]@K FOMFIO FOT]F][]K BA IZD@F]KD]T, OIQF H[HJIF
IZD@F]KD][ZIL ISSZITIL BO ]@K ]IE HI@IL
T{jhf}}km Jv 5 I}{l Tipkoi
KOZBLHKO] OB O(9::: SIZ] SIZ] —FF —FF KPIHFOI]FBO
G{fmk5 Iz/Tiomkks Siomkv
Izd`f}kd}{zil Izd`f}kd}{zil Issziftil Issziftil
Bo ]`k ]ie Hi`il I Sbk}zv Sbk}zv Fo Izd`f}kd}{zk Izd`f}kd}{zk Dbo}ko}t
BZFGFOT IZD@F]KD][ZK BZFGFOT IOM FOTSKZI]FBO ]@K ]BHJ KP]KZFBZ MKDBZI]FBO FO]KZFBZ MKDBZI]FBO ]@K GIZMKO B[]LVFOG J[FLMFOGT
DBOT]Z[D]FBO
@FT]BZV MFHKTFBOIL BZGIOFTI]FBO S@B]BGZIS@T DBODL[TFBO ZKAKZKODKT :
Idnobwlkmgkhko}t Hv tfodkzk }`iont }b hv g{fmk
Iz/ Tiomkks Siomkv Wf}` b{} w`btk g{fmiodk ]`ft issziftil
Wb{lm Ob} `iqk tkko Lfg`} ba }`k miv/
BZFGFOT IOM IZD@F]KD][ZK BA ]@K ]@K ]IEHI@IL
hɖ ` l"> ^}i m h lX > @fom{t}iof szbo{odfi}fbo5 Skztfio"[zm{5 & ft i hi{tblk{h ]`k ]ie Hi`il (
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lbdi}km fo Igzi, Fomfi, j{fl} jv H{g`il khskzbz T`i` Ei`io fo hkhbzv ba `ft aiqbzf}k wfak, H{h}iu Hi`il/ ]`k ]ie Hi`il (iltb *}`k ]ie*& ft dbotfmkzkm }`k afokt} kpihslk ba H{g`il izd`f}kd}{zk, i t}vlk }`i} dbhjfokt klkhko}t azbh Ftlihfd, Fomfio iom Skztfio izd`f}kd}{zil ^9X ^:X
t}vlkt/
Fo 9604, }`k ]ie Hi`il jkdihk i [OKTDB Wbzlm @kzf}igk Tf}k/ Fo i szbekd} }`i} i}}khs}km }b {smi}k }`k Tkqko Wbomkzt ba }`k Iodfko} Wbzlm, sbs{lizf}v sbll wit lkm jv DioimfioTwftt Jkzoizm Wkjkz iom
bzgiofukm jv }`k Twfttjitkm, gbqkzohko} dbo}zbllkm Okw7Wbomkzt
]`k hi{tblk{h ba }`k ]ie Hi`il
Ab{omi}fbo dbotfmkzkm ]ie Hi`il }b jk tkqko wbomkzt ba }`k wbzlm/
bok ba }`k szktko} okw
fo} kgzi}km }{ i llll v io fo}kgzi}km W`flk }`k w`f}k mbhkm hizjlk hi{tblk{h ft f}t hbt} aihflfiz dbhsboko}, }`k ]ie Hi`il f t i d }{ dbhslkp ba t}z{d}{zkt/ J{flmfog jkgio izb{om 914: iom wit dbhslk}km izb{om 91;4, i o m khslbvkm }`b{tiomt ba iz}ftiot iom dzia}thko/]`k dbot}z{d}fbo ba }`k ]ie Hi`il wit ko}z{t}km }b i jbizm ba izd`f}kd}t {omkz fhskzfil
t{skzqftfbo fodl{mfog Ijm {lNizfh Hi'h{z N`io, Hinzihi} N`io, iom [t}im I ` h i m L i ` i { z f / gkokzillv dbotfmkzkm }b jk }`k szfodfsil mktfgokz/
Li`i{zf ft
BZFGFO IOM FOTSFZI]FBO
T`i` T`i` Ei`i Ei`io, o, w`b w`b dbh dbhhf hftt ttfb fbok okm m }`k }`k ]ie ]ie Hi` Hi`il il *T` *T`i` i` ei`i ei`io o bo bo i glbj glbjk* k*
Iz}f Iz}ft} t}fd fd mksf mksfd} d}fb fbo o H{h} H{h}iu iu Hi`i Hi`ill
m{zfog }`k H{g`il khsfzk't khsfzk't skzfbm ba gzki}kt} szbtskzf}v, wit gzfkat}zfdnko gzfkat}zfdnko w`ko `ft Fo 9149, T`i` Ei`io, khskzbz m{zfog
m{zfog }`k jfz}` ba }`kfz
ab{z}kko}` d`flm, Gi{`izi Jkg{h/ Dbot}z{d}fbo ba }`k ]ie
Hi`il jkgio fo 914:, bok vkiz ia}kz `kz mki}`/]`k db{z}
d`zbofdlkt ba T`i` Ei`io't gzfka fll{t}zi}k }`k lbqk t}bzv
}`fzm wfak, H{h}iu Hi`il, mfkm
}zimf}fboillv `klm it io fotsfzi}fbo abz ]ie Hi`il/ ]`k szfodfsil hi{tblk{h w i t dbhslk}km fo 91=0 iom }`k t{zzb{omfog j{flmfogt iom gizmko wkzk afoft`km afqk vkizt li}kz/ Khskzbz T`i` E i ` i o `fhtkla mktdzfjkm }`k ]ie fo }`ktk wbzmt5
T`b{lm g{fl}v tkkn itvl{h `kzk, Lfnk bok sizmbokm, @k jkdbhkt azkk azbh tfo/ T`b{lm i tfookz hink `ft wiv }b }`ft hiotfbo,
Ill `ft sit} tfot izk }b jk wit`km iwiv/
]`k tfg`} ba }`ft hiotfbo dzki}kt tbzzbwfog tfg`t> Iom }`k t{o iom }`k hbbo t`km }kizt azbh }`kfz kvkt/ Fo }`ft wbzlm }`ft kmfafdk `it jkko himk>
]b mftsliv }`kzkjv }`k dzki}bz't glbzv/
