills. [7] [8] [9] An aging woman who risked her health to visit Laurie, refused to leave until she received plans for the village. More and more hospital commissions were received as medical professionals realized that the surroundings for their patients were as much a part of the healing process as any other form of treatment, and that Baker seemed the only architect who cared enough to become familiarized with how to build what made Indian patients comfortable with those surroundings. His presence would also soon be required on-site at Ms. Fisher's "Village," and he became well known for his constant presence on the construction sites of all his projects, often finalizing designs through hand-drawn instructions to masons and laborers on how to achieve certain design solutions.

12

Laurie Baker

Architectural style Throughout his practice, Baker became well known for designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. His buildings tend to emphasize prolific - at times virtuosic - masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick  jali walls, a perforated brick screen which invites a natural air flow to cool the buildings' interior, in addition to creating intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape. Curved walls enter Baker's architectural vocabulary as a means to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls, and for Laurie, "building [became] more fun with the The Indian Coffee House in circle." A testament to his frugality, Baker was often seen rummaging through Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, which was salvage heaps looking for suitable building materials, door and window designed by Laurie Baker frames, sometimes hitting a stroke of luck as evidenced by the intricately carved entry to the Chitralekha Film Studio (Aakulam, Trivandrum, 1974 – 76): 76): a capricious architectural element found in a junk heap. Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. His Quaker-instilled respect for nature lead him to let the idiosyncrasies of a site inform his architectural improvisations, rarely is a topography line marred or a tree uprooted. This saves construction cost as well, since working around difficult site conditions is much more cost-effective than clear-cutting. ("I think it's a waste of money to level a well-moulded site") Resistant to "high-technology" that addresses building environment issues by ignoring natural environment, at the Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, Baker's works, such as this house, blend 1971) Baker created a cooling system by placing a high, latticed, brick seamlessly into the natural settings. wall near a pond that uses air pressure differences to draw cool air through the building. Various features of his work such as using recycled material, natural environment control and frugality of design may be seen as sustainable architecture or green building with its emphasis on sustainability. His responsiveness to never-identical site conditions quite obviously allowed for the variegation that permeates his work.

13

Laurie Baker

Death Laurie Baker died at 7:30 am on April 1, 2007, aged 90, he is survived by wife Elizabeth, son Tilak and daughters Vidya and Heidi. Until the end, he continued to work in and around his home in Trivandrum, though health concerns had kept his famous on-site physical presence to a minimum. His designing and writing were done mostly at his home. His approach to architecture steadily gained appreciation as architectural sentiment creaks towards place-making over modernizing or stylizing. As a result of this more widespread acceptance, however, the "Baker Style" home is gaining popularity, much to Baker's own The Hamlet at Nalanchira near chagrin, since he felt that the 'style' being commoditised is merely the Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, which was home to Baker inevitable manifestation of the cultural and economic imperatives of  and his wife since 1970. The house, which r esides the region in which he worked, not a solution that could be applied on a hill top, was constructed by Baker. whole-cloth to any outside situation. Laurie Baker's architecture focused on retaining a site's natural character, and economically minded indigenous construction, and the seamless integration of local culture that has been very inspirational. Many of Laurie Baker's writings were published and are available through COSTFORD (the Center Of Science and Technology For Rural Development) the voluntary organisation which carried out many of his later projects, at which he was the Master Architect. COSTFORD is carrying on working towards the ideals that Laurie Baker espoused throughout his life.

Awards • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1981: D.Litt. D.Litt. conferred conferred by the Royal Royal University University of Netherlands Netherlands for outstanding outstanding work in the developin developingg countries. countries. 1983: 1983: Orde Orderr of the the Brit British ish Empire Empire,, MBE MBE 1987: Received Received the the first first Indian Indian National National Habitat Habitat Award Award 1988: 1988: Rece Receive ivedd India Indiann Citiz Citizens enship hip 1989: Indian Indian Institute Institute of Archite Architects cts Outstandi Outstanding ng Architec Architectt of the Year 1990 1990:: Rece Receiv ived ed the the Pad Padma ma Sri Sri 1990: 1990: Great Great Master Master Arch Archite itect ct of of the Year Year 1992: 1992: UNO UNO Habita Habitatt Award Award & UN Roll Roll of of Honour Honour 1993: Internation International al Union Union of Architec Architects ts (IUA) (IUA) Award Award 1993: Sir Sir Robert Robert Matthew Matthew Prize Prize for Improve Improvement ment of Human Settlements Settlements 1994: 1994: People People of the Year Year Awar Awardd 1995: Awarde Awardedd Doctorate Doctorate from the the University University of of Central Central England England 1998: Awarded Awarded Doctorat Doctoratee from Sri Venkate Venkateshwara shwara University University 2001: 2001: Coin Coinpar par MR MR Kurup Kurup Endo Endowme wment nt Awar Awardd 2003 2003:: Bash Bashee eerr Pura Purask skar aram am 2003: 2003: D.Lit D.Litt. t. from from the the Kerala Kerala Univ Univers ersity ity 2005: Kerala Kerala Governme Government nt Certifi Certificate cate of Appreci Appreciation ation 2006: 2006: L-Ra L-Ramp mp Award Award of of Excel Excellen lence ce 2006: Nominated Nominated for for the Pritzker Pritzker Prize (conside (considered red the Nobel Nobel Prize in Architec Architecture) ture)

14

Laurie Baker

Further reading • Bha Bhatia tia, Gaut Gautam am,, Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings, Viking Press, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83991-4 • Bha Bhatia tia, Gaut Gautam am,, Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings, New Delhi, India, Penguin Books, 1994. ISBN 0-14-015460-4 • The Other Side of Laurie Baker: Memoirs , by Elizabeth Baker. ISBN 81-264-1462-6. • Voluntary Agencies and Housing: A Report on Some Voluntary Agencies Working in the Field of Housing in  India, by Madhao Achwal. Published by UNICEF, 1979. Chapter 3:Laurie Baker.

References [1] Laurie Laurie Baker's creativ creativee journey journey (http://www. (http://www.hinduonnet. hinduonnet. com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400. com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000906400.htm) htm) Frontline, Volume 20 Issue 05, March 01 - 14, 2003. [2] [2] Obit Obitua uary ry in in The Friend by Pat Knowles: "Laurie Baker: pioneering architect", May 18, 2007 pp.18-19 [3] Obitua Obituary ry (http://ww (http://www. w.hindu. hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040203471300. com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040203471300.htm) htm) The Hindu, April 2, 2007. [4] The last last Quaker Quaker in India India (http://www. (http://www.hinduonnet. hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2007/04/15/stories/2007041500060300. com/thehindu/mag/2007/04/15/stories/2007041500060300.htm) htm) The Hindu, April 15, 2007. [5] The other other side of Laurie Laurie Baker Baker (http://www. (http://www.hindu. hindu.com/2004/02/15/stories/2004021508980300. com/2004/02/15/stories/2004021508980300.htm) htm) The Hindu, February 15, 2004. [6] Mud by Laurie Laurie Baker - Introducti Introduction on (http://www. (http://www.nitc. nitc.ac. ac.in/nitc/static_files/arch/Mud-Laurie_Baker. in/nitc/static_files/arch/Mud-Laurie_Baker.pdf) pdf) [7] Citation for The The 1964 Ramon Ramon Magsaysay Magsaysay Award for International International Understanding: Understanding: Dr. Fisher (http://www.rmaf. (http://www.rmaf.org. org.ph/Awardees/Citation/  ph/Awardees/Citation/  CitationFisherWel.htm) CitationFisherWel.htm) [8] Ms Fishe Fisherr was the autho authorr of To Light a Candle New York, McGraw-Hill. 1962, an autobiography. [9] World Education website: Our Our founder founder page page (http://www.worlded. (http://www.worlded.org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder. org/WEIInternet/aboutus/founder.cfm) cfm) (extract from Sally Swenson Welthy Honsinger Fisher: Signals of a Century, 1988.) (accessed 13 February 2008)

External links • Official Official Website Website of Archite Architect ct Laurie Laurie Baker Baker (http://www. (http://www.lauriebaker. lauriebaker.net) net) • Laurie Laurie Baker, Baker, Homepa Homepage ge (http: (http://59. //59.92.116.99/website/RDC/docsweb/Booklet-Laurie 92.116.99/website/RDC/docsweb/Booklet-Laurie Baker/  1stpg-laurie-baker-main.php) at Centre for Education and Documentation (CED). Articles • Laurie Baker: Baker: The man we we will will never never forget forget (http://special (http://specials. s.rediff. rediff.com/news/2007/apr/04sld1.htm) com/news/2007/apr/04sld1.htm)  Rediff.com

• Master Master mason mason by by G. SHAN SHANKAR KAR (http: (http://www //www.. frontlineonnet.com/fl2407/stories/20070420004012600. htm). • Of Architectural Truths and Lies (http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300. (http://www. hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9908/99080300. htm) • ARCHIPLANET ARCHIPLANET article: article: Include Includess fuller list of building buildingss designed designed by Laurie Baker Baker (http://www. (http://www.archiplanet. archiplanet. org/wiki/Laurie_Baker) • "Here "Here was a Baker Baker""- a tribute tribute (http (http://vi ://vidya dyaonl online ine.. org/arvindgupta/bakertribute. org/arvindgupta/bakertribute.pdf) pdf) • Laurie Baker Building Building Center Center,, New New Delhi Delhi (http://www (http://www.. archinomy.com/blog/  a-visit-to-laurie-baker-building-centre-new-delhi.html) a-visit-to-laurie-baker-building-centre-new-delhi. html)

15

Louis Kahn

16

Louis Kahn Louis I. Kahn Personal information Nationality American Born

February 20, 1901Kuressaare, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire

Died

March 17, 1974 (aged 73)New York City Work

Buildings

Yale University Art Gallery Salk Institute Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban Phillips Exeter Academy Library Kimbell Art Museum

Projects

Center of Philadelphia,Urban and Traffic Study

Louis Isadore Kahn (born Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky) Schmuilowsky) (February 20, 1901 or 1902  –  March 17, 1974) was a world-renowned American architect of Estonian Jewish origin, [1] based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. After working in various capacities for several firms in Philadelphia, he founded his own atelier in 1935. While continuing his private practice, he served as a design critic and professor of architecture at Yale School of  Architecture from 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture at the School of  Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Influenced by ancient ruins, Kahn's style tends to the monumental and monolithic; his heavy buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled.

Biography Early life Louis Kahn, whose original name was Itze-Leib (Leiser-Itze) Schmuilowsky (Schmalowski), was born into a poor Jewish family in Pärnu and spent the rest of his early childhood in Kuressaare on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, then part of the Russian Empire. At age 3, he was badly burned on his face and hands in an accident involving a coal fire, while jumping over the bonfire on St John's Day; [2] he carried these scars for the rest of his life.[3] In 1906, his family immigrated to the United States, fearing that his father would be recalled into the military during the Russo-Japanese War. His actual birth year may have been inaccurately recorded in the process of immigration. According to his son's documentary film in 2003[4] the family couldn't afford pencils but made their own charcoal sticks from burnt twigs so that Louis could earn a little money from drawings and later by playing piano to accompany silent movies. He became a naturalized citizen on May 15, 1914. His father changed their name in 1915.

Jesse Oser House, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania (1940)

Louis Kahn

Career He trained in a rigorous Beaux-Arts tradition, with its emphasis on drawing, at the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his Bachelor of Architecture in 1924, Kahn worked as senior draftsman in the office of City Architect John Molitor. In this capacity, he worked on the design for the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition. [5] In 1928, Kahn made a European tour and took a particular interest in the medieval walled city of Carcassonne, France and the castles of Scotland rather than any of the strongholds of classicism or modernism. [6] After returning to the States in 1929, Kahn worked in the offices of Paul Philippe Cret, his former studio critic at the University of  Pennsylvania, and in the offices of Zantzinger, Borie and Medary in Philadelphia. [5] In 1932, Kahn and Dominique Berninger founded the Architectural Research Group, whose members were interested in the populist social agenda and new aesthetics of the European avant-gardes. Among the projects Kahn worked on during this collaboration are unbuilt schemes for public housing that had originally been presented to the Public Works Administration. [5] Among the more important of Kahn's early collaborations was with George Howe. [7] Kahn worked with Howe in late 1930s on projects for the Philadelphia Housing Authority and again in 1940, along with German-born architect Oscar Stonorov for the design of housing developments in other parts of Pennsylvania. [8] Kahn did not find his distinctive architectural style until he was in his fifties. Initially working in a fairly orthodox version of the International Style, a stay at the American Academy in Rome in the early 1950s marked a turning point in Kahn's career. The back-to-the-basics approach he adopted after visiting the ruins of  ancient buildings in Italy, Greece, and Egypt helped him to develop his own style of architecture influenced by earlier modern movements but not limited by their sometimes dogmatic ideologies. In 1961 he received a grant from the Graham Foundation for The National Assembly Building ( Jatiyo Sangshad  [9] [10]  Bhaban) of Bangladesh Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts to study traffic movement in Philadelphia and create a proposal for a viaduct system. He describes this proposal at a lecture given in 1962 at the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colorado: In the center of town the streets should become buildings. This should be interplayed with a sense of  movement which does not tax local streets for non-local traffic. There should be a system of viaducts which encase an area which can reclaim the local streets for their own use, and it should be made so this viaduct has a ground floor of shops and usable area. A model which I did for the Graham Foundation recently, and which I presented to Mr. Entenza, showed the scheme. [11] Kahn's teaching career began at Yale University in 1947, and he was eventually named Albert F. Bemis Professor of  Architecture and Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 and Paul Philippe Cret Professor of  Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in 1966 and was also a Visiting Lecturer at Princeton University from 1961 to 1967. Kahn was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1953. He was made a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1964. He was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal in 1964. He was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968 and awarded the AIA Gold Medal, the highest award given by the AIA, in 1971 [12] and the Royal Gold Medal by the RIBA in 1972.