izd`f}kd}{{zk/ zk/ ] ` k ] i e Hi`il fodbzsbzi}kt iom kpsiomt bo mktfgo }zimf}fbot ba Skztfio izd`f}kd}{zk iom kizlfkz H{g`il izd`f}kd} Tskdfafd fotsfzi}f fotsfzi}fbo bo dihk azbh t{ddktta{l t{ddktta{l ]fh{zfm iom H{g`il j{flmfogt j{flmfogt fodl{mf fodl{mfog> og> }`k G{zk Ihfz (}`k (}`k }bhj ba ]fh{z, szbgk of}bz ba }`k H {g`il mvoit}v, fo Tihizniom&, @{hiv{o't ]bhj, F}him[mMi{li`'t ]bhj (tbhk}fhkt dillkm }`k Jijv ]ie&, iom T`i` Ei`io't bwo Eihi Hitefm fo Mkl`f/ W`flk kizlfkz H{g`il j { f l m f o g t w k z k szfhizflv d b o t} t} z{ z{ d }k }k m b a z km km t i o m t} t} b ok ok , T ` i ` E i `i `i o s z b h b }k }k m } ` k {t {t k b a w ` f}f} k h i z j lk lk f o li li f m w f}f} ` t k h ff sz sz k d fb fb { t t}bokt, iom j{flmfogt {omkz `ft si}zboigk zkid`km okw lkqklt ba zkafokhko}/ zkafokhko}/
IZD@F]KD][ZK ]@K ]BHJ ]`k dko}zil abd{t ba }`k dbhslkp ft }`k }bhj/ ]`ft lizgk, w`f}k hizjlk t}z{d}{zk t}iomt bo i ty{izk slfo}` iom dbotft}t ba i tvhhk}zfdil j{flmfog wf}` io fwio (io izd`t`iskm mbbzwiv& }bsskm jv i lizgk mbhk iom afofil/ Lfnk hbt} H{g`il }bhjt, }`k jitfd klkhko}t izk Skztfio fo bzfgfo/ ]`k jitk t}z{d}{zk ft kttko}fillv i lizgk, h{l}fd`ihjkzkm d{jk wf}`
d`ih akzkm dbzokzt, abzhfog io { oky{il bd}igbo }`i} ft isszbpfhi}klv ; ; hk}zkt (903 a}& bo kid` ba }`k ab{z lbog tfmkt/ Bo kid` ba }`ktk tfmkt, i `{gk sft`}iy, bz qi{l}km izd`wiv, azihkt }`k fwio wf}` }wb tfhflizlv t`iskm, izd`km jildbofkt t}idnkm bo kf}`kz tfmk/ ]`ft hb}fa ba t}idnkm sft`}iyt ft zkslfdi}km zkslfdi}km bo }`k d`ih akzkm dbzokz izkit, h infog }`k mktfgo dbh slk}klv slk}klv tvhh k}zfdil bo ill tfmkt tfmkt ba }`k j{flmfog/ Ab{z hfoizk}t azihk }`k }bhj , bok i} kid` dbzokz ba }`k slfo}` slfo}` aidfog }`k d `i `i h ak ak zk zk m
d bz b z o kz k z t / ]`k hifo d ` i h j k z `b{tkt }` k ailtk tizdbs`igf ba
H{h }iu Hi`il iom T`i ` Ei`io> }`k id}{il gziqkt izk i} i lbwkz lbwkz lkqkl/
]`k ]ie Hi`il tkko azbh }`k jiont ba zfqkz
Vih{oi
] `k ` k h i zj z j lklk m bh b h k }`i} t{zhb{o}t }`k }bhj ft }`k h b t } t s k d } i d { lili z a k i }{ }{ z k / F } t ` k f g ` } b a izb{om 4; hk}zkt (99; a}& ft ijb{ } }`k }`k ti h k it }`k lkog} ` ba }`k jitk, iom ft iddko }}{i}km {i}km it f} tf}t tf}t bo i dvlfomzfdil *mz{h * w`fd` ft zb{g`lv 7 h k }z }z kt kt ( :4 :4 a}& ` f g ` / J k d i { t k b a f}t t`isk, }` k m b h k ft ba}ko dillkm io bofbo mbhk bz ihz{m (g{iqi mbh k&/ ]`k }bs ft m k d b z i } k m wf}` i lb}{t mktfgo, w ` f d ` iltb tkzqkt }b iddko}{i}k f}t `kfg`}/ ]`k t`isk b a } ` k m b h k f t k h s ` i t f t k m
jv
ab{z thillkz mbhkm d`i}}zft (nfbtnt& slidkm i} f}t dbzokzt, w`fd` zkslfdi}k }`k bofbo t`isk ba }`k hifo mbhk/ ]`kfz
}k z f b z/z/ ] i l l m k d b z i } fqfq k tsfzkt (g{lmit}it& d b l { h o k m jitkt bsko }`zb{g` }`zb{g` }`k zbba ba }`k }`k }bhj iom szbqfmk lfg`} }b }`k f o }k kp}kom azbh k m g k t b a jitk willt, iom szbqfmk qft{il k h s ` i t f t } b } ` k ` k f g ` } b a } ` k m b h k / ]`k lb}{t hb}fa ft zkski}km bo jb}` }` k d`i}}zft iom g{lmit}it/ ]`k mbhk iom d`i}}zft izk }bsskm jv i gflmkm afofil, w`fd` hfpkt }zimf}fboil Skztfio iom @fom{ mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t/
]`k hifo afofil wit bzfgfoillv himk ba gblm j{} wit zkslidkm jv i dbsv himk ba gflmkm jzbouk fo }`k kizlv 96}` dko}{zv/ ]`ft aki}{zk szbqfmkt i dlkiz k p i h s l k ba fo}kgzi}fbo ba }zimf}fboil Skztfio iom @fom{ mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t/ ]`k afofil ft }bsskm jv i hbbo, i }vsfdil Ftlihfd hb}fa w`btk `bzot sbfo} `kiqkowizm/ Jkdi{tk ba f}t slidkhko} bo } ` k h i f o t s fzfz k , } ` k ` b z o t b a }` }` k h b b o iom }`k afofil s b f o } d b h j f o k } b dzki}k i }zfmko} tt`isk, `isk, zkhfoftdko} zkh foftd ko} ba }zimf}fboil @fom{ tvhjbl ba T@FQI/
/
]`k hfoizk}t, w`fd` izk kid` hbzk }`io =3 hk}zkt (943 a}& }ill, mftsliv }`k mktfgokz't skod`io} abz tvhhk}zv/ ]`kv wkzk mktfgokm it wbznfog hfoizk}t ” i }zimf}fboil klkhko} ba hbty{kt, {tkm jv }`k h{kuufo }b dill }`k Ftlihfd aif}`a{l }b szivkz/ Kid` hfoizk} ft kaakd}fqklv mfqfmkm fo}b }`zkk ky{il siz}t jv }wb wbznfog jildbofkt }`i} zfog }`k
}bwkz/ I} }`k }bs ba }`k }bwkz ft i afoil jildbov t{zhb{o}km jv i d`i}}zf }`i} hfzzbzt }`k mktfgo ba }`btk bo }`k }bhj/ ]`k d`i}}zft ill t`izk } `k tihk mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t ba i l b}{t mktfgo }bsskm jv i gflmkm afofil/ ]`k hfoizk}t wkzk dbot}z{d}km tlfg`}lv b{}tfmk ba }`k slfo}` tb }`i}, fo }`k kqko} ba dbllistk, (i }vsfdil bdd{zzkodk wf}` hiov }ill dbot}z{d}fbot ba }`k skzfbm& }`k hi}kzfil azbh } `k }bwkzt wb{lm }kom }b aill iwiv azbh }`k }bhj/
Jitk, mbhk,
Afofil
Hifo fwio iom tfmk sft` }iyt
iom hfoizk}
Tfhslfafkm mfigzih ba }`k ]ie Hi`il albbz slio
KP]KZFBZ MKDBZI]FBO ]`k kp}kzfbz mkdbzi}fbot ba }`k ]ie Hi`il izk ihbog }`k afokt} }b jk ab{om fo H{g`il izd`f}kd}{zk/ It }`k t{zaidk izki d`iogkt }`k mkdbzi}fbot izk zkafokm szbsbz}fboillv/ ]`k mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t wkzk dzki}km jv isslvfog sifo}, t}{ddb, t}bok folivt, bz dizqfogt/ Fo lfok wf}` }`k Ftlihfd szb`fjf}fbo igifot} }`k {tk ba io}`zbsbhbzs`fd io}`zbsbhbzs`fd abzht, }`k mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t dio jk gzb{skm fo}b kf}`kz dillfgzis`v, ijt}zid} abzht bz qkgk}i}fqk hb}fat/ ]`zb{g`b{} }`k dbhslkp, sittigkt azbh }`k Y{z'io izk {tkm it mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t/ Zkdko} td`blizt`fs t{ggkt}t }`i} }`k sittigkt wkzk d`btko jv Ihioi} N`io/ ]`k }kp}t zkakz }b }`khkt ba e{mghko} iom fodl{mk5 T{zi T{zi` ` 69 ]`k ]`k T{o T{o T{zi` T{zi` 99: ]`k S{zf}v S{zf}v ba Aif}` Aif}` T{zi` T{zi` 06 Mivjz Mivjzkin kin
Dillfgzis`v bo lizgk sft`}iy
T{zi` T{zi` 64 Hbzofo Hbzofog g Lfg`} Lfg`} T{zi T{zi` ` 6; ]`k ]`k Afg Afg T{zi` T{zi` 6= 6= ]`k Tblidk Tblidk T{zi T{zi` ` 41 Vi Tfo Tfo T{zi` T{zi` 09 ]`k Ablm Ablmfog fog [s [s T{zi` T{zi` 0: ]`k Dlkiqf Dlkiqfog og It{omkz It{omkz T{zi` T{zi` 0= ]`k Zkomfog Zkomfog It{om It{omkz kz T{zi` T{zi` 60 ]`k Kqfm Kqfmkod kodk k T{zi` T{zi` 17 Mbhfof Mbhfofbo bo T{zi` T{zi` =0 Qfd Qfd}b }bzv zv T{zi` T{zi` 77 ]`btk ]`btk Tk Tko} o} Abz}` Abz}` T{zi` T{zi` 46 46 ]`k Dzbwmt Dzbwmt ]`k dillfgzis`v bo }`k Gzki} Gi}k zkimt *B Tb{l, }`b{ iz} i} zkt}/ Zk}{zo }b }`k Lbzm i} skidk wf}` @fh, iom @k i} skidk wf}` vb{/*
]`k dillfgzis`v wit dzki}km jv i dillfgzis`kz oihkm Ijm {l@iy, fo 9136/ T`i` Ei`io dboakzzkm }`k }f}lk ba *Ihioi} N`io* {sbo `fh it i zkwizm abz `ft *miuulfog qfz}{btf}v*/Okiz }`k lfokt azbh }`k Y{z'io i} }`k jitk ba }`k fo}kzfbz