17

Louis Kahn

18

Death In 1974, Kahn died of a heart attack in a men's restroom in Pennsylvania Station in New York. [13] He went unidentified for three days because he had crossed out the home address on his passport. He had just returned from a work trip to Bangladesh, and despite his long career, he was deeply in debt when he died.

Personal life Kahn had three different families with three different women: w omen: his wife, Esther, whom he married in 1930; Anne Tyng, who began her working collaboration and personal relationship with Kahn in 1945; and Harriet Pattison. His obituary in the  N ew written by Paul Goldberger, Goldberger, mentions only Esther and his daughter by her as ew York Times, writte survivors. But in 2003, Kahn's son with Pattison, Nathaniel Kahn, released an Oscar-nominated biographical documentary about his father, titled  My Architect: A Son's Journey, which gives glimpses of the architecture while focusing on talking to the people who knew him: family, friends, and colleagues. It includes interviews with renowned architect contemporaries such as B. V. Doshi, Frank Gehry, Ed Bacon, Philip Johnson, I. M. Pei, and Robert A. M. Stern, but also an insider's view of Kahn's unusual family arrangements. The unusual manner of his death is used as a point of departure and a metaphor for Kahn's "nomadic" life in the film.

Important works • Yale Yale Univer Universit sityy Art Gall Gallery ery,, New Have Haven, n, Connecticut,(1951 – 1953), 1953), the first significant commission of  Louis Kahn and his first masterpiece, replete with technical innovations. For example, he designed a hollow concrete tetrahedral space-frame that did away with the need for ductwork and reduced the floor-to-floor height by channeling air through the structure itself. Like many of Kahn's buildings, the Art Gallery makes subtle references to its context while overtly rejecting any historical style.

Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas (1966-72)

• Richards Richards Medical Medical Research Research Labora Laboratories tories,, Universit Universityy of  Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (1957 – 1965), 1965),[14] regarding which Kahn said, “No space you can devise can satisfy these requirements. I thought what they should have was a corner for thought, in a word, a studio instead of slices of space. ” • The Salk Salk Institu Institute, te, La Joll Jolla, a, Calif Californ ornia, ia, (1959 (1959 – 1965), 1965), was to be a campus composed of three main clusters: meeting and conference areas, living quarters, and laboratories. Only the laboratory cluster, consisting of two parallel blocks enclosing a water garden, was actually built. The two laboratory blocks frame an exquisite view of  the Pacific Ocean, accentuated by a thin linear fountain that seems to reach for the horizon. • First Unitarian Unitarian Church, Church, Rochest Rochester, er, New York (1959 – 1969), 1969), named as one of the greatest religious structures of  the 20th century by Paul Goldberger, Pulitzer Prize-winning architectural critic. [15] Tall, narrow window recesses create an irregular rhythm of shadows on the exterior while four light towers flood the sanctuary walls with indirect natural light. • Indian Institut Institutee of Managemen Management,t, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad,, in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad,, India (1962). (1962). • Jatiyo Sangshad Sangshad Bhaban Bhaban (Nationa (Nationall Assembly Assembly Building) Building) in Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh (1962 (1962 – 1974), 1974), considered to be his masterpiece and one of the great monuments of International Modernism. • Phillips Phillips Exeter Exeter Academy Academy Library, Library, Exeter, Exeter, New New Hampshir Hampshire, e, (1965 (1965 – 1972), 1972), awarded the Twenty-five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects in 1997. It is famous for its dramatic atrium with enormous circular openings into the book stacks. • Kimbel Kimbelll Art Muse Museum, um, Fort Fort Worth Worth,, Texas, Texas, (196 (19677 – 1972), 1972), features repeated bays of cycloid-shaped barrel vaults with light slits along the apex, which bathe the artwork on display in an ever-changing diffuse light.

Louis Kahn • Yale Center Center for for British Art, Art, Yale Yale University, University, New New Haven, Haven, Connectic Connecticut, ut, (1969 (1969 – 1974). 1974). • Franklin Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt Four Four Freedoms Freedoms Park, Park, Roosevelt Roosevelt Island, Island, New New York, (1972 (1972 – 1974), 1974), unbuilt.

Timeline of works All dates refer to the year project commenced • 1935 – Jersey Homesteads Cooperative Development, Hightstown, New Jersey • 1940 – Jesse Oser House, 628 Stetson Road, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania • 1947 – Phillip Q. Roche House, 2101 Harts Lane, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania • 1951 – Yale University Art Gallery, 1111 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut • 1952 – City Tower Project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (unbuilt) • 1954 – Jewish Community Center (aka Trenton Bath House), 999 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing, New Jersey • 1956 – Wharton Esherick Studio, 1520 Horseshoe Trail, Malvern, Pennsylvania (designed with Wharton Esherick) • 1957 – Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of  Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • 1957 – Fred Clever House [16], 417 Sherry Way, Cherry Hill, New Interior of Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Exeter, New Hampshire ( 1965-72) Jersey • 1959 – Margaret Esherick House, 204 Sunrise Lane, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [17] • 1958 – Tribune Review Printing Press, 622 Cabin Hill Drive, Greensburg, Pennsylvania • 1959 – Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California • 1959 – First Unitarian Church, 220 South Winton Road, Rochester, New York • 1960 – Erdman Hall Dormitories, Bryn Mawr College, Morris Avenue, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania • 1960 – Norman Fisher House, 197 East Mill Road, Hatboro, Pennsylvania • 1962 – Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India • 1962 – National Assembly Building, Dhaka, Bangladesh • 1963 – President's Estate, Islamabad, Pakistan (unbuilt) • 1965 – Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Front Street, Exeter, New Hampshire • 1966 – Kimbell Art Museum, 3333 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas • 1966 – Olivetti-Underwood Factory, Valley Road, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania • 1968 – Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel (unbuilt) • 1969 – Yale Center for British Art, Yale University, 1080 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut • 1971 – Steven Korman House, Sheaff Lane, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania • 1972 – Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, Roosevelt Island, New York City, New York (unbuilt) [18] • 1973 - The Arts United Center, Center,(Forme (Formerly rly known as the Fine Arts Arts Foundation Foundation Civic Center) Center) Fort Wayne, Wayne, Indiana Indiana [19]

19

Louis Kahn

20

Legacy

360° panorama in the courtyard of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (1959 – 65). 65). Louis Kahn's work infused the International style with a fastidious, highly personal taste, a poetry of light. His few projects reflect his deep personal involvement with each. Isamu Noguchi called him "a philosopher among architects." He was known for his ability to create monumental architecture that responded to the human scale. He was also concerned with creating strong formal distinctions between served  spaces and servant  spaces. What he meant by servant  spaces was not spaces for servants, but rather spaces that serve other spaces, such as stairwells, corridors, restrooms, or any other back-of-house function like storage space or mechanical rooms. His palette of materials tended toward heavily textured brick and bare concrete, the textures often reinforced by juxtaposition to highly refined surfaces such as travertine marble.

Louis Kahn Memorial Park, 11th & Pine Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

While widely known for his spaces' poetic sensibilities, Kahn also worked closely with engineers and contractors on his buildings. The results were often technically innovative and highly refined. In addition to the influence Kahn's more well-known work has on contemporary architects (such as Mazharul Islam, Tadao Ando), some of his work (especially the unbuilt City Tower Project) became very influential among the high-tech architects of the late 20th century (such as Renzo Piano, who worked in Kahn's office, Richard Rogers and Norman Foster). His prominent apprentices include Mazharul Islam, Moshe Safdie, Robert Venturi, Jack Diamond. Many years after his death, Kahn continues to inspire controversy. Interest is growing in a plan to build a Kahn-designed Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park at the southern tip of Roosevelt Island. [20] A  New York  Times editorial opined: There's a magic to the project. That the task is daunting makes it worthy of the man it honors, who guided the nation through the Depression, the New Deal and a world war. As for Mr. Kahn, he died in 1974, as he passed alone through New York's Penn Station. In his briefcase were renderings of the memorial, his last completed plan. [21] The editorial describes Kahn's plan as: ...simple and elegant. Drawing inspiration from Roosevelt's defense of the Four Freedoms  –  of speech and religion, and from want and fear  –  he designed an open 'room and a garden' at the bottom of the island. Trees on either side form a 'V' defining a green space, and leading to a two-walled stone room at the water's edge that frames the United Nations and the rest of the skyline. Critics note that the panoramic view of Manhattan and the UN are actually blocked by the walls of that room and by the trees.[22] Other as-yet-unanswered critics have argued more broadly that not enough thought has been given to

Louis Kahn

21

what visitors to the memorial would actually be able to do at the site. [23] The proposed project is opposed by a majority of island residents who were surveyed by the Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation group currently working extensively on the island. [24] The movement for the memorial, which was conceived by Kahn's firm almost 35 years ago, needed to raise $40 million by the end of 2007; as of July 20, it had collected $5.1 million. [25] There is a merest hint in  Architectural [26] and this is  Record about the often-heard argument that it must be built because it was literally Kahn's last project; rebutted by those who've said the plans aren't enough like Kahn's other work for it to be touted as a memorial to Kahn as well as FDR. [27]

Gallery

Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut (1951 – 53). 53).

Coffered ceiling in Yale University Art Gallery (1951 – 53). 53).

Stairwell in Yale University Art Gallery (1951 – 53). 53).

Reconstructed model (2008) of  Trenton Bath House, Ewing, New Jersey (1954).

Wharton Esherick Studio, 1520 Horseshoe Trail, Malvern, Pennsylvania (1956). Designed with Wharton Esherick.

Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of  Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1957-65).

Interior of First Unitarian Church, Rochester, New York (1959)

Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India (1962).

Yale Center for British Art, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1969 – 74). 74).

Louis Kahn

See also • Louis Kahn buildings

Notes [1] Voolen, Voolen, Edward Edward (2006 (2006). ). Jewish art and culture (http://books.google. (http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q="The+Estonian-born+ com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q="The+Estonian-born+ architect+Kahn+(1901-1974),+who+immigrated+with+his+family+to+Philadelph architect+Kahn+(1901-1974 ),+who+immigrated+with+his+family+to+Philadelphia+in+1906"&btnG=Search+Book ia+in+1906"&btnG=Search+Books). s). Prestel. p. 138. . "The Estonian-born architect Kahn (1901 – 1974), 1974), who immigrated with his f amily to Philadelphia in 1906" [2] "Kus sündis sündis Louis Louis Kahn?" Kahn?" (http://pab (http://paber. er.ekspress. ekspress.ee/viewdoc/48EBEEC2DFC8B55 ee/viewdoc/48EBEEC2DFC8B555C22571F1 5C22571F1003A8A93) 003A8A93) (in Estonian). Eesti Ekspress (http://www.ekspress. (http://www. ekspress.ee). ee). . Retrieved 2006-09-28. [3] Commstock, Paul. "An Interview Interview with Louis Kahn Biographer Biographer Carter Wiseman," (http://calitreview.com/224) (http://calitreview.com/224) California Literary Review. June 15, 2007. [4] SBS Hot Docs Docs Jan Jan 15, 15, 2008 2008 My architect: A son's journey (http://www20.sbs. (http://www20. sbs.com. com.au/whatson/?date=2008-01-15&channelID=1) au/whatson/?date=2008-01-15&channelID=1) [5] Louis Louis Isadore Isadore Kahn (1901 (1901 – 1974) 1974) – Philadelphia Architects and Buildings (http://www.philadelphiabuildings. (http://www. philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display. org/pab/app/ar_display. cfm/21829) [6] Johnson, Eugene Eugene J. "A Drawing Drawing of the Cathedral Cathedral of Albi by Louis I. Kahn," Kahn," (http://links. jstor.org/   jstor.org/  sici?sici=0016-920X(1986)25:1 sici?sici=0016-920X(1986)25:1<159:ADOTCO>2 <159:ADOTCO>2.. 0.CO;2-K&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage) 0.CO;2-K&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage) Gesta, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 159 – 165. 165. [7] Howe, Howe, Georg Georgee (1886 (1886 – 1955) 1955) – Philadelphia Architects and Buildings (http://www.philadelphiabuildings. (http://www. philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display. org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/  cfm/  25206) [8] Stonorov Stonorov,, Oskar Oskar Gregory Gregory (1905 (1905 – 1970) 1970) – Philadelphia Architects and Buildings (http://www.philadelphiabuildings. (http://www. philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/  org/pab/app/  ar_display.cfm/21630) ar_display.cfm/21630) [9] Philadelphia City Planning: Planning: Market Market Street East Project Page (http://www. (http://www.design. design.upenn. upenn.edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likpcpmark. edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likpcpmark. html) [10] MoMA.org | The Collection Collection | Louis I. Kahn. Traffic Study, Study, project, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Plan of proposed proposed traffic-movement traffic-movement pattern. 1952 (http://www.moma. (http://www. moma.org/collection/browse_results. org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O:AD:E:296 php?criteria=O:AD:E:2964&page_number= 4&page_number=1&template_id=1&sort_o 1&template_id=1&sort_order=1) rder=1) [11] Kahn, Kahn, Louis I.; I.; Robert Robert C. Twombly Twombly.. Louis Kahn: Essential Texts. W. W. Norton & Company. Company. pp. 158 (http://books.google. (http://books.google.com/  com/  books?id=UEZo6XU324MC&pg= books?id=UEZo6XU324MC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158 PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=louis+kahn+graham &dq=louis+kahn+graham+foundation&source=web&ots +foundation&source=web&ots=ERjS-TanGd& =ERjS-TanGd& sig=KkA3cUxVRRTqkdW5lYUzigSn sig=KkA3cUxVRRTqkdW5lYUzigSnb_c). b_c). ISBN 0393731138. 0393731138. [12] [12] AIA1 AIA150 50 – The 150th Anniversary of the American Institute of Architects (http:// www.aia150. www.aia150.org/aw_gm_1971. org/aw_gm_1971.php) php) [13] Goldberger, Paul (March 20, 1974). 1974). "Louis I. Kahn Kahn Dies; Architect was 73." The New York Times, p 1. [14] Richards Richards Medical Medical Buildin Buildingg (http://www. (http://www.american-architecture. american-architecture.info/USA/USA-Northeast/NT-015. info/USA/USA-Northeast/NT-015.htm) htm) from World Architecture Images. [15] Goldberger, Paul Paul (Dec 26, 1982). "Housing "Housing for the Spirit" (http://www.nytimes. (http://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/26/books/housing-for-the-spirit. com/1982/12/26/books/housing-for-the-spirit.html?& html?& pagewanted=all). New York Times. . [16] [16] http http:// ://ww www. w.design. design.upenn. upenn.edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likclever. edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likclever.html html [17] Margaret Margaret Esherick Esherick House House (http://www (http://www..flickr.com/photos/jpmm/25873 flickr.com/photos/jpmm/258737493/) 7493/) from Flickr. [18] Saffron, Inga. "Changing "Changing Skyline: Skyline: One more masterpiece masterpiece by Kahn Kahn nears reality." (http://www.philly. (http://www.philly.com/inquirer/columnists/  com/inquirer/columnists/  inga_saffron/20090823_Changing inga_saffron/20090823_Changing_Skyline__On _Skyline__One_more_masterpiece_ e_more_masterpiece_by_Kahn_nears by_Kahn_nears_reality. _reality. html) Philadelphia Inquirer. August 23, 2009. [19] [19] http http:// ://ww www. w.artsunited. artsunited.org/auc_hisarcfacility. org/auc_hisarcfacility.php php [20] Press Releases from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt Institute (http://www.feri. (http://www.feri.org/news/news_detail. org/news/news_detail.cfm?QID=3332) cfm?QID=3332) [21] "A Roosevelt Roosevelt for for Roosevelt Roosevelt Island," Island," New York Times. November 5, 2007. [22] COMING TO LIGHT: The Louis I. Kahn Monument to Franklin D. Roosevelt (http://archweb. (http://archweb.cooper. cooper.edu/exhibitions/kahn/index. edu/exhibitions/kahn/index.html) html) [23] Huxtable, Ada Louise. Louise. "Roosevelt Memorial Memorial Design Hits Snags; Skillful Skillful Blend Museum Museum Idea Dropped Must Must Look Beautiful," New York  Times. May 1, 1973. [24] New York City, Southpoint Southpoint Park Plan Complete Complete for Roosevelt Island: Island: The Trust for Public Land (http://www. (http://www.tpl. tpl.org/tier3_cd. org/tier3_cd. cfm?content_item_id=19000&folder_id=631) [25] Dunlap, David W., "A Campaign Campaign to Build a Long-Delayed F.D.R. Memorial," New York Times. October 26, 2007; "Roosevelt Island May Soon See FDR Memorial," New York Sun. October 26, 2007. Link for New York Times photographs of project site (http://cityroom.blogs. (http://cityroom.blogs. nytimes.com/2007/10/26/a-campaign-to-build-a-long-delayed-fdr-memorial) nytimes.com/2007/10/26/a-campaign-to-build-a-long-delayed-fdr-memorial) [26] [26] Is Kahn Kahn’s FDR Memorial Back on Track? | News | Architectural Record (http://archrecord.construction. (http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/  com/news/daily/archives/  070709fdr.asp) 070709fdr.asp) [27] Braudy, Susan. "The Architectural Architectural Metaphysic of of Louis Kahn; 'Is the center of of a column filled with hope?' hope?' 'What is a wall?' 'What does does this space want to be?'" New York Times Magazine. November 15, 1970.

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Louis Kahn

References • Curt Curtis is,, Will Willia iam. m. Modern Architecture Since 1900 (2nd Ed. ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 309 – 316. 316. ISBN 0135866944. • Kahn Kahn,, Lou Louis I.. I.. Louis I.Kahn: Complete Work 1935 – 1974 1974 (2nd Rev. and Enl. Ed edition ed.). Birkhauser Verlag AG. pp. 437. ISBN 3764313471. • Lesl Leslie ie,, Thom Thomas as.... Louis I.Kahn: Building Art, Building Science . New York: George Braziller. ISBN 0807615404. • McCa McCart rter er,, Rob Rober ert. t. Louis I. Kahn . Phaidon Press Ltd. pp. 512. ISBN 0714840459. • Wise Wisema man, n, Cart Carter er.. Louis I. Kahn: Beyond Time and Style: A Life in Architecture (1st Ed. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton (http://books.wwnorton. (http://books. wwnorton.com/books/detail. com/books/detail.aspx?ID=9780). aspx?ID=9780). ISBN 0393731650. • Lars Larson on,, Kent. ent. Louis I. Kahn: Unbuilt Masterworks . New York: Monacelli Press. pp. 232. ISBN 1-58093-014-X. • Rosa, Rosa, Joseph. Joseph. Peter Peter Gossel Gossel.. ed. ed. Louis I.Kahn: Enlightened space. Germany: Taschen GmbH. pp. 96. ISBN 3822836419.

Further reading • Louis Louis Kahn: Kahn: Essen Essentia tiall Texts Texts (http: (http://boo //books. ks.wwnorton. wwnorton.com/books/detail. com/books/detail.aspx?ID=9704), aspx?ID=9704), edited by Robert Twombly, WW Norton & Company, 2003.

External links • Lou Louis I. Ka Kahn – Philadelphia Architects and Buildings Project (http://www. philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/  philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/  ar_display.cfm/21829) ar_display.cfm/21829) • The Loui Louiss I. Kah Kahnn Coll Collec ecti tion on – The Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania (http://www. design.upenn. design.upenn.edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likidxdate. edu/archives/majorcollections/kahn/likidxdate. html) • Exhibition Exhibition at the University University of Pennsylvani Pennsylvaniaa on Louis I. Kahn Interiors Interiors (http://www.arthi (http://www.arthistory.up story.upenn.edu enn.edu/ /  themakingofaroom/) • Grea Greatt Bui Build ldin ings gs Onli Online ne – Louis I. Kahn (http://www.greatbuildings. (http://www. greatbuildings.com/architects/Louis_I. com/architects/Louis_I._Kahn. _Kahn.html) html) • The Work Workss of Louis Louis I. Kahn Kahn (htt (http://w p://www.n ww.naqu aquib. ib.com/kahnpics), com/kahnpics), a personal collection of photographs taken at various Kahn buildings. • Honoring Honoring Louis Kahn's Kahn's Legacy Legacy on the the 100th 100th Anniversary Anniversary of of His Birth (http://www. (http://www.upenn. upenn.edu/almanac/v47/  edu/almanac/v47/  n22/Kahn100.html) n22/Kahn100. html) •  My Architect (http://www.myarchitectfilm. com/), biographical movie ( IMDb (http://www. imdb.com/title/  imdb.com/title/  tt0373175/), 2003) • Yale Yale Uni Unive vers rsit ityy Art Art Galle Gallery ry – Louis I. Kahn building (http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/  (http://artgallery. yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/  build_renovation.html), build_renovation. html), information from the Yale University Art Gallery on the renovation effort. • The Trent Trenton on Bath Bath House House of Louis Louis Kahn Kahn (http: (http://hom //home. e.mindspring.com/~kahnpage/bathhouse/index.html) mindspring.com/~kahnpage/bathhouse/index.html) • Friends Friends Of The The Trento Trentonn Bath Bath House House (http://w (http://www. ww.kahnbathhouse. kahnbathhouse.org) org) • Louis Louis Kahn Kahn buil buildin dings gs (htt (http://m p://memb embers. ers.tripod.com/~freshness/links.html) tripod.com/~freshness/links.html) • Redefi Redefinin ningg the the Basem Basemap ap (htt (http://w p://www. ww.intelligentagent.com/archive/Vol6_No2_interactive_city_sant.htm) intelligentagent.com/archive/Vol6_No2_interactive_city_sant.htm) • Louis Louis Kahn Kahn traffic traffic studie studiess (http://ww (http://www.fl w.flick ickr. r.com/photos/21525853@N00/575838737/) com/photos/21525853@N00/575838737/) • Kahn Project Project Amherst Amherst College College (http://www.amhe (http://www.amherst.edu/~k rst.edu/~kahn/) ahn/) • Aerial image image of the Olivetti Olivetti-Unde -Underwood rwood factory, factory, Harrisburg Harrisburg,, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (http://maps (http://maps.. live.com/default. live.com/default. aspx?v=2&FORM=LMLTCP&cp=qqhs408kx1np&style=o&lvl=1&tilt=-90&dir=0&alt=-1000& scene=22801538&phx=0&phy=0&phscl=1&encType=1) • Louis Louis Kahn Kahn (http: (http://www //www.fin .findag dagrav rave.co e.com/cg m/cgi-b i-bin/f in/fg. g.cgi?page=gr&GRid=561) cgi?page=gr&GRid=561) at Find a Grave • Una nuova fabbrica fabbrica in America: America: lo stabiliment stabilimentoo di Harrisburg Harrisburg (Italian only, only, several several exterior exterior and interior photos photos of  the Olivetti factory in Harrisburg, PA) (http://www.storiaolivetti.it/percorso. asp?idPercorso=623)

23

Frank Lloyd Wright

24

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright

Personal information Nationality American Born

June 8, 1867Richland Center, Wisconsin

Died

April 9, 1959 (aged 91)Phoenix, Arizona Work

Buildings

Robie House Price Tower Fallingwater Johnson Wax Building Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Taliesin

Projects

Florida Southern College

Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, Wright, June 8, 1867  –  April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works.[1] Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater), was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House, the Westcott House, and the Darwin D. Martin House), and developed the concept of the Usonian home (exemplified by the Rosenbaum House). His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also often designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass. Wright authored 20 books and many articles, and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. Already well-known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time". [1]

Frank Lloyd Wright

Early years Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. Originally named Frank Lincoln Wright, he changed his name after his his parents' divorce to honor his mother's Welsh family, the Lloyd Joneses. His father, William Carey Wright Wrig ht (1825 – 1904) 1904) was a locally admired orator, orat or, music teache teacher, occasional lawyer and itinerant minister. William Wright had met and married Ann a Lloyd Jones (1838/39 (18 38/39 –  1923), a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister but he later joined his wife's family in the Unitarian faith. Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones fa mily of  Unitarians, who who had emigrated emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Anna's brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States. Both of Wright's parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. In his biography his mother declared, declared, when she was expecting expectin g her first child, that he h e would grow up to build beautiful buildings. She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a perio dical to encourage encourage the infant's ambition. ambition. The family moved to t o Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1870 for William to minister a sm all congregation. In 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia and saw an a n exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were th e foundation of  of his his innovative kindergarten curriculum. A trained teacher, Anna was excited by the program and bought a set of blocks for her family. Young Wright spent much time playing with the blocks. These were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions. Wright's autobiography talks about the influence of these exercises on his approach to design. Many of his buildings are notable for the geometrical clarity they exhibit. The Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society. Although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14 his parents separated. Anna had been unhappy for some time with William's inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of  physical affection. William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. [2] At this time Wright's middle name was changed from Lincoln to Lloyd. As the only male left in the family, Wright assumed financial responsibility for his mother and two sisters.