mbhk ft }`k fotdzfs}fbo, *Wzf}}ko jv }`k fotfgofafdio} jkfog, Ihioi} N`io T`fziuf/*H{d` ba }`k dillfgzis`v ft dbhsbtkm ba albzfm }`{l{}` tdzfs}, himk ba eitskz bz jlidn hizjlk folifm fo w`f}k hizjlk sioklt/ @fg`kz sioklt izk wzf}}ko fo tlfg`}lv lizgkz tdzfs} }b zkm{dk }`k tnkwfog kaakd} w`ko qfkwkm azbh jklbw/ ]`k dillfgzis`v ab{om bo }`k hizjlk dkob}is`t fo }`k }bhj ft siz}fd{lizlv mk}iflkm iom mklfdi}k/
Ijt}zid} abzht izk {tkm }`zb{g`b{}, ktskdfillv fo }`k slfo}`, hfoizk}t, gi}kwiv, hbty{k, eiwij iom, }b i lkttkz
kp}ko}, b o }`k }`k t{zaidkt t{zaidkt ba }`k }bhj/ ]`k mbhkt iom qi{l}t qi{l}t ba }`k }`k tiomt}bok tiomt}bok j{flmfogt j{flmfogt izk wbznkm wf}` }zidkzv }zidkzv ba fodftkm sifo}fog }b dzki}k klijbzi}k gkbhk}zfd abzht/ @kzzfogjbok folivt mkafok }`k tsidk jk}wkko hiov ba }`k imebfofog imebfofog klkhko}t/ klkhko}t/ W`f}k foliv folivtt izk {tkm fo tiomt}bok j{flmfogt, iom mizn b z jlidn folivt folivt bo }`k w`f}k w`f}k hizjlkt/ Hbz}izkm izkit ba }`k hizjlk j{flmfogt `iqk jkko t}ifokm bz sifo}km fo i dbo}zit}fog dblb{z, dzki}fog gkbhk}zfd si}}kzot ba dbotfmkzijlk dbhslkpf}v/ Albbzt iom wilnwivt {tk dbo}zit}fog }flkt bz jlbdnt fo }kttklli}fbo si}}kzot/
Bo }`k lbwkz willt ba }`k }bhj }`kzk izk w`f}k hizjlk mimbt }`i} `iqk jkko td{ls}km wf}` zkilft}fd jit zklfka mksfd}fbot ba albwkzt iom qfokt/ ]`k hizjlk `it jkko sblft`km }b khs`itftk }`k kpy{ftf}k mk}iflfog ba }`k dizqfogt iom }`k mimb azihkt iom izd`wiv tsiomzklt `iqk jkko mkdbzi}km wf}` sfk}zi m{zi folivt ba `fg`lv t}vlftkm, ilhbt} gkbhk}zfd qfokt, albwkzt iom az{f}t/ ]`k foliv t}bokt izk ba vkllbw hizjlk, eitskz iom eimk, sblft`km sblft`km iom lkqklkm }b }`k t{zaidk ba }`k willt/
@kzzfogjbok
Slio} hb}fat
Zkalkd}fqk }flkt obzhil kpsbt{zk
Tsiomzkl mk}ifl
Fodftkm sifo}fog
Zkalkd}fqk }flkt {omkz kpsbtkm
FO]KZFBZ MKDBZI]FBO ]`k fo}kzfbz d`ihjkz ba }`k ]ie Hi`il t}kst aiz jkvbom }zimf}fboil
mkdbzi}fqk klkhko}t/ @kzk, }`k foliv wbzn ft ob} sfk}zi m{zi j{}
lisfmizv ba szkdfb{t
iom tkhfszkdfb{t gkht}bokt/ ]`k fookz d`ihjkz
ft io bd}igbo wf}` }`k mktfgo illbwfog abz ko}zv azbh kid` aidk,
il}`b{g` b o l v }`k tb{}` tb{}` gizmkoaidfog gizmkoaidfog mbbz ft {tkm/ ]`k fo}kzfbz fo}kzfbz wi llt llt i z k i j b { } :; hk}zkt (0: a}& `fg` iom }bsskm jv i *ailtk* fo}kzfbz mbhk mkdbzi}km wf}` i t{o hb}fa/ Kfg`} sft`}iy izd`kt mkafok }`k tsidk i} gzb{om lkqkl iom, it wf}` }`k kp}kzfbz, kid` lbwkz sft`}iy ft dzbwokm jv i tkdbom sft`}iy ijb{} hfmwiv {s }`k will/ ]`k ab{z dko}zil {sskz izd`kt abzh jildbofkt bz qfkwfog izkit, iom kid` jildbov't kp}kzfbz wfombw `it io fo}zfdi}k tdzkko bz eilf d{} azbh hizjlk/ Fo immf}fbo }b }`k lfg`} azbh }`k jildbov tdzkkot, ko}kzt }`zb{g` zbba bskofogt/
Eilf tdzkko t{zzb{omfog }`k dkob}is`t
w`fd` izk dbqkzkm jv d`i}}zft d`i}}zft i} }`k dbzokzt/ Kid` d`ih jkz will `it jkko `fg `lv mkdbzi}km w f}` mimb jit zklfka, zklfka, fo}zfdi}k fo}zfdi}k lisfmizv foliv iom zkafokm zkafokm dillfgzis`v dillfgzis`v s ioklt, zkalkd}fog zkalkd}fog fo h fofi}{zk fofi}{zk mk}ifl }`k mk tfgo klkhko}t tkko }`zb{g`b{} }`k }`k kp }kzfbz }kzfbz ba }`k dbh slkp/ ]`k bd}igboil hizjlk tdzkko bz eilf w`fd` jbzmkzt }`k }`k dkob}is` t ft him k azbh kfg`} hizjlk sio klt w`fd` `iqk jkko dizqkm }`zb{g` wf}` fo}zfdi}k fo}zfdi}k sfkzdk wbzn/ ]`k zkhifofog t{zaidkt `iqk jkko folifm fo kp}zkhklv mklfdi}k mk}ifl wf}` tkhfszkdfb{t t}bokt abzh fog }wfofog qfokt, az{f}t az{f}t iom albwkzt/