Education and work for Silsbee (1885-1888) Wright attended a Madison high school but there is no evidence he ever graduated. [3] He was admitted to the University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison as a special student in 1886. There he joined Phi Delta Theta fraternity, [4] took classes part-time for two semesters, and worked with a professor of civil engineering, Allan D. Conover. [5] In 1887, Wright left the school without taking a degree (although he was granted an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the University in 1955). In 1887, Wright arrived in Chicago in search of employment. Resulting from the devastating Great Chicago Fire of  1871 and recent recent population boom, new development was plentiful in the city. He later recalled that his fir st impressions of Chicago were that of grimy neighborhoods, crow ded streets and disappointing disappoin ting architecture, yet he was determined to find work. Within days, and after interviews with several prominent firms, he was hired as a draftsman with the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee. [6] Wright previously collaborated with Silsbee  — accredited as the draftsman and the construction supervisor  — on the 1886 Unity Chapel for Wright ’s family in Spring Green, Wisconsin. [7] While with the firm, he also worked on two other family projects: the All Souls Church in Chicago for uncle, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, and the Hillside Home School I in Spring Green for two of his aunts. [8] Other draftsmen that also worked for Silsbee in 1887 included future architects, Cecil Corwin, George W. Maher,

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and George G. Elmslie. Wright soon befriended Corwin, with whom he lived until he found a permanent home. In his autobiography, Wright accounts that he also had a short stint in another Chicago architecture office. Feeling that he was underpaid for the quality of his work for Silsbee (at $8.00 a week), the young draftsman quit and found work as a designer at the firm of Beers, Clay, and Dutton. However, Wright soon realized that he was not ready to handle building design by himself; he left his new job to return to Joseph Silsbee  – this time with a raise in salary. [9] Although Silsbee adhered mainly to Victorian and revivalist architecture, Wright found his work to be more "gracefully picturesque" than the other "brutalities" of the period. [10] Still, Wright aspired for more progressive work. After less than a year had passed in Silsbee ’s office, Wright learned that Adler & Sullivan, the forerunning firm in Chicago, were "looking for someone to make the finish drawings for the interior of the Auditorium [Building]." [11] Wright demonstrated that he was a competent impressionist of Louis Sullivan ’s ornamental designs and two short interviews later, was an official apprentice in the firm. [12]

Adler & Sullivan (1888-1893) Wright did not get along well with Sullivan ’s other draftsmen; he wrote that several violent altercations occurred between them during the first years of his apprenticeship. For that matter, Sullivan showed very little respect for his employees as well. [13] In spite of this, "Sullivan took [Wright] under his wing and gave him great design responsibility." As a show of respect, Wright would later refer to Sullivan as   Lieber Meister (German for "Dear Master").[14] Wright also formed a bond with office foreman, Paul Mueller. Wright would later engage Mueller to build several of his public and commercial buildings between 1903 and 1923. [15] On June 1, 1889, Wright married his first wife, Catherine Lee "Kitty" Tobin (1871 – 1959). 1959). The two had met around a year earlier during activities at All Souls Church. Sullivan did his part to facilitate the financial success of the young couple by granting Wright a five year employment contract. Wright made one more request: "Mr. Sullivan, if  you want me to work for you as long as five years, couldn't you lend me enough money to build a little house?" [16] With Sullivan’s $5000 loan, Wright purchased a lot at the corner of Chicago and Forest Avenues in the suburb of Oak Park. The existing Gothic Revival house was given to his mother, while a compact Shingle style house was built alongside for Wright and Catherine. [17]

Wright's home in Oak Park, Illinois

According to an 1890 diagram of the firm's new, 17th floor space atop the Auditorium Building, Wright soon earned a private office next to Sullivan ’s own.[15] However, that office was actually shared with friend and draftsman George Elmslie, who was hired by Sullivan at Wright's request. [18] Wright had risen to head draftsman and handled all residential design work in the office. As a general rule, Adler & Sullivan did not design or build houses, but they obliged to do so when asked by the clients of their important commercial projects. Wright was occupied by the firm ’s major commissions during office hours, so house designs were relegated to evening and weekend overtime hours at his home studio. He would later claim total responsibility for the design of these houses, but careful inspection of  their architectural style, and accounts from historian Robert Twombly suggest that it was Sullivan that dictated the overall form and motifs of the residential works; Wright's design duties were often reduced to detailing the projects from Sullivan's sketches. [18] During this time, Wright worked on Sullivan ’s bungalow (1890) and the James A. Charnley Bungalow (1890) both in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, the Berry-MacHarg House (1891) and Sullivan ’s townhouse (1892) both in Chicago, and the most noted 1891 James A. Charnley House also in Chicago. Of the five collaborations, only the two commissions for the Charnley family still stand. [19] [20]

Frank Lloyd Wright Despite Sullivan ’s loan and overtime salary, Wright was constantly short on funds. Wright admitted that his poor finances were likely due to his expensive tastes in wardrobe and vehicles, and the extra luxuries he designed into his house. To compound the problem, Wright's children  — including first born Lloyd (b.1890) and John (b.1892)  — would share similar tastes for fine goods. [16] [21] To supplement his income and repay his debts, Wright accepted independent commissions for at least nine houses. These "bootlegged" houses, as he later called them, were conservatively designed in variations of the fashionable The Walter Gale House (1893) is Queen Anne in Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. Nevertheless, unlike the style yet features window bands and a prevailing architecture of the period, each house emphasized simple cantilevered porch roof which hint at Wright's geometric massing and contained features such as bands of horizontal developing aesthetics windows, occasional cantilevers, and open floor plans which would become hallmarks of his later work. Eight of these early houses remain today including the Thomas Gale, Parker, Blossom, and Walter Gale houses. [22] As with the residential projects for Adler & Sullivan, Wright designed his bootleg houses on his own time. Sullivan knew nothing of the independent works until 1893, when he recognized that one of the houses was unmistakably a Frank Lloyd Wright design. This particular house, built for Allison Harlan, was only blocks away from Sullivan ’s townhouse in the Chicago community of Kenwood. Aside from the location, the geometric purity of the composition and balcony tracery in the same style as the Charnley House likely gave away Wright ’s involvement. Since Wright ’s five year contract forbade any outside work, the incident led to his departure from Sullivan ’s firm.[20] A variety of  stories recount the break in the relationship between Sullivan and Wright; even Wright later told two different versions of the occurrence. In  An Autobiography, Wright claimed that he was unaware that his side ventures were a breach of his contract. When Sullivan learned of them, he was angered and offended; he prohibited any further outside commissions and refused to issue Wright the deed to his Oak Park house until after he completed his five years. Wright couldn ’t bear the new hostility from his master and thought the situation was unjust. He "threw down [his] pencil and walked out of the Adler and Sullivan office never to return." Dankmar Adler, who was more sympathetic to Wright ’s actions, later sent him the deed. [23] On the other hand, Wright told his Taliesin apprentices (as recorded by Edgar Tafel) that Sullivan fired him on the spot upon learning of the Harlan House. Tafel also accounted that Wright had Cecil Corwin sign several of the bootleg jobs, indicating that Wright was aware of their illegal nature. [20] [24] Regardless of the correct series of events, Wright and Sullivan did not meet or speak for twelve years.

Transition and experimentation (1893-1900) After leaving Louis Louis Sullivan, Sullivan, Wright established his own practice on the top floor of the Sullivan designed Schiller Building (1892, demolished 1961) on Randolph Street in Chicago. Wright chose to locate his office in the building because the tower location reminded him of the office of Adler & Sullivan. Although Cecil Corwin followed Wright and set up his architecture practice in the same office, the two worked independently and did not consider themselves partners.[25] Within a year, Corwin decided that he did not enjoy architecture and journeyed east to find a new profession.[26] With Corwin gone, gone, Wright Wright moved out of the Schiller Building and into the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall Building. The loft space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, and Dwight H. Perkins. [27] These young architects, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan, formed what would become known as the Prairie School. [28] They were joined by Perkins apprentice, Marion Mahony, who in 1895 transferred to Wright ’s team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings. Mahony, the first licensed female architect in the United States, also designed furniture, leaded glass

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Frank Lloyd Wright windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright ’s houses.[29] [30] Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright ’s future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall. Wright’s projects during this period followed two basic models. On one hand, there was his first independent commission, the Winslow House, which combined Sullivanesque ornamentation with the emphasis on simple geometry and horizontal lines that is typical in Wright houses. The Francis Apartments (1895, demolished 1971) Heller House (1896), Rollin Furbeck House (1897), and Husser House (1899, demolished 1926) were designed in the same mode. For more conservative clients, Wright conceded to design more traditional William H. Winslow House (1893) in River dwellings. These included the Dutch Colonial Revival style Bagley Forest, Illinois House (1894), Tudor Revival style Moore House I (1895), and Queen Anne style Charles Roberts House (1896). [31] As an emerging architect, Wright could not afford to turn down clients over disagreements in taste, but even his most conservative designs retained simplified massing and occasional Sullivan inspired details. [32] Soon after the completion of the Winslow House in 1894, Edward Waller, a friend and former client, invited Wright to meet Chicago architect and planner Daniel Burnham. Burnham had been impressed by the Winslow House and other examples of Wright ’s work; he offered to finance a four year education at the École des Beaux-Arts and two years in Rome. To top it off, Wright would have a position in Burnham ’s firm upon his return. In spite of guaranteed success and support of his family, Wright declined the offer. Burnham, who had directed the classical design of the World’s Columbian Exposition was a major proponent of the Beaux Arts movement, thought that Wright was making a foolish mistake. Yet for Wright, the classical education of the École lacked creativity and was altogether at odds with his vision of modern American architecture. [33] [34] Wright relocated his practice to his home in 1898 in order to bring his work and family lives closer. This move made further sense as the majority of the architect ’s projects at that time were in Oak Park or neighboring River Forest. The past five years had seen the birth of  three more children  — Catherine in 1894, David in 1895, and Frances in 1898  — prompting Wright to sacrifice his original home studio space for additional bedrooms. Thus, moving his workspace necessitated his design and construction of an expansive studio addition to the north of the main house. The space, which included a Wright's studio (1898) viewed from Chicago hanging balcony within the two story drafting room, was one of  Avenue Wright’s first experiments with innovative structure. The studio was a poster for Wright’s developing aesthetics and would become the laboratory from which the next ten years of  architectural creations would emerge. [35]

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Prairie House By 1901, Wright had completed about 50 projects, including many houses in Oak Park. As his son John Lloyd Wright wrote: "William Eugene Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert Chase McArthur, Marion Mahony, Isabel Roberts and George Willis were the draftsmen. Five men, two women. They wore flowing ties, and smocks suitable to the realm. The men wore their hair like Papa, all except Albert, he didn ’t have enough hair. They worshiped Papa! Papa liked them! I know that each one of  them was then making valuable contributions to the pioneering of the modern American architecture for which my father gets the full glory, headaches and recognition today!" [36] Between 1900 and 1901, 1901, Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright completed four houses houses which have since since been considered considered the onset of  the "Prairie style". Two, the Hickox Hick ox and Bradley Bradley Houses, were the last transitional step between Wright ’s early [37] designs and the Prairie creations. Meanwhile, the Thomas House and Willits House received recognition as the first mature examples of the new style. [38] [39] At the same time, Wright gave his new ideas for the American house widespread awareness through two publications in the   Ladies' Home Journal. The articles were a answer to an invitation from the president of Curtis Publishing Company, Edward Bok, as part of a project to improve modern house design. Bok also extended the offer to other architects, but Wright was the sole responder. "A Home in a Prairie Town" and "A Small House with Lots of Room in it" appeared respectively in the February and July 1901 issues of the journal. Although neither of the affordable house plans were ever constructed, Wright received increased requests for similar designs in following years. [37] Wright's residential designs were "Prairie Houses" because the design is considered to complement the land around Chicago. These houses featured extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces, using unfinished materials. The houses are credited with being the first examples of the "open plan". Windows whenever possible are long, and low, allowing a connection between the interior and nature, outside, that was new to western architecture and reflected the influence of Japanese architecture on Wright . The manipulation of interior space in residential and public buildings are hallmarks of his style. Commercial buildings in the Prairie style include Unity Temple, the home of the Unitarian Universalist congregation in Oak Park. As a lifelong Unitarian and member of Unity Temple, Wright offered his services to the congregation after their church burned down in 1904. The community agreed to hire him and he worked on the building from 1905 to 1908. Wright later said that Unity Temple was the edifice in which he ceased to be an architect of structure, and became an architect of space. Many architects consider it the world's first modern building, because of its unique construction of only one material: reinforced concrete. This would become a hallmark of the modernists who followed Wright, such as Mies van der Rohe, and even some post-modernists, such as Frank Gehry.

Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo, New York

Many examples of this work are in Buffalo, New York as a result of  friendship between Wright and Darwin D. Martin, an executive of the Larkin Soap Company. In 1902, the Larkin Company decided to build a new administration building. Wright came to Buffalo and designed not only the Larkin Administration Building (completed in 1904, demolished in 1950), but also homes for three of the company's executives including the Darwin D. Martin House in 1904.

Other Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the late Prairie Period (1907 – 1909) 1909) are the Frederick Robie House in Chicago and the Avery and Queene Coonley House in Riverside, Illinois. The Robie House, with its soaring, cantilevered roof lines, supported by a

Frank Lloyd Wright

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110-foot-long (34 m) channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after World War I and is sometimes called the "cornerstone of modernism". However, Wright's work was not known to European architects until the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio.

Midlife controversy and architecture

Hillside Home School, 1902, Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin

Family abandonment Local gossips noticed Wright's flirtations, and he developed a reputation in Oak Park as a man-about-town. His family had grown to six children, and the brood required most of Catherine's attention. In 1903, Wright designed a house for Edwin Cheney, a neighbor in Oak Park, and immediately took a liking to Cheney's wife, Mamah Borthwick Cheney. Mamah Cheney was a modern woman with interests outside the home. She was an early feminist and Wright viewed her as his intellectual equal. The two fell in love, even though Wright had been married for almost 20 years. Often the two could be Aerial photo of Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin seen taking rides in Wright's automobile through Oak Park, and they became the talk of the town. Wright's wife, Kitty, sure that this attachment would fade as the others had, refused to grant him a divorce. Neither would Edwin Cheney grant one to Mamah. In 1909, even before the Robie House was completed, Wright and Mamah Cheney eloped to Europe, leaving their own spouses and children behind. The scandal that erupted virtually destroyed Wright's ability to practice architecture in the United States. Scholars argue that he felt by 1907 that he had done everything he could do with the Prairie Style, particularly from the standpoint of the single family house. Wright was not getting larger commissions for commercial or public buildings, which frustrated him. What drew Wright to Europe was the chance to publish a portfolio of his work with Ernst Wasmuth, who had agreed in 1909 to publish his work there. [40] This chance also allowed Wright to deepen his relationship with Mamah Cheney. Wright and Cheney left the United States separately in 1910, meeting in Berlin, where the offices of  Wasmuth were located. The resulting two volumes, entitled Studies and Executed Buildings of Frank Lloyd Wright , were published in 1910 and 1911 in two editions, creating the first major exposure of Wright's work in Europe. The work contained more than 100 lithographs of Wright ’s designs and was commonly known as the Wasmuth Portfolio. Wright remained in Europe for one year (though Mamah Cheney returned to t he United States a few times) and and set up a home in Fiesole, Italy. During this time, Edwin Cheney granted her a divorce, though Kitty still refused to grant one to her husband. husband . After Wright's return r eturn to the United States in late 1910, Wright persuaded his mother to buy land for him in Spring Green, Wisconsin. The land, bought on April 10, 1911, was adjacent to land held by his mother's family, the Lloyd-Joneses. Wright began to build himself a new home, which he called Taliesin, by May 1911. The recurring theme of Taliesin also came from his mother's side: Taliesin in Welsh mythology was a poet, magician, and priest. The family motto was Y Gwir yn Erbyn y Byd  which means "The Truth Against the World"; it was created by Iolo Morgannwg who also had a son called Taliesin, and the motto is still used today as the cry of the druids and

Frank Lloyd Wright chief bard of the Eisteddfod in Wales. [41]

More personal turmoil On August 15, 1914, while Wright was working in Chicago, Julian Carlton, a male servant from Barbados who had been hired several months earlier, set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and murdered seven people with an axe as the fire burned.[42] The dead included Mamah; her two children, John and Martha; a gardener; a draftsman; a workman; and another workman ’s son. Two people survived the mayhem, one of whom helped to put out the fire that almost completely consumed the residential wing of the house. Carlton swallowed acid immediately following the attack in an attempt to kill himself. [42] He was nearly lynched on the spot, but was taken to the Dodgeville  jail.[42] Carlton died from starvation seven weeks after the attack, despite medical attention. [42] In 1922, Wright's first wife, Kitty, granted him a divorce, and Wright was required to wait one year until he married his then-partner, Maude "Miriam" Noel. In 1923, Wright's mother, Anna (Lloyd Jones) Wright, died. Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923, but her addiction to morphine led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year. In 1924, after the separation, but while still married, Wright met Olga (Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg, at a Petrograd Ballet performance in Chicago. They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925, and soon Olgivanna was pregnant with their daughter, Iovanna. Iovanna was born December 2, 1925 and years later married and divorced Wright's associate Arthur Pieper. On April 20, 1925, another fire destroyed the bungalow at Taliesin. Crossed wires from a newly installed telephone system were held responsible for the fire, which destroyed a collection of Japanese prints that Wright declared invaluable. Wright estimated the loss at $250,000 to $500,000. [43] Wright rebuilt the living quarters again, naming the home "Taliesin III". In 1926, Olga's ex-husband, Vlademar Hinzenburg, sought custody of his daughter, Svetlana. In October 1926, Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the Mann Act and arrested in Minnetonka, Minnesota. The charges were later dropped. Wright and Miriam Noel's divorce was finalized in 1927, and once again, Wright was required to wait for one year until marrying again. Wright and Olgivanna married in 1928.

California and the textile block houses Wright also built several houses in the Los Angeles area. Currently open to the public are the Hollyhock House (Aline Barnsdall Residence) in Hollywood and the Anderton Court Shops in Beverly Hills. Following the Hollyhock House, Wright used an innovative building process in 1923 and 1924, which he called the textile block system [44] where buildings were constructed with precast concrete blocks with a patterned, squarish exterior surface: The Alice Millard House (Pasadena), the John Storer House (West Hollywood), the Samuel Freeman House (Hollywood) and the Ennis House in the Griffith Park area of Los Angeles. During the past two decades the Ennis House has become popular as an exotic, nearby shooting location to Hollywood television and movie makers. He also designed a fifth textile block house for Aline Barnsdall, the Community Playhouse ("Little Dipper"), which was never constructed. Wright's son, Lloyd Wright, supervised construction for the Storer, Freeman and Ennis House. Most of these houses are private residences closed to the public because of renovation, including the George Sturges House (Brentwood) and the Arch Oboler Gatehouse & Studio (Malibu).

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Mature Organic Style During the later 1920s and 1930s Wright's Organic style had fully matured with the design of Graycliff, Fallingwater and Taliesin West. Graycliff, located just south of Buffalo, NY is an important mid-career (1926 – 1931) 1931) design by Wright; it is a summer estate designed for his long-time patrons, Isabelle and Darwin D. Martin. Created in Wright's high Organic style, Wright wrote in a letter to the Martins that "Coming in the house would be something like putting on your hat and going outdoors." [45] Graycliff consists of three buildings set within 8.4 acres of landscape, also designed by Wright. Its site, high on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie, inspired Wright to create a home that was transparent, with views through the building to the lake beyond. Terraces and cantilevered balconies also encourage lake views, and water features throughout the landscape were designed by Wright to echo the lake as well. One of Wright's most famous private residences was built from 1934 to 1937 —Fallingwater —  —for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr., at Bear Run, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of  $8,000. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not Fallingwater, Bear Run, Pennsylvania (1937) sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed. Taliesin West, Wright's winter home and studio complex in Scottsdale, AZ, was a laboratory for Wright from 1937 to his death in 1959. Now the home of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation and archives, it continues today as the site of the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture. Wright is responsible for a series of concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City. He proposed the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932, and unveiled a 12-square-foot (1.1 m 2) model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years. He continued developing the idea until his death.

Usonian Houses Concurrent with the development of Broadacre City, also referred to as Usonia, Wright conceived a new type of  dwelling that came to be known as the Usonian House. An early version of the form can be seen in the Malcolm Willey House (1934) in Minneapolis; but the Usonian ideal emerged most completely in the Herbert and Katherine Jacobs First House (1937) in Madison, Wisconsin. Designed on a gridded concrete slab that integrated the house's radiant heating system, the house featured new approaches to construction, including sandwich walls that consisted of layers of wood siding, plywood cores and building paper, a significant change from typically framed walls. Usonian houses most commonly featured flat roofs and were mostly constructed without basements, completing the excision of attics and basements from houses, a feat Wright had been attempting since the early 20th century. Intended to be highly practical houses for middle-class clients, and designed to be run without servants, Usonian houses often featured small kitchens  — called "workspaces" by Wright  — that adjoined the dining spaces. These spaces in turn flowed into the main living areas, which also were characteristically outfitted with built-in seating and tables. As in the Prairie Houses, Usonian living areas focused on the fireplace. Bedrooms were typically isolated and

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Frank Lloyd Wright relatively small, small, encouraging encouraging the family to gather in the main living living areas. The conception of spaces of spaces instead of rooms was a development of the Prairie ideal; as the built-in furnishings related to the Art s and Crafts principles from from which Wright's early works grew. Spatially and in terms of their construction, the Usonian houses represented a new model for independent living, and allowed dozens of clients to live in a Wright-designed house at relatively low cost. The diversity of the Usonian ideal can be seen in houses such as the Gregor S. and Elizabeth B. Affleck House (1941) in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, which projects over a ravine; and the Hanna-Honeycomb House (1937) in Palo Alto, California, which features a honeycomb planning grid. Gordon House, completed in 1963, was Wright's last Usonian design. His Usonian homes set a new style for suburban design that was a feature of countless developers. Many features of  modern American homes date back to Wright, including open plans, slab-on-grade foundations, and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization and efficiency in building.

Significant later works The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City occupied Wright for 16 years (1943 – 1959) 1959)[46] and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building rises as a warm beige spiral from its site on Fifth Avenue; its interior is similar to the inside of a seashell. Its unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to easily experience Guggenheim's collection of nonobjective geometric paintings by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp, which features a floor embedded with circular shapes and triangular Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York light fixtures to complement the geometric nature of the structure. City, New York (1959) Unfortunately, when the museum was completed, a number of  important details of Wright's design were ignored, including his desire for the interior to be painted off-white. Furthermore, the Museum currently designs exhibits to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway rather than walking down from the top level. The only realized skyscraper designed by Wright is the Price Tower, a 19-story tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. It is also one of the two existing vertically-oriented Wright structures (the other is the S.C. Johnson Wax Research Tower in Racine, Wisconsin). The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. It opened to the public in February 1956. On March 29, 2007, Price Tower was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior, one of only 20 such properties in the state of Oklahoma. [47]

Other projects Wright designed over 400 built structures [48] of which about 300 survive as of  2005. Four have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Wright's Price Tower in Bartlesville, Fuller in Pass Christian, Mississippi, destroyed by Hurricane Camille in August Oklahoma 1969; the Louis Sullivan Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005; and the Arinobu Fukuhara House (1918) in Hakone, Japan, destroyed in the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. The Ennis House in California has also been damaged by earthquake and rain-induced ground movement. In January, 2006, the Wilbur Wynant House in Gary, Indiana was destroyed by fire.[49]

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1923)

34 In addition, other buildings were intentionally demolished during and after Wright's lifetime, such as: Midway Gardens (1913, Chicago, Illinois) and the Larkin Administration Building (1903, Buffalo, New York) were destroyed in 1929 and 1950 respectively; the Francis Apartments and Francisco Terrace Apartments (both located in Chicago and designed in 1895) were destroyed in 1971 and 1974, respectively; the Geneva Inn (1911) in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin was destroyed in 1970; and the Banff National Park Pavilion (1911) in Alberta, Canada was destroyed in 1939. The Imperial Hotel, in Tokyo (1913) survived the Great Kantō earthquake but was demolished in

1968 due to urban developmental pressures. [50] One of his projects, Monona Terrace, originally designed in 1937 as municipal offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the 60 years between the original design and the completion of the structure. [51] Florida Southern College, located in Lakeland, Florida, constructed 12 (out of 18 planned) Frank Lloyd Wright buildings between 1941 and 1958 as part of the Child of the Sun project. It is the world ’s largest single-site collection of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture. A lesser known project that never came to fruition was Wright's plan for Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe. [52] Few Tahoe locals know of the iconic American architect's plan for their natural treasure. The Kalita Humphreys Theater in Dallas, Texas was Wright's last project before his death.