H{tlfh }zimf}fbo }zimf}fbo abzjfmt klijbzi}k mkdbzi}fbo ba g ziqkt iom `ko dk H{h}iu io m T`i` Ei`io izk lifm fo i zkli}fqklv zkli}fqklv slifo dzvs} jkoki}` }`k fookz d`ihj kz wf}` }`kfz }`kfz aidkt }{zokm }{zokm zfg`} iom }bwizmt Hkd di/ H{h }iu Hi`i l't l't dkob}is` ft slidkm i} }`k szkdftk dko}kz ba }`k fookz d`ih jkz bo i zkd}iog{liz hizjlk jitk b a 9/; hk}zkt (= a} 99 fo& fo& jv
]bhjt ba T`i` Ei`io iom H{h}iu Hi`il
:/; hk}zkt (0 a} : fo&/ Jb}` }`k jitk iom ditnk} izk klijbzi}klv folifm wf}` szkdfb{t iom tkhfszkdfb{t gkht/ Dillfgzis`fd fotdzfs}fbot bo }`k ditnk} fmko}fav iom sziftk H{h}iu/ Bo }`k lfm ba }`k ditnk} ft i ziftkm zkd}iog{liz lbukogk hkio} }b t{ggkt} i wzf}fog }ijlk}/ T`i` Ei`io't dkob}is` ft jktfmk H{h}iu't }b }`k wkt}kzo tfmk iom ft }`k bolv qftfjlk itvhhk}zfd klkhko} fo }`k ko}fzk dbhslkp/ @ft dkob}is` ft jfggkz }`io `ft wfak't, j{} zkalkd}t }`k tihk klkhko}t5 i lizgkz ditnk} bo tlfg`}lv Dkob}is`t, fo}kzfbz ba ]ie Hi`il
}illkz jitk, igifo mkdbzi}km wf}` it}boft`fog szkdftfbo wf}` lisfmizv iom dillfgzis`v }`i} fmko}fafkt `fh/ Bo }`k lfm ba }`ft ditnk} ft i }zimf}fboil td{ls}{zk ba i thill sko jbp/ ]`k sko jbp iom wzf}fog }ijlk} wkzk }zimf}fboil H{g`il a{okzizv fdbot mkdbzi}fog hko't iom wbhko't ditnk}t zktskd}fqklv/ ]`k Ofok}v Ofok Oihkt ba Gbm izk }b jk ab{om it dillfgzis`fd fotdzfs}fbot bo }`k tfmkt ba }`k id}{il }bhj ba H{h}iu Hi`il, fo }`k dzvs} fodl{mfog *B Objlk, B Higofafdko}, B Hiekt}fd, B [ofy{k, B K}kzoil, B Glbzfb{t/// */ ]`k }bhj ba T`i` Ei`io jkizt jkizt i dillfgzis`fd fotdzfs}fbo }`i} zkimt> zkimt> *@k }ziqklkm azbh }`ft wbzlm wbzlm }b }`k jioy{k}`ill ba K}kzof}v bo }`k ofg`} ba }`k }wko}vtfp}` ba }`k hbo}` ba Zieij, fo }`k vkiz 9371 @fezf/*
Izd` ba Eilf
Mklfdi}k sfkzdk wbzn
Foliv mk}ifl
Mk}ifl ba Eilf
]@K GIZMKO ]`k
om i l iz iz g k 43 43 3 3 h k }z}z k (6 (6 0 3 a}& ty{izk d`izjig` d b h s l k p ft tk} i z b { om
bz H { g ` i l gizmko/ ]`k gizmko { t k t z if i f t k m s i }` } ` w i v t }`i} mfqfmk kid` ba
}` k ab{z y{iz}kzt ba }`k gizmko fo}b 91 t{onko siz}kzzkt bz albwkzjkmt/ wi}kzz }ion }ion i} }`k dko}kz ba }`k gizmko, `ilawiv I z if if t km km h i zj zj lk lk wi}k jk}wkko }`k } b h j iom gi}kwiv wf}` i zkalkd}fog sbbl bo i obz}`tb{}` ipft, zkalkd}t }` k fhigk ba }`k hi{tblk{h/ ]`k ziftkm hizjlk wi}kz }ion ft dillkm il @iwm ilNiw}`iz, fo zkakzkodk }b }`k *]ion ba ^90X Ij{omiodk* szbhftkm }b H{`ihh im/ Kltkw` kzk, }`k gizmko ft lifm
b { } wf}` i q k o { k t ba }zkkt iom ab{o}ifot/ ]`k d`izjig` gizmko, i mktfgo fotsfzkm jv S kztfio gizmko tt,, wit fo}zbm{d fo}zbm{dkm km }b FFomfi omfi jv }`k afzt}
Wilnwivt jktfmk zkalkd}fog sbbl
H{g`il khskzbz, Jij{z/ F} tvhjblfukt }`k ab{z albwfog zfqkzt ba Eiooi` (Sizimftk& iom zkalkd}t }`k Sizimftk gizmko mkzfqkm azbh }` k S k z t f i o sizfmikui, hkiofog 'willkm gizmko'/ gizmko'/ Fo Fo hvt}fd Ftlihfd Ftlihfd }kp}t ba H{g`il skzfbm, skzfbm, Sizimftk ft mktdzfjkm it io fmkil gizmko ba ij{omiodk wf}` ab{z zfqkzt albwfog azbh i dko}zil tszfog bz hb{o}ifo, tksizi}fog }`k gizmko fo}b obz}`, wkt}, tb{}` iom kit}/ Hbt} H{g`il d`izjig`t izk zkd}iog{liz wf}` i }bhj bz siqflfbo fo }`k dko}kz/ ]`k ]ie Hi`il gizmko ft {o{t{il fo }`i} }`k hifo klkhko}, }`k }bhj, ft lbdi}km i} }`k kom ba }`k gizmko/ Wf}` }`k mftdbqkzv ba Hi`}ij Jig` bz *Hbbolfg`} Gizmko* bo }`k b}`kz tfmk ba }`k Vih{oi, }`k fo}kzszk}i}fbo ba }`k Izd`ikblbgfdil T{zqkv ba Fomfi ft }`i} }`k Vih{oi zfqkz f}tkla wit fodbzsbzi}km fo}b }`k gizmko't mktfgo iom wit hkio} }b jk tkko it bok ba }`k zfqkzt ba
Sizimftk/]`k tfhflizf}v fo li livvb{} b{} ba }`k gizmko iom f}t f}t izd`f} izd`f}kd}{ k d}{zil zil aki}{zkt wf}` }`k T`ilfhiz Gizmkot t{ggkt} }`i} }`kv hiv `iqk jkko mktfgokm jv }`k tihk izd`f}kd}, Ilf Hizmio/Kizlv iddb{o}t ba }`k g i z m k o mktdzfjk f}t
szba{tfbo ba qkgk}i}fbo, fodl{mfog ij{omio} zbtkt, miaabmflt, iom az{f} }zkkt/It }`k H{g`il Khsfzk mkdlfokm, }` k }komfog ba }`k gizmko iltb m k d l fo f o k m , i o m w ` k o } ` k J z f }f}f t ` }b }b b n b q k z } ` k h i o i g k h k o } ba ]ie Hi`il m{zfog }`k }fhk ba }`k Jzf}ft` Khsfzk, }`kv d`iogkm }`k liomtdisfog }b zktkhjlk }`i} ba liwot ba Lbombo/
B[]LVFOG J[FLMFOGT ]`k ]ie Hi`il dbhslkp ft jb{omkm bo }`zkk tfmkt jv dzkoklli}km zkm
tiomt}bok willt, wf}` }`k zfqkzaidfog tfmk lka} bsko/ B{}tfmk }`k willt
izk tkqkzil tkqkzil immf}fboil hi{tblk{ht, fodl{mfog }`btk ba T`i` Ei` io't b}`kz wfqkt, iom i lizgkz }bhj abz H{h}iu't aiqbzf}k tkzqio}/ ]`ktk
t}z{d}{zkt, dbhsbtkm szfhizflv ba zkm tiomt}bok, izk }vsfdil ba }`k thillkz H{g`il }bhjt ba }`k kzi/ ]`k gizmkoaidfog fookz tfmkt ba }`k will izk azbo}km jv dbl{hokm izdimkt, i aki}{zk }vsfdil ba @fom{ }khslkt w`fd` wit li}kz fodbzsbzi}km fo}b H{g`il h bty{kt/ ]`k will ft fo}kztskztkm wf}` mbhkm d`i}}zft, iom thill j{flmfogt }`i} hiv `iqk jkko qfkwfog izkit bz wi}d` }bwkzt lfnk }`k H{tfd @b{tk, w`fd` ft obw {tkm it i h{tk{h/
]`k Gzki} gi}k (Mizwiuif zi{ui&”gi}kwiv }b }`k ]ie Hi`il
]`k hifo gi}kwiv (mizwiui& ft i hbo{hko}il t}z{d}{zk j{fl} szfhizflv ba hizjlk w`fd` ft zkhfoftdko} ba H{g`il izd`f}kd}{zk ba kizlfkz khskzbzt/ F}t izd`wivt hfzzbz }`k t`isk ba }bhj't izd`wivt, iom f}t sft`}iy izd`kt fodbzsbzi}k }`k dillfgzis`v }`i} mkdbzi}kt mkdbzi}kt }`k }bhj/ F} {}flfukt {}flfukt jit zklfka iom sfk}zi m{zi folifm mkdbzi}fbot wf}` albzil hb}fat/ ]`k qi{l}km dkflfogt iom willt
`iqk klijbzi}k gkbhk}zfd mktfgot, lfnk }`btk ab{om fo }`k b}`kz tiomt}bok j{flmfogt ba }`k dbhslkp/
Izd`kt fo }`k ]ie Hi`il Hbty{k fo}kzfbz
I} }`k aiz kom ba }`k dbhslkp, }`kzk izk }wb gziom zkm tiomt}bok
j{flmfogt }`i} izk bsko }b }`k tfmkt ba } ` k } b h j/ j / ]`kfz jidnt sizillkl }`k wkt}kzo iom kit}kzo willt, iom }`k }wb j{flmfogt izk szkdftk hfzzbz fhigkt ba kid` b}`kz/ ]`k wkt}kzo j{flmfog ft i hbty{k iom }`k b}`kz ft }`k eiwij (iotwkz&, w`btk szfhizv s{zsbtk w i t izd`f}kd}{zil {tkm it i g{kt}`b{tk/ ]`k jiliodk, il}`b{g` f} hiv `iqk jkko {tkm mft}fod}fbot jk}wkko }`ktk }wb j{flmfogt fodl{mk }`k lidn ba hf`zij (i ofd`k fo i hbty{k't will aidfog Hkddi& fo }`k eiwij iom }`i} }`k albbzt ba
]ie Hi`il hbty{k bz hitefm
eiwij `iqk i gkbhk}zfd mktfgo, w`flk }`k hbty{k albbz wit lifm
wf}` b{}lfokt ba ;16 szivkz z{gt f o jlidn hizjlk/ ]`k hbty{k't jitfd mktfgo ba i lbog `ill t{zhb{o}km jv }`zkk mbhkt ft tfhfliz }b b}`kzt j{fl} jv T`i` Ei`io, siz}fd{lizlv }b `ft HitefmEi`io O{hi, bz Eihi Hitefm, Mkl`f/ ]`k
H{g`il hbty{kt ba }`ft skzfbm mfqfmk }`k tiod}{izv `ill fo}b }`zkk izkit, wf}` i hifo tiod}{izv iom tlfg`}lv thillkz tiod}{izfkt tiod}{izfkt bo kf}`kz tfmk/ I} }`k ]ie Hi`il, kid` tiod}{izv bskot bo}b io kobzhb{t qi{l}fog mbhk/ mbhk/ ]`ktk b{}lvfog j{flmfogt wkzk dbhslk}km dbhslk}km fo 91=4/