Wright's last design and first European project A design that Wright signed off on shortly before his death in 1959  –  possibly his last completed design  –  was realised in late 2007 in the Republic of Ireland. [53] Wright scholar and devotee Marc Coleman worked c losely with the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, dealing with E. Thomas Casey, the last surviving Foundation architect who trained under Wright. Working with the Foundation, Coleman selected an unbuilt design that was originally commissioned for Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Wieland and due to be built in Maryland, USA. However, the Wielands subsequently had had financial financial problems and the design was shelved. The Foundation looked through its archive of 380 unbuilt designs and selected 4 for Coleman that were the closest fit for his site. In the end, he chose the Wieland house, largely because the topography of his site is virtually identical to that which the building was originally designed for. The completed house, [54] in only the fourth country in which a Wright design has been realised, is attracting broad interest from the international architectural community. Casey visited the site in County Wicklow, but died before construction began.

Community planning Frank Lloyd Wright was interested in site and community planning throughout his career. His commissions and theories on urban design began as early as 1900 and continued until his death. He had 41 commissions on the scale of community planning or urban design. [55] His thoughts on suburban design started in 1900 with a proposed subdivision layout for Charles E. Roberts entitled the "Quadruple Block Plan." This design strayed from traditional suburban lot layouts and set houses on small square blocks of four equal-sized lots surrounded on all sides by roads instead of straight rows of houses on parallel streets. The houses  — which used the same design as published in "A Home in a Prairie Town" from the   Ladies' Home  Journal  — were set toward the center of the block to maximize the yard space and included private space in the

Frank Lloyd Wright center. This also allowed for far more interesting views from each house. Although this plan was never realized, Wright published the design in the Wasmuth Portfolio in 1910. [56] The more ambitious designs of of entire communities communities were exemplified by his entry into the City Club of Chicago Land Development Competition in 1913. The contest was for the development of a suburban quarter section. This design expanded on the Quadruple Block Plan and included several social levels. The design shows the placement of the upscale homes in the most desirable areas and the blue collar homes and apar tments separated by parks and common spaces. The design also included all the amenities of a small city: schools, museums, markets, etc. [57] This view of  decentralization was later reinforced by theoretical Broadacre City design. The philosophy behind his community planning was decentralization. The new development must be away f rom the cities. In this decentralized America, all services and facilities could coexist “factories side by side with farm and home. ”[58] Notable Community Planning Designs: 1900 – 1903 1903 – Quadruple Block Plan – 24 homes in Oak Park, IL (unbuilt) 1909 – Como Orchard Summer Colony – Town site development for new town in the Bitterroot Valley, MT 1913 – Chicago Land Development competition  – Suburban Chicago quarter section 1934 – 1959 1959 – Broadacre City – Theoretical decentralized city plan  – exhibits of large scale model 1938  –  Suntop Homes also known as Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing Project  –  commission from Federal Works Agency, Division of Defense Housing  –  low cost multifamily housing alternative to suburban development 1945 – Usonia Homes – 47 homes (3 designed by Wright himself) in Pleasantville, New York 1949  –  The Acres, also known as Galesburg Country Homes, 5 homes (4 designed by Wright himself) in Charleston Township, Michigan

Japanese art Though most famous as an architect, Wright was an active dealer in Japanese art, primarily ukiyo-e woodblock prints. He frequently served as both architect and art dealer to the same clients; "he designed a home, then provided the art to fill it".[59] For a time, Wright made more from selling art than from his work as an architect. Wright first traveled to Japan in 1905, where he bought hundreds of prints. The following year, he helped organize the world's first retrospective exhibition of works by Hiroshige, held at the Art Institute of Chicago. [59] For many years, he was a major presence in the Japanese art world, selling a great number of works to prominent collectors such as John Spaulding of Boston, [59] and to prominent museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[60] He penned a book on Japanese art in 1912. [60] In 1920, however, rival art dealers began to spread rumors that Wright was selling retouched prints; this this combined with Wright's tendency to live beyond his means, and other factors, led to great financial troubles for the architect. Though he provided his clients with genuine prints as replacements for those he was accused of retouching, this marked the end of the high point of his career as an art dealer. [60] He was forced to sell off much of his art collection in 1927 to pay off outstanding debts; the Bank of Wisconsin claimed his Taliesin home the following year, and sold thousands of his prints, for only one dollar a piece, to collector Edward Burr Van Vleck. [59] Wright continued to collect, and deal in, prints until his death in 1959, frequently using prints as collateral for loans, frequently relying upon his art business to remain financially solvent [60] The extent of his dealings in Japanese art went largely unknown, or underestimated, among art historians for decades until, in 1980, Julia Meech, then associate curator of Japanese art at the Metropolitan Museum, began researching the history of the museum's collection of Japanese prints. She discovered "a three-inch-deep 'clump of 400 cards' from 1918, each listing a print bought from the same seller —'F. L. Wright'" and a number of letters exchanged between Wright and the museum's first curator of Far Eastern Art, Sigisbert C. Bosch Reitz, in 1918 to 1922. [60] These

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Frank Lloyd Wright

36

discoveries, and subsequent research, led to a renewed understanding of Wright's career as an art dealer.

Death and legacy Turmoil followed Wright even many years after his death on April 9, 1959 while undergoing surgery in Phoenix, Arizona to remove an intestinal obstruction.[61] His third wife, Olgivanna, ran the Fellowship after Wright's death, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1985. That year, it was learned that her dying wish had been that Wright, she and her daughter by a first marriage all be cremated and relocated to Scottsdale, Arizona. By then, Wright's body had lain for over 25 years in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, near Taliesin, Wright's later-life home in Spring Green, Wisconsin. [62] Olgivanna's plan called for a memorial garden, already in the works, to be finished and prepared for their remains. Although the garden had yet to be finished, his remains were prepared and sent to Scottsdale where they waited in storage for an unidentified amount of time before being interred in the memorial area. Today, the small cemetery south of Spring Green, Wisconsin and a long stone's throw from Taliesin, contains a gravestone marked with Wright's name but its grave is empty.[63]

Wright with his wife Olgivanna and their youngest daughter Iovanna in 1957

Personal style and concepts Wright's creations took his concern with organic architecture down to the smallest details. From his largest commercial commissions to the relatively modest Usonian houses, Wright conceived virtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture, carpets, windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design, and he often returned to earlier commissions to redesign internal fittings. Some of  the built-in furniture remains, while other restorations have included replacement pieces created using his plans. His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets and other fittings. He made 1954 portrait by Al Ravenna, New York innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete World-Telegram and the Sun staff photographer blocks, glass bricks and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters. Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade (a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting).

Frank Lloyd Wright As Wright's career progressed, so did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architecture. Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. In 1928, Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature: lakes, rivers and ponds. One of  Wright's earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glass along whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join together solid walls. By utilizing this large amount of glass, Wright sought to Wright-designed window in Robie House, achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness of the glass and Chicago (1906) the solid, hard walls. Arguably, Wright's best-known art glass is that of  the Prairie style. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career. [64] Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the 20th century, when servants became a less prominent or completely absent from most American households, by developing homes with progressively more open plans. This allowed the woman of the house to work in her 'workspace', as he often called the kitchen, yet keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room. Much of modern architecture, including the early work of Mies van der Rohe, can be traced back to Wright's innovative work. Wright also designed some of his own clothing. His fashion sense was unique, and he usually wore expensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes. Wright drove a custom yellow 'raceabout' in the Prairie years, a red Cord convertible in the 1930s, and a famously customized 1940 Lincoln for many years. He earned many speeding tickets in each of his vehicles.

Colleagues and influences Wright rarely credited any influences on his designs, but most architects, historians and scholars agree he had five major influences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Louis Sullivan, Sullivan, whom whom he considered considered to be his 'Lieber Meister' Meister' (dear (dear master), Nature, Nature, particularly particularly shapes/fo shapes/forms rms and colors/patte colors/patterns rns of plant life, Music (his (his favorite favorite composer composer was was Ludwig van van Beethoven Beethoven), ), Japanese Japanese art, prints and buildings, buildings, Froe Froebe bell Gift Giftss

He also routinely claimed the th e architects architects and architectural designers who were his employees' work as his own design and claimed that that the rest of the Prair Prairie ie School arc ar chitects were merel merelyy his followers, followers, imitators and subordinates. subordinates.[65] But, as with any architect, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School, including Sullivan. In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects including William Eugene Drummond, John Van Bergen, Isabel Roberts, Francis Barry Byrne, Albert McArthur, Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin. The Czech-born architect Antonin Raymond, recognized as the father of modern architecture in Japan, worked for Wright at Taliesin and led the construction of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. He subsequently stayed in Japan and opened his own practice. Rudolf Schindler also worked for Wright on the Imperial hotel. His own work is often credited as influencing Wright's Usonian houses. Schindler's friend Richard Neutra also worked briefly for Wright and became an internationally successful architect. Later in the Taliesin days, Wright employed many architects and artists who later become notable, such as Aaron Green, John Lautner, E. Fay Jones, Henry Klumb and Paolo Soleri in architecture and Santiago Martinez Delgado in

37

Frank Lloyd Wright the arts. As a young man, actor Anthony Quinn applied to study with Wright at Taliesin. However, Wright suggested that he first take voice lessons to help overcome a speech impediment. Bruce Goff never worked for Wright but maintained correspondence with him. Their works can be seen to parallel each other.

Recognition Later in his life and well after his death in 1959, Wright received much honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received Gold Medal awards from The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1941 and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1949. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities (including his "alma mater", the University of Wisconsin) and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, Fallingwater was named "The Building of the 20th century" in an unscientific "Top-Ten" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia. On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USA's other greatest architects 1966 U.S. postage stamp honoring Frank including Eero Saarinen, I.M. Pei, Louis Kahn, Philip Johnson and Ludwig Lloyd Wright Mies van der Rohe, and he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House and the Johnson Wax Building. In 1992, The Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater. In 1966, the United States Postal Service honored Wright with a Prominent Americans series 2¢ postage stamp.