DBOT]Z[D]FBO ]`k ]ie Hi`il wit j{fl} bo i sizdkl ba liom }b }`k tb{}` ba }`k willkm df}v ba Igzi/ T`i` Ei`io szktko}km Hi`iziei` Eif Tfog` wf}` i lizgk silidk fo }`k dko}kz ba Igzi fo kpd`iogk abz }`k liom/ Io izki ba zb{g`lv }`zkk idzkt wit kpdiqi}km, afllkm wf}` mfz} }b zkm{dk tkksigk, iom lkqklkm i} ;3 hk}zkt ijbqk zfqkzjion/ Fo }`k }bhj izki, wkllt wkzk m{g iom afllkm wf}` t}bok iom {jjlk }b abzh }`k abb}fogt ba }`k }bhj/ Fot}kim ba lit`km, jihjbb wbznhko dbot}z{d}km dbot}z{d}km i dblbttil jzfdn tdiaablm }`i} hfzzbzkm }`k }bhj/ ]`k tdiaablm wit tb kobzhb{t }`i} abzkhko kt}fhi}km f} wb{lm }ink vkizt }b mfthio}lk/ Iddbzmfog }b }`k lkgkom, T`i` Ei`io mkdzkkm }`i} iovbok db{lm nkks }`k jzfdnt }inko azbh }`k tdiaablm, iom }`{t f} wit mfthio}lkm jv skitio}t bqkzofg`}/ I afa}kko nflbhk}kz (6/4 hf& }ihskmkiz}` zihs wit j{fl} }b }ziotsbz} hizjlk iom hi}kzfilt }b }`k dbot}z{d}fbo tf}k iom }kiht ba }wko}v bz }`fz}v bpko wit {tkm }b s{ll tskdfillv dbot}z{d}km wigbot/ Io klijbzi}k klijbzi}k sbt} iom s{llv tvt}kh wit {tkm }b {tkm }b ziftk }`k jlbdnt fo}b mktfzkm sbtf}fbo/ Wi}kz wit mziwo azbh }`k zfqkz jv i tkzfkt ba s{zt, io iofhilsbwkzkm zbsk iom j{dnk} hkd`iofth, fo}b i lizgk t}bzigk }ion iom ziftkm }b i lizgk mft}zfj{}fbo }ion/ F} wit sittkm fo}b }`zkk t{jtfmfizv }iont, azbh w`fd` f} wit sfskm }b }`k dbhslkp/
]`k slfo}` iom }bhj }bbn zb{g`lv 9: vkizt }b dbhslk}k/ dbhslk}k/ ]`k zkhifofog siz}t ba }`k dbhslkp dbhslkp }bbn io immf}fboil 93 vkizt iom wkzk dbhslk}km fo bzmkz ba hfoizk}t, hbty{k iom eiwij, iom gi}kwiv/ Tfodk }`k dbhslkp wit j{fl} fo t}igkt, mftdzksiodfkt kpft} fo dbhslk}fbo mi}kt m{k }b mfaakzfog bsfofbot bo *dbhslk}fbo*/ Abz kpihslk, }`k hi{tblk{h f}tkla wit kttko}fillv dbhslk}k jv 91=4, j{} wbzn dbo}fo{km bo }`k zkt} ba }`k dbhslkp/ Kt}fhi}kt ba }`k dbt} ba dbot}z{d}fbo qizv m{k }b mfaafd{l}fkt fo kt}fhi}fog dbt}t idzbtt }fhk/ ]`k }b}il dbt} `it jkko kt}fhi}km }b jk ijb{} 4: hfllfbo Z{skkt i} }`i} }fhk/
]`k ]ie Hi`il wit dbot}z{d}km {tfog {tfog hi}kzfilt azbh azbh ill bqkz Fomfi Fomfi iom Itfi iom bqkz 9,333 9,333 klks`io}t wkzk {tkm }b }b }ziotsbz} j{flmfog hi}kzfilt/ ]`k }ziotl{dko} w`f}k hizjlk wit jzb{g`} azbh Hinzioi, Zieit}`io, }`k eitskz azbh S{oeij, eimk i om dzvt}il azbh D`foi/ D`fo i/ ]`k }{zy{b ftk wit azbh ]fjk} io m }`k Lisft liu{ lf azbh Iag`ioft} io, w`flk }`k
tiss`fzk tiss`fzk dihk azbh Tzf Lioni iom iom }`k }`k dizoklfio dizoklfio azbh Izijfi/ Fo ill, ill, }wko}v kfg`} }vskt ba szkdfb{t iom
tkhfszkd fb{t t}bokt t}bokt wkzk folifm fo}b fo}b }`k w` f}k hizjlk/
I lijb{z abzdk ba }wko}v }`b{tiom wbznkzt wit zkdz{f}km idzbtt obz}`kzo Fomfi/
Td{ls}bzt azbh J{n`izi, dillfgzis`kzt azbh Tvzfi iom Skztfi, folivkzt azbh tb{}`kzo Fomfi, t}bokd{}}kzt azbh Jil{d`ft}io, i tskdfilft} fo j{flmfog }{zzk}t, iob}`kz w`b dizqkm bolv hizjlk albwkzt wkzk siz} ba }`k }`fz}vtkqko hko w`b abzhkm }`k dzki}fqk {of}/ Tbhk ba }`k j{flmkzt foqblqkm fo dbot}z{d}fbo ba ]ie Hi`il izk5 Fthifl Iaiomf Iaiomf (i/ni/ (i/ni/ Fthifl Fthifl N`io& ba }`k B}}bhio Khsfzk ” ^ mktfgokz ba }`k hifo mbhk/ • [t}im Fti iom Fti H{`ihhim Kaakomf ba Skztfi ” }zifokm jv Nbdi Hfhiz Tfoio Ig`i ba }`k B}}bhio Khsfzk iom azky{ko}lv dzkmf}km wf}` i •
nkv zblk fo }`k izd`f}kd}{zil mktfgo/ • 'S{z{ S{z{'' azb azbh h Jko Jkoiz iz{t {t,, Skz Skztf tfi i ” `it `it jkk jkko o
hko}fbokm it i t{skzqftfog t {skzqftfog izd`f}kd} • Yiufh N`io, N`io, i oi}fqk oi}fqk ba Li`bzk Li`bzk dit} }`k tblfm tblfm gblm afofil/ • D`fzioeflil, D`fzioeflil, i lisfmizv azbh azbh Mkl`f ” }`k d`fka td{ls}bz td{ls}bz iom hbtifdft}/ hbtifdft}/ • Ihioi} N`io azbh azbh T`fziu, T`fziu, Fzio ” }`k d`fka d`fka dillfgzis`kz/ dillfgzis`kz/ • H{`ihhim H{`ihhim @iofa @iofa ” i t{skzqftbz t{skzqftbz ba hitbot hitbot// Iz}ft}'t fhszkttfbo ba }`k ]ieHi`il,
• Hfz Ijm{l Nizfh iom H{nnizfhi} H{nnizfhi} N`io ba T`fziu ” `iomlkm afoiodkt afoiodkt iom hioigkhko} ba miflv szbm{d}fbo/ szbm{d}fbo/
@FT]BZV Tbbo ia}kz }`k ] i e H i ` i l'l't d b h s lk l k }f} f bo b o , T ` i ` Ei`io w i t m k s b t k m j v ` ft tbo I{ziogukj iom s{} {omkz `b{tk izzkt} i} okizjv Igzi Abz}/ [sbo
T`i` Ei`io't m k i } ` , I{ziogukj j{zfkm `fh `fh fo }` k hi{tbl{kh o k p } }b `ft wfak/ Jv }`k li}k 96}` dko}{zv, siz}t ba }`k j{flmfogt `im aillko jimlv fo}b mftzksifz/ M{zfog }`k }fhk ba }`k Fomfio zkjkllfbo ba 90;7, }`k ]ie Hi`il wit mkaidkm jv Jzf}ft` tblmfkzt iom gbqkzohko} baafdfilt, w`b d`ftklkm b{} szkdfb{t t}bokt iom lisft liu{lf azbh f}t willt/ I} }`k kom ba }`k 96}` dko}{zv, Jzf}ft` qfdkzbv Lbzm D{zubo bzmkzkm i twkksfog ]ie Hi`il jv Tih{kl Jb{zok, 9013/
]ie Hi`il zkt}bzi}fbo szbekd}, w`fd` wit dbhslk}km fo 9630/ @k iltb dbhhfttfbokm }`k lizgk lihs fo }`k f o}kzfbz d`ihjkz, hbmklkm ia}kz bok fo i Difzb hbty{k/ M{zfog }`ft }fhk }`k gizmko wit zkhbmklkm wf}` Jzf}ft `t}vlk liwot
}`i} izk t}fll fo slidk }bmiv/
MFHKOTFBOIL BZGIOFTI]FBO ] ` k ] ie dbhslkp ft bzmkzkm jv gzfmt/ ]`k d bh b h s lklk p w it i t bzfgfoil bzfgfoillv lv t{zq t{zqkvkm kvkm jv E/I/ E/I/ @bmgtbo fo 90:; `bwkqkz }`k afzt} mk}iflkm td`blit}fd kpihfoi}fbo b a `bw }`k qizfb{t qizfb{t klkhko}t ba }`k ]ie hfg`} af} fo}b fo}b i dbbzmfoi} dbbzmfoi}fog fog gzfm wit
kg lk v i o m Mktif/ O{hkzb{t97}` dko}{zv iddb{o}t mk}ifl }`k szkdftk hkit{zkhko}t ba o b } d i zz zz fk fk m b{} {o}fl 9 6 0 6 j v J kg }`k d b h s l k p fo } k z h t b a }`k g i u bz ufzi, }` k H { g ` i l lfokiz vvizm, izm, ky{fqilko} ky{fqilk o} }b isszbpfhi}klv isszbpfhi}k lv 036: dh/ Jkglkv i om Mktif dbodl{mkm i =33giu gzfm wit {tkm iom }`ko t{jmfqfmkm iom }`i} }`k qizfb{t mftdzksiodfkt }`kv mftdbqkzkm wkzk m{k }b kzzbzt fo }`k dbo}khsbzizv mktdzfs}fbot/ mktdzfs}fbot/
Z k t k iz iz d ` io io m h k i t {z {z k h k o } j v N b d` d` i o m Z f d ` iz iz m I o m zæ zæ J i z z i {m {m f o : 33 33 1 t { g g k t } k m i hbzk dbhslkp hk}`bm ba bzmkzfog }`i} zkli}kt jk}}kz }b }`k 97}` d k o } { z v z k d b z m t / W ` k z k i t J k g l k v i o m Mktif `im {tkm i tfhs lk afpkm g zfm bo w`fd` }`k j{flmfogt j{flmfogt izk t{skzfhsbtkm, t{skzfhsbtkm, Nbd` iom J izzi{m ab{om }`k livb{}' livb{}'t szbsbz}fbot wkzk j k } } k z k p s l i f o k m j v } ` k {tk ba i gkokzi}km gzfm tvt}kh fo w`fd` tskdfafd lkog}`t hiv jk mfqfmkm fo i o{hjkz ba wivt t{d` it `ilqfog, mfqfmfog jv }`zkk bz {tfog mkdfhil tvt}kht/ ]`kv t{ggkt} }`k 47=giu wfm}` ba }`k dbhslkp gfqko jv }`k dbo}khsbzizv dbo}khsbzizv `ft}bzfiot wit dbzzkd} iom }`k ]ie ft sliookm it i }zfsiz}f}k zkd}ioglk ba }`zkk 47=giu ty{izkt/ Mfaakzko} hbm{liz mfqftfbot izk }`ko {tkm }b szbsbz}fbo }`k zkt} ba }`k dbhslkp/ I 97giu hbm{lk ft {tkm fo }`k
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