Family Frank Lloyd Wright was married three times and fathered seven children: four sons and three daughters. He also adopted Svetlana Milanoff, the daughter of his third wife, Olgivanna Lloyd Wright. [66] His wives were: • Cather Catherine ine "Kit "Kitty" ty" (Tob (Tobin) in) Wrigh Wrightt (1871 (1871 – 1959). 1959). Socialite and Social Worker. Married June 1889; divorced November 1922. • Maude Maude "Mir "Miriam iam"" (Noel (Noel)) Wrigh Wrightt (1869 (1869 – 1930). 1930). Artist. Married November, 1923; divorced August 1927. • Olga Ivanovn Ivanovnaa "Olgivann "Olgivanna" a" (Lazovich (Lazovich Milanoff) Milanoff) Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright (1897 (1897 – 1985). 1985). Dancer and writer. Married August 1928. One of Wright's sons, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., known as Lloyd Wright, was also a notable architect in Los Angeles. Lloyd Wright's son (and Wright's grandson), Eric Lloyd Wright, is currently an architect in Malibu, California where he has a practice of mostly residences, but also civic and commercial buildings. Another son and architect, John Lloyd Wright, invented Lincoln Logs in 1918, and practiced extensively in the San Diego area. John's daughter, Elizabeth Wright Ingraham [67], is an architect in Colorado Springs, Colorado. She is the mother of Christine, an interior designer in Connecticut, and Catherine, an architecture professor at the Pratt Institute.[68]

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Frank Lloyd Wright

39

The Oscar-winning actress Anne Baxter was Wright's granddaughter. Baxter was the daughter of Catherine Baxter, a child born of Wright's first marriage. Anne's daughter, Melissa Galt, currently lives and works in Atlanta as an interior designer.[68] His adopted daughter Svetlana (daughter of Olgivanna) and her son Daniel died in an automobile accident in 1946. Her widower, William Wesley Peters, was later briefly married to Svetlana Alliluyeva, the youngest child and only daughter of Joseph Stalin. They divorced after she could not adjust to the communal lifestyle of the Wright communities, which she compared to life in the Soviet Union under her father, and because of the constant interference of Wright's widow. Peters served as Chairman of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation from 1985 to 1991. A great-grandson of Wright, S. Lloyd Natof, currently lives and works in Chicago as a master woodworker who specializes in the design and creation of custom wood furniture. [69]

Archives Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of  Chicago. The Herbert Her bert and and Katherine Jacobs Residence and Frank Lloyd Wright Records, 1924 – 1974, 1974, Collection includes drawings, correspondence, and other materials documenting the construction of two homes for the Jacobs as well as research files on Wright's life. The Frank Lloyd Wright in Michigan Collection, 1945 – 1988, 1988, consists of  research documents, including photocopied correspondence between Wright and his clients, used for the book "Frank Lloyd Wright in Michigan." The Wrightiana Collection, c. 1897 – 1997 1997 (bulk 1949 – 1969), 1969), includes a variety of printed materials and photographs about Wright and his projects. The Joseph J. Bagley Cottage Collection, c. 1916 – 1925, 1925, contains photographs and drawings documenting the Bagley cottage which was completed in 1916. The architect's personal archives [70] are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Frank Lloyd Wright archives include photographs of his drawings, indexed correspondence beginning in the 1880s and continuing through Wright's life, and other ephemera. The Getty Research Center in Los Angeles, California, also has copies of  Wright's correspondence and photographs of his drawings in their "Frank Lloyd Wright Special Collection [71]". Wright's correspondence is indexed in  An Index to the Taliesin Correspondence, ed. by Professor Anthony Alofsin, which is available at larger libraries.

Selected works • Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio, Studio, Oak Park, Park, Illinoi Illinois, s, 1889 – 1909 1909 • William William H. Winslow Winslow House, House, River Forest, Forest, Illinois, Illinois, 1894 • Ward Ward Winfiel Winfieldd Willits Willits Reside Residence nce,, and Garde Gardener ner’s Cottage and Stables, Highland Park, Illinois, 1901 • Dana-T Dana-Thom homas as House, House, Springf Springfiel ield, d, Illinoi Illinois, s, 1902 • Larkin Administrati Administration on Buildin Building, g, Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 1903 (demolished, 1950)

• • • • • •

Nathan G. Moore House, Oak Park, Illinois

Darwin Darwin D. D. Martin Martin House, House, Buffa Buffalo, lo, New New York, York, 1903 1903 – 1905 1905 Unity Unity Templ Temple, e, Oak Oak Park, Park, Illin Illinois, ois, 1904 1904 Frederick Frederick C. C. Robie Robie Reside Residence, nce, Chicago, Chicago, Illinoi Illinois, s, 1909 1909 Taliesi Taliesinn I, Sprin Springg Green, Green, Wisc Wiscons onsin, in, 1911 1911 Midway Midway Garde Gardens, ns, Chic Chicago ago,, Illino Illinois, is, 1913 1913 (demolished, 1929) Imperi Imperial al Hote Hotel, l, Tokyo Tokyo,, Japan Japan,, 1923 1923 (demolished, 1968; entrance hall reconstructed at Meiji Mura near Nagoya,  Japan, 1976)

Frank Lloyd Wright • Hollyhock Hollyhock House House (Aline (Aline Barnsdall Barnsdall Residen Residence), ce), Los Angeles, Angeles, California, 1919 – 1921 1921 • Ennis Ennis House, House, Los Los Angele Angeles, s, Califo Californi rnia, a, 1923 1923 • Taliesi Taliesinn III, Spri Spring ng Green, Green, Wisc Wiscons onsin, in, 1925 1925 • Gray Graycl clif iff. f. Buff Buffal alo, o, NY NY 1926 1926 • Fallingwate Fallingwaterr (Edgar (Edgar J. Kaufman Kaufmannn Sr. Residence) Residence),, Bear Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1935 – 1937 1937 • First First Jaco Jacobs bs Hous House, e, 1936 1936 – 1937 1937 • Johnson Wax Headquarter Headquarters, s, Racine Racine,, Wisconsi Wisconsin, n, 1936 • Herbert Herbert F. Johnson Johnson Residence Residence ("Wingsp ("Wingspread" read"), ), Wind Wind Point, Point, WI, 1937 • Taliesi Taliesinn West, West, Scotts Scottsdal dale, e, Arizo Arizona, na, 1937 1937 • Usonia Usoniann homes, homes, vari various ous locat location ions, s, 1930s 1930s –   – 1950s 1950s • Child of of the Sun, Sun, Florida Florida Southern Southern College, College, Lakeland Lakeland,, Florida, Florida, 1941 – 1958 1958 • First Unitari Unitarian an Society Society of Madison, Madison, Shorewood Shorewood Hills, Hills, Wiscon Wisconsin, sin, 1947 • V. C. Morris Gift Shop, San Franci Francisco, sco, California, California, 1948 • Price Price Tower, Tower, Bartl Bartlesv esvill ille, e, Oklah Oklahoma oma,, 1952 1952 – 1956 1956 • Beth Sholom Synagogue, Synagogue, Elkins Park, Pennsylvani Pennsylvania, a, 1954 1954 • Annunciation Annunciation Greek Orthodox Orthodox Church, Church, Milwauk Milwaukee, ee, Wisconsi Wisconsin, n, 1956 – 1961 1961 • Solomon Solomon R. Guggenheim Guggenheim Museum, Museum, New New York, York, New New York, York, 1956 – 1959 1959 • Kentuc Kentuckk Knob, Knob, Ohiopyl Ohiopyle, e, Pennsy Pennsylva lvania nia,, 1956 • The Illin Illinois, ois, mile mile-hig -highh tower tower in Chica Chicago, go, 1956 1956 (unbuilt) • Marshall Marshall Erdman Erdman Prefab Houses, Houses, various various locations, locations, 1956 – 1960 1960 • Annunciation Annunciation Greek Orthodox Orthodox Church, Church, Wauwa Wauwatosa, tosa, Wisconsin, Wisconsin, 1956 – 1961 1961 • Marin Marin County County Civi Civicc Center Center,, San Rafae Rafael, l, CA, CA, 1957 – 1966 1966 • Gammag Gammagee Audito Auditoriu rium, m, Tempe, Tempe, Ariz Arizona ona,, 1959 1959 – 1964 1964

See also • • • • • • • • • • • •

Frank Frank Lloy Lloydd Wrigh Wrightt buil buildi ding ngss Wasm Wasmut uthh Por Portf tfol olio io Richard Bo Bock Roman brick Jaros Jarosla lavv Jos Josep ephh Pol Poliv ivka ka Frank Frank Lloy Lloydd Wrigh Wrightt Home Home and Studio Studio Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wrig Wright ht Build Building ing Conse Conserva rvancy ncy Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright-P Wright-Prairie rairie School School of Architec Architecture ture Historic Historic District District List of Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright works works List of of Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wrigh Wrightt works works by loca locatio tionn Broa Broada dacr cree Cit Cityy Fall Fallin ingw gwaater ter

40

The Robie House on the University of Chicago campus

Taliesin West Panorama from the "prow" looking at the "ship"

Gammage Auditorium viewed from one of the pedestrian ramps

Frank Lloyd Wright

References Works Cited in Article [1] Brewster, Mike (2004-07-28). "Frank Lloyd Wright: America's Architect" (http://www.businessweek. (http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jul2004/  com/bwdaily/dnflash/jul2004/  nf20040728_3153_db078. htm). Business Week  (The McGraw-Hill Companies). . Retrieved 2008-01-22. [2]   An Autobiography, by Frank Lloyd Wright, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York City, 1943, p. 51 [3]  Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography, by Meryle Secrest, University of Chicago Press, 1992, p.72 [4] Phi Delta Theta list of Famous Famous Phis, accessed on May 26. 26. 2008 (http://www. (http://www.phideltatheta. phideltatheta.org/index. org/index.php?option=com_content& php?option=com_content& task=view&id=16&Itemid=161) [5]  Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography, by Meryle Secrest, p. 82 [6] Wright, Wright, Frank Frank Lloyd (2005). (2005). Frank Lloyd Wright: An Autobiography. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Communications. Communications. pp. 60 – 63. 63. ISBN 076493243. [7] "A brief brief Biograph Biography" y" (http://www (http://www..franklloydwright.org/fllwf_web_091104/Biography. franklloydwright.org/fllwf_web_091104/Biography.html). html). Wright ’ ’s  Life + Work . Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. 2010. . Retrieved 16 May 2010. [8] O'Gorman, O'Gorman, Thomas Thomas J. (2004). (2004). Frank Lloyd Wright's Chicago . San Diego: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 31 – 33. 33. ISBN 1-59223-127-6. 1-59223-127-6. [9] Wrigh Wrightt 2005, 2005, p. 69. 69. [10] [10] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 66. 66. [11] [11] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 83. 83. [12] [12] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 86. 86. [13] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, pp. pp. 89-94. 89-94. [14] [14] Tafel, Tafel, Edgar Edgar (1985 (1985). ). Years With Frank lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 31. ISBN 0-486-24801-1. 0-486-24801-1. [15] Saint, Andrew (May 2004). 2004). "Frank Lloyd Wright Wright and Paul Mueller: the the architect and his builder builder of choice" (http://www.bolender. (http://www.bolender.com/  com/  Frank Lloyd Wright/Files/Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller June 2003.pdf). 2003. pdf). Architectural Research Quarterly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 7 (2): 157 – 167. 167. . Retrieved 16 March 2010. [16] [16] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 97. 97. [17] Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Preservation Trust (2001). Zarine Weil. ed. Building A Legacy: The Restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright ’ ’ s Oak Park  0-7649-1461-8.  Home and Studio . San Francisco: Pomegranite. p. 4. ISBN 0-7649-1461-8. [18] Gebhard, Gebhard, David; David; Patricia Patricia Gebhard Gebhard (2006). (2006). Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith. p. 32. ISBN 1-4236-0005-3. 1-4236-0005-3. [19] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, p. 100. 100. [20] [20] Lind, Lind, Carla Carla (1996 (1996). ). Lost Wright: Frank Lloyd Wright's Vanished Masterpieces . New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. pp. 40 – 43. 43. ISBN 0-684-81306-8. 0-684-81306-8. [21] Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Preservation Trust 2001, 2001, p. 7. [22] O'Gorman O'Gorman 2004 2004,, pp. 38-54 38-54.. [23] [23] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 101 101 [24] [24] Tafel Tafel 1985 1985,, p. 41 41 [25] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, p. 112. 112. [26] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, pp. pp. 118-119 118-119.. [27] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, p. 119. 119. [28] Brooks, H. Allen (2005). "Architecture: "Architecture: The Prairie School" School" (http://www.encyclopedia. (http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory. chicagohistory.org/pages/63. org/pages/63.html). html).  Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society. . Retrieved 25 May 2010. [29] Cassidy, Victor Victor M. (21 October 2005). 2005). "Lost Woman" Woman" (http://www. (http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/cassidy/cassidy10-21-05. artnet.com/magazineus/features/cassidy/cassidy10-21-05.asp). asp). Artnet Magazine. . Retrieved 24 May 2010. [30] "Marion "Marion Mahony Griffin Griffin (1871-1962) (1871-1962)"" (http://web. (http://web. mit.edu/museum/chicago/griffin. mit. edu/museum/chicago/griffin.html). html). From Louis Sullivan to SOM: Boston Grads Go to Chicago. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1996. . Retrieved 24 May 2010. [31] O'Gorman O'Gorman 2004 2004,, pp. 56-10 56-109. 9. [32] [32] Wright Wright 2005 2005,, p. 116 116 [33] Wright Wright 2005, 2005, pp. pp. 114-116 114-116.. [34] Goldberge Goldberger, r, Paul (9 march 2009). 2009). "Toddli "Toddlinn’ Town: Daniel Burnham’s great Chicago Plan turns one hundred" (http://www.newyorker. (http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/skyline/2009/03/09/090309crsk_skyline_goldberger). The Sky Line. The New Yorker. . Retrieved 26 march 2009. [35] Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Preservation Trust 2001, 2001, pp. 6-9. [36]  My Father: Frank Lloyd Wright, by John Lloyd Wright; 1992; page 35 [37] Clayton, Clayton, Marie (2002). (2002). Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide . Running Press. pp. 97 – 102. 102. ISBN 0-7624-1324-7. 0-7624-1324-7. [38] Sommer, Robin Robin Langley (1997). "Frank "Frank W. Thomas Thomas House". House". Frank Lloyd Wright: A Gatefold Portfolio . Honk Kong: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-0463-5. 0-7607-0463-5. [39] O'Gorman O'Gorman 2004, 2004, p. 134. [40]  Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography, by Meryle Secrest, Alfred A. Knopf, 1993, p. 202 [41] "Home "Home Countr Country" y" (http://ww (http://www. w.unitychapel. unitychapel.org/home_country. org/home_country.htm). htm). Unitychapel.org. 2005-07-01. . Retrieved 2009-10-16.

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Frank Lloyd Wright [42] BBC News article: " Mystery Mystery of the the murders at Taliesin (http://news.bbc. (http://news.bbc.co. co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1110359. uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1110359.stm)". stm)". [43]  Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography, by Meryle Secrest, p. 315 – 317. 317. "$500,000 Fire in Bungalow," The New York Times, April 22, 1925 [44] A. P. Vargas & G. G. Schierle, The textile block system: system: seismic analysis and upgrading, http://library. http://library.witpress. witpress.com/pages/PaperInfo. com/pages/PaperInfo. asp?PaperID=18110 [45] State University University of New York at Buffalo Archives http://ubdigit. http://ubdigit.buffalo. buffalo.edu/collections/lib/lib-ua/lib-ua001_DDMartin. edu/collections/lib/lib-ua/lib-ua001_DDMartin.php php [46] Guggenhe Guggenheim im Museum Museum – History (http://www.guggenheim. (http://www.guggenheim.org/history. org/history.html) html) [47] National National Park Park Service Service (http://www (http://www..nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20070413. nps. gov/history/nr/listings/20070413.HTM) HTM) –  National  National Historic Landmarks Designated , April 13, 2007 [48] The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, by William Allin Storrer, University of Chicago Press, 1992 (third edition) [49] "Preservation Online: Online: Today's News Archives: Fire Guts Rare FLW House House in Indiana" (http://web.archive. (http://web.archive.org/web/20080612122021/  org/web/20080612122021/  http://www.nationaltrust. http://www. nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706. org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706.htm). htm). Nationaltrust.org. Archived from the original (http://  www.nationaltrust. www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706. org/magazine/archives/arc_news_2006/011706.htm) htm) on June 12, 2008. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [50] Berstein, Fred A. "Near Nagoya, Architecture Architecture From When the East Looked West," (http://travel.nytimes. (http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/travel/  com/2006/04/02/travel/  02journeys.html?scp=4&sq=wright+1923&st=nyt) 02journeys.html?scp=4&sq=wright+1923&st=nyt) New York Times. April 2, 2006. [51] Monona Terrace Convention Convention Center, Center, history web page page (http://www.mononaterrace. (http://www.mononaterrace.com/educatorspage/images/brief-history. com/educatorspage/images/brief-history.pdf) pdf) [52] "Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe" (http://tahoelocals. (http://tahoelocals.com/articles/franklloydwright. com/articles/franklloydwright.php). php). Tahoelocals.com. 2007-01-08. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [53] "Wright "Wright On" (http://const (http://constructi ructirelan reland. d.ie/Vol-3-Issue-11/Articles/Case-Studies/  ie/Vol-3-Issue-11/Articles/Case-Studies/  Late-1950s-Frank-Lloyd-Wright-design-realis Late-1950s-Frank-Lloyd-Wright-design-realised-in-Wicklow. ed-in-Wicklow.html). html). constructireland.ie. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [54] Wright Wright On (http://const (http://constructi ructirelan reland. d.ie/Articles/Case-Studies/Late-1950s-Frank-Lloyd-Wright-design-realised-in-Wicklow. ie/Articles/Case-Studies/Late-1950s-Frank-Lloyd-Wright-design-realised-in-Wicklow.html) html) – Late 1950s Frank Lloyd Wright design realised in Wicklow (Retrieved 18 November 2009) [55] Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs , Charles E. and Berdeana Aguar, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p.344 [56] Wrightscapes:Frank 56 Wrightscapes:Frank Lloyd Wright's Landscape Designs , Charles E. and Berdeana Aguar, McGraw-Hill, 2002, pp. 51 – 56 [57] "Undoing the City: City: Frank Lloyd Wright's Wright's Planned Communities," Communities," American Quarterly, Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1972), p. p. 544 [58] "Undoing the City: City: Frank Lloyd Wright's Wright's Planned Communities," Communities," American Quarterly, Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1972), p. p. 542 [59] Cotter, Holland. Holland. "Seeking Japan's Prints, Out of Love Love and Need." New York Times. 6 April 2001. [60] Reif, Rita. "Frank Lloyd Wright's Love of Japanese Japanese Prints Helped Pay the Bills." New York Times. 18 March 2001. [61] "Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Dies; Famed Architect Architect Was 89" (http://www. (http://www.nytimes. nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0608. com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0608.html). html). nytimes.com
Selected books and articles on Wright ’s philosophy •  An Autobiography, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1943, Duell, Sloan and Pearce / 2005, Pomegranate; ISBN 0-7649-3243-8) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: A Primer on Architectural Principles, by Robert McCarter (1991, Princeton Architectural Press; ISBN 1878271261) •  Frank Lloyd Wright ’ ’s  Usonian Homes: Designs for Moderate Cost One-Family Homes , by John Sergeant (1984, Watson-Guptill; ISBN 0823071782) •  Frank Lloyd Wright ’ ’s  Usonian Homes (Wright at a Glance Series) , by Carla Lind (1994, Pomegranate Communications; ISBN 1566409985) • "In the Cause of Architectu Architecture," re," Architect Architectural ural Record, Record, March, 1908, 1908, by Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright. Published Published in  Frank   Lloyd Wright: Collected Writings, vol. 1 (1992, Rizzoli; ISBN 0-8478-1546-3)

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Frank Lloyd Wright •  Natural House, The, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1954, Horizon Press; ISBN 0517020785) • Taliesin Reflections: My Years Before, During, and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright, by Earl Nisbet (2006, Meridian Press; ISBN 0-9778951-0-6) • Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture, ed. by Patrick Meehan (1987, Wiley; ISBN 0471845094) • Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright's Architecture, by Donald Hoffman (1995, Dover Publications; ISBN 048628364X) • Usonia : Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for America, Alvin Rosenbaum (1993, Preservation Press; ISBN 0891332014) •  Frank Lloyd Wright, by Daniel Treiber (2008, Birkhäuser Basel, 2nd, updated edition; ISBN 978-3764386979)

Biographies of Wright •  Frank Lloyd Wright: Architecture, man in possession of his earth, by Iovanna Lloyd Wright (1962, Doubleday; OCLC 31514669) •  Many Masks, by Brendan Gill (1987, Putnam; ISBN 0399132325) •  Frank Lloyd Wright , by Ada Louise Huxtable (2004, Lipper/Viking; ISBN 0670033421) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: a Biography, by Meryle Secrest (1992, Knopf; ISBN 0394564367) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: His Life and Architecture, by Robert Twombly (1979, Wiley; ISBN 0471034002) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: by Vaccaro, Tony, (2002, Kultur-unterm-Schirm) • The Fellowship: The Untold Story of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Taliesin Fellowship , by Roger Friedland and Harold Zellman (2006, Regan Books; ISBN 0060393882) •  Loving Frank , by Nancy Horan, (2008, Random House, Inc; ISBN 0345494997)

Selected survey books on Wright ’s work •  Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, The, by Neil Levine (1996, Princeton University Press; ISBN 0691033714) •  Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, The , by William Allin Storrer (2007 updated 3rd. ed., University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-77620-4) •  Frank Lloyd Wright , by Robert McCarter (1997, Phaidon, London; ISBN 0 7148 31484 (hardback), ISBN 0714838543 (paperback)) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: America’ s Master Architect , by Kathryn Smith (1998, Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.); ISBN 0789202875) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect , by the Museum of Modern Art (1994, ISBN 087070642X) •  Frank Lloyd Wright Companion, The , by William Allin Storrer (2006 Rev. Ed., University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-77621-2) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: Masterworks, by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer (1993, Rizzoli; ISBN 0847817156) •  Frank Lloyd Wright: Building for Democracy, by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer (2004, Taschen; ISBN 3-8228-2757-6) • Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright ’ ’s  Landscape Designs, by Charles and Berdeana Aguar (2003, McGraw-Hill; ISBN 007140953X) • Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wright's Houses by Grant Hildebrand (1991, University of  Washington Press; ISBN 0295970057) •  Frank Lloyd Wright Field Guide, by Thomas A. Heinz (1999, Academy Editions; ISBN 0-8101-2244-8) •  Frank Lloyd Wright's Glass Designs, by Carla Lind (1995, Pomegranate; ISBN 0876544685) • The Gardens of Frank Lloyd Wright , introduction by James van Sweden, Frances Linden 2009 ISBN 978-0-711229678 •  Frank Lloyd Wright Complete Works 1943 – 1959 1959, by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer and Peter Gössel (editor) (2009, Taschen; ISBN 978-3-8228-5770-0).  First in a series of three monographs featuring all of Wright's 1,100 designs, both realized and unrealized.

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Frank Lloyd Wright

Selected books about specific Wright projects •  Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America's Most Extraordinary House , by Franklin Toker (2003, Knopf; ISBN 1400040264)

External links • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Foundation Foundation (http://ww (http://www.frankl w.franklloydw loydwright.or right.org/) g/) Official Official Website Website Frank Lloyd Wright, Wright, Wisconsin Wisconsin Historical Historical Society Society (http://www. (http://www.wisconsinhistory. wisconsinhistory.org/topics/flw) org/topics/flw) Frank Lloyd Wright Building Building Conserv Conservancy ancy (http://www.savew (http://www.savewright.o right.org/) rg/) Works by or about Frank Frank Lloyd Wright Wright (http://worldcat.o (http://worldcat.org/ident rg/identities/lc ities/lccn-nr2 cn-nr2001-33 001-33991) 991) in libraries libraries (WorldCat catalog) Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright YouTube YouTube (http: (http://www //www.nou .nou-ser -sera. a.com/architect/wright. com/architect/wright.html#Anchor-4159) html#Anchor-4159) Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright Preserva Preservatio tionn Trust (http: (http://www //www..gowright.org/) gowright. org/) – FLW Home and Studio, Robie House Frank Lloyd Wright School School of Architectur Architecturee (http://www (http://www.. taliesin.edu/) Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Wisconsin Heritag Heritagee Tourism Tourism Program Program (http://www. (http://www.WrightInWisconsin. WrightInWisconsin.org/) org/) Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright (http: (http://www //www.. pbs.org/flw/) pbs.org/flw/) – PBS documentary by Ken Burns and resources American American System-B System-Built uilt Houses Houses by Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright (http://ww (http://www. w.housing. housing.com/categories/homes/  com/categories/homes/  history-prefabricated-home/american-system-built-houses-frank-lloyd-wright.html)  – an overview with slideshow. Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright. Designs Designs for for an American American Landsca Landscape pe 1922 1922 – 1932 1932 (http://www.loc. (http://www. loc.gov/exhibits/flw/flw. gov/exhibits/flw/flw. html) Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Buildin Buildings gs Recorded Recorded by the Historic Historic American American Buildin Buildings gs Survey (http://www (http://www.. loc.gov/rr/  loc.gov/rr/  print/list/103_flw.html) print/list/103_flw. html) Complete Complete list of of Wright Wright buildings buildings by location location (http://arch (http://architectu itecture.abou re.about.t.com/library/bl-wright-list.htm) com/library/bl-wright-list.htm) Sullivan, Sullivan, Wright, Wright, Prairie Prairie School, School, & Organic Organic Archite Architecture cture (http://www. (http://www.artic.edu/aic/libraries/research/  artic.edu/aic/libraries/research/  specialcollections/subject/sullivanwright.html) Audio intervie interview w with Martin Martin Filler Filler on Frank Frank Lloyd Wright Wright (http://med (http://media.nybo ia.nybooks. oks.com/111008-filler. com/111008-filler.mp3) mp3) from The New York Review of Books Article Article on the the 50th anniver anniversary sary of Wright's Wright's only gas station. station. (http://www (http://www.. metropolismag.com/story/20081015/  higher-station) Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wrig Wright ht and and Quebec Quebec (htt (http://c p://cca. ca.qc.ca/en/collection/5-frank-lloyd-wright-and-quebec) qc.ca/en/collection/5-frank-lloyd-wright-and-quebec) Frank Frank Lloyd Lloyd Wright Wright (http: (http://www //www.. hrc.utexas. hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/wright_frank_lloyd.html) edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/wright_frank_lloyd.html) interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview recorded September 1 & 28, 1957

